CN109729959B - Organic waste compound matrix suitable for small watermelon facility cultivation - Google Patents
Organic waste compound matrix suitable for small watermelon facility cultivation Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an organic waste compound matrix suitable for facility cultivation of small watermelons. The organic waste compound matrix is formed by mixing an M1 component and an M2 component; wherein the M1 component consists of coconut husk and wormcast, and the M2 component consists of decomposed cassava bark and bagasse charcoal ash. The small watermelon plant growth promoting agent is compounded by using common and easily-obtained agricultural and forestry wastes in south China as main raw materials on the premise of ensuring good growth and yield increase of small watermelons, has good physicochemical characteristics, is completely suitable for the water and nutrient requirements of facility cultivation of small watermelons, can promote the growth of plants and root systems of small watermelons, improve the weight of single watermelon fruits, increase the nutrient components of small watermelons and obtain ideal yield and fruit quality; meanwhile, the water and fertilizer holding capacity is strong, the substrate cost can be effectively reduced, water and fertilizer can be saved, the cost and the efficiency can be saved, the waste resources can be recycled, and the popularization value is good.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of facility cultivation of small watermelons. More particularly relates to an organic waste compound matrix suitable for facility cultivation of small watermelons.
Background
The small watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Matsum. et Nakai) is a vine of Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbitaceae) watermelon, is also called as a gift watermelon and a fine watermelon, is a new high-quality watermelon variety developed in recent years, becomes a high-grade popular fruit product in the market of Chinese watermelons, is favored by consumers due to small and exquisite fruit shape, tender pulp, multiple tastes and sweetness, and convenient carrying, and is one of fruit types with higher economic benefit and larger cultivation amount in modern greenhouse and facility agriculture.
The facility substrate cultivation is an important way for producing the mini-watermelon, and the selection of a proper cultivation substrate is crucial to ensuring the yield and the quality of the mini-watermelon. The formula of the small watermelon facility culture medium reported at present comprises: 50% of any one of bark or sawdust, bagasse, manioc waste and filter mud and 50% of peat. (see: gold gorgeous, fructus pruni, li wenxin, etc.. greenhouse watermelon substrate cultivation technical regulation [ J ] Chinese cucurbits and vegetables, 2017,30(12): 47-49.). 1/2 decomposed wheat straw and 1/2 decomposed corn straw (see Yuan culture and greenhouse watermelon straw culture medium formula screening research [ J ]. Changjiang river vegetables (the next half month), 2013(6): 32-34.). And thirdly, screening a culture medium formula of a small facility watermelon with coconut chaff as a base in Hainan (abstract) J. Chinese cucurbits, 2014,27 (supplement): 90.) by using ripe coconut chaff and a microbial organic fertilizer which are 7:1 (volume ratio, the same below) or ripe coconut chaff and river sand which are 3:1 (see: Shichang Chishichu, Dangsheng, Li Hanfeng, and the like). And fourthly, coconut chaff, peat, perlite and vermiculite are 4:4:1:1 (see Zhang Huafeng, ancient bin, spring flourishing, and the like, the water and fertilizer integrated substrate soilless culture technology for small fruit watermelon in facilities [ J ] Chinese vegetables 2018(1): 98-100.). And fifthly, screening a jungle test [ J ] Changjiang vegetables according to a watermelon soilless culture substrate formula, 2017(24) and 53-54. Sixthly, mushroom dregs, namely rice glume and river sand, are 4:2:1 (see Yuxiang, Zhangjie, Wangxiawen, and the like, early spring facility watermelon mushroom dreg matrix cultivation technology, Jiangsu agricultural science and technology report, version 003 in 11/16/2013). Publication No. CN102972188A discloses a greenhouse cultivation method for small watermelons, wherein the substrate comprises bagasse, cassava peel, coal ash, poultry manure, zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, ferric sulfate, borax, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer, pesticide and a large amount of chemical fertilizers; when matrix planting is adopted, 15 parts per mu are applied: 15: 30kg of 15 nitrogen-phosphorus feed compound fertilizer and 8.0kg of pesticide. The research results have certain reference value for the production of the small-sized watermelon, but have the defects that the consumption of commercial substrates with higher cost, such as peat, coir and the like, is higher, so that the cost of the substrates is higher; and the water and fertilizer management supporting measures are not involved or the water and fertilizer management is relatively extensive, so that resource waste is easily caused, and the like.
With the enhancement of environmental awareness of people and the pursuit of reducing the production cost of small-sized watermelons and increasing economic benefits, the recycling of agricultural and forestry organic wastes is combined, so that the trend of further optimizing and screening the small-sized watermelon culture medium is inevitable according to local conditions, and a high-efficiency, economic and environment-friendly alternative medium which depends on peat and coconut chaff is urgently needed in production, so that water and fertilizer are saved, and the purposes of saving cost and increasing efficiency are achieved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects and shortcomings of the prior art and provide an organic waste compound matrix suitable for small watermelon facility cultivation. The substrate is compounded by adopting common and easily-obtained agricultural and forestry wastes in south China as main raw materials, has good physicochemical characteristics, can effectively reduce the cost of the substrate, save water and fertilizer, obtain ideal yield and fruit quality, and is beneficial to recycling of waste resources while realizing cost saving and efficiency improvement.
The above purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
an organic waste compound matrix suitable for facility cultivation of small watermelon is prepared by mixing M1 component and M2 component; wherein the M1 component consists of coconut husk and wormcast, and the M2 component consists of decomposed cassava bark and bagasse charcoal ash.
According to the invention, a large number of experimental researches are carried out aiming at the specific environment of the facility cultivation of the small watermelon, and on the premise of ensuring good growth and yield increase of the small watermelon, creatively discovers that the organic waste compound matrix consisting of four components of coconut husk, wormcast, decomposed cassava peel and bagasse charcoal ash has good physicochemical characteristics, is completely suitable for the moisture and nutrient requirements of the facility cultivation of the small watermelon, can promote the plant and root growth of the small watermelon, improves the weight of a single fruit of the small watermelon, and increases the nutrient components of the small watermelon; meanwhile, the water and fertilizer holding capacity is strong, and the water and fertilizer consumption can be saved by 20% or more than that of the conventional production matrix under the integrated management measure of drip irrigation and water and fertilizer.
Further, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the volume ratio of the M1 component to the M2 component is 1-5: 5-9.
The components of the small watermelon facility cultivation matrix are mutually compatible and optimally combined, so that the components are mutually fused and interacted, the original functions of the matrix are not reduced, the components have a synergistic effect in a combined synergistic mode, the matrix cost can be effectively reduced, water and fertilizer are saved, and the ideal small watermelon yield and fruit quality are obtained. The small watermelon planted in the watermelon growing box grows fast and is good in performance; the leaf SPAD value is high, the chlorophyll content is high, and the photosynthetic capacity is strong; the root length, the root surface area, the root volume, the root average diameter and the root dry weight are increased quickly, and the root system activity is strong; the weight of a single fruit is large, the commodity fruit rate is high, and the yield is ideal; the fruit has high sugar degree, citrulline content and vitamin C content, and good quality.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pH value of the organic waste compound matrix is 6.5 to 7.0; the EC value is not higher than 0.5 mS/cm; the bulk density is 0.5 to 0.8g/cm3(ii) a The total porosity is on average 60%, the vent porosity is greater than 7%, and the capillary porosity is greater than 50%.
The pH value of the organic waste compound matrix is 6.5-7.0, and the organic waste compound matrix is slightly acidic to neutral; the EC value is not higher than 0.5mS/cm and is low, and salt damage to plants can not be generated; the bulk density is 0.5 to 0.8g/cm3Lighter, facilitate the production management operation; the average total porosity is about 60 percent, and the watermelon seedling substrate is loose, breathable, strong in water and fertilizer holding capacity and capable of providing a proper substrate environment for growth of small watermelons.
Further, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, the volume ratio of the M1 component to the M2 component is 1: 9, 3: 7, or 2: 8.
Further, in the most preferred embodiment of the present invention, the volume ratio of the M1 component to the M2 component is 1: 9.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the M1 component is prepared by mixing coconut husk and wormcast according to a volume ratio of 7-9: 1-3.
Furthermore, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the M1 component is prepared by mixing coconut husk and wormcast according to the volume ratio of 9: 1
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the M2 component is prepared by mixing rotten cassava bark and bagasse charcoal ash according to a volume ratio of 6-8: 2-4.
Further, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the M2 component is prepared by mixing rotten cassava bark and bagasse charcoal ash in a volume ratio of 7: 3.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the wormcast refers to excrement after the manioc waste and the cow dung are swallowed by the earthworms.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the earthworm species is "large-flat No. two" earthworms.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the decomposed cassava bark refers to a finely-divided flaky to powdery substance obtained by stack retting fermentation of fresh cassava bark to complete decomposition.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the bagasse coal ash refers to a carbon ash-like substance formed by combusting bagasse.
Further, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the variety of mini-watermelon is March, exquisite or Qionli.
Further, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the amount of the water and fertilizer required by the organic waste compound matrix is reduced by 20% or more than that of the water and fertilizer required by the conventional production matrix; preferably by 20% to 40%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the small watermelon facility cultivation medium mainly comprises the common easily-obtained agricultural and forestry wastes in south China, such as rotten cassava bark, bagasse charcoal ash and the like, and has the advantages of rich resources, low price, simple and convenient treatment and preparation method and strong practicability.
(2) The medium has reasonable component selection and proportion, has good physical and chemical properties, and is suitable for being used as a small watermelon culture medium. The pH value is 6.5-7.0, and the pH value is slightly acidic to neutral; the EC value is not higher than 0.5mS/cm and is low, and salt damage to plants can not be generated; the bulk density is 0.5 to 0.8g/cm3The method is lighter and convenient for production management operation; the average total porosity is about 60%, the ventilation porosity is more than 7%, the porosity of the capillary is more than 50%, the porosity is loose and breathable, the water and fertilizer holding capacity is strong, and the water and fertilizer using amount can be saved by 20% or more than that of the conventional production matrix under the integrated management measure of drip irrigation and water and fertilizer.
(3) According to the invention, a large amount of experimental research is carried out aiming at the specific environment of the facility cultivation of the small watermelon, on the premise of ensuring good growth and yield increase of the small watermelon, the organic waste compound matrix consisting of four components of the coconut husk, the wormcast, the decomposed cassava skin and the bagasse charcoal ash is obtained, the water and nutrient requirements of the facility cultivation of the small watermelon are completely met, the matrix cost can be effectively reduced, water and fertilizer are saved, and the ideal yield and fruit quality of the small watermelon are obtained. The small watermelon planted in the watermelon growing box grows fast and is good in performance; the leaf SPAD value is high, the chlorophyll content is high, and the photosynthetic capacity is strong; the root length, the root surface area, the root volume, the root average diameter and the root dry weight are increased quickly, and the root system activity is strong; the weight of a single fruit is large, the commodity fruit rate is high, and the yield is ideal; the fruit has high sugar degree, citrulline content and vitamin C content, and good quality.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of different substrates and water and fertilizer reduction treatments on the chlorophyll content (SPAD) of small watermelon leaves in example 1.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of different substrates and water and fertilizer reduction treatments on root length and root surface area in a root system of a mini-watermelon in example 1.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of different substrates and water and fertilizer reduction treatments on root volume, root mean diameter and root dry weight in a small watermelon root system of example 1.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of different substrates and water and fertilizer reduction treatments on the yield of mini-watermelon in example 1.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of different substrate and water and fertilizer reduction treatments on the content of center sugar, marginal sugar, lycopene and vitamin C in the fruit quality of mini-watermelon according to example 1.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of different substrates and water and fertilizer reduction treatments on the citrulline content in the quality of mini-watermelon fruits in example 1.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples, which are not intended to limit the invention in any way. It is within the scope of the present invention to make simple modifications or alterations to the methods, procedures or conditions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and substance of the invention; unless otherwise specified, the technical means used in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art.
Unless otherwise indicated, reagents and materials used in the following examples are commercially available.
Example 1 Effect of different substrates and Water Fertilizer reduction treatment on Small watermelon
1. Test materials
The small-sized watermelon organic waste compound cultivation substrate is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to a certain volume ratio to serve as a test substrate to carry out the following cultivation test research on a small-sized watermelon facility substrate, wherein the M1 component is prepared by mixing coconut husk and wormcast according to the volume ratio of 9: 1, and the M2 component is prepared by mixing rotten cassava peel and bagasse charcoal ash according to the volume ratio of 7: 3. Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
test substrate 1: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 1: 9;
test substrate 2: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 3: 7;
test substrate 3: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 2: 8;
control matrix: the contrast medium is a formula of a small watermelon facility cultivation medium adopted in production and is formed by uniformly mixing coconut chaff and an organic fertilizer according to the volume ratio of 9: 1.
2. Test method
The medium is used for small watermelon facility cultivation test, the cultivation container is a non-woven fabric planting bag with diameter of 35cm multiplied by H30cm, and the medium amount is full of the bag. A drip irrigation system is adopted for carrying out water and fertilizer integrated management, the flow of the drippers is 1.5L/h, 2 drippers are installed in each bag, and the water and fertilizer formula refers to a watermelon nutrient solution formula adopted in southern China agriculture university in production, so that proper decrement treatment is carried out on the basis. The experimental treatments were as follows:
firstly, the test substrate 1 is combined with the treatment of reducing 20% of water and fertilizer, and is marked as 1-80% of water and fertilizer in the following text and the attached drawings;
secondly, the test substrate 2 is combined with the water and fertilizer reduced by 20 percent and is recorded as the water and fertilizer of 2-80 percent of the test substrate;
③ the test substrate 1 is treated by reducing water and fertilizer by 40 percent and is recorded as the test substrate 1-60 percent of water and fertilizer;
combining the test substrate 3 with 20% water and fertilizer reduction treatment, and recording as the test substrate 3-80% water and fertilizer;
fifthly, combining the contrast substrate with the full amount of water and fertilizer, and recording as the contrast substrate-100 percent of water and fertilizer.
Each treatment was 15 pots, 3 replicates.
During the cultivation test period, the chlorophyll content (SPAD) of the mini watermelon leaves in the vigorous growth period is measured to evaluate the photosynthetic capacity of the mini watermelon leaves under different treatments. After the test, the root growth condition, the yield and the fruit quality of the small-sized watermelons under different treatments are determined, and the determination indexes comprise: root length, root surface area, root volume, root average diameter, root dry weight, single fruit weight, yield per mu, fruit soluble solid content (central sugar degree and marginal sugar degree), lycopene content, VC content and citrulline content. Performing statistical analysis on the measured data in EXCEL2010 and SPSS24.0 software; comparing the difference significance by adopting a Duncan's method, wherein the difference is considered to be significant when p is less than 0.05, and the difference is considered to be insignificant or the level between treatments is equivalent when p is more than or equal to 0.05; and the application effect of each treatment is comprehensively evaluated by adopting a Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
3. Results
The test results are shown in FIGS. 1 to 6. Error lines in FIGS. 1-6 are drawn using standard error data.
(1) The effect of different substrates and water and fertilizer reduction treatment on the chlorophyll content (SPAD) of the small watermelon leaves is shown in figure 1.
As can be seen from figure 1, the test matrix 1 has an obvious promotion effect on increasing the chlorophyll content (SPAD) of the small watermelon leaves, the SPAD value of the small watermelon leaves is obviously higher than that of other treatments under the conditions of reducing the water and fertilizer by 20% and 40%, and is respectively increased by 2.47% and 10.01% compared with the control matrix which is 100% and treated with the water and fertilizer. When the water and fertilizer loss of the test substrates 2 and 3 is 20%, the SPAD value of the small watermelon leaves is equivalent to that of the small watermelon leaves treated by the contrast substrate-100% of water and fertilizer. The results show that the promoting effect of the 3 test matrixes on the chlorophyll content and the photosynthetic capacity of the small watermelon leaves is not inferior to or even superior to that of the full-amount water and fertilizer treatment of the reference matrix under the water and fertilizer reduction treatment. Wherein, the test substrate 1 formed by uniformly mixing the M1 component and the M2 component according to the volume ratio of 1: 9 has the best effect by combining the water and fertilizer treatment with the decrement of 20 percent and the decrement of 40 percent which are both superior to the full-amount water and fertilizer treatment of a reference substrate.
(2) The results of the effect of different substrates and water and fertilizer reduction treatments on the root system of the mini-watermelon are shown in fig. 2 and fig. 3.
As can be seen from FIG. 2, the root length and root surface area of the root system of the mini-watermelon treated by combining 3 test substrates and water and fertilizer in a decrement way are both larger than those of the control substrate and 100% of the water and fertilizer treatment, wherein the root length and root surface area of the mini-watermelon treated by 1-80% of the test substrates and water and fertilizer are obviously larger than those of the control substrate and 100% of the water and fertilizer treatment, and the root length and root surface area of the mini-watermelon treated by 2-80% of the test substrates, 1-60% of the test substrates and 3-80% of the test substrates and water and fertilizer are larger than those of the control substrate and 100% of the water and fertilizer treatment, but the difference is not obvious.
FIG. 3 shows that the volume of the small watermelon roots treated by combining 3 test substrates with water and fertilizer is significantly larger than that of the small watermelon roots treated by the control substrate-100% of water and fertilizer, wherein the volume of the small watermelon roots treated by 1-80% of the water and fertilizer of the test substrates is the largest, and the volume of the small watermelon roots treated by 2-80% of the water and fertilizer of the test substrates and 3-80% of the water and fertilizer of the test substrates is equivalent to that of the small watermelon roots. The average diameter of the small watermelon roots subjected to the 3 test matrixes combined with the water and fertilizer reduction treatment is also higher than that of the small watermelon roots subjected to the control matrix-100% of water and fertilizer treatment, wherein the difference between the average diameter of the small watermelon roots subjected to the test matrix 1-80% of water and fertilizer treatment and the difference between the rest treatments reach a significant level, and the difference between the rest treatments is not significant. The dry weight of the small watermelon roots treated by 1-80% of the test substrate water and fertilizer is also obviously higher than that of the small watermelon roots treated by the rest treatment, and the difference between the rest treatment is not obvious.
From the above, the 3 test substrates are beneficial to the growth and development of the small watermelon root system, and under the water and fertilizer decrement treatment, the promotion effect on the growth, thickening and weight increment of the small watermelon root system is not inferior to or even superior to that of the full water and fertilizer treatment of the reference substrate. Wherein, under the same condition, the effect of promoting the growth and development of the small-size watermelon root system: test matrix 1> test matrix 2> test matrix 3.
(3) The effect of different substrate and water fertilizer reduction treatments on the yield of mini-watermelon is shown in FIG. 4.
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the average single fruit weight and the reduced yield per mu of the mini-watermelon treated with the test substrate of 1-80% water and fertilizer are the highest, and the difference between the mini-watermelon and the rest of the treatments reaches a significant level. The single fruit weight and the reduced yield per mu of the mini-watermelon treated by the test substrate with 2-80% of water and fertilizer are slightly higher than those of the control substrate with-100% of water and fertilizer, the single fruit weight and the reduced yield per mu treated by the test substrate with 3-80% of water and fertilizer and the test substrate with 1-60% of water and fertilizer are equivalent to or slightly lower than those of the control substrate with-100% of water and fertilizer, but the difference between the 4 treatments does not reach a significant level. The experiment matrix has better yield increasing effect on the small watermelon, and can ensure the yield under the condition of appropriate reduction of water and fertilizer. Wherein, under the same conditions, the effects of average single-fruit weight gain and yield increase per mu of the small watermelons are as follows: test matrix 1> test matrix 2> test matrix 3.
(4) The results of the effect of different substrate and water fertilizer reduction treatments on the quality of mini-watermelon fruits are shown in fig. 5 and 6.
As can be seen from FIG. 5, the differences of the soluble solid contents (containing central sugar and marginal sugar) of the 5 treated mini-watermelon are not significant, the central sugar degree mean value is about 11%, and the marginal sugar degree mean value is about 9.5%, wherein the central sugar degree of the test substrate treated by 2-80% of water fertilizer and 3-80% of water fertilizer is higher, and the marginal sugar degree of the test substrate treated by 2-80% of water fertilizer and 1-60% of water fertilizer is higher. The content of lycopene in pulp of mini-watermelon is higher by treating 1-80% of water fertilizer in test matrix, 1-60% of water fertilizer in test matrix and 100% of water fertilizer in contrast matrix, and the difference between the three is not obvious; the lycopene content of the test substrate treated by 2-80% of water and fertilizer is lower than that of the rest treatments, and the difference is obvious. The highest VC content and the lowest VC content of the pulp of the mini-watermelon are respectively treated by 1-80% of water and fertilizer of a test substrate and 1-60% of water and fertilizer of the test substrate, and the difference between the two treatments and the rest treatments is more obvious; the differences between the remaining treatments were not significant.
FIG. 6 shows that the citrulline content in the mini-watermelon pulp obtained by combining 3 test substrates with water and fertilizer reduction treatment is higher than that in the full water and fertilizer treatment of a control substrate, wherein the citrulline content is the highest in the water and fertilizer treatment of the test substrates of 3-80%, and the difference between the citrulline content and the other treatment is obvious; the content of citrulline treated by 1-60% of water and fertilizer in the test matrix is second, and the difference with the rest treatment is also obvious; the citrulline content of the test substrate treated by 1-80% of water and fertilizer and the test substrate treated by 2-80% of water and fertilizer is slightly higher than that of the control substrate treated by-100% of water and fertilizer, but the difference does not reach a significant level. In general, the test matrix has obvious effect on improving the quality of the small watermelon, and the effect of the water and fertilizer reduction treatment is not greatly influenced.
(5) And comprehensively evaluating the indexes of the mini-watermelon in each treatment by adopting a principal component analysis method, and calculating the comprehensive score of each treatment according to the extracted component score coefficients and the variance contribution rate thereof, wherein the higher the score is, the better the application effect of the treatment is, and the worse the score is.
The comprehensive evaluation result shows that the comprehensive score of the test substrate treated by 1-80% of water and fertilizer is the highest and is 32.10; the comprehensive scores of the test substrate treated by 2-80% of water fertilizer, 1-60% of water fertilizer and 3-80% of water fertilizer are respectively 29.51, 28.92 and 29.14; the overall score for the control substrate-100% liquid manure treatment was 28.04. The application effect of the test substrate combined with the water and fertilizer decrement treatment is better than that of the control substrate full-amount water and fertilizer treatment.
EXAMPLE 2 Effect of different media and Total Water Fertilizer treatment on Small watermelon
1. Test materials
The small-sized watermelon organic waste compound cultivation substrate is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to a certain volume ratio to serve as a test substrate to carry out the following cultivation test research on a small-sized watermelon facility substrate, wherein the M1 component is prepared by mixing coconut husk and wormcast according to the volume ratio of 9: 1, and the M2 component is prepared by mixing rotten cassava peel and bagasse charcoal ash according to the volume ratio of 7: 3. Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
test substrate 1: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 1: 9;
test substrate 2: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 2: 8;
test substrate 3: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 3: 7;
test substrate 4: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 5: 5;
control substrate 1: the contrast medium is a formula of a small watermelon facility cultivation medium adopted in production and is formed by uniformly mixing coconut chaff and an organic fertilizer according to the volume ratio of 9: 1;
control substrate 2: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 9: 1;
control substrate 3: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 7: 3.
2. Test method
The medium is used for small watermelon facility cultivation test, the cultivation container is a non-woven fabric planting bag with the diameter of 35cm multiplied by H30cm, and the medium amount is full of the bag. A drip irrigation system is adopted for carrying out water and fertilizer integrated management, the flow of water droppers is 1.5L/h, 2 water droppers are installed in each bag, the formula of the water and fertilizer refers to the formula of watermelon nutrient solution of southern China agriculture university adopted in production, and the total amount of water and fertilizer is treated. There were 1 treatment per substrate, 15 pots per treatment, 3 replicates.
Measuring the growth of the small watermelon stem during the cultivation test period; and measuring the chlorophyll content (SPAD) of the leaves and the maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) of a photosystem II, and evaluating the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves of the mini-watermelon under different treatments. After the test is finished, the yield (single fruit weight and reduced yield per mu) and the quality (center sugar and marginal sugar) of the mini-watermelon under different treatments are measured. The processing and analysis methods of the test data were the same as in example 1.
3. Results
(1) In view of the increase of the stem thickness of the mini-watermelon:
the growth amount of the stem thickness of the mini-watermelon treated by the test matrix 1 is the maximum, and is respectively 1.38 times, 1.76 times and 1.77 times of the growth amount of the stem thickness of the mini-watermelon treated by the control matrix 1, the control matrix 2 and the control matrix 3;
the growth amount of the stem thickness of the mini-watermelon treated by the test matrix 2 is only second to that of the test matrix 1, and is respectively 1.21 times, 1.55 times and 1.56 times of the treatment of the control matrix 1, the control matrix 2 and the control matrix 3;
the growth amount of the small watermelon stem treated by the test matrix 4 is also higher than that of the small watermelon stem treated by the 3 control matrixes, and is respectively 1.07 times, 1.375 times and 1.381 times of the small watermelon stem treated by the control matrixes 1, 2 and 3;
the increase of the stem thickness of the mini watermelon treated by the test matrix 3 is slightly lower than that of the control matrix 1, about 96.6% of the latter, but higher than that of the other control matrixes, 1.236 times and 1.241 times of the treatments of the control matrixes 2 and 3 respectively.
(2) From the leaf chlorophyll content and the maximum photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem ii:
the SPAD value of the small watermelon leaves treated by the test matrix 1 is obviously higher than that of the small watermelon leaves treated by other matrixes, and is respectively improved by 13.47%, 24.10% and 20.68% compared with the control matrixes 1, 2 and 3;
the SPAD value of the mini-watermelon leaves treated by the test matrix 2, the test matrix 3 and the test matrix 4 is equivalent to that of the mini-watermelon leaves treated by the control matrix 1;
the SPAD values of the mini watermelon leaves treated by the control substrates 2 and 3 are significantly lower than those of the mini watermelon leaves treated by the other substrates, namely 91.44% and 94.03% of the mini watermelon leaves treated by the control substrate 1. It is known that the test matrix is more beneficial to the increase of the chlorophyll content of the small watermelon leaves than the control matrix.
In addition, the maximum photosynthetic efficiency Fv/Fm values of the mini watermelon photosystem II treated by the test substrate 1 and the test substrate 2 are equivalent and are obviously higher than those of other substrate treatments and are 1.03 times of those of the control substrate 1; the Fv/Fm value of the mini-watermelon treated by the control substrate 1 is obviously lower than that of the rest substrates; the test substrates 3, 4 were slightly higher than the Fv/Fm values of the control substrates 2, 3, but the difference did not reach a significant level.
The results show that the photosynthetic capacity of the small watermelon leaves treated by the test matrix is superior to that of the small watermelon leaves treated by the control matrix.
(3) In terms of mini-watermelon yield:
the average single fruit weight and the reduced yield per mu of the 4 test matrix treatments are higher than those of the control matrix treatment, wherein the highest yield is the test matrix 1 treatment, the lowest yield is the control matrix 3 treatment, the difference between the two and the rest of the matrix treatments reaches a significant level, and the highest yield is about 1.38 times of the lowest yield; the small watermelons treated by the test matrixes 2 and 3 have the same yield, are only treated by the test matrix 1, and have obvious difference with other treatments; the yield of the mini-watermelon treated by the test matrix 4 is slightly higher than that of the mini-watermelon treated by the control matrix 1, and the difference is not obvious; the yield of the control substrate 2 treatment was between the control substrates 1 and 3, and was significantly different from the remaining treatments.
The results show that the test matrix has obvious effect on improving the yield of the small watermelon.
(4) From the soluble solid content determining the sweetness of the mini-watermelon fruit in taste:
the central sugar degrees of the mini-watermelon treated by the test matrixes 1, 3 and 4 are equivalent and are all obviously higher than those of the mini-watermelon treated by other matrixes, and the central sugar degree of the mini-watermelon treated by the control matrix 1 is obviously lower than those of the mini-watermelon treated by other matrixes, wherein the central sugar degree of the mini-watermelon treated by the test matrix 4 is the highest and is about 1.16 times that of the mini-watermelon treated by the control matrix 1; the center sugar degree of the test matrix 2 treatment was slightly higher than the control matrices 2, 3, but the difference did not reach a significant level; the marginal sugar degree of the mini-watermelon is the highest after being treated by the test matrix 4, and the marginal sugar degree of the mini-watermelon is obviously different from the marginal sugar degree of the mini-watermelon treated by the rest matrix; the marginal brix of the test substrate 1, 2, 3 treatments was slightly lower than the test substrate 4 treatments, but still significantly higher than the remaining treatments; the marginal brix of the control substrate 2 treatment was the lowest, only 90.51% of the test substrate 4 treatment, significantly different from the remaining treatments; the marginal brix of the control substrate 1, 3 treatments was comparable, slightly higher than the control substrate 2, but significantly lower than each test substrate treatment.
The results show that the central sugar degree and marginal sugar degree of the mini-watermelon treated by the 4 test matrixes are higher than those of the mini-watermelon treated by the 3 control matrixes, and the test matrixes are favorable for increasing the content of soluble solids of the mini-watermelon, so that the mouthfeel and sweetness of the fruits are improved.
According to the comprehensive evaluation results, the comprehensive scores of the test matrixes 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 320.22, 293.81, 295.63 and 275.39 respectively, which are higher than those of the control matrixes 1 (score 273.31), 2 (score 250.17) and 3 (score 232.85), and the effects of the 4 test matrixes on promoting the growth of mini-watermelon plants, improving the yield and improving the fruit quality are better than those of the control matrixes.
Example 3 Effect of different substrate treatments in combination with full water fertilization and foliar topdressing on Small watermelon
1. Test materials
The small-sized watermelon organic waste compound cultivation substrate is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to a certain volume ratio to serve as a test substrate to carry out the following cultivation test research on a small-sized watermelon facility substrate, wherein the M1 component is prepared by mixing coconut husk and wormcast according to the volume ratio of 9: 1, and the M2 component is prepared by mixing rotten cassava peel and bagasse charcoal ash according to the volume ratio of 7: 3. Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
test substrate 1: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 1: 9;
test substrate 2: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 3: 7;
control matrix: the contrast medium is a formula of a small watermelon facility cultivation medium adopted in production and is formed by uniformly mixing coconut chaff and an organic fertilizer according to the volume ratio of 9: 1.
2. Test method
The medium is used for small watermelon facility cultivation test, the cultivation container is a non-woven fabric planting bag with the diameter of 35cm multiplied by H30cm, and the medium amount is full of the bag. A drip irrigation system is adopted for carrying out water and fertilizer integrated management, the flow of water droppers is 1.5L/h, 2 water droppers are installed in each bag, the water and fertilizer formula refers to a watermelon nutrient solution formula adopted in south China agricultural university in production, the water and fertilizer are treated in full quantity, and Israel foliar fertilizer is applied regularly. There were 1 treatment per substrate, 20 pots per treatment, 3 replicates.
The chlorophyll content (SPAD) of the leaves subjected to different treatments is measured in the growing period of the mini-watermelon, the stem thickness, the fruit size (single fruit weight, fruit longitudinal and transverse diameter) and the soluble solid content (center sugar and marginal sugar) of the fruits subjected to different treatments are measured in the harvesting period, and meanwhile, the biomass (stem leaf dry weight and root dry weight) of the plants subjected to different treatments is measured. The processing and analysis methods of the test data were the same as in example 1.
3. Test results
(1) Effect on growth-stage chlorophyll content (SPAD) and shoot thickness
The SPAD value of the mini watermelon leaves treated by the test matrix 1 is 38.29, which is obviously higher than that of the mini watermelon leaves treated by the test matrix 2(28.28) and the control matrix (26.16), and the difference between the two is not obvious; the stem thicknesses of the mini-watermelon treated by the test matrixes 1 and 2 are 7.26mm and 7.21mm respectively, which is lower than that of the control matrix by 7.51mm, but the difference between the treatments does not reach a significant level.
(2) Influence on fruit size during harvest
The average single fruit weight of the mini-watermelon treated by the test matrix 2 is 1.23kg, which is obviously higher than that of the mini-watermelon treated by the test matrix 1(1.12kg) and the control matrix (1.07kg), and the difference between the two is not obvious; the fruit transverse and longitudinal diameters of the treated substrates 1 and 2 were 164mm × 120mm and 168mm × 119mm, respectively, which were both larger than the control substrate treated with 155mm × 117mm, but the difference between the treatments did not reach a significant level.
(3) Influence on soluble solid content in fruit in harvest period and plant biomass
The central sugar degrees of the test substrates 1 and 2 and the control substrate treatment are respectively 11.2%, 10.86% and 10.96% in the content of soluble solids of the fruits, and the difference is not significant; the marginal brix of the test substrate 2 and control substrate treatments were comparable, 9.52% and 9.18%, respectively, significantly higher than 8.42% of the test substrate 1 treatment. In terms of plant biomass, the average dry weight of the stem leaves of 3 treatments is about 40.33g, the average dry weight of the roots is about 0.53g, and the difference between treatments is not obvious.
The comprehensive evaluation results show that the comprehensive scores of the test matrixes 1 and 2 are respectively 40.73 and 39.21 which are higher than 36.42 points of the control matrix, and the application effects of the 2 test matrixes are better than those of the control matrix.
Comparative example
1. Test materials
The comparative example provides 3 small watermelon organic waste compound culture substrates, wherein an M1 component and an M2 component are uniformly mixed according to a certain volume ratio to serve as test substrates, and the test substrates are used for carrying out the following small watermelon facility substrate culture experimental research, wherein the M1 component is formed by mixing coconut husk and wormcast according to the volume ratio of 9: 1, and the M2 component is formed by mixing rotten cassava peel and bagasse charcoal ash according to the volume ratio of 7: 3. Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
test substrate 1: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 9: 1;
test substrate 2: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 7: 3;
test substrate 3: is prepared by uniformly mixing an M1 component and an M2 component according to the volume ratio of 6: 4;
control matrix: the contrast medium is a formula of a small watermelon facility cultivation medium adopted in production and is formed by uniformly mixing coconut chaff and an organic fertilizer according to the volume ratio of 9: 1.
2. Test method
The medium is used for small watermelon facility cultivation test, the cultivation container is a non-woven fabric planting bag with diameter of 35cm multiplied by H30cm, and the medium amount is full of the bag. A drip irrigation system is adopted for carrying out water and fertilizer integrated management, the flow of water droppers is 1.5L/h, 2 water droppers are installed in each bag, the formula of the water and fertilizer refers to the formula of watermelon nutrient solution of southern China agriculture university adopted in production, and the total amount of water and fertilizer is treated. There were 1 treatment per substrate, 15 pots per treatment, 3 replicates.
During the cultivation test, the stem thickness of the mini-watermelon is measured, the chlorophyll content (SPAD) of the leaves and the maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) of a photosystem II are measured, and the photosynthetic capacity of the mini-watermelon leaves under different treatments is evaluated. After the test is finished, the yield (single fruit weight and reduced yield per mu) and the quality (center sugar and marginal sugar) of the mini-watermelon under different treatments are measured. The processing and analysis methods of the test data were the same as in example 1.
3. Test results
The stem thickness and leaf SPAD values of the mini-watermelon treated by the control matrix are both obviously larger than those of the 3 test matrixes, wherein the stem thicknesses of the mini-watermelon treated by the control matrix are respectively improved by 14.48%, 11.21% and 14.74% compared with those of the mini-watermelon treated by the test matrixes 1, 2 and 3, the SPAD values of the leaf blades are respectively improved by 9.36%, 6.35% and 6.72%, and the difference among the 3 test matrixes is not obvious; the Fv/Fm values of the small watermelon leaves treated by the test matrixes 1, 2 and 3 are equivalent and higher than those of the small watermelon leaves treated by the control matrixes, and are respectively 1.29%, 1.16% and 1.80% higher than those of the small watermelon leaves treated by the control matrixes.
In general, the SPAD values of the stems and leaves of the mini watermelons treated by the test matrixes 1, 2 and 3 are lower than those treated by the control matrix, the Fv/Fm value is higher than that treated by the control matrix, but the improvement range is very limited, and the 3 test matrixes have limited effects on promoting the growth of the stems and leaves of the mini watermelons, increasing the chlorophyll content of the leaves and enhancing the photosynthetic capacity.
In terms of yield, the average single fruit weight and reduced yield per mu of the mini-watermelon treated by the test matrixes 1, 2 and 3 are only 91.49%, 85.00% and 83.20% of those of the mini-watermelon treated by the control matrix, and the difference is obvious, so that the yield increasing effect of the mini-watermelon of the 3 test matrixes is not as good as that of the control matrix.
In the aspect of fruit soluble solid content, the central sugar degrees of the fruits treated by the test substrates 1, 2 and 3 are higher than those of the fruits treated by the control substrate, and the improvement ranges are respectively 6.56%, 7.99% and 0.55%, wherein the difference between the treatment of the test substrates 1 and 2 and the treatment of the control substrate is obvious, and the difference between the treatment of the test substrate 3 and the treatment of the control substrate is not obvious; the marginal sugar degrees of the fruits treated by the test substrates 2 and 3 and the control substrate are equivalent, and are obviously higher than those treated by the test substrate 1, and the improvement ranges are 3.36%, 2.37% and 2.74% respectively.
The comprehensive evaluation results show that the comprehensive scores of the test substrates 1, 2 and 3 are 250.17, 232.85 and 228.00 respectively, the comprehensive score of the control substrate treatment is 273.31, and the application effect of the 3 test substrates in the small watermelon facility cultivation is not as good as that of the control substrate.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. An organic waste compound matrix suitable for facility cultivation of small watermelons is characterized by being formed by mixing an M1 component and an M2 component; wherein the volume ratio of the M1 component to the M2 component is 1-5: 5-9; the M1 component is prepared from coconut husk and wormcast according to the weight ratio of 7-9: 1-3 by volume ratio; the M2 component is prepared from decomposed cassava peel and bagasse charcoal ash according to a ratio of 6-8: 2-4 by volume ratio;
wherein, the rotten cassava bark refers to a fine flake-shaped to powdery substance which is formed by stack retting fermentation of fresh cassava bark to complete rotten; the bagasse charcoal ash refers to a charcoal ash-shaped substance formed by combusting bagasse.
2. The organic waste compounded matrix according to claim 1, wherein the volume ratio of the M1 component to the M2 component is 1: 9. 3: 7 or 2: 8.
3. the organic waste compounded substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the M1 component is prepared from coconut husk and wormcast according to the weight ratio of 9: 1 by volume ratio; the component M2 is prepared from decomposed cassava peel and bagasse charcoal ash according to the weight ratio of 7: 3 by volume ratio.
4. The organic waste compound matrix as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wormcast is an excrement of the earthworms after the earthworms eat the manioc waste and the cow dung; the variety of the earthworms is the 'Daping No. two' earthworms.
5. The organic waste compound matrix according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the mini-watermelon is of the species Meiyue, exquisite or Qionli.
6. The organic waste compounded substrate according to claim 1, wherein the amount of water and fertilizer required by the organic waste compounded substrate is reduced by 20% or more compared with the amount of water and fertilizer required by a conventional production substrate.
7. The organic waste compound matrix as claimed in claim 6, wherein the amount of water and fertilizer required by the organic waste compound matrix is reduced by 20-40% compared with that of water and fertilizer required by conventional production matrix.
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