CN102772272B - 血管修复装置 - Google Patents

血管修复装置 Download PDF

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CN102772272B
CN102772272B CN201210150278.8A CN201210150278A CN102772272B CN 102772272 B CN102772272 B CN 102772272B CN 201210150278 A CN201210150278 A CN 201210150278A CN 102772272 B CN102772272 B CN 102772272B
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CN102772272A (zh
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塞缪尔·阿贝富勒
温贝托·贝拉
格里·贝莱特
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Bolton Medical Inc
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Abstract

一种血管修复装置。一种用于运输和布置支架的输送系统,该支架具有连接支架的支柱的近端顶点,所述输送系统包括:a)导丝导管,其具有远端且形成沿着导丝导管的纵轴延伸的内部;b)顶点释放导管,其具有远端且可滑动地位于导丝导管周围,和c)顶点俘获装置,其包含i)远端俘获部分,和ii)近端俘获部分;近端俘获部分和远端俘获部分用以抓住它们之间的近端顶点,并共同形成支架俘获状态,在这种状态中,支架的近端阻塞物和近端顶点被接收在所述内腔,从而当支柱从近端俘获部分的拨爪之间放射状地散出时约束近端顶点,并且远端俘获部分沿纵轴几乎封闭内腔。

Description

血管修复装置
本申请是申请日为2004年9月2日、申请号为200480032425.5(对应的国际申请号为PCT/US2004/028530)、发明名称为“覆膜支架、覆膜支架输送系统和工具包以及覆膜支架的植入方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明属于腔内血管修复领域。本发明具体地涉及用于腔内修复动脉瘤和/或用自调节覆膜支架切开胸部横向主动脉弓、胸部后主动脉弓和主动脉在胸部的下行段的输送系统、工具包、方法。
背景技术
覆膜支架是一个可移植的装置,由管形外科移植鞘和扩张或自扩张框架组成。覆膜支架置于血管内,例如在血管的动脉瘤段、切开段或其它病变段上搭桥,从而不使血流的血液动力学压力达到血管病变段。
对于选定的患者,覆膜支架的优点是不需要打开胸部或进行腹部外科手术来治疗主动脉疾病,不需要进行完全主动脉重建。因而,患者的创伤小,住院和恢复时间缩短。例如,插入覆膜支架所需要的时间大大少于开放性主动脉旁路外科手术修补一般所需要的麻醉时间。
在血管手术中使用手术移植物和/或血管内移植物方法在世界上已经广泛采用。有许多不同种类的血管移植物结构,有些在整体上有一个支撑框架,有些只有两个支架作为支撑框架,还有一些只是管状的、没有附加支撑框架的移植材料,此例与本发明无关。
最广为人知的一种支撑覆膜支架的框架是在Gianturco的美国专利号5282824和5507771中公布的(以下均表示为“Gianturco”)。Gianturco描述了锯齿形的自扩张支架,一般称为锯齿形支架。这种支架最好用镍钛诺制造,但也有用不锈钢和其它生物相容性材料制造的。
覆膜支架有各种不同的特点,第一种重要的特点就是移植材料管。这种管被统称为移植物并且构成最终取代血管病变段的管形状。移植物最好用聚酯或PTFE的纺织片(管)制造。移植管的周长一般至少要与移植物将要插入的血管的直径和/或周长一样大,以便血液不可能流到移植物的周围(也称为内漏)而使移植物发生移位或使血液动力学压力再一次作用于血管的病变段。因此,为了固定住移植物,一般在移植材料上附加自扩张框架,可以附加在内部或外部。如果框架置于移植物的内壁上,移植物腔内血流可能会受到损害,所以框架一般连接于移植物的外壁。由这样一种外部框架形成的嵴通过提供在与血管壁接触时自然抓牢血管的充分不均匀的外表面而有助于更好地吻合血管,还提供了血管壁能够内皮化的区域,进一步把覆膜支架固定到位。
血管内移植技术中一个非常大的危险就是移植物可能从被安装的所需位置发生移动,因此创造了各种装置协助把移植物固定在血管壁上。
有一种现有技术修复装置是用自扩张金属框架制造的覆膜支架。为了输送,覆膜支架首先被径向压缩,然后放入一个导入系统,由导入系统把该装置送到目标区域。当导入系统把覆膜支架定位在血管内适当的位置上并使之打开时,自扩张框架产生的径向力有助于把覆膜支架固定在血管的腔内,但有时并不是十分有效。
Lenker等人的美国专利号5824041(以下表示为“Lenker”)介绍了一个覆膜支架输送系统的实例。Lenker介绍了各种实施方案,其中一个鞘在所要释放的修复物附近可伸缩。根据图7和图8,Lenker把组件72和76分别命名为“鞘”和“假体密封鞘”。然而,后者只不过是容纳修复物74和鞘72的导管。根据图9和图10,鞘82有内层91和外层92,内外层以无流体漏出方式连接在一起,在修复物P的周围构成一个气胀结构。当液体随非压缩液体膨胀并且在膨胀时径向向外扩张时,气胀结构也膨胀。根据图13和图15,Lenker公开了“鞘”120(只是输送导管)和可外翻的膜126,“鞘120缩回时膜126向后折叠(外翻),以便鞘[120]的远端和修复物P之间总有两层膜”。Lenker第9栏第63-66行。外翻(向后翻)是由于远端130和鞘120的直接连接造成的。图19A和图19D中所示的Lenker输送系统在末端256和258支持修复物P,而外导管254在修复物P和内鞘260上回缩。收缩之前、期间和之后,内鞘260保持在外导管254内部。图23A和图23B说明了在两个末端保持修复物P的另一个结构,其中有弹性轴向元件342的近端保持结构与近端环状结构346连接。图24A-24C也示出了在两端把修复物保持在薄壁管362内的实施方案。
为了增大支架的径向力,有些以前的装置增加了没有全部被移植材料覆盖的近端和/或远端支架。通过在支架的近端/远端一部分不覆盖移植材料,这类支架进一步径向扩张的能力高于完全被移植材料覆盖的支架。通过进一步扩张,支架的近端/远端就更好地固定在血管内壁上,这样,把移植物末端的横断面压入到血管壁内就形成了不渗漏血液的固定密封。
在美国专利出版物US2002/0198587(Greenberg等人)中可以找到这样一种现有技术暴露支架的例子,其中模块式覆膜支架组件是一个由三部分构成的覆膜支架:包括主动脉段12和髂总动脉段14(每一种有4个规格)的由两部分构成的移植物以及对侧的髂总动脉封堵器80。图1、2和4-6示出了附属支架32。如图1、2和4所示,附属支架32虽然是圆的,但比较锋利,因此增加了刺穿血管的可能性。
在Hoganson等人的美国专利出版物2003/0074049(以下表示为“Hoganson”)中可以找到现有技术暴露支架的第二个实例,该出版物介绍了包覆支架10,其中末端20a和20b的延长部分或延长段24延伸到覆盖物22的边缘之外。参见Hoganson的图1、3、9、11a、11b、12a、12b和13。然而,这些伸出的暴露边缘是三角形的,锋利的尖端指向移植物放置位置的上下游。暴露支架20a和20b的这样一种结构增加了刺穿血管的可能性。在图6a、6b、6c、10和14a所示的各种实施方案中,Hoganson讲述了完全覆盖延长的支架和由此支架不从覆盖物22伸出。注意,Hoganson支架是通过球曩导管的充气植入的。
在White等人的美国专利6565596(以下表示为“WhiteI”)中还可以找到一种现有技术暴露支架的另一个实例,这种支架采用近端延伸支架防止扭曲或扭结,保持移植物不纵向移动。延伸的支架由气囊扩张,其正弦幅度大于紧邻的一个或两个正弦金属丝。WhiteI指出,移植物上游末端相邻的金属丝要尽可能地靠近。WhiteI的支架金属丝实际上是通过在各个位置刺入移植体而编织到移植体内部的。参见WhiteI的图6和图7。因而,移植体中的裂缝可能导致暴露支架相对于移植物移动的可能性,还有可能造成移植体进一步开裂。移植体在延伸支架17的各段之间有小孔。
美国专利5716393(Lindenberg等人)的支架结构与WhiteI类似,整体支架最外边的部分是用片材经过切割/冲切然后卷成圆筒制成的,它的前端的幅度大于支架体剩下的部分。
在Hartley等人的美国专利6524335(以下表示为“Hartley”)中还可以找到一个现有技术暴露支架的实例。Hartley的图1和图2专门介绍了从移植物近端4近侧延伸的第一个近端支架1,其中近端和远端都逐渐变细成为尖端。
还有一个现有技术暴露支架的实例在Pinheiro的美国专利6355056(以下表示为“Pinheiro”)中可以找到。象Hartley暴露支架一样,Pinheiro介绍了暴露的支架具有三角形的锋利近端。
在White等人的美国专利6099558(以下表示为“WhiteII)中还可以找到一个现有技术暴露支架的实例。WhiteII暴露支架类似于WhiteI暴露支架,也采用气囊来扩张支架。
另外一个现有技术暴露支架可以在Lazarus的美国专利5871536中找到。该专利介绍了从近端纵向延伸成圆形点的两个支撑件68。不过,这样的点非常容易造成刺穿血管的可能性。
还有一个现有技术暴露支架的实例可以在Pinheiro的美国专利5851228(以下表示为“PinheiroII”)中找到。PinheiroII暴露支架与PinheiroI暴露支架类似,因此有三角形的尖锐近端。在Lenker(美国专利号5824041)中还可以找到另一个现有技术暴露支架的实例,它的近端和远端暴露带件(bandmember)14表现为方形末端。暴露元件14的一部分附在移植材料18和20上,在纵向上大于暴露元件14所暴露的的部分,并且从移植材料18、20向外延伸。Lenker等人对元件14没有详细的说明。
在美国专利5824036(Lauterjung)中还可以找到一个现有技术暴露支架的实例,它给出了在所有这里描述的现有技术实施方案中最尖锐的暴露支架。具体地说,暴露支架的近端象尖塔一样尖锐。塔尖非常尖锐,目的是使支架154外部的叉形件300(见Lauterjung的图5)可把支架154从鞘302中拉出,与推入相反。
最后一个现有技术暴露支架的实例可以在美国专利5755778(Kleshinski)中找到。每一个Kleshinski暴露支架都有两个不同形状的部分,三角形的基座部分和环形末端部分。每一个暴露环的整体都象一个城堡形建筑。尽管支架的最末端部分是弯曲的,但由于它比较窄,还是造成了刺穿血管壁的可能性。
所有这些现有技术支架都有缺点,比较尖锐的暴露支架近端的形状容易刺穿血管壁。
曾经采用过与暴露支架不同的装置来防止移植物移动。还有一种装置是沿整个移植物放置一个比较硬的纵向延伸的纵向支撑件。
典型的覆膜支架有一个管状体和一个环形框架。这种框架通常不是连续的,一般是沿管状移植物的一系列的环形形状。有些覆膜支架只在近端和/或远端有一个或两个这样的环,有些则是沿整个移植材料放置多个衔接的支架。因而,整个覆膜支架为“手风琴”形状。在每一次心动周期的心脏收缩期,血管内的血液动力学压力与覆膜支架的纵向平面基本平行。因此,具有不稳固支架的装置可能象手风琴或六角手风琴一样随着每一次心脏收缩跳动而动作,并且可能会向下游移动。(获得向前运动的向下游移动是圆柱形体在纵向方向上不断地压缩和伸展。)这种移动是极其不利的。把支架和支撑件在装置的纵向方向上连接到一起可以防止这样的运动。为了提供这样的支撑件,可以配备第二防迁移装置作为与框架连接的一个比较硬的纵向杆。
在PinheiroI(6355056)和PinheiroII(5851228)中可以找到纵向支撑杆的清楚的例子。这两个参考文献的每一个都介绍了在暴露支架20a和20b之间延伸并且将近端和远端暴露支架20a和20b直接互连的多个纵向延伸的支柱40。这些支柱40设计成一般平行于移植物10的内腔15,也就是说,它们是直的。
另一个纵向支撑杆的实例可以在美国专利6464719(Jayaraman)中找到。Jayaraman支架是由移植管21和镍钛诺制造的支撑片1构成的。此支撑片以最佳方式示出。支撑片的末端件11和13通过波状的纵向连接件15(通过切割支撑片1形成)相互直接连接在一起。为了形成覆膜支架,把支撑片1卷起或缠绕在圆柱形管21上。见图1和图4。另外,可以把每一个末端都有孔的多个连接件53通过缝合线57附加到圆柱形织物管51上,如图8所示。Jayaraman需要一个以上的这种曲折形连接件53来提供纵向支撑。
美国专利出版物2002/0016627和美国专利6312458(Golds)分别公开了不同的螺旋固定件20。
美国专利6053943(Edwin等人)在图8中介绍了另一种支撑件。
象Jayaraman一样,美国专利5871536(Lazarus)介绍了附属在环形支撑结构36上面的多个直的纵向支撑结构38。见图1、6、7、8、10、11、12、14。Lazarus在图8中介绍了纵向支撑结构38,该结构附属于远端结构36并且几乎一直延伸到近端结构36。纵向结构38、84和94可以直接连接到支架体22、80上,可以是伸缩的38、64。
VanSchie等人的美国专利出版物2003/0088305(以下表示为“VanSchie”)没有介绍支撑杆,但它介绍了采用弹性材料8的弯曲覆膜支架,弹性材料8在近端2和远端3上与支架连接(见图1和图2),因此形成弯曲的覆膜支架。由于VanSchie需要制造柔韧的弯曲移植物,所以用硅胶或其它类似材料制造弹性材料8。因而,材料8无法在覆膜支架的纵向方向上提供支撑。所以,可替代弹性支撑材料8的就是图3-6中所示的缝合材料。
发明内容
本发明包括覆膜支架、覆膜支架输送系统和工具包以及覆膜支架的植入方法,它们克服了上述装置和上述一般类型方法的缺点,所提供的血管修复装置由于随着主动脉的自然弯曲调节而能够更有效地植入/适应主动脉的自然段或病变段,减少了血管被刺穿的机会,加强了血液不漏出的血管连接,保持了血管管腔内壁的位置,抗移动性更强,并且把覆膜支架送入弯曲的血管时最大程度减少了送入引起的血管内腔力,也最大程度减少了使用者把覆膜支架送入弯曲的血管所需要的力。
所附权利要求书阐述了被视为本发明特征的其它特征。
虽然如在覆膜支架中所体现的那样举例说明本发明,但决不是要仅限于所给出的内容,因为在不偏离本发明宗旨以及在权利要求的范畴和等同范围内可以做出各种修改和结构改变。
不过,通过结合附图来阅读以下具体实施方案的说明可以最佳地理解本发明的结构和使用方法以及其它目的和优点。
附图说明
在所附权利要求书中具体地阐明了被认为新颖的本发明的特征。结合附图参考以下说明可以更好地理解本发明和其它目的及其优点,在这几幅图中相同的附图标记表示同样的元件,其中:
图1是根据本发明的覆膜支架的侧视图;
图2是图1的覆膜支架的支架的侧视图;
图3是有各种突出的图2的支架的截面图;
图4是用于形成现有技术支架的现有技术圆形心棒的立体图;
图5是在一段血管中的现有技术支架的局部侧视图;
图6是用于形成图1-图3的支架的十二面体形状心棒的立体图;
图7是在一段血管中的图1-图3的支架的局部侧视图;
图8是图1的覆膜支架近端的局部放大侧视图,其说明了万向架固定末端的运动;
图9是根据本发明的两部分覆膜支架的侧视图;
图10是根据本发明的输送系统的局部侧视图,在中间位置上有一个锁紧环;
图11是图10的输送系统的局部侧视图,具有在前进位置的锁紧环,以及用虚线表示的处于前进位置的远端把手和鞘组件;
图12是图10的输送系统的鞘组件的局部放大图;
图13是处于俘获位置的输送系统的图10的顶点俘获装置的局部放大图;
图14是处于松开位置的图13的顶点俘获装置的局部放大图;
图15是处于俘获位置的图10的输送系统的顶点释放装置的局部放大图;
图16是去除中间件之后处于俘获位置的图15的顶点释放组件的局部放大图;
图17是处于释放位置的图16的顶点释放组件的局部放大图;
图18是图11的输送系统的局部侧面正视图,示出了使用者如何展开该修复物;
图19是包括主动脉的人动脉的局部截面图,其中本发明组件处于根据本发明的插入修复物方法第一步中;
图20是图19中动脉的局部截面图,其中该组件处于插入修复物方法的下一步中;
图21是图20中动脉的局部截面图,其中该组件处于插入修复物方法下一步中;
图22是图21中动脉的局部截面图,其中组件处于插入修复物方法的下一步中;
图23是图22中动脉的局部截面图,其中组件处于插入修复物方法的下一步中;
图24是图23中动脉的局部截面图,其中组件处于插入修复物方法的下一步中;
图25是本发明输送系统内腔的共轴关系的局部示意立体图;
图26是根据本发明的顶点释放组件的局部截面图;
图27是图1中覆膜支架的局部侧视图,包括各种取向的本发明不透射线标记物;
图28是图1中覆膜支架的局部立体图,包括各种取向的本发明不透射线标记物;
图29是图13中顶点俘获装置的远端顶点头部的立体图;
图30是图29中远端顶点头部和图13中顶点俘获装置近端顶点体的局部侧视图,部分裸支架处于俘获位置;
图31是图30中远端顶点头部和近端顶点体的局部侧视图,切除一部分近端顶点体是为了说明处于俘获位置的裸支架;
图32是处于释放位置的图30中远端顶点头部和近端顶点体的局部侧视图;
图33是根据本发明的手柄组件的一个实施方案的局部截面图;
图34是图33中手柄组件的推动器扣紧旋转体的截面图;
图35是图34中推动器扣紧旋转体沿直线C-C观察的平面视图;
图36是图34中推动器扣紧旋转体的平面(部分隐藏)视图,包括用于图10、11和18的手柄组件的第一个实施方案的螺旋沟槽;
图37是图36中推动器扣紧旋转体沿剖面线A-A的截面图;
图38是图36中推动器旋转体的平面(部分隐藏)视图;
图39是图38中推动器扣紧旋转体沿剖面线B-B的截面图;
图40是图33中手柄组件旋转体的立体图;
图41是图40中旋转体的部分隐藏的侧视图;
图42是图41中旋转体沿剖面线A-A的截面图;
图43是图40中旋转体的部分隐藏的侧视图;
图44是图33中手柄组件推动器扣紧体的部分隐藏的侧视图;
图45是图44中推动器扣紧体沿剖面线A-A的截面图;
图46是图44中推动器扣紧体沿剖面线B-B的截面图;
图47是图33中手柄组件的一部分的局部侧视图,包括本发明的鞘组件;
图48是图47中手柄组件的一部分的分解侧视图;
图49是图33中手柄组件手柄体的部分隐藏局部侧视图;
图50是根据本发明的手柄组件的第二个实施方案的一部分的局部分解侧视图;
图51是图50中处于中间位置那一段的局部侧视图;
图52是手柄组件的第二个实施方案的第一部分的分解图;
图53是与具有第一部分和鞘组件的图52比较的手柄组件的第二个实施方案的较大部分的局部分解图;
图54是手柄组件的第二个实施方案的扣紧体的立体图;
图55是图54中扣紧体的侧视图;
图56是图55中扣紧体沿剖面线A-A的截面图;
图57是图54中扣紧体的平面图;
图58是图57中扣紧体从剖面线B-B观察的平面图;
图59是手柄组件的第二个实施方案的扣紧套管的部分隐藏的局部侧视图;
图60是图59中扣紧套管的一部分沿剖面线A的局部截面图;
图61是图59中扣紧套管沿剖面线C-C的局部截面图;
图62是图59中相对于图59旋转的扣紧套管的部分隐藏的局部侧视图;
图63是图10中头锥体和鞘组件的局部截面图;
图64是根据本发明的自调节结构的一部分的局部透视图;
图65是输送系统远端部分的局部截面示意图,其中本发明自调节结构在下行胸主动脉中并且该自调节结构与期望取向相反;
图66是图65中输送系统远端部分的局部截面示意图,其中自调节结构部分位于下行胸主动脉内,部分位于主动脉弓内,自调节结构的取向接近于期望的取向;
图67是图65中输送系统远端部分的局部截面示意图,其中自调节结构主要位于主动脉弓内,并且该自调节结构基本上处于期望的取向上;
图68是图25中移植物推动内腔远端的替代实施方案的部分分解局部放大立体图;和
图69是使用者在弯曲装置周围弯曲覆膜支架组件使导丝内腔弯曲的图片。
具体实施方式
虽然说明书以规定本发明的特征-被认为是新颖的-的权利要求书结束,但我们认为,结合附图(其中相同的附图标记被惯切)来考虑以下说明可以更好地理解本发明。
本发明提供覆膜支架和输送系统,尤其是治疗从远端主动脉弓的头臂动脉水平到刚好高于腹腔干的水平的胸主动脉缺陷,为胸主动脉的吻合提供血管腔内基础,同时通过排除血管缺陷并使主动脉的手术修复不必要而为部分/全部修复胸主动脉提供了一种替代疗法。不过,本发明的覆膜支架不限于在主动脉中使用,它可以插入能够容纳覆膜支架尺寸的任何可介入的动脉内。
覆膜支架
本发明的覆膜支架提供了各种特征,这些特征迄今为止还未在本领域中使用过,具有这些特征的血管修复装置可以更有效地植入/适应主动脉的自然段或病变段,减少刺穿血管的可能性,提高脉管连接的血液密封性,减少了移植物移动的可能性。
覆膜支架通过输入系统在开放式血管修复之前、之间或替代开放式血管(即主动脉弓,尤其是上行或下行主动脉段)修复植入到血管腔内。下面对输入系统有详细的描述。覆膜支架治疗的主要病症是主动脉瘤、主动脉夹层动脉瘤和其它与主动脉有关的疾病,如主动脉溃疡穿孔、主动脉缩窄和动脉导管未闭。覆膜支架放入主动脉血管腔内时在血管内形成密封,并自动将其自身粘附在血管上,结果消除了病理损害。
现在首先详细参考附图中的图形,尤其是图1,其中给出改进的覆膜支架1,覆膜支架1有移植物套管10和许多支架20。支架20最好用镍钛诺制造,镍钛诺是一种有独特属性的合金,压缩后可以回弹成固定结构,其回弹属性取决于合金现有的温度。关于镍钛诺的详细说明及其在支架上的应用例如可以参考美国专利4665906(Jervis)和专利5597378(Gianturco)。移植物套管10为圆筒形状,整个长度是用织造移植材料制造的。移植材料最好是聚酯,尤其是指品牌的聚酯或者是泡沫聚四氟乙烯(“EPTFE”)类的其它材料类型,或者是其它聚合物基包覆材料。管状移植套管10具有多个独立的内腔支撑金属丝的框架,每一条金属丝在本领域中都指支架20。
各支架20的连接优选用聚合物(尼龙、聚酯)线在整个支架20的周围缝合和穿过移植套管10进行缝合。缝合间距要足够小,以防止支架20的边缘从移植套管10的外周伸出大大超过金属丝本身的直径。缝合间距最好在0.5-5毫米之间。
支架20缝合在移植套管10的内表面或外表面上。图1介绍了移植套管10外表面16上的所有支架20和支架30。在没有举例说明的一个优选实施方案中,最近端支架23和最远端支架以及裸支架30连接在移植套管10的内表面上,剩下的支架20连接于外表面16上。还有一种未举例说明的可能的实施方案,它把支架20和支架30与移植套管10的连接从移植物的外表面改变成移植物的内表面,这种改变都有周期顺序。
在与移植套管10连接时,支架20径向迫使移植套管10扩张到预定直径D。当把移植物移植到血管内并且使之张开时,释放的径向力在血管壁上形成密封并把移植物粘附到血管壁上。
通常,确定支架20的尺寸,以完全张开到移植套管10完成张开的直径D。不过,本发明的特点是每一个支架20和支架30的直径都大于移植套管10完全张开的直径D。因而,当支架1完全张开并定位在其放置位置的血管内表面上时,每一个支架20都向移植套管10独立施加径向力。施加这里所指的预压缩是为了:(1)确保移植覆盖物完全张开,(2)确保有足够的支架径向力形成良好的密封,(3)固定覆膜支架并防止它扭曲,(4)固定覆膜支架并防止移动。
每一个支架20最好用一根镍钛诺金属丝制造。当然也可以用其它生物相容性材料,如不锈钢、生物聚合物、钴铬合金和钛合金。
每一个支架20的优选形状对应于本领域所指的锯齿形支架。例如,参见Gianturco(尽管支架20的形状可以是满足自动张开支架功能的任何形式)。因此,构成支架20的金属丝是一个具有波浪或正弦曲线形状的环。尤其,如图2所示,垂直于支架20中轴线21的正视图所给出的形状介于三角形波浪和正弦曲线之间。换句话说,图2中的视图说明每一个支架20都有交替的近端顶点22和远端顶点24。不论与移植套管10的完全圆周连接如何,面向血管壁的顶点的半径r优选不要太尖,以防止刺穿血管的可能性。尤其,支架20近端顶点22和远端顶点24的曲率半径r最好相等。曲率半径在大约0.1毫米和3.0毫米之间,特别是约0.5毫米。
支架的另一个有利特征是支架接触血管内壁的纵向延伸形状。关于纵向形状的说明,参考图3-7。
现有技术支架和本发明的支架都是在心棒29和29’上把金属丝缠绕在它们上面制造的,并且通过在未示出的从心棒的轴垂直伸出的针状物(pin)上缠绕金属丝而形成顶点22、24、32和34。这种针状物(如果用图示说明)将位于图4-6中心棒29和29’中示意的小孔中。现有技术支架是在圆形心棒29(也称为杆)上制造。在圆形心棒29上形成的支架20’具有圆形剖面(见图5)。由于剖面是圆的,支架20’无法均匀地符合它所插入的血管2的内壁。这种缺点在覆膜支架1的密封区-其中移植物10的末端需要靠在血管2的内壁上的区域-非常严重。临床经验表明,用圆形心棒29制造的支架20’没有贴靠在血管2上;反而,如图5所示,只是支架20’的中间段定位在血管2上。因此,在覆膜支架1的近端12或远端14的任何一个上有这样的支架20’时,移植材料就从血管2的管壁上张开进入内腔-这是要避免的状况。对比图5中支架20’纵向弯曲剖面的上下段和血管2的直线纵剖面就可以看出这种张开情况。
为了解决这一问题和保证支架与脉管的筒形并置,本发明的支架20在多面心棒上形成。尤其,支架20是在多面体形状的心棒29’上形成。心棒29’没有锋利的边缘。相反,它具有平坦段和在各平坦段之间的圆形边缘部分。因此,如图3所示,在心棒29’上形成的支架其截面是有些圆的多边形。与这种支架20中轴线21垂直的截面视图在平坦侧或支柱33之间(对应心棒29’的平坦段)有斜面或圆形边缘31(对应心棒29’的圆形边缘部分)。
为了制造支架20,在位于心棒29’的圆形段的没有图示说明的针状物上缠绕金属丝形成支架20的顶点,针脚。因此,位于支架20的顶点22、24、32、34之间的支柱33平坦地贴在心棒29’的平坦侧。当在本发明心棒29’上这样形成时,纵剖面实质上没有支架20’的剖面圆,实际上基本是线性的。
对于分别有6个近端顶点22和6个远端顶点24的支架20来说,支架20是在十二面体形状的心棒29’(心棒有12个侧面)上形成,图6中所示的就是心棒29’。在这种心棒29’上形成的支架将拥有图3所示的截面。
图7所示的14个顶点的支架20举例说明了在14个侧面的心棒上形成的支架20。图7中支架20的横截面(有14个侧面)是多边形,并且如图7所示,支架20的纵剖面完全是线性的。从临床来看,线性的纵剖面提高了支架20适应血管2的能力,把移植套管10在每个支架20的末端密封区内向外压。
改善覆膜支架1性能的另一种方法是移植物10上的最远端支架25(即下游)提供附加的顶点,让它具有较长的纵向长度(即较大的振幅)和/或较长的周长。当把周长较长的支架25缝合到移植物上时,覆膜支架1就会具有更好的临床表现。这种改进的部分原因是需要把移植材料10的远端部分牢固地压在血管壁上。增加顶点数就增加了覆膜支架1和血管壁之间的接触点,从而保证了与血管壁更好的并置和移植材料10与血管之间更好的密封性。并置性与密封性的提高大大改善了覆膜支架1的远端14与血管的轴向对准。如上所述,每一个支架20和30的直径都大于移植套管10完全张开时的直径D。因此,如果远端支架25的直径也大于直径D,它就会比没有这种过大尺寸结构的支架在移植物相应段的四周产生更大的径向偏置。
植入的典型覆膜支架1一般在血管的笔直段不会脱离,因为支架作用于移植套管上的径向偏置力为支架和移植物匹配血管壁提供了足够的压力。然而,当典型的覆膜支架植入弯曲的血管(如主动脉)时,覆膜支架1确实会脱离脉管壁。根据本发明的覆膜支架1并置性和密封性的加强大大减少了脱离的可能性,因为与现有技术覆膜支架相比,增加的高度和附加顶点数加强了覆膜支架垂直于血管壁的调准(不发生脱离)。
支架的总顶点数取决于将要植入覆膜支架1的血管直径。直径小的血管其顶点总数比植入较大直径血管的支架少。下面的表1介绍了具有不同直径血管的优选支架实施方案。例如,如果血管的直径为26或27毫米,那么移植套管10的优选直径是30毫米。对于直径30毫米的移植套管来说,中间支架20将在每一侧(近端和远端)有5个顶点,一共10个顶点。换句话说,支架定义了5个周期性的“波浪”。相比之下,最远端的支架25定义了6个周期性“波浪”,因此总共有12个顶点。注意,图1中的最远端支架25没有增加顶点。虽然表1示出了优选实施方案,但可以根据需要调节和改变这些结构。
表1
为了提高覆膜支架1在血管中的固定性,在覆膜支架1上提供了暴露或裸露的支架30,支架30优选仅仅位于移植套管10的近端12-近端的意思是它附在移植套管10的部分是血液由此流入套管,即图1中血液从裸支架30向左流过套管10的部分。裸支架30并不限于附在近端12上。另一个未标示出来的裸支架同样可以附在移植套管10的远端14上。
重要的是,裸支架30只是部分与移植套管10相连。具体地说,裸支架30只是固定在裸支架30远端顶点34的移植套管10上。因而,裸支架30从移植套管10的近端部分自由延伸近端顶点32。
裸支架30有各种属性,主要属性是改善移植材料对血管壁轮廓的并置性和调准主动脉弓腔内移植覆盖物的近端部分,提供了移植套管10近端12的血液密封罩,以便血流不在动脉内壁和套管10的外表面之间通过(内漏)。
远端顶点34的曲率半径α的优选构型基本上等于支架20近端顶点22和远端顶点24的半径r,尤其是至少等于和裸支架30直接相邻的支架20近端顶点的曲率半径r。这样,如图8所示,最近端支架23的近端顶点22和裸支架30暴露部分交叉点之间的距离在移植套管10近端12的整个圆周上相互之间都是基本上相同的。这一距离最好根据移植物的直径而变化。因此,与移植套管10连接的远端顶点34的正弦部分所横跨的路径与距裸支架30最近的支架23的路径基本上相同。因而,支架22和裸支架30(与移植套管10相连)各部分之间的距离保持不变。这样一种结构是有利的,因为它保持了血管周围装置径向力的对称,还有助于装置的同步、同时张开,从而由于增加了与血管壁接触的外向力构件而提高了移植材料和血管壁的并置性形成近端密封-并且大大改善了近端密封。
把支架23、30相互协调地插在一起,建立搭接,即裸支架30的顶点34定位在支架23的槽内。这种结构还有一个优点,就是搭接部分在移植物10的近端开口和植入覆膜支架1的血管之间提供了两倍数量的接触点。增加的并置点使移植套管10的近端开口面向血管壁,大大减少了内漏的可能性。另外,支架23、30的搭接增加了径向负荷或压缩阻力,从功能上加强了固定性,减少了装置迁移的机会。
与裸支架30的远端顶点34相比,近端顶点32(这些端件没有缝合到移植套管10上)的曲率半径β比远端顶点34的曲率半径α大很多。裸支架顶点的最佳结构是,近端顶点32的半径约等于1.5毫米,远端顶点34的半径约等于0.5毫米。这样一种结构在很大程度上防止了近端顶点32刺穿血管,或者至少降低了裸支架30刺穿血管的机会,因为近端顶点32的弯曲不尖锐。
裸支架30的幅度也大于其它支架20的幅度。优选的是,支架20的峰-峰幅度约为1.3-1.5厘米,而裸支架30的峰-峰幅度约为2.5-4.0厘米。因此,裸支架30施加到主动脉内壁的力(由于裸支架30扩展到它的自然位置)分布于一个较大的表面积上。因而本发明中裸支架30对血管内壁施加的创伤径向应力小-虽然每平方毫米的应力比单个支架20的应力小,但这一特点还是足以把近端12保持在位置上。同时,裸支架30的较高配置以更加“自卫”的方式引导覆膜支架的近端开口。因此,覆膜支架的近端开口在近端开口区内与血管的自然弯曲更加协调。
如上所述,由于血管不断地移动和由血流赋予的压力不断地改变,置于血管中的任何覆膜支架都自然倾向于向下游迁移。当覆膜支架1拥有移植套管段18的时候就更是这样,套管段18两端的支架间隔规定套管段18的长度,赋予覆膜支架1手风琴式、六角手风琴式或毛毛虫样的形状。当这样一种形状随血管一起搏动,而从近端12到下游远端14沿着覆膜支架以脉动的方式产生血液动力学压力时,覆膜支架1就在血管中倾向于向下游移动。必须完全阻止这种运动。
移植套管10纵向长度上的支撑就是防止这种移动的。因此,如上所述,现有技术覆膜支架在支架之间的直线段上装有纵向杆。
不过,本发明提供有纵向的螺旋支撑件40,当与移植套管10的纵轴11相对平行延伸时,支撑件40并不象现有技术那样与整个覆膜支架1的纵向方向基本上平行。“相对平行”在这里指的是更趋向于沿向覆膜支架1的纵轴11而不是与其垂直的轴的程度。具体地说,纵向支撑件40是某种S旋转形状,因为近端部分42以第一个角度41(被定义为移植套管10的圆周360度中的一个角度)相对平行于移植套管10的轴线11,远端部分44也相对平行于管状移植物的轴线11,但角度却是移植套管10圆周上不同的第二个角度43。第一和第二个角度41、43之间的差异取决于移植套管10的长度L。例如,对于大约20厘米长(约8”)的移植套管,第二个角度43与第一角度41相差80-110度之间,尤其大约相差90度。相比之下,对大约9厘米长(约3.5”)的移植套管,第二个角度43与第一个角度41相差30-60度,尤其相差大约45度。如下所述,第一个和第二个角度41、43之间的距离还取决于覆膜支架在体内所受到的曲率和弯曲类型。
纵向支撑件40在近端部分42和远端部分44之间有一个弯曲的中间部分46。用“部分”一词并不是指支撑杆分为三个独立的部分(当然,在特殊结构中多部分实施方案是可能的)。纵向支撑件40的优选实施方案是一个整体的支撑杆,用不锈钢、钴铬合金、镍钛诺或聚合材料制造,形状是完全弯曲的螺旋42、44和46,没有直段。在一种可供选择的覆膜支架实施方案中,近端部分42和远端部分44可以基本上与覆膜支架1的轴线11平行,中间部分46可以是螺旋弯曲的。
描述纵向支撑件40优选弯曲实施方案的一种方法可以使用渐近线的类似物。如果有两条渐近线以移植套管10的第一种角度41和第二种角度43平行于移植套管10的纵轴线11延伸,那么近端部分42就可以呈现第一种角度41或者是渐近于第一种角度41延伸,远端部分44可以呈现第二种角度43或是渐近于第二种角度43延伸。由于纵向支撑件40在一个优选实施方案中是一个整体,所以弯曲部分46符合通过如这里所述安置近端部分42和远端部分44所形成的自然弯曲。
在这样一个位置上,弯曲的纵向支撑件40有一个中心线45(平行于移植套管10的纵轴线11,在移植套管10上的第一种角度41和第二种角度43之间的中途)。因此,在这种实施方案中,弯曲段以大约20-40度的程度插入到中心线45,优选的角度约为30-35度。
描述纵向支撑件弯曲的另一种方法可以对照中心线45。纵向支撑件40在第一个角度41和中心线45之间的部分基本上是纵向支撑件40在第二个角度43和中心线45之间部分的镜像,只是绕垂直于中心线45的轴线旋转了180度。这里的这种对称可以称为“反向的镜像对称(reverse-imagesymmetrical)”。
纵向支撑件40优选以与支架20同样的方式缝合到移植套管10。然而,纵向支撑件40不是直接缝合到任何支架20的移植物近端部分。换句话说,纵向支撑件40是独立于支架20所构成的近端框架的。这样一种结构是有利的,因为独立的近端形成一个万向架,赋予覆膜支架附加的灵活性。具体地说,有万向架的近端可以让近端更好地匹配近端并置点,从而减少了内漏的机会。增加纵向支撑件的独立性可以让近端固定点独立于远端段,该远端段由于血液脉冲流(pulsutileflow)的生理运动而进行相关的运动。还有,在一个优选实施方案中,与移植套管10连接之前,纵向支撑件40还预加工成需要的螺旋形状(逆时针从近端至远端)。
由于安置覆膜支架1的血管一般不是直的(尤其是主动脉弓),所以覆膜支架1的最终植入位置最有可能是以某种形式弯曲的。在现有技术覆膜支架中(只有纵向平行的支撑杆),固有地存在一个力使支撑杆变成笔直的自然形状,因此使整个覆膜支架趋向于笔直。这种力对于至少部分弯曲安装的覆膜支架来说是不利的。
根据本发明的纵向支撑件40的弯曲形状至少大部分或基本上全部消除了这一缺点,因为纵向支撑件40的自然形状是弯曲的。因此,支撑件40施加的较少的力或根本不施加力使纵向支撑件40变直,所以不会以不利的方式移动植入的覆膜支架。同时,弯曲的纵向支撑件40抵消了心动周期中脉波和心脏收缩血压传播产生的驻留于主动脉壁上的潜在动力能的影响,动力能在心脏舒张时被释放。更加具体地说,覆膜支架1穿越它要植入的弯曲血管时,具体地说,纵向支撑件40被基本上放入到弯曲主动脉的上纵截面线时(相对于解剖位置),本发明的输送系统自动把覆膜支架1调整到最佳位置。在优选的实施方案中,纵向支撑件40可以按适合患者的形式弯曲,以适应将要植入移植物的实际血管的预期弯曲。因此,第一个和第二个角度41、43之间的距离取决于覆膜支架1在体内所受到的曲率和弯曲类型。因此,植入弯曲的纵向支撑件40时,它实际上具有相反的力抗拒要改变支撑件与其驻留的血管现有走向相一致的任何环境。
优选以与支架20类似的方式把支撑件40缝合到移植套管10的外表面16上。
现有技术支撑杆其端部只是钢杆或镍钛诺杆的截止端,因此是尖的。即使在现有技术中把这些端部缝合到管状的移植物上,还是存在撕裂血管壁的可能性。因此,希望提供其尖端不能刺穿放入覆膜支架的血管的支撑杆。
本发明纵向支撑件40的两端不是突然截止的。相反,纵向支撑件的每一端都往回弯曲成一个环47,因此覆膜支架轴线上的纵向支撑件的末端不是尖锐的,相反,从移植套管10的末端12、14这一侧看它的外部是圆的或椭圆的形状。这种结构在很大程度上防止了撕裂血管壁的可能性,并且因为椭圆形47在两侧纵向延伸还在椭圆形上提供了额外的纵向支撑。
此外,在另一实施方案中,纵向支撑件的末端可以连接第二个近端支架28和最远端支架。这种结构允许纵向支撑件固定到支架28上(见图1)和最远端支架上以便支撑,同时还保持覆膜支架近端的万向架固定特征。
纵向支撑件40的一个重要特点是,纵向支撑件40的末端可以不一直延伸到移植套管10的两个末端12和14。相反,纵向支撑件40截止于近端12上倒数第二个支架28或支架28之前,如有必要,也可以截止于移植套管10远端14上倒数第二个支架28’之前。这样一种截止结构(无论只是近端还是同时包括近端和远端)的选择有其特殊原因-当纵向支撑件40截止于由横断面线52和52’定义的任何一个平面之前时,分别连接的套管10和支架20构成万向架固定部分50、50’。也就是说,当作用于万向架固定末端50和50’的抓力从横断面线52、52’定义的平面开始绕纵轴11移动或转动定义移植套管10每一个末端开口的横断面时,如图8所示,移动部分50、50’可以在所有方向上(360度)以环形开口为中心取任何角度γ。因此,天然万向架允许末端50、50’从纵轴11向任意的径向方向倾斜。
尤其,万向架固定末端50、50’允许每一个末端开口自然动态调节到符合植入的血管弯曲。万向架固定末端50、50’的一个重要优点是限制了作用于单个部件上的力的传播。实际上,以前作用于整个覆膜支架1上的力,也就是作用于覆膜支架1两端50、50’和中间部分的力(即在平面52、52’之间),现在主要作用于力产生的这一部分。例如,只作用于两个末端部分50、50’之一的力实际上不传播到覆膜支架1的中间部分(即平面52、52’之间)。然而更重要的是,当力作用于覆膜支架1的中间部分时(无论是纵向、径向(扩张)移动或扭转),末端50、50’因为用万向节固定而相对保持与相应末端50、50’周围血管的自然轮廓完全一致,实际上没有传递的任何力,而这种力会潜在造成末端磨损、摩擦或偏离其在血管中的所需固定位置。因此,覆膜支架的末端50、50’保持固定在植入的位置,延长了覆膜支架1的使用寿命。
纵向支撑件40的另一个优点是增加了覆膜支架1的圆筒强度。具体地说,移植套管的材料可以沿纵轴11很容易压缩,即使存在支架20也还保持这种属性,只要支架连接移植套管10并且在一个支架20的远端24和相邻的下一个支架20的近端22之间具有间距。对于血流沿纵轴11的长度施加的力的数量尤其是这样。不过,用根据本发明连接纵向支撑件40,覆膜支架1的纵向力增加了,克服了血流带来的纵向力。
这种增加的纵向强度带来的另一个好处是,进一步防止了覆膜支架1在血管中的迁移,因为管状移植物没有象手风琴一样压缩和膨胀-这种动作自然造成移植物的迁移。
防止覆膜支架1移动的另一种措施是配备至少一个单独的支架20、30或纵向支撑件40,有突出部分60,如倒钩或弯钩(图3)。例如,参见美国专利出版物2002/0052660(Greenhalgh)。在本发明的优选实施方案中,支架20、30被固定在移植套管10的圆周外表面16上。因此,如果支架20(或支架30的连接部分)有突出部分60向外突出,那么这种特点就会抓住血管内壁,防止了覆膜支架1的移动。这样一种实施方案非常适合于动脉瘤,但对具有脆弱特点的解剖是不优选的,例如因为这种突起60能够擦伤血管的内表层并造成层间渗漏等。
如图9所示,覆膜支架1不只是有一个移植套管10,而是整个覆膜支架可以包括第一个覆膜支架100和第二个覆膜支架200。第一个覆膜支架100具有上述覆膜支架1的所有特点。第二个覆膜支架200没有上述的环形边缘近端12,而是有一个形状与最近端支架220的轮廓一样的近端212,周长比第一个覆膜支架100的远端周长略大。因此,把第二个覆膜支架200的近端212插入第一个覆膜支架100的远端114就在整体上形成一个两部分的覆膜支架。由于血液从第一个覆膜支架100的近端112流至第二个覆膜支架200的远端214,所以最好把第一个覆膜支架100安装到第二个覆膜支架200内以防止血液从其间渗漏。把装置按相反的顺序植入可以获得这种结构(首先植入移植物200,然后植入移植物100)。根据需要,每一个覆膜支架100和200都可以有自己的纵向支撑件40。
第一个覆膜支架100最远端支架的支架顶点是否匹配第二个覆膜支架200最近端支架220的支架顶点并不重要,重要的是这两个移植物100和200之间的接头重叠量。
输送系统
如上所述,现有技术技术包括许多把修复物(尤其是覆膜支架)送入血管内腔的不同系统。许多输送系统都有类似的部件,多数系统一般都是在使用输送系统之前通过在患者腹股沟附近的股动脉插入导丝作为引导。为了防止刺穿通向主动脉并且包括主动脉的动脉,输送系统与导丝共轴连接并跟踪导丝的行程到达主动脉。因此跟踪导丝的输送系统部件的外径尺寸要小于患者股动脉的内径。跟踪导丝的输送系统部件包括覆膜支架,是由一系列称为导管和鞘的共轴管腔组成的。覆膜支架主要受限于外导管,把覆膜支架安装到外导管内要求压缩覆膜支架。这样做使得约束覆膜支架的输送系统部分变得非常硬,因此降低了该部分的柔性,让输送系统难于跟踪导丝,尤其是在主动脉弓等弯曲的血管中。此外,由于覆膜支架必须压缩一定的量才能安装到导管内,覆膜支架在约束导管上施加非常大的径向力,所以通过滑动约束导管脱离覆膜支架来布置覆膜支架的过程要求非常大的力,一般称为布置力。另外,导管必须有足够的强度来约束移植物,要求导管必须是用刚性材料制造的。如果刚性材料弯曲(如跟踪进入主动脉弓),则刚性材料会扭结,使其即使可能也会很难布置覆膜支架。
血管修复物输送系统的共有特征包括一个与导丝管腔固定连接的头锥体,其内径完全对应导丝的外径,以便导丝管腔能够轻易地在导丝上沿着导丝滑动。一个可拆卸的、中空的导管把压缩修复物包裹在其空腔内,导管固定连接到导丝管腔上。这样,当修复物处于移植的正确位置上时,医生就撤回空心导管逐渐从近端向远端露出自膨胀的修复物。当导管从修复物膨胀框架的每一部分撤回足够的距离时,框架可张开到自然位置,最好是直径至少等于血管壁内径的位置,从而把修复物紧紧地贴在血管内。当把导管完全从修复物上撤回,从而让修复物膨胀到血管的直径时,修复物就完全张开并沿着整个修复物的长度连接到血管的内腔上,如治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤。例如,治疗主动脉瘤时,修复物从导管完全释放时与血管的近端和远端植入区接触。在输送过程中的这一位置上,输送系统可以从患者体内撤出。不过,如果植入不理想,修复物是无法重新装入导管中的。
主动脉在腹部和胸下部通常有一个比较直的段。可是,主动脉在胸上部非常弯曲,从心脏的背面到心脏的前面经过一个倒置的U形。如上所述,现有技术输送系统比较硬,不柔韧(现有技术输送系统的导丝/导管部分)。因此,如果导丝/导管必须经过主动脉的弯曲段,导丝/导管就会扭结,因为它是弯曲的或者它会压住主动脉弯曲的顶部,如果病变段位于导丝/导管施加力的位置上就可能刺穿主动脉。这种状况必须竭尽全力地避免,因为患者死亡的可能性高。现有技术没有办法大大减少主动脉弯曲段上的应力或者使导丝/导管有足够的柔韧性经过弯曲段而不造成血管的损伤。
不过,本发明具有现有技术所没有的重要特点,有助于把覆膜支架放入主动脉的弯曲段,其方式大大减少了主动脉弯曲段上的应力,极大地减少了使压缩移植物通过主动脉弯曲段所需要的插入力。如上所述,纵向支撑件40在连接到移植套管10之前预先加工成需要的螺旋形状,在优选的实施方案中,以适合患者的方式弯曲,以适应将要植入移植物的实际血管的预期弯曲。这样,当把纵向支撑件40基本上置于弯曲主动脉(根据解剖位置)的上纵断面线时,覆膜支架定位在最佳位置。有两种途径可以实现这样的定位。首先为覆膜支架1、支撑件40或任何接近于目标位置的输送系统部分提供不透辐射的标记,医生监视标记并利用标记手工把支撑件40调准到认为是最佳的位置上。不过,这种调准技术的成功依赖于医生的技巧。其次,可以让输送系统自动把支撑件40调整到最佳位置上。现有技术中没有这样的系统。不过,本发明的输送系统提供这种调准装置,因而不需要让医生猜测所植入覆膜支架1的三维旋转位置。这种调准装置以下参考图64和图67做更详细的介绍。
本发明的输送系统还有一个使用非常简单的手柄装置。手柄装置利用了主动脉内径比股动脉内径大很多的事实。因此,本发明采用了两段法,其中把装置通过股动脉插入并跟踪进入主动脉的腹部区域之后(主动脉的直径大于股动脉(见图19)),进行第二阶段(见图20),使覆膜支架少量张开但还限制在鞘内;但此鞘是用纺织/编织聚合物或类似的柔韧材料制造的,非常有柔性。这样一种结构为输送系统提供了更大的跟踪柔韧性,因鞘的直径较大而减少了布置力,并且由于鞘是用织物制造的而易于克服扭结。
为了描述本发明的输送系统,先要结合图10、11和12介绍一下输送装置600的使用方法。之后介绍单个部件,以便更好地理解过程中的每一步是如何实现把覆膜支架1送入主动脉700的任意部分(见图19-20),尤其是主动脉的弯曲段710的。
首先压缩覆膜支架1的远端14并把它放入中空的杯形或管状的移植物保持装置中,尤其是远端套管644(例如,参见图25)。在这一点上,注意用于指示相对于输送系统的方向的习惯与指示相对于覆膜支架的方向的习惯相反。因此,输送系统的近端方向是离使用系统的使用者/医生最近的部分,远端方向对应离用户/医生最远的部分,即面向最远端头锥体632。远端套管644固定连接到移植物推进腔642的远端,推进腔642为覆膜支架1的远端14提供了一个端面。
作为一种选择,可以整个去掉远端套管644。例如,在这样的结构中,如图12所示,内鞘652的近端锥体可以提供措施在纵向上保持移植物1的压缩远端。如果去掉了套管644,重要的是要防止覆膜支架的远端14进入空心鞘内腔654的内表面和移植物推进腔642外表面之间的空间,推进腔642设置在鞘内腔654之内,可滑动。选择该空间的径向厚度小于组成支架20、30的金属丝(3直径(实际上不大于其半径),从而确保了覆膜支架1远端14的可靠移动。在图68所示的另一种可选择的结构中,远端套管644可以是移植物推进腔642远端上的一个盘片形支撑644。样本结构可以为支撑物644提供一个空心的近端插脚6442、一个空心的远端加强管6444和一个中间支撑壁6446。支撑物6444与输送系统600的中轴线同心,允许共轴导丝管腔620和顶点释放管腔640从其中通过。插脚6442使得可方便地与移植物推进腔643连接。加强管64从移植物推进腔642到顶点释放腔620和导丝管腔640建立了一个劲度过渡,并为其中的内腔620、640提供支撑。这种劲度过渡减少了移植物推进腔642远端上扭结的可能性,有助于在全部都是弯曲取向时把力从移植物推进腔642传递到其中的内腔620、640。支撑壁6446有一个平面,平面与覆膜支架1的远端对向侧接触,移植物推进腔642向远处移动时该平面可用于向远处推动覆膜支架。支撑物644的这种可选择结构保证了这些部件相互相对移动时覆膜支架1在移植物推进腔642和其中的内腔620、640内不受撞击。
如下面更加详细描述的那样,裸支架30的每一个顶点32然后可以装入到顶点俘获装置634中,以便在覆膜支架1的近端和远端保持住覆膜支架1。装入的远端14以及远端套管644和移植物推进腔642进而装入内鞘652中,从而进一步压缩了整个覆膜支架1。被俘获的裸支架30以及头锥体装置630(包括顶点俘获装置634)直到头锥体632的近端置于内鞘652的远端上才装入。然后把整个头锥体装置630和鞘装置650装入刚性外导管660的近端,这就进一步把覆膜支架1(置于内鞘652内)压缩到它的完全压缩位置以便后来插入患者体内。参见图63。
因此,覆膜支架1在近端和远端被保持住,从第一个位置(如图19所示,在下面有描述)移动到第二个位置(如图21所示,在下面有描述)时就同时受到推拉。具体地说,推的动作是通过空心远端套管644的未标示内端面(或内鞘652的锥体653)完成的,拉的动作是通过顶点俘获装置634保持在裸支架30的顶点32上来完成的。
根据本发明的输送装置600顺着已经插入到患者体内的导丝610通过主动脉伸到、但不进入心脏720的左心室。因此,导丝是通过导丝腔620插入的,从头锥体装置630开始,通过鞘装置650、手柄装置670和顶点释放装置690。导丝610延伸到本装置600的最近端之外。导丝腔620与头锥体装置630、鞘装置650、手柄装置670和顶点释放装置690共轴,是直接环绕导丝610的装置600的最里面的腔。
使用输送系统装置600之前必须从装置600内清除所有的空气。因此,把液体(如无菌美国药典(U.S.P.)生理盐水)通过未标示的锥形流尔式针座(luerfitting)注入,在位于导丝内腔近端附近的未标示净化口冲洗导丝内腔。其次,还通过横向净化口(见图11)的流尔式针座612注入生理盐水,液体充满输送系统装置600的整个内部共轴空间。需要控制该系统,促使要清除的空气运动到系统的最高点。
清除所有空气之后,可以把系统穿上导丝并插入到患者体内。由于外导管660的长度是一定的,所以可以把固定的前端手柄置于相对靠近股动脉入口的位置上。不过要注意,外导管660的长度是这样设计的,对于在入口和主动脉胸/腹连接处742、732之间预计有最长距离的患者来说,外导管的固定近端手柄672不直接与患者的股动脉入口接触(这一距离是预定的)。因而,本发明的输送装置600可用于典型解剖结构的患者。当然,装置600的尺寸可以规定为任何有用的长度。
头锥体装置630插入到患者的股动脉内并顺着导丝610前进直到头锥体632到达腹腔干水平的第一个位置。图19中给出了第一个位置。头锥体装置630的整体或部分是不透辐射的,能够让医生用荧光法确定比如头锥体装置630处于第一个位置。例如,头锥体632可以在任何位置上有一个不透辐射的标记631或是整个头锥体632都不透辐射。
头锥体装置630进入如图19所示的第一个位置之后,锁紧环676就从其中间位置N(见图10)被放入图11所示的其前端位置A。正如下面所描述的,在近端或远端方向上移动近端手柄678时,把锁紧环676放入其前端位置A就可以让头锥体装置630和内鞘装置650作为一个整体移动,因为锁紧环676在径向上把移植物推进腔642锁定在顶点释放装置690的内腔上(包括导丝内腔620和顶点释放管腔640)。锁紧环676固定连接到鞘内腔654上。在描述手柄装置670的各种实施方案如何工作之前,首先简要介绍一下中间位置N、前端位置A和部署位置D之间多腔连接的关系。
当锁紧环处于图10中所示的中间位置N时,图48中所示的推进器扣紧弹簧298和图52中所示的近端弹簧606就都被松开。这就允许移植物推进腔642以及导丝腔620和顶点释放腔640在手柄体674内自由移动。
当锁紧环676移动到图11所示的前端位置A时,图48中所示的推进器扣紧弹簧298被衔接上,图52中所示的近端弹簧606被松开。因此,鞘腔654(固定连接到内鞘652上)被锁定到移植物推进腔642(固定连接到远端套管644上),以便近端手柄678向远端手柄672移动时,鞘腔654和移植物推进腔642作为一个整体移动。在这一点上,移植物推进腔642还锁定到导丝腔620和顶点释放腔640(它们通过顶点释放装置690相互锁紧在一起,这在后面有更加详细的描述)。因此,如图11中的虚线所示,当近端手柄678移动到第二个位置时,鞘装置650和头锥体装置630就向远端行进到外导管660之外(见图20和21以及图11中的虚线)。
在这一点上,需要把鞘腔654从覆膜支架1撤回,从而把覆膜支架1从其近端12到远端14露出,最后整个离开远端14。因此,锁紧环676移动进入部署位置D就衔接上图52中所示的近端弹簧606并松开图48中所示的推进器扣紧弹簧298。这样,移植物推进腔642以及导丝腔620和顶点释放腔640就被锁定在手柄体674上,以便不相对于手柄体674移动。鞘腔654从移植物推进腔642解锁。远端手柄678返回到第三个位置(近端),因此把鞘腔654拉向近端,从而在近端上把内鞘652从覆膜支架1上撤回。
在这一点上,输送装置600只抓住覆膜支架1的裸支架30。因此,从头锥体装置630释放裸支架30就最终释放了覆膜支架1,这是利用以下所述的顶点释放装置690来完成的。
为了解释上面所说的如何锁紧和释放内腔,参考图33-62。
图33是近端手柄678和锁紧环676的截面图。推进器扣紧旋转体292置于扣紧套管614和移植物推进腔642之间。图34-39举例说明了推进器扣紧旋转体292的一个特定实施方案。在扣紧旋转体292和移植物推进腔642之间还有一个旋转体294,旋转体294与移植物推进腔642直接相邻。图40-43举例说明了旋转体294的一个特定实施方案。旋转体294和鞘腔654之间安置的是推进器扣紧体296,推进器扣紧体296固定连接到旋转体294和锁紧环676上。图44-46举例说明了推进器扣紧体296的一个特定实施方案。推进器扣紧弹簧298可操作性地把推进器扣紧旋转体292连接到旋转体294上(从而连接到推进器扣紧体296上)。
图48给出了这些部件的分解图,其中O形圈293置于旋转体294和推进器扣紧体296之间。如平面图图47所示,波纹环295把鞘腔654连接到推进器扣紧体296的远端突起297上。近端手柄678和锁紧环676滑动安装在空心手柄体674上(见图10、11和33),空心手柄体674中装有推进器扣紧旋转体292、旋转体294、推进器扣紧体296和推进器扣紧弹簧298。整个装置可旋转式安装到远端手柄672上,以便把覆膜支架1旋转进入位置(见图23和24以及下面的有关说明)。图49举例说明手柄体674的一个特定实施方案。
定位螺丝679从近端手柄678伸出,与推进器扣紧旋转体292中的纵向螺旋沟槽接触(见图36和38)。因此,向近端或远端移动近端手柄678时,推进器扣紧旋转体292就顺时针或逆时针旋转。
图50及以后的图中给出了锁紧环676的可供选择的实施方案,这是优选的实施方案,因为不是通过近端手柄678和推进器扣紧旋转体292的凸轮/跟随装置的特点利用纵向运动旋转推进器扣紧弹簧298,而是将旋转锁紧钮582定位于手柄体674的近端上。旋转锁紧钮582在图51中有三个清楚的位置:中间位置N、前端位置A和部署位置D。这些位置N、A、D的功能对应上述锁紧环676和近端手柄678的位置N、A、D。
在该可供选择的实施方案中,定位螺丝584通过手柄体674上的长孔675穿入扣紧套管614,通过旋钮582上的长孔583与锁紧钮582相连接。由于旋钮582中长孔583的x轴取向和手柄体674中长孔675的y轴取向,当旋钮582滑动到手柄体674的末端上并且定位螺丝584旋入扣紧套管614时,旋钮就固定连接到手柄体674上。之后,当锁紧钮582在中间位置N、前端位置A和部署位置D之间旋转时,扣紧套管614就旋转启动弹簧锁(见图48和52)。
如图53所示,定位螺丝586衔接近端扣紧装置604中的沟槽605,把近端扣紧装置604连接到扣紧套管614上,但允许扣紧套管614绕扣紧体602旋转。图50和53,特别是图59-62给出了扣紧套管614。图53中的近端扣紧装置604在图52中的分解图中有更清楚的表示。近端扣紧装置604的组成部件包括近端弹簧606、锁紧垫圈608、紧固件603(尤其,一个安装在近端扣紧体602内螺纹上的螺丝)和近端扣紧体602。图54-58尤其示出了近端扣紧体602。近端扣紧装置604是优选用图50中所示的螺丝585固定连接到手柄体674上的,在图51中隐藏在旋钮582下面。
手柄体674上有一个定位销592,用于衔接锁紧钮582远端的定位孔。定位销592可以是只衔接手柄体674的一个定位螺丝。当把锁紧钮582轻轻地拉向近端时,旋钮则顺时针或逆时针旋转把定位销592放入对应前端位置A、中间位置N和部署位置D的定位孔内。如图18所示,开始部署覆膜支架1时,使用者/医生同时抓住远端手柄672和近端手柄678,在箭头A指示的方向上使近端手柄678向远端手柄672滑动。如图19-21所示,这一动作使柔韧的内鞘652(其中持有压缩的覆膜支架1)渐进性从外导管660的内部露出。这一过程在覆膜支架1束缚在内鞘652中时允许覆膜支架1膨胀到一个较大的直径(如图12所示),该直径比外导管660的内径大很多,但小于要植入覆膜支架血管的内径。优选地,外导管660用聚合物(共挤出物或聚四氟乙烯)制造,内鞘652用编织/织造聚合物或其它类似的材料制造。因此,内鞘652实质上比外导管660更加柔韧。
在这一点上要注意,内鞘652在其近端含有锥体653,远离内鞘652与鞘腔654的连接处(在此连接处内鞘652与远端套管644有相同的直径,内鞘652与远端套管644相互协作以俘获覆膜支架1的远端14)。锥体653提供了一个过渡,把覆膜支架1装入输送系统600时(图10和11中标示的位置)以及外导管660穿越股血管和髂血管时,这种过渡在很大程度上防止了外导管660的扭结。鞘腔654的一种特定实施方案是,长度约为30-40英寸之间,尤其是36英寸;外径约为0.20-0.25英寸之间,尤其是0.238英寸;内径约为0.18-0.22英寸之间,尤其是0.206英寸。
如图11中的虚线所示,当近端手柄678向远端位置移动时,头锥体装置630和鞘装置650向第二个位置移动,其中如图20和21所示,鞘装置650在第二个位置上从外导管660内完全露出。在图20和21中可以最明显地看出,头锥体装置630和鞘装置650从外导管660中露出来时,它们正穿越下行主动脉的弯曲段710。利用荧光法可以通过输送系统各段和/或覆膜支架1上的不透辐射标记进行直观的跟踪。后面对这种标记会有更加详细的说明。例如,使用不透辐射材料制造的或含有不透辐射材料的头锥体630可以观察该输送系统。
注意,如果较硬的外导管660必须穿过主动脉700的弯曲段710,就会有刺穿主动脉700的极大危险,特别是近端下行主动脉710的病变段744,因为外导管660不象内鞘652一样柔韧。但是,由于内鞘652非常柔韧,头锥体装置630和鞘装置650可以很容易地伸入主动脉700的弯曲段710,施加在手柄上的力比现有技术系统所需要的力小很多,而且由于内鞘652的柔韧性使得在弯曲主动脉710血管内腔表面上施加的力没有伤害性。
在图21中所示的第二个位置上,使用者/医生利用头锥体的任何部分上或覆膜支架1和/或鞘装置630和650上的不透辐射标记(例如标记物631)的荧光跟踪,确定覆膜支架1的近端112处于靠近主动脉700病变段744的正确纵向位置上。由于主动脉700中整个插入的装置630和650除了远端手柄672之外还是与手柄装置670的该部分旋转连接的(远端手柄672与外鞘660连接,独立于手柄装置670的剩余部分旋转),所以医生只是按需要的方向旋转近端手柄678就能够顺时针或逆时针(图20中用箭头B表示)旋转整个插入装置630和650。这种特征是极其有利的,因为内鞘652旋转时外导管660不旋转就在需要并进行内鞘652的旋转时消除了股动脉和髂动脉上的应力。
因此,医生可以预先调整覆膜支架1,把覆膜支架1放在最佳的圆周位置上。图23用图示说明了纵向支撑件40没有处于正确的上部位置上,图24用图示说明了纵向支撑件40处于正确的上部位置上。最佳上表面位置最好靠近图23和24所示的沿主动脉弯曲段周长的最长上纵线。如上所述,当纵向支撑件40沿着弯曲主动脉的上纵线延伸时,纵向支撑件40实质上消除了使用覆膜支架1时在其不利径向弯曲上形成扭结的任何可能性,还可以把沿覆膜支架1内腔施加的纵向力传递给整个覆膜支架1的纵向长度,从而使覆膜支架1的整个外表面可以抵制纵向迁移。由于支撑件40的曲率是预先定好的,所以支撑件40无法完全准确地与弯曲主动脉的上纵线一致。因此,支撑件40的最佳上表面位置就是将支撑件40的中间段(在它的两端47之间)尽可能多地靠近弯曲主动脉上纵线。非常理想的植入位置上有弯曲主动脉的上纵线贯穿支撑件40的近半部-近半部定义为支撑件40位于中心线45和近端支撑件环47之间的那一部分。不过,为了充分移植的目的,支撑件40的中心线45与弯曲主动脉上纵线的任何一侧之间可以达到70度的圆周角。充分移植的意思是覆膜支架1至少大概被对准。如果移植时覆膜支架1与弯曲主动脉上纵线左侧或右侧之间小于70度,如小于40度,那么覆膜支架1基本上就是对准了。
在现有技术覆膜支架和覆膜支架输送系统中,覆膜支架一般在一条纵向线上有对称形状的不透辐射标记,至少在与覆膜支架相对一侧(一百八十度(180°))的另一条纵线上还有另一个对称形状的不透辐射标记。因此,利用二维荧光法确定覆膜支架是否处于正确旋转位置的唯一途径就是让使用者/医生在两个方向上旋转覆膜支架,直到确定第一条纵线在上面,另一条纵线在前面。这种操作要求医生做大量的工作,因此是不利的。
根据图27和28图示说明的本发明的一个优选实施方案,将独特的不透辐射标记232和234定位于覆膜支架上,帮助使用者/医生只在一个方向上旋转就能把纵向支撑件40正确定位在正确的主动脉上表面位置上,也就是说,把覆膜支架1放入旋转的正确位置所需要的旋转最少。具体地说,覆膜支架1有一对形状对称但直接相对的标记232和234,指示使用者/医生需要将覆膜支架1向哪一个方向转动才能把纵向支撑件40对准弯曲主动脉的上纵线(相对于解剖位置)。优选地,在移植套管10的相对侧(一百八十度(180°))把标记232和234置于移植套管10的最近端12上。
标记232和234在移植套管10上的角度位置取决于纵向支撑件40的位置。在优选的实施方案中,支撑件40在两个标记232和234之间。对这样一种位置的解释是,如果标记232在移植套管10上的0度位置,标记234在180度的位置,那么支撑件40的中心线45就处于90度的位置上。不过,标记的另一种可选择位置可以把标记234置于和第一种角度41(见图1)成90度的位置上。这种定位一定程度取决于使用者/医生观察移植的某种方式,也可根据其它因素而改变。因此,可以按任何有益的方式转动该位置。
在血管内腔放置覆膜支架1的理想辅助设备是荧光镜,荧光镜具有高分辨率的图像增强器安装在自由角度的C臂上。C臂可以便携,可以吊装,或安装在基座上。重要的是,C臂要有全范围的运动获得前后左右的投影而不移动患者或污染已消毒区域。C臂的能力应包括:数字减影血管造影、高分辨率血管造影和路演。
为了把输送系统导入腹股沟介入动脉,首先让患者仰卧在一个无菌区。为了确定放置覆膜支架1的准确目标区域,旋转C臂把患者的影像投射成左腹面斜投影,这就打开了胸主动脉弓的径向弯曲获得没有结构重叠的最佳造影。患者转动的角度不一样,但通常为40-45度。在这一点上,C臂置于患者的上方,荧光束的中心射线准确地垂直于目标区域。这种放置可以定位标记232和234,从而正确地放置覆膜支架1。没能够把荧光束的中心射线垂直于目标区域会造成视差,因荧光x射线射束的发散而导致患者解剖的图像失真,结果就放错了覆膜支架1的位置。进行血管造影并在目视监视器上标记出建议的覆膜支架放置区。一旦做好标记,患者、手术台和荧光镜C臂都不能移动,否则参考标记失效。然后把覆膜支架1放入标记的放置区。
在优选的实施方案中,标记232和234都是半球形的,也就是说,它们大致都是“D”的形状。选择这种形状是因为这种形状提供特殊的便于解读的指示,可立即把使用者/医生引导到纵向支撑件40的正确放置位置。例如,图27显示了标记232和234置于弯曲主动脉最上方上纵线位置时的平面图。正确位置有清晰的图示,因为两个半球的平面直径(flatdiameter)在顶部相互对准或直接相互连接,因此标记232和234的两个半球的圆形部分构成一个基本上完整的圆。图28中的立体图也指出了这一位置。
图27和28都举例说明了标记232和234没有对准的情况,因此覆膜支架1没有在正确的插入位置上。例如,在图27中,从图23的覆膜支架1右端的平面236向其左端看和从轴线11向下看,两个标记232’和234’指示的是逆时针转动的错配覆膜支架1。因而,为了以可能最有效的方式(最少的转动)对准标记232’和234’,使用者/医生看到的两个平面直径之间的距离要小于半球曲线最高点之间的距离。因此知道,必须顺时针转动覆膜支架1把两个平面直径连接到一起。
图28也有两个标记232”和234”,从图27的覆膜支架1右端的平面236向其左端看和从轴线11向下看,这两个标记指示错配的顺时针旋转的覆膜支架1。因而,为了以可能最有效的方式(最少的转动)对准标记232”和234”,使用者/医生看到的半球曲线最高点之间的距离要小于两个平面直径之间的距离。因此知道,必须在半球曲线最高点指向的方向上转动覆膜支架1把两个平面直径连接到一起;也就是说,必须逆时针转动覆膜支架1。
直接相对的对称标记232和234所具有的重要优点是,覆膜支架1置于患者体内之后,这两个标记可在患者以后的生命中用于迁移诊断。如果在覆膜支架1插入患者体内之后的任何时候采用荧光镜检查或射线检查技术,以及如果以放置覆膜支架1时查看的角度查看覆膜支架1,那么所观察到的标记232和234的相对位置应该会给检查人员一个非常清晰、即时的决定-覆膜支架1是否以转动的方式迁移了。
标记232和234的半球形状只是提供的样本形状。标记232和234可以是允许使用者/医生区分调准和调准转动方向的任何形状。例如,标记232和234可以是三角形,特别是等腰三角形,它的单边在直观上长于或短于两个等边。
如上所述,对准最佳的移植位置依赖于进行移植的医生的技巧。本发明改进了具有纵向和旋转的不透辐射标记232和234的实施方案,,实际上不需要旋转标记。特别注意的是,导线610经过弯曲血管和主动脉弓向心脏720延伸,因此需要预先制作输送系统的形状以匹配患者的主动脉。
用金属(最好是不锈钢)制造导丝腔620。这样,导丝腔620可以塑性变形为任何给定的形状。相比之下,顶点释放腔640是用聚合物制造的,倾向于保持其原始形状,没有外力的情况下(如加热)不会塑性变形。因此,为了实现输送装置600的预定型,如图64所示,导丝腔620的预定型就是在导丝腔620的最远端区域622形成弯曲。例如,可以采用上述的荧光镜预操作技术来预先确定形状,其中导丝腔620可以定制为某个患者的主动脉形状。另外,还可以用标准方法把导丝腔620预定型为符合一般的患者。另一种方法是提供工具包,工具包可以用针对患者量身定做的方式对导丝腔620进行预定型,如提供一套输送系统600或一套具有不同曲率半径的导丝腔620。
利用预弯曲的导丝腔620,当头锥体632和内鞘652退出外导管并开始沿弯曲的导丝610行进时,预弯曲导丝腔620自然倾向在移动中把两个弯曲相互最佳地匹配(见图20和21)。防止导丝腔620自转动从而达到这种匹配的主要因素就是绕导丝610转动导丝腔620产生的扭矩。主动脉和装置之间的摩擦也抑制旋转运动。不过,输送系统600的结构自然设计为最大程度减小这种扭矩。如上面关于图15和17的描述,导丝腔620在顶点释放腔640内自由转动,并且只在腔620和640的最近端区域与顶点释放腔640连接。当内鞘652向前经过主动脉弓时,这两个腔620和640只是在顶点释放腔690处旋转连接。这就意味着导丝腔620绕导丝610在顶点释放腔640内的转动是发生在导丝腔620的整个长度上的。由于金属导丝腔620在其长度上相对有旋转弹性,所以最远端段(靠近头锥体装置630)相对于最近端段(靠近顶点释放装置690)的旋转需要非常小的力。换句话说,阻止最远端段转动以符合导丝610弯曲的扭矩是可以忽略的。实际上,该扭矩非常小,以至于阻止导丝腔620对准导丝610的力给主动脉内部,尤其是病变主动脉的解剖内壁造成微小的可以忽略的损伤或者根本没有损伤。
由于本发明输送系统600的构造,当导丝腔620从外导管660伸出时(例如,如图20和21所示,与导丝腔620和顶点释放腔640、覆膜支架1、内鞘652一同),导丝腔620的预定形状造成整个远端装置(包括覆膜支架1)沿其纵轴自动和自然地转动。这就是说,导丝腔620的长度和连接性以及制造导丝腔620的材料允许整个远端装置(1、620、630、640、650)自然转动并使预弯曲的导丝腔620与导丝610的弯曲一致-即使把导丝腔620插入与主动脉弯曲完全相反的(一百八十度(180°))主动脉也是这样。无论任何情况,弯曲的导丝腔620会使覆膜支架1旋转进入最佳移植位置,即把支撑件40的需要段和弯曲主动脉上纵线之间的角度调整到±70度。此外,对抗导丝腔620旋转的扭力不要太大,以免转动时损伤主动脉。
本发明的自对准特性首先重要的是把覆膜支架1装入内套管652中。为了描述相对于导丝腔620的弯曲622放置覆膜支架1的支撑件40,规定了X-Y坐标曲线平面,并在图64中示出。实际上,导丝腔620是弯曲的,该弯曲622规定了弧面624。
为了保证最佳移植,把覆膜支架1装入内鞘652中时,支撑件40上在覆膜支架1的中心线45和近端支撑件环47之间的预期点要调整到与弧面624交叉。这种理想的但不是要求的预期点在支撑件40上的位置定位在图1所示覆膜支架1圆周上从与近端支撑件环47一致的第一个角度41起始的45度角上。当覆膜支架1以优先取向装入时,就可以插入到内套管652内。在装入的过程中,覆膜支架1和导丝腔620都是不断旋转保持的。这种装入之后,内套管652缩进外导管660内,输送系统600就可以用生理盐水清洗和对患者使用了。
图65-67用图示说明了远端装置620、630、640和650被从外导管660(见图20和21)推出远端之后的自动调准。图65示出了主动脉700和穿过髂动脉802进入主动脉下行胸部段804之后的远端装置。头锥体装置630正好位于主动脉弓806之前,覆膜支架1被束缚在内鞘652内。参考线820在覆膜支架1的纵线上设置于覆膜支架1上,该纵线预期对准主动脉弓806的上纵线808(用虚线表示)。在图65中,参考线820还位于预弯曲导丝腔620定义的曲面624上。从图65可以清楚地看到,参考线820几乎位于弯曲主动脉或弯曲主动脉的下纵线上-因此覆膜支架1离对准差180度。图66显示了完全位于主动脉弓806内的头锥体630和位于主动脉弓806的入口处的内套管652。利用预弯曲导丝腔620的自对准结构,远端装置从图65所示的位置移动到图66所示的位置导致参考线820几乎向上纵线808顺时针旋转了90度(相对于在下行主动脉中向上看的视角)。在图67中,头锥体装置630已经大致到达了左锁骨下动脉810。现在完成了远端装置的旋转动作,参考线820几乎对准了主动脉弓806的上纵线808。从图65-67来看,还有一个给出的事实就是,预弯曲导丝腔620没有造成内套管652的任何部分用力推压主动脉弓806的内表面-这种力可能使主动脉夹层动脉瘤恶化。
注意,当顶点释放装置690处于图15和16所示的锁定位置上时,导丝腔620不必旋转固定方式连接到顶点释放腔640。相反,未标示的自由旋转耦联接头可以在任何位置介入导丝腔620(但最好靠近顶点释放装置690)。这种耦联接头有一个近端段旋转固定地连接到顶点释放腔640,当顶点释放装置690处于图15和16所示的锁定位置时,并且具有固定地连接到所有置于远端的导丝腔620的自由旋转远端段。因而,靠近鞘装置650的导丝腔620永远都是可自由旋转的,因此允许导丝腔620绕导丝610进行轻易的无扭矩旋转。
还要注意,导丝腔的预弯曲段622不需要在厂家制造。如图69所示,随输送系统600提供有弯曲装置,可以让执行移植程序的医生量身制作弯曲622,以符合要植入覆膜支架1的血管的实际弯曲。因为不同的患者可能有不同的主动脉弓弯曲,所以随输送系统600提供了若干个这种弯曲装置,每一种弯曲装置都有不同的弯曲形状。每一种装置还可以有两个侧面,每个侧面有一个不同的弯曲形状,因此减少了装置的数量(如果需要大量的弯曲)。此外,为了输送、存储和使用,所有弯曲装置都可以旋转地连接到一个公共轴上。
为了按照患者的弯曲血管定制弯曲,医生例如可以用荧光镜检查法查看血管(如主动脉弓)并据此确定需要的弯曲,例如使弯曲装置在显示器中显示出来。只要是在圆周上弯曲导丝腔620,任何弯曲装置都可以用于弯曲导丝腔620。
因为预先规定了支撑件40的曲率,所以支撑件40无法准确且完全地对准弯曲主动脉的上纵线。因此,支撑件40的最佳上表面位置将支撑件40的中心部分(在它的两端47之间)尽可能多地靠近弯曲主动脉的上纵线808。非常理想的植入位置具有贯穿支撑件40的近半部的弯曲主动脉的上纵线808-近半部定义为支撑件40位于中心线45和近端支撑件环47之间的那一部分。不过,为了充分植入的目的,支撑件40的中心线45与弯曲主动脉上纵线的任何一侧之间可以达到70度的圆周角。
当覆膜支架1处于纵向和圆周上的适当位置时(图21),覆膜支架1就可以轻易从内鞘652中移出并植入到血管700内。由于不再需要覆膜支架1相对于血管的相对运动,所以需要缩回内鞘652而覆膜支架1保留在适当位置上,即没有纵向或圆周运动。覆膜支架1的这种不可移动性是这样保证的。首先,头锥体装置630的顶点俘获装置634抓住覆膜支架1前端的裸支架30(见图13、22和23),其次,通过打开锁紧环676/把锁紧环/钮放入D位置就可以让鞘腔654独立于导丝腔620、顶点释放腔640和移植物推进腔642而移动。如图13、14、30和31所示(并且如在以下所详细说明的),顶点俘获装置634在转动方向和纵向上牢牢地抓住裸支架30的每一个远端顶点32。
头锥体装置630以及顶点俘获装置634牢固地附着于导丝腔620(也牢固地附着于顶点释放腔640,至少直到顶点释放为止)。内鞘652牢固地附着于鞘腔654上,它同轴布置在导丝腔620的周围并与近端手柄678固定连接。覆膜支架1也在其远端上由移植物推进腔642和远端套管644或内鞘652的锥体653支持。(图25描述的各种腔610、620、640、642、654和660的整个共轴关系只是为了举例的目的,其中一部分可以在图50的手柄装置分解图中看到。)因此,当近端手柄678随锁紧环676向近端移动到部署位置D时,如图13、22和23所示,鞘腔654向近端移动,带动鞘652一同向近端移动,而导丝腔620、顶点释放腔640、移植物推进腔642和远端套管644基本上保持不动,因此覆膜支架1在转动方向和纵向上都保持稳定。
覆膜支架1现在就可以最后安装到主动脉700内。为了进行植入,裸支架30必须从顶点俘获装置634释放出来。如图13、14和29-32所示,顶点俘获装置634抓住远端顶点头636和近端顶点体638之间的裸支架30的近端顶点32,这将在下面进行更加详细的描述。远端顶点头636固定连接到导丝腔620上,但近端顶点体638固定连接到顶点释放腔640上,顶点释放腔640与导丝腔620和鞘腔654共轴,并置于二者之间,如图25所示。(如下面所要详细描述的,移植物推进腔642也固定地连接到顶点释放腔640上。)因此,顶点释放腔640和导丝腔620的相对运动把远端顶点头636和近端顶点体638相互分开。
为了形成这种相对运动,在一个优选实施方案中,顶点释放装置690有三个部分:远端释放件692、近端释放件694和中间件696(在图16和26中表示为夹子的形状)。为了保证远端顶点头636和近端顶点体638始终相互保持固定直到准备释放裸支架30,近端释放件694上形成一个远端平面695,远端释放件692上形成一个近端平面693,中间件696上有近端和远端表面对应表面695和693,因此,当把中间件696活动插入到远端表面695和近端表面693之间时,中间件696就用形状锁紧连接(form-lockingconnection)把远端释放件692和近端释放件694相互坚固。形状锁紧连接是由于两个元件本身的形状而把它们连接在一起,与力锁紧连接相反,力锁紧连接是通过作用于元件上的外力把元件锁紧在一起。
具体地说,如图26所示,夹子696环绕在近端释放件694的远端插塞699周围,近端释放件694可滑动地插在远端释放件692的空心698内。近端释放件694的插塞699可以在空心698内滑动,但空心698内的挡块697防止远端插塞699从空心698回拉超过夹子696的纵向跨度。
为了使远端顶点头636和近端顶点体638之间可以相对移动,用一只手就可以轻易地把中间件696从图16所示的位置移动到图17所示的位置,远端释放件692和近端释放件694在轴向上相向移动(最好是前者向后者移动)。如图14所示,这种移动把远端顶点头636和近端顶点体638分开。因此,裸支架30的远端32自由张开到自然位置,在该位置上裸支架30向血管700释放。
当然,可以用任何种类的接头构成顶点释放装置690,使顶点释放腔640和导丝腔620相对移动。例如,在一个优选的替代实施方案中,中间件696可以是一个可以选择的杠杆,杠杆固定地连接到远端释放件692或近端释放件694上,其长度等于图26中所示的夹子696的宽度。因而,当在远端释放件692和近端释放件694之间利用枢轴衔接杠杆时,部件692和694无法相对移动;当在部件692和694之间利用枢轴脱出该杠杆时,远端释放件692和近端释放件694就自由相对移动。
顶点俘获装置634是本发明的所独有的,通过裸支架30,本发明具有的特征允许在覆膜支架1上施加的纵向力从导丝腔620和顶点释放腔640处获得完全的支撑。为远端顶点头636提供远端表面639就实现了支撑-表面639支撑裸支架30的近端顶点32(如图29中所示的远端顶点头636的放大透视图)。俘获时,裸支架30的每一个近端顶点32分别位于远端表面639上,图30和31中有更清晰的说明。远端顶点头636的近端辐条在近端顶点体638的拨爪内移动,当这些部件相向移动时。因此在拨爪和辐条的外环面之间有一个小空间。为了保证裸支架30不进入这一空间(这会阻止裸支架30从顶点俘获装置634中的适当释放),该空间的径向厚度必须小于组成裸支架30的金属丝的直径。最好该空间不大于金属丝的半径。
让远端表面639作为近端顶点32的承载面就确保了每一个远端顶点32从顶点释放装置690张开。远端顶点头636的近端表面641(见图30)靠近近端顶点体638的内表面帮助承载顶点负荷,因为顶点俘获装置634闭合时裸支架30的顶点被俘获在期间。
因此,完全俘获裸支架30就把作用在裸支架30上的纵向力全部传递给了导丝腔620和顶点释放腔640,使该装置更加结实。在图31中的近端顶点体638的剖视图中可以清楚地看到这种俘获。要释放裸支架30的顶点32,近端顶点体638相对于图30-33(比较图30和31与图32)向左移动。因为当端件32被俘获时在顶点32和近端顶点体638的“牙齿”之间存在摩擦,所以,顶点32还试图与近端顶点体638一起向左移动。如果允许这样做,可能永远都无法清除“牙齿”让每一个顶点32张开。不过,当近端顶点体638脱离时(图31中向箭头C的方向移动),与远端表面639的直接接触完全阻止了顶点32随着近端顶点体638向箭头C的方向滑动,以保证自动释放裸支架30的每一个被俘获顶点32。由于近端顶点体638继续向箭头C的方向移动,最终“牙齿”会清除顶点32的相应俘获,裸支架30完全打开。图14和32中指出了远端顶点头部636和近端顶点体638的释放位置,与图17中顶点释放装置690的位置相对应。可以看出,近端顶点体638远端外表面上的锥体在顶点俘获装置634的任意部位上帮助进一步阻止对裸支架30的近端顶点32的俘获。在这种结构中,远端表面639承担了裸支架30和近端顶点体638拨爪上的所有负荷。
简单地说,顶点俘获装置634在内鞘652位于前端位置A和内鞘652撤回时(即处于部署位置D时)为置于覆膜支架1上的负荷提供支撑。这种结构对裸支架30的并置有利,因为在整个移植套管10部署完成之后释放裸支架30,从而减少了在初始部署点上刺穿血管的可能性。如图24所示,当覆膜支架1完全脱离内鞘652时,近端手柄678则基本上处于或接近于图10中所示的第三个位置(部署位置)。
现在,覆膜支架1被牢固地置于血管700内,可以从患者体内取出装置600的整个部分630、650和660。
虽然举例说明了本发明的优选实施方案,但要明白本发明并不局限于此。在不偏离所附权利要求书所定义的本发明的精神和范围的前提下,许多修改、变更、替代和等同物可以为本领域的技术人员所获得。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于运输和布置修复物的输送系统,该修复物能够随着主动脉的弯曲形状调节进入主动脉的自然段或病变段,所述输送系统包括:
a)导丝腔(620),其具有远端且形成沿着导丝腔(620)的纵轴延伸的内部;
b)顶点释放腔(640),其具有远端且可滑动地位于导丝腔(620)周围,和
c)顶点俘获装置(634),其包含
i)远端顶点头(636),其固定地连接至导丝腔(620)的远端,该远端顶点头(636)具有:
远端部分,和
辐条,辐条包括外环面和面向远端方向并形成了阻塞表面部分的远端表面(639),和近端表面(641);
ii)近端顶点体(638),其固定连接至顶点释放腔(640)的远端并具有朝着远端方向上的远端顶点头(636)延伸的拨爪,所述拨爪形成待以接收其中的辐条的内腔,
近端顶点体(638)和远端顶点头(636)用以抓住它们之间的修复物支架的近端顶点,并共同形成修复物支架的支架俘获状态,在这种状态中,辐条和所述的修复物支架的近端顶点被接收在所述内腔,从而当修复物支架的支柱从近端顶点体(638)的拨爪之间放射状地展开时约束修复物支架的近端顶点,并且远端顶点头(636)沿导丝腔(620)的纵轴封闭内腔。
2.根据权利要求1所述的输送系统,其中,该修复物支架沿所述顶点释放腔(640)周围延伸。
3.根据权利要求1所述的输送系统,其特征在于,所述导丝腔(620)是金属的,并且所述顶点释放腔(640)是聚合物的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的输送系统,其特征在于,远端顶点头(636)的所述远端部分包括头锥体(632)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的输送系统,其特征在于,所述头锥体(632)包括头椎体上的不透辐射标记或整个头锥体(632)都不透辐射。
6.根据权利要求1所述的输送系统,进一步包括可滑动地位于顶点释放腔(640)周围的外导管(660)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的输送系统,进一步包括:
鞘腔(654),其具有可滑动地位于外导管(660)和顶点释放腔(640)之间的远端;以及
内鞘(652),其固定地连接至鞘腔(654)的远端用于支撑其中待布置的修复物支架。
8.根据权利要求7的输送系统,其特征在于,所述内鞘(652)具有锥形的近端,该锥形的近端固定连接至鞘腔(654)的远端,用于由内鞘(652)的入口过渡至外导管(660)。
9.一种用于抓住近端顶点的顶点俘获装置,该近端顶点连接修复物支架的支柱,所述顶点俘获装置包含:
a)远端顶点头(636),其固定连接至导丝腔(620)的远端,所述远端顶点头(636)具有
i)主要纵轴,
ii)远端部分,和
iii)辐条,辐条包括外环面和面向远端方向以及形成阻塞表面部分的的远端表面(639),和近端表面(641);以及
b)近端顶点体(638),其固定连接至顶点释放腔(640)的远端并具有朝着远端方向上的远端顶点头(636)延伸的拨爪,所述拨爪形成待以接收其中的辐条的内腔;
其特征在于,近端顶点体(638)和远端顶点头(636)用以抓住它们之间的近端顶点,并共同形成支架俘获状态,在这种状态中,辐条和支架的近端顶点被接收在所述内腔,从而当修复物支架的支柱从近端顶点体(638)的拨爪之间放射状地展开时约束修复物支架的近端顶点,并且远端顶点头(636)沿远端顶点头(636)的主要纵轴封闭内腔。
10.根据权利要求9所述的顶点俘获装置,其特征在于,所述远端顶点头的远端部分包括头锥体(632)。
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