CN102972188B - Greenhouse cultivation method for small-size watermelons - Google Patents
Greenhouse cultivation method for small-size watermelons Download PDFInfo
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- CN102972188B CN102972188B CN201210524473.2A CN201210524473A CN102972188B CN 102972188 B CN102972188 B CN 102972188B CN 201210524473 A CN201210524473 A CN 201210524473A CN 102972188 B CN102972188 B CN 102972188B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a greenhouse cultivation method for small-size watermelons. The greenhouse cultivation method comprises the following steps of: firstly, growing seedlings in a seedling tray; planting watermelon seedlings growing to two leaves and one core to the inside of a greenhouse; and controlling water and fertilizer in the growing process of the watermelon seedlings to ensure that the watermelons are better grown and developed and fruit setting rate and fruit quality are improved. In the whole production process, water is applied by adopting a drip irrigation mode and soil at roots of plants is always kept wet, so that the demand of plants on water is met and the waste of water resources is avoided; at stem growing phase, fertilizer is applied by adopting a drip irrigation mode, so that the water and the fertilizer are simultaneously applied, more traditional work procedures of separately irrigating and applying fertilizer and pesticide are omitted, work amount is reduced, work efficiency is increased and utilization rate of the water and the fertilizer is increased; and the greenhouse can play a role of an insect-proof screen, so that insect pests are reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to cultivating watermelon method, relate in particular to a kind of small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method.
Background technology
Watermelon is the good merchantable brand that quenches one's thirst of relieving summer heat that liked by consumer, and along with the raising of people's living standard, designs and varieties and quality and flavor to watermelon are had higher requirement.Traditional watermelon product is all the large-scale kind of 4～6kg, and the small watermelon new varieties that a kind of 1.5～2.0kg is heavy are in recent years come out, and Representative Cultivars is as carbuncle in early spring, and area under cultivation is expanding year by year.The fine and tender taste of small watermelon kind is crisp, and succulence wish is dripped, and entrance is instant, and center sugar reaches 12～13 degree, local flavor elegance, and quality is splendid.The growth characteristics of small watermelon and large-scale watermelon are different, but the cultivation method of small watermelon is mainly also the cultivation method that continuity adopts large-scale watermelon at present, causes fruit quality, the output etc. of small watermelon to be affected.In traditional cultivating watermelon method, the irrigation methods such as furrow irrigation, flood irrigation or artificial trickle all exist high, the not time-consuming shortcoming of water resource utilization efficiency.Therefore, need a kind of greenhouse cultivation method that is suitable for small watermelon.
Summary of the invention
For above-mentioned technical problem, the invention provides a kind of small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method that improves plant amount in unit are, improves liquid manure utilization ratio and raising output.
Technical scheme provided by the invention is:
A kind of small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, comprises the following steps:
Step 1, presprouting of seeds;
Step 2, by the planting seed through described step 1 processing in seedling dish, grow seedlings;
Step 3, grow to the melon seedling field planting wholeheartedly of two leaves in booth when what cultivate in step 2, the complete strain melon seedling of every plantation, carries out trickle to this melon seedling, and melon seedling line-spacing is 0.7～3.5m, and in each row, the spacing in the rows of melon seedling is 0.4～0.9m;
Step 4, apply base manure;
Step 5, stretch the climing phase and apply fertilizer in the mode of drip irrigation, wherein, apply fertilizer by following process implementation in the mode of drip irrigation, fertilizer is dissolved in the water, be applied in plant root by drip irrigation webmaster, regularly drip to plant root by drip irrigation webmaster stretching the climing phase, make plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 6, drip to plant root by drip irrigation webmaster in flowering stage, make plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 7, at expanding stage in the time that melon goose egg is large, apply fertilizer to drench the mode of executing, in the time that melon grows to 0.5～1kg, again apply fertilizer to drench the mode executed, expanding stage drips to plant root by drip irrigation webmaster, makes plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 8, melon maturation stop in previous week drip.
Preferably, in described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, the kind of described small watermelon is red tiger, slightly rich, Mo Tong, honey child, the beautiful watermelon of emperor, Xinghua or colored kylin.
Preferably, in described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, described step 1 is passed through following process implementation: with Seed soaking 5～6h, pull the colloid that seed adds lime white to clean seed coat out and carry out disinfection, then clean with clear water, then clear water soaks 10min, pull out after airing the surface of the seed moisture content, encase seed with half-dried wet towel, 30～32 DEG C of constant temperature, vernalization is sowed to 36h in the time that seed bud grows to 2mm.
Preferably, in described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 2, first in described seedling dish, place Nutrition Soil, Nutrition Soil account for described seedling dish volume 3/4ths, when sowing, the flat sleeping program request of seed covers Nutrition Soil on seed.
Preferably, in described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 2, in seedling raising process, the temperature in seedbed is controlled at 24～26 DEG C.
Preferably, in described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 4, while adopting soil plantation, every mu applies the wherein one of 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 50kg, chicken droppings and superphosphate stack retting well-rotted farmyard manure 100040kg, potassium sulfate 40kg and nutrition password 15kg and agricultural chemicals, and above-mentioned fertilizer evenly applies in plantation ditch.
Preferably, in described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 4, adopt matrix when plantation, every mu applies 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 30kg and agricultural chemicals kg, and above-mentioned fertilizer mixes with matrix.
Preferably, in described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, described matrix includes bagasse, cassava skin, coal ash, poultry manure, zinc sulphate, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate, borax, fused calcium magnesium phosphate and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and agricultural chemicals.
Preferably, in described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 5, stretch climing phase fertilizing amount and be every mu and use urea 10kg and 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 30kg.
Preferably, in described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 7, at expanding stage, in the time that melon goose egg is large, every mu of fertilizing amount is the fertile 1kg of composite fertilizer 5kg, oily fertile 5kg and boron zinc-magnesium, is dissolved in 600kg water according to the each fertilizer of aforementioned proportion, in the time that melon grows to 0.5～1kg, every mu of fertilizing amount is composite fertilizer 5kg and potash fertilizer 4kg, wherein, is dissolved in 600kg water according to the each fertilizer of aforementioned proportion.
First small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method of the present invention grows seedlings in seedling dish, will grow to the melon seedling field planting wholeheartedly of two leaves in booth, controls liquid manure in melon seedling process of growth, and watermelon growing physically well develops, and fruit-setting rate and fruit quality are all improved; In whole process of growth, all adopt the mode of drip irrigation to execute water, remain that plant root soil keeps moistening, had both met the needs of plant for water, again waste water resource not; Stretch the climing phase and apply fertilizer in the mode of drip irrigation, Shi Shui and fertilising are synchronously carried out, saved traditional irrigation, fertilizer, agricultural chemicals and separately carried out a lot of operations in situation, reduce workload, improved operating efficiency, also improved water and fertilizer utilization; Booth can play the effect of fly net, has also reduced the generation of insect pest.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below, to make those skilled in the art can implement according to this with reference to specification word.
The invention provides a kind of small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, comprise the following steps:
Step 1, presprouting of seeds;
Step 2, by the planting seed through described step 1 processing in seedling dish, grow seedlings;
Step 3, grow to the melon seedling field planting wholeheartedly of two leaves in booth when what cultivate in step 2, the complete strain melon seedling of every plantation, carries out trickle to this melon seedling, and melon seedling line-spacing is 0.7～3.5m, and in each row, the spacing in the rows of melon seedling is 0.4～0.9m;
Step 4, apply base manure;
Step 5, stretch the climing phase and apply fertilizer in the mode of drip irrigation, wherein, apply fertilizer by following process implementation in the mode of drip irrigation, fertilizer is dissolved in the water, be applied in plant root by drip irrigation webmaster, regularly drip to plant root by drip irrigation webmaster stretching the climing phase, make plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 6, drip to plant root by drip irrigation webmaster in flowering stage, make plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 7, at expanding stage in the time that melon goose egg is large, apply fertilizer to drench the mode of executing, in the time that melon grows to 0.5～1kg, again apply fertilizer to drench the mode executed, expanding stage drips to plant root by drip irrigation webmaster, makes plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 8, melon maturation stop in previous week drip.
In described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, the kind of described small watermelon is red tiger, slightly rich, Mo Tong, honey child, the beautiful watermelon of emperor, Xinghua or colored kylin.
In described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, described step 1 is passed through following process implementation: with Seed soaking 5～6h, pulling the colloid that seed adds lime white to clean seed coat out carries out disinfection, then clean with clear water, clear water soaks 10min again, pulls out after airing the surface of the seed moisture content, encases seed with half-dried wet towel, 30～32 DEG C of constant temperature, vernalization is sowed to 36h in the time that seed bud grows to 2mm.
In described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 2, first in described seedling dish, place Nutrition Soil, Nutrition Soil account for described seedling dish volume 3/4ths, when sowing, the flat sleeping program request of seed covers Nutrition Soil on seed.
In described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 2, in seedling raising process, the temperature in seedbed is controlled at 24～26 DEG C.
In described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 4, while adopting soil plantation, every mu applies the wherein one of 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 50kg, chicken droppings and superphosphate stack retting well-rotted farmyard manure 100040kg, potassium sulfate 40kg and nutrition password 15kg and agricultural chemicals, and above-mentioned fertilizer evenly applies in plantation ditch.
In described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 4, adopt matrix when plantation, every mu applies 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 30kg and agricultural chemicals kg, and above-mentioned fertilizer mixes with matrix.
In described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, described matrix includes bagasse, cassava skin, coal ash, poultry manure, zinc sulphate, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate, borax, fused calcium magnesium phosphate and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and agricultural chemicals.
In described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 5, stretch climing phase fertilizing amount and be every mu and use urea 10kg and 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 30kg.
In described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 7, at expanding stage in the time that melon goose egg is large, every mu of fertilizing amount is the fertile 1kg of composite fertilizer 5kg, oily fertile 5kg and boron zinc-magnesium, be dissolved in 600kg water according to the each fertilizer of aforementioned proportion, in the time that melon grows to 0.5～1kg, every mu of fertilizing amount is composite fertilizer 5kg and potash fertilizer 4kg, wherein, be dissolved in 600kg water according to the each fertilizer of aforementioned proportion.
Sowing time of the present invention is: spring, picking time was by the end of April to late May by the end of January to late Febuary; Early June in summer, late August picking time was to mid-September to early July; Late August in autumn, early November picking time was to early December to late September.
Below cultivation method of the present invention is described.
Cultivate strong sprout seedling stage
Nutritive soil preparation: with 10 parts of broken last bagasse, loosen the soil 3 parts without worm's ovum, 2 parts of mixed preparing of domestic animals and fowls ight soil of becoming thoroughly decomposed form, every cubic metre of aggregate sample adds superphosphate 1kg, diammonium phosphate 1.5～2.0kg, carbendazim 80g (or thiophanate methyl 80g), chlorophos 60g, fully mix the vexed system of epiphragma 10～15 days.
Presprouting of seeds: with Seed soaking 5～6h, pulling the colloid that seed adds lime white to clean seed coat out carries out disinfection, then clean with clear water, clear water soaks 10min again, pull out after airing the surface of the seed moisture content, as will cracked out seed tip portion (being advisable not injure seed embryo) between the teeth without seed melon, encase seed with half-dried wet towel, 30～32 DEG C of constant temperature, vernalization can be sowed to 36h in the time that seed bud grows to 2mm.
Sowing: mould sprout-tray seedling growth (56 hole seedling dish) with large nutrition, in dish, put the Nutrition Soil of 3/4 preparation, the flat sleeping program request of seed, 1, each hole, with broadcasting with covering preparation Nutrition Soil, seed is looked in time seedling in 5 days and is filled the gaps with seedlings.
Seedbed management: temperature is controlled at 25 DEG C of left and right, in order to emerging, does not water before generally emerging, and while emerging, will rehabilitate in time, clamps in case plant shell, and the anti-damping off of ventilation hardening is noted in impact growth simultaneously.
Bed rot control: the cotyledon period of being everlasting of falling ill, their early stage children's stem place near the ground is water stain shape scab, and flavescence brown gradually, hangs and shortens wire into, and cotyledon is wilted, and seedling lodging is dead.Can select the many 750 times of liquid of Kapp or wonderful time 1500 times, field liquid or good fortune to execute strong 2000 times of liquid, spray blade face and seedling base portion.
Prodenia litura control: adopt black light lamps adult, adopt chemical control simultaneously.Wherein, chemical control: contain at low instar larvae the phase of sending out and eliminate 1500 times of liquid of suspending agent, 2500 times of liquid of 5% Frontline suspending agent, 5.7% hundred with 10% and set to such an extent that 4000 times of liquid of missible oil, 3000 times of liquid of 4.5% efficient cis-, trans-cypermethrin missible oil, 1500 times of liquid of the happy missible oil of 52.25% farmland, 800 times of liquid of 90% chlorophos, 1000 times of liquid of 80% dichlorvos, 35% are matched 1000 times of liquid of red missible oil, 3000～4000 times of liquid of 2.5% decis and the agricultural chemicals such as No. 3, the young urea of going out is sprayed.
Control of aphids: adopt yellow plate trapping, adopt chemical control simultaneously.The preparation method of yellow inducing aphids plate is to be first coated with the machine oil of layer of transparent at yellow hardboard, fiber board or three-ply board; Also can drive alatae at a head suspension silver gray film of melon patch, not allow them land and lay eggs.Chemical control: 2000～3000 times of liquid such as available 20% Belmark or 2.5% decis, 2.5% time, 40% chrysanthemum horse soluble oil spray.
Thrips control: covering with plastic film, can reduce melon thrips causing harm to melon seedling; Remove near the wild Solanaceae plant in melon patch, reduce worm source; Chemical control.Wherein, chemical control: strengthen the inspection of field insect pest situation according to local detecting and reporting pest information, should spray medicine control in the time that every strain insect population has 3～5.4000～6000 times of liquid of available 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, or 1000 times of liquid of 25% quintiofos cream, or 1000 times of liquid of 50% Padan's soluble powder, or 4000 times of liquid sprayings of pyrethroid medicament.
Field planting: can be chosen in fine day field planting when the seedling in seedling dish grows to two leaves wholeheartedly time, finish strain trickle at once when high temperature field planting.Every canopy kind 6 row, 1.1 × 0.4 meters of plantation specifications, every 667m
2(mu) plantation 1500 seedlings.
Use sufficient base manure: in the time adopting soil plantation, every 667m
2(mu) executes 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 50kg, chicken droppings+superphosphate stack retting well-rotted farmyard manure 100040kg, and potassium sulfate 40kg, 3 of chlopyrifos 8.0kg or line enemies No., nutrition password 15kg, evenly applies in plantation ditch and mixes thoroughly.When adopting matrix when plantation, make base manure, every 667m by matrix
2adding 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 30kg, chlopyrifos 8.0kg mixes with matrix.When substrate preparation, host material comprises that bagasse, cassava skin, coal ash, poultry manure, fertility add, how anti-888, line enemy No. one, zinc sulphate, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate, borax, fused calcium magnesium phosphate and Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.Wherein, the proportioning of each composition is: the wherein a kind of 1t in bagasse or cassava skin, coal ash 0.5t, the wherein a kind of 0.5t in livestock or poultry ight soil, fertility adds 30kg, many anti-888 liang of bags, 3～5 of line enemies No., fused calcium magnesium phosphate 30～40kg, nutrition password 15kg, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 40～50kg, zinc sulphate, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate, borax etc. are appropriate.Above-mentioned host material mixes stack retting 3～4 months by proportioning.
Stretch climing period management: the action of stretching climing period management is mainly fertilising, hangs climing, training, the extermination of disease and insect pest and spray foliage fertilizer.
(1) fertilising: every 667m
2use urea 10kg, 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 30kg drip irrigations.
(2) hang climing: aim at each plant and hang thin piece of string, be entangled on rope climing master.
(3) training: the climing outer son of main melon is climing all to be destroyed, and 32～35 joints are plucked top, plucks that all sons in top are climing all to be destroyed, training is pinched and should be selected fine day to carry out, when overcast and rainy high humidity, should not whole skill beat bud, while beating bud, with 70% alcohol disinfecting hand, every dozen of complete 1～2 row are sterilized 1 time at every turn.
(4) water management: fall before climing and need water less, stretch climing rear regularly dripping and keep root moistening around.
The extermination of disease and insect pest: the incidental damage by disease and insect of small watermelon comprises fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, climing rot, downy mildew, anthracnose, epidemic disease, root knot nematode disease, bacterial leaf spot, Acidovorax Avenae Subsp. Citrulli, Bacterial fruit blotch, virus disease, watermelon spot disease, aphid, aleyrodid, prodenia litura, melon thin,tough silk snout moth's larva, thrips and liriomyza bryoniae.
(1) fusarium wilt
Disease symptom: start wilt noon of blade recovers sagging dusk, and whole strain in 2-4 days is wilted repeatedly.Root and rhizome portion browning, contraction or rotten.Cut visible vascular bundle browning look open.
Control: 1. grafting diseases prevention, cucurbit or pumpkin; 2. place with good conditionsi, can crop rotation, avoids continuous cropping; 3. find that diseased plant should dial and remove in time, the rhizosphere soil powder sterilization that limes; 4. dead seedling and uproot plants after their edible portions have been harvested after dial withered climing should the focusing on of removing, should not abandon everywhere, as making compost and must fully becoming thoroughly decomposed; 5. medicament control: when field planting, their early stage fills with root, medicament adopts dislikes mould spirit and add tmtd or metalaxyl adds tmtd.
(2) powdery mildew
Disease symptom: main harm blade, also endanger stem and petiole, plant can be injured from seedling, but the heaviest with middle and later periods morbidity.Just on blade face or blade back produce white rotund white mildew, more with blade face.Form in flakes gradually irregular large stretch of white powder macular area, edge, be covered with white powder above.Last blade gradually flavescence withers vertically, and the state of an illness continues development, and sick leaf is finally withered, and the color of white powder also gradually becomes canescence or taupe.
Control: 1. greenhouse cultivation notes reducing field humidity; 2. use sufficient base manure, not single nitrogenous fertilizer that uses, is suitably used in conjunction with phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer, the fertile early ageing of anti-anti-avulsion; 3. medicament: 15% triazolone wp1500 doubly, 40% lucky star EC8000 doubly, triadimefon, Pu Like or a Mai Ke etc., every spray in 7～10 days once, connect and spray 2～3 times, spray even spray sufficient.
(3) climing rot
Disease symptom: the branch place that is everlasting starts morbidity, yellowish-brown, a common side slat shape brown scab, suberification when serious, gummosis, blade edge necrosis.
Control: 1. use disease-free seed or seed disinfection (100 times of formalin, 15min); 2. Controlled irrigation, draining in time, reduces humidity; 3. training is in time pruned and is kept down the vines of a creeping plant, and improves field ventilation and penetrating light condition; 4. chemical control: tpn, thiophanate methyl, mancozeb, anti-withered prestige, generation are high, rizolex and metalaxyl-mn-zn, spray or smear.
(4) downy mildew
, first there is irregular shape chlorisis spot in disease symptom: blade is injured, with PD, scab is because being subject to vein restriction to be polygonal, yellow to yellowish-brown on blade face.When serious, cause blade flavescence, cause eventually witheredly, when high humidity, blade back spot face length goes out yellow-gray to puce sparse mould layer.
Control: 1. note ventilation and penetrating light, reduce humidity; 2. their early stage sprays medicine control in time, medicament can be with 1000 times of liquid of 69% Acrobat MZ water dispersible granules, or 600 times of liquid of 72% gram of dew wetting powder, or 800 times of liquid of 25% metalaxyl wetting powder, or 200 times of liquid of 40% aliette wetting powder, or 400 times of liquid of 64% Sandofan wetting powder, or 500 times of liquid of 58% metalaxyl manganese-zinc wettable powder, or eliminate 600 times of liquid sprayings of Lingshui Spring agent, connect and spray 2～3 times, about 7～10 days 1 time.Note rotation medication.
(5) anthracnose
Disease symptom: blade morbidity, there is subcircular or circular brown or pitchy scab in edge, and upper scattered black small grain point or pale red stick shape thing, and often there is pitchy haloing scab periphery.When dry, scab easily breaks, bores a hole.The morbidity of the climing or petiole of melon, is just water soaking mode yellowish-brown Long Circle spot, slightly depression.It is just water soaking mode spot that fruit is caught an illness, after expand to brown circle spot or Long Circle spot, slightly depression, be full of cracks sometimes, the glutinous shape thing of visible pink on scab when moist.
Control: 1. avoid in the plantation of the plot of hypsography low-lying, impeded drainage, draining in time after rain, applying organic manure and phosphorus potash fertilizer, avoid inclined to one side nitrogen fertilizer application in good time, and rational close planting weeds a garden and sick leaf in time, keeps well-ventilated in the ranks, makes robust plant growth; 2. their early stage, can spray 800 times of liquid of 75% tpn wetting powder, or 50% carbendazim can 2500 times of liquid of wet-milling, or 1000 times of liquid of 50% sporgon wetting powder, or 500 times of liquid of 45% TBZ suspending agent, or 800 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder, or 72.2% general 800 times of liquid of aqua of making every effort to overcome, or 77% can kill to obtain 500 times of liquid of wettable particulate pulvis, every medication in 7～10 days 1 time, prevent and treat continuously 3～4 times.
(6) epidemic disease
Disease symptom: eustipes part produces the water stain shape scab of dirty-green, when moist, browning rots, and the above cauline leaf in the position that is injured is withered; On leaf, produce the larger scab of the water stain shape of dirty-green subcircular, edge is not obvious, is Bluish white afterwards, easily broken; Sometimes blade is wilted; On fruit, produce subcircular depression brown scab, the mould layer of disease portion adularescent when moist.
Control: 1. Controlled irrigation, prevent field ponding, reduce humidity; 2. field health: extract in time disease melon; 3. use anosis fertilizer; 4. period of disease litters under melon, can alleviate the state of an illness; 5. chemical control: premorbid or their early stage, spray 600 times of 58% metalaxyl-mn-zns, 72.2% general 800 times of the white copper of 800 times, aqua, 500 times of 70% aliette MnZns, 500 times of 64% Sandofans and 50% first of making every effort to overcome in time.
(7) root knot nematode disease
Disease symptom: aerial growth is bad, jaundice, short and small, like fertilizer deficiency lack of water shape, plant death when serious; In underground part root division, produce knob not of uniform size, just white, rear browning rots, and easily pulls up.
Control: 1. crop rotation, preferably rice field-upland field rotation; 2. applying organic manure; 3. soil deeptillage (more than 26cm); 4. remove invalid body, reduce bacterium source; 5. chemical control: 3% meter of Le Er 3kg/ mu and 10% gram of red 2kg/ mu of line etc.
(8) bacterial leaf spot
Disease symptom: the irregular shape of face of blade scab, the visible scab of blade back is limited by vein, slightly depression.
Control: keep field ventilation and penetrating light; Medicament can with can kill, raw greatly or agricultural streptomycin.
(9) Acidovorax Avenae Subsp. Citrulli
Disease symptom: expand along vein; Can cause dead leaf, rotten melon; Seed-borne fungi.
Control: same to Bacterial fruit blotch.
(10) Bacterial fruit blotch
, first there is water soaking mode spot at the back side of watermelon seedlings cotyledon in disease symptom: seedling stage is susceptible, after cotyledon opens, water soaking mode spot progressively becomes dark brown, and causes Acidovorax Avenae Subsp. Citrulli.Cotyledon generation browning is withered.The knot melon phase is susceptible, generally approach the maturing stage at watermelon and can occur obvious symptom, first there is the spot of water soaking mode or oil immersion shape at the nearly melon umbilical region of watermelon epidermis, be extended to rapidly afterwards the dirty-green water soaking mode patch of large-scale irregular, scab edge is irregular, expansion spreads rapidly, within general 7 days, can be covered with whole melon face.When high humidity, the bacterial ooze that morning can adularescent overflows, and along with the progressively expansion of the state of an illness, causes watermelon melon skin breach, very easily causes infecting of other germs and microorganism, often can overflow sticky, transparent brown bacterial ooze, and watermelon rots very soon.
Control: add 0.3% composite fertilizer's pouring root with 800～1000 times of agricultural streptomycins or planting frost element.Before blooming once, the florescence once, the large h of fruit fist once, totally 3～4 times.Simultaneously suitably with killing to such an extent that add streptomycin dead leaf sprinkling 2～3 times.Beating bud and pollination stage notes with 7% concentration alcohol disinfecting hand and instrument.
(11) virus disease
Disease symptom: floral leaf, deformity; Aphis propagation.
Control: 1. watermelon field, away from field of vegetables, reduces virus and propagates chance; 2. reserve seed for planting without diseased plant, or 55 degree water seed soaking 15min for seed, then soak 2h in 25～30 DEG C of warm water, also can sow with 10% tertiary sodium phosphate seed soaking 20min afterwash, can passivation virus; 3. use sufficient base manure, increasing application phosphorus potassium fertilizer, promotes the growth of melon seedling; 4. early pull out diseased plant; 5. reduce contagion; 6. anti-eliminating aphis: Rogor, time, decis; 7. chemical control: premorbid or the their early stage spray medicines such as 1.5% ZhiBingLing(SIC), 20% viral A, 5% octicin solution, 9% viral K or 20% virus are peaceful.
(12) watermelon spot disease
Disease symptom: just occur dirty-green subcircular scab on blade, be slightly water soaking mode, develop into yellowish-brownly to puce subcircular or unsetting scab later, micro-tool wheel line, be canescence in the middle of scab, is with yellow swooning outward.
Control: 800 times of liquid of available 50% iprodione wetting powder spray after adding 600 times of liquid mixing of 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder, or add after 450 times of liquid of the U.S. wetting powder of 80% anthrax good fortune mix and spray with 800 times of liquid of 50% iprodione wetting powder, or select 400～500 times of liquid of 50% anilazine wetting powder, or 800 times of liquid of 80% large raw wetting powder, or 6% pleasure must plough 1000 times of liquid of wetting powder, or the spraying such as 500 times of liquid of 40% polysulfide suspending agent.
(13) aphid
The method of preventing and treating same seedling stage.
(14) aleyrodid
Control: 1. clean rural area and removing periphery weeds; 2. yellow plate trapping; 3. chemical control: the happy water dispersant of 70% Amy, the safe water dispersant of 25% Acker, 1.8% Avermectin, 48% chlopyrifos, 10% Imidacloprid, 5% Frontline or 2.5% king's magnitude.
(15) prodenia litura
The method of preventing and treating same seedling stage.
(16) melon thin,tough silk snout moth's larva
Control: clean melon patch after 1. receiving melon, collect residual body; 2. timely plowed soils, pours water; 3. light trap, the frequency ventilating type insecticidal lamp that uses with good conditionsi; 4. medicament: 5% 1500 times of Frontline suspending agents liquid, 4000 times of liquid of 15% safety hit suspending agent, 1500 times of liquid of the happy missible oil of 52.25% farmland, 1000 times of liquid of 24% methoxyfenozide suspending agent, 1500 times of liquid of 10% chlorfenapyr suspending agent, 1500 times of liquid of 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate, 1500 times of liquid of 2.5% pleocidin suspension, 1000 times of liquid of 2.5% UC 62644 missible oil, 1000 times of liquid of 40% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate, 1000 times of liquid of 0.36% matrine missible oil or 1000 times of liquid of 20% fenvalerate.
(17) thrips
The method of preventing and treating same seedling stage.
(18) liriomyza bryoniae
Control: 1. at adult occurance peak, adopt yellow plate trapping adult, every mu of field arranges 15～20 trapping points, changes plate once in 3 days; 2. chemical control: can select 3000～5000 times of liquid of 75% cyromazine wetting powder, 1000 times of liquid of 80% DDT EC, 1000 times of liquid of 48% Le Siben missible oil, 1% Avermectin (Arermecinbla, 7051 desinsection elements, A Wei worm are clear etc.) 1500 times of liquid of missible oil, 500 times of liquid of the happy missible oil of 52.5% farmland or 3000 times of liquid of 2.5% decis (decis) missible oil, every 7 days 1 time, continuous 2～3 times.Attention is used alternatingly.
Management in flowering stage: the action of management was pollination, training, diseases and pests controlling, water and fertilizer management and sprayed foliage fertilizer flowering stage.
(1) pollination: grew to for 19～25 whens joint watermelon master is climing, be chosen in 2nd～3 female flowers joint position pollinations, pollination generally starts in the morning for 7 o'clock, finishes Pollination Effect in 11: 30 better.
(2) training: retain master climing, the climing whole excisions of its minor.
(3) water and fertilizer management: the florescence does not generally apply fertilizer, controls and drip, in order to pollination seat melon.
(4) foliage fertilizer: spray blade faces with many 800 times of 1500 times+boron of honor product friend before blooming.
Expanding stage management: the working contents of expanding stage management is fertilising, selects melon, training, water management, foliage fertilizer, hangs melon and the extermination of disease and insect pest.
(1) fertilising: when melon goose egg is large, every mu adds the fertile 1kg of 5kg (or composite fertilizer 5kg jin)+oily fertile 5kg+ boron zinc-magnesium by fertility water 600kg is drenched and executed; (or the huge energy of composite fertilizer 5kg+ potash fertilizer 4kg (or obtaining a marine alga tortoise beetle) drenches and executes water 600kg when melon 0.5～1kg, to add 5kg in fertility of pouring.
(2) select melon: the melon of selecting and remain when melon is large to fist greatly, a strain is stayed one.The principle one of staying melon is curcumbitate rounding, without deformity, meets varietal characteristic.
(3) training: when growing to 32～35 leaves, melon seedling can pinch, the climing excision of bundle.
(4) water management: keep ground moistening, avoid too dry, easily cause and split melon for dilutional hyponatremia.
(5) hang melon: when melon has half jin heavy, melon is sling.First make a call to a retainer plate in one end of rope, then up overlap and move carpopodium base portion to from fruit lower end, rely on result branch extension hanging prop.
Result final-period management
(1) extermination of disease and insect pest is with last.
(2) foliage fertilizer: increase 300 times of the general Luo Dan of potassium (or 500 times of sprinkling blade faces of Han Jinye potassium when spray medicine.)
(3) water management: melon stops dripping ripe the last week.
(4) gather classification, packaging, listing.After female flower pollination, 27～30 days fruit maturations can be gathered in the crops, and are careful point grade packaged while gathering.
The kind that the present invention is applicable to small watermelon is red tiger, slightly rich, Mo Tong, honey child, the beautiful watermelon of emperor, Xinghua or colored kylin.
(1) Mo Tong (small-sized without seed melon)
This kind is bred as by Shouguang Xian Zhengda seed Co., Ltd, and melon is examined No. 2006010 in osmanthus.
Feature: this kind fruit is sowed in spring average 29 days breeding time, average 27 days of autumn sowing.Plant growing way is prosperous, and point principal stresses, growth potential and disease resistance are strong.The first female flower joint position 6 joints, female flower spacer knobs position 6 is saved, easily bears fruit, fruit commodity rate 96.1%, mean fruit weight 2.78kg, fruit circle, epidermis is blackish green cured powder.Pericarp 0.9cm, center pol average out to 12.5, section is good, but has a small amount of black seed, pulp large red, fiber is few, and juice multi-flavor is sweet, and matter is carefully tasty and refreshing, and mouthfeel is good, and local flavor is good, and pericarp is firmly tough, storage tolerance.
Cultivation technique measure: stand cultivation seeding row spacing 0.6～0.9m, to climb and cultivate seeding row spacing 0.7～1.8m, 3 fruits are stayed in three climing trainings, and are equipped with 10% diploid watermelon as pollinated variety, are its pollination in female flower flowering stage with the male flower of pollinated variety.Select the medium soil of soil fertility, for improving fruit-setting rate and fruit quality, nitrogenous fertilizer when base fertilizer should lack.The phase of bearing fruit, for improving fruit-setting rate and fruit quality and fruit storing property, is answered Controlled irrigation, reduces the amount of application of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, increases the amount of application of potash fertilizer.
(2) honey virgin (small-sized without seed melon)
This kind is bred as by Shouguang Xian Zhengda seed Co., Ltd, and melon is examined No. 2006010 in osmanthus.
Feature: this kind fruit is sowed in spring average 29 days breeding time, average 29 days of autumn sowing.Plant growing way is prosperous, and point principal stresses is strong, and growth potential and disease resistance are strong.Easily bear fruit, fruit commodity rate 94.6%, mean fruit weight 2.97kg, fruit is circular to high circular, fruit shape index 1.1, carpopodium is long, and flower leather strap band is clear, the dark green band of epidermis green cloth, pericarp 0.9cm, center pol average out to 12.2, pulp is bright red, and section is better, good without seed proterties, fiber is few, and juice multi-flavor is sweet, and matter is carefully tasty and refreshing, mouthfeel is good, and pericarp is firmly tough, compared with storage tolerance.
Cultivation technique measure: stand cultivation seeding row spacing 0.6～0.9m, to climb and cultivate seeding row spacing 0.7～1.8m, 3 fruits are stayed in three climing trainings, and are equipped with 10% diploid watermelon as pollinated variety, are its pollination in female flower flowering stage with the male flower of pollinated variety.Select the medium soil of soil fertility, for improving fruit-setting rate and fruit quality, nitrogenous fertilizer when base fertilizer should lack.The phase of bearing fruit, for improving fruit-setting rate and fruit quality and fruit storing property, is answered Controlled irrigation, reduces the amount of application of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, increases the amount of application of potash fertilizer.
(3) the beautiful watermelon of emperor (small-sized have seed melon)
This kind is introduced service company by Guangdong Province's breeding and is bred as, and melon is examined No. 2007005 in osmanthus.
Feature: in the approximately 90 days time of infertility, bloom to fruit harvesting 28～30 days.Main climing length 4.8～5.5m, the thick about 1.6cm of stem, stem cross section five rhombuses, maximum leaf is about 26cm, wide about 24cm, blade profile palmate, leaf look green, leaf margin tool serration, leaf is incised, corolla yellow, fruit type olive-type, fruit face has cured powder, fruit crosscut face length ellipse, the thick about 1.0cm of pericarp.Strong in growth potential and disease resistance, easily bear fruit, pericarp green, background color is dark green covers irregular reticulate pattern, and pulp is orange, and section is good, and matter is crisp, and mouthfeel is good, has delicate fragrance, and pericarp is firmly tough, storage tolerance.Center soluble solid content 10.83%.Fruit commodity rate 95.7%, the heavy 2.65kg of single melon.
Cultivation technique measure: plant 480 strains for every mu, avoid continuous cropping, 3.5 meters of line-spacings, 0.4 meter of every distance between rows and hills, every strain stay 4 climing, 2 fruits of selecting and remain.
(4) Xinghua (small-sized have seed melon)
These kind Nanning three agricultural development Co., Ltds of firm are bred as, and melon is examined No. 2008007 in osmanthus.
Feature: the approximately 105 days time of infertility, fruit development period approximately 30 days.Growth potential and disease resistance are strong, and the first female flower in Section seven, and female flower interval 6 is saved, female-flower rate approximately 15%.Fruit oblong, the blackish green wide band of the yellowish green cloth of epidermis, easily bears fruit, fruit commodity rate 93.0%, the heavy 3.02kg of single melon, pulp is bright red, center pol 10.95, matter is crisp, and mouthfeel is good, and pericarp is firmly tough, storage tolerance.
Cultivation technique measure: the 3rd female flower begins and stays fruit, does not too early stay fruit, and all the other main points are with general dliploid mini watermelon.
(5) green field is without seed (small-sized have seed melon)
This kind is bred as by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou fruit tree, and melon is examined No. 2010003 in osmanthus.
Feature: in the 96 days time of infertility, bloom to fruit maturation 29 days.2.6 meters of climing length when normal cultivation, the first female flower and is born in Section 6 position, occurs a female flower thereafter at interval of 6 joints.Growth potential and disease resistance are strong, easily bear fruit, and fruit Gao Yuan-short ellipse, fruit shape is neat, the irregular stria of the light green cloth of epidermis, pulp is bright red, and section is good, and good without seed, meat is crisp, and mouthfeel is good, and 5 pilot taste qualities are better than contrast, and pericarp is firmly tough, storage tolerance.Center soluble solid content: the spring makes average 11.0%, the autumn makes average 10.7%, annual 11.4%, fruit commodity rate 86.6%, the heavy 3.0kg of fruit list melon.
Cultivation technique measure: adopt seedling raising and transplanting or live, broken shell vernalization after seed soaking.Southern area open country is opened greenhouse culture and is advisable with every mu of 400～500 strains, bedding 3～3.2m, plastic mulching, the wide each 40cm of row ditch depth.Adopt two climing or three climing trainings.Select and remain the 3rd or the 4th female flower fruit for well, and the florescence, can the many fruits of a strain with the male flower every morning artificial supplementary pollination of common diploid watermelon.Rich water supply grasp " two short controls " principle, seedling stage and fruit expanding period rationally enrich rich water, promote growth and Fruit, and reasonable control fertilising of the phase of bearing fruit of blooming water, suppresses growth promotion result, in good time with receiving.Transplant land for growing field crops to pollination period, note prevention and control aphid, to reduce virus harm.
Although embodiment of the present invention are open as above, but it is not restricted to listed utilization in specification and embodiment, it can be applied to various applicable the field of the invention completely, for those skilled in the art, can easily realize other amendment, therefore do not deviating under the universal that claim and equivalency range limit, the present invention is not limited to specific details and illustrates here and the embodiment describing.
Claims (5)
1. a small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
Step 1, presprouting of seeds;
Step 2, by the planting seed through described step 1 processing in seedling dish, grow seedlings;
Step 3, grow to the melon seedling field planting wholeheartedly of two leaves in booth by what cultivate in step 2, the complete strain melon seedling of every plantation, carries out trickle to this melon seedling, and melon seedling line-spacing is 0.7～3.5m, and in each row, the spacing in the rows of melon seedling is 0.4～0.9m;
Step 4, apply base manure, while adopting soil plantation, every mu of one applying in farmyard manure 100040kg, potassium sulfate 40kg that 15:15:15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 50kg, chicken droppings and superphosphate stack retting become thoroughly decomposed, nutrition password 15kg, agricultural chemicals, above-mentioned fertilizer evenly applies in plantation ditch; While adopting matrix plantation, every mu applies 15:15:15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 30kg and agricultural chemicals 8.0kg, above-mentioned fertilizer mixes with matrix, and described matrix includes bagasse, cassava skin, coal ash, poultry manure, zinc sulphate, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate, borax, fused calcium magnesium phosphate and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and agricultural chemicals;
Step 5, stretch the climing phase and apply fertilizer in the mode of drip irrigation, wherein, apply fertilizer by following process implementation in the mode of drip irrigation, fertilizer is dissolved in the water, be applied in plant root by drip irrigation webmaster, regularly drip to plant root by drip irrigation webmaster stretching the climing phase, make plant root soil keep moistening, stretch climing phase fertilizing amount and be every mu and use urea 10kg and 15:15:15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 30kg;
Step 6, drip to plant root by drip irrigation webmaster in flowering stage, make plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 7, at expanding stage in the time that melon goose egg is large, apply fertilizer to drench the mode of executing, in the time that melon grows to 0.5～1kg, again apply fertilizer to drench the mode executed; Expanding stage drips to plant root by drip irrigation webmaster, makes plant root soil keep moistening; At expanding stage in the time that melon goose egg is large, every mu of fertilizing amount is the fertile 1kg of composite fertilizer 5kg, oily fertile 5kg and boron zinc-magnesium, according to aforementioned proportion, each fertilizer is dissolved in 600kg water, in the time that melon grows to 0.5～1kg, every mu of fertilizing amount is composite fertilizer 5kg and potash fertilizer 4kg, according to aforementioned proportion, each fertilizer is dissolved in 600kg water;
Step 8, melon maturation stop in previous week drip.
2. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, the kind of described small watermelon is red tiger, slightly rich, Mo Tong, honey child, the beautiful watermelon of emperor, Xinghua or colored kylin.
3. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described step 1 is passed through following process implementation: with Seed soaking 5～6h, pull the colloid that seed adds lime white to clean seed coat out and carry out disinfection, then clean with clear water, then clear water soaks 10min, pull out and dry after the surface of the seed moisture content, encase seed with half-dried wet towel, 30～32 DEG C of constant temperature, vernalization is sowed to 36h in the time that seed bud grows to 2mm.
4. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step 2, first in described seedling dish, place Nutrition Soil, Nutrition Soil account for described seedling dish volume 3/4ths, when sowing, the flat sleeping program request of seed covers Nutrition Soil on seed.
5. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 4, is characterized in that, in described step 2, in seedling raising process, the temperature in seedbed is controlled at 24～26 DEG C.
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| CN103518510B (en) * | 2013-10-14 | 2015-04-01 | 苏州老农匠农业科技有限公司 | Method for planting thumb watermelons |
| CN103782757B (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2016-03-23 | 贵州平坝宝地农业科技产业有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of high-quality mini watermelon |
| CN103875384B (en) * | 2014-02-20 | 2015-06-10 | 北京市农业技术推广站 | Efficient cultivation method for fine varieties of small watermelons |
| CN103947364A (en) * | 2014-05-19 | 2014-07-30 | 三亚市南繁科学技术研究院 | Soilless culture muskmelon segmented fertilization method |
| CN105325139A (en) * | 2015-09-28 | 2016-02-17 | 钟晓俐 | Watermelon greenhouse cultivating technology |
| CN105766131A (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2016-07-20 | 西南大学 | Rapid citrus seed coat removing method |
| CN107371673A (en) * | 2017-06-21 | 2017-11-24 | 陈付记 | A kind of implantation methods for preventing watermelon from ftractureing |
| CN107242023A (en) * | 2017-08-04 | 2017-10-13 | 山西弘沃农业技术开发有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of watermelon |
| CN107750857A (en) * | 2017-11-20 | 2018-03-06 | 焦杰彪 | One improves the implantation methods of greenhouse watermelon quality |
| CN108934651A (en) * | 2018-07-11 | 2018-12-07 | 南京市蔬菜科学研究所 | A kind of efficient pest and disease damage preventing control method of facility watermelon |
| CN109729959B (en) * | 2019-03-11 | 2021-08-13 | 中国热带农业科学院湛江实验站 | Organic waste compound matrix suitable for small watermelon facility cultivation |
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