CN102365297A - 新型抗-α5β1抗体及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供新型抗-α5β1抗体,包括所述抗体的组合物和试剂盒,以及制备和使用所述抗体的方法。
Description
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2009年3月25日提交的美国临时专利申请号61/163241的利益,将其公开内容完全结合在本文作为参考以用于所有目的。
发明领域
本发明涉及新型α5β1抗体,包括所述抗体的组合物和试剂盒,以及使用所述抗体的方法。
发明背景
α5β1整合素是一种细胞膜糖蛋白,其通过其主要配体纤连蛋白介导细胞-ECM相互作用。α5β1整合素在细胞迁移、分化和存活中起作用。在肿瘤血管内皮(例如,胃癌、结肠直肠癌、肝细胞癌、子宫宫颈癌、和乳腺癌)和其它血管源性血管中,α5β1整合素水平升高。在血管发生过程中,α5β1整合素调节周细胞与内皮细胞的缔合以及内皮胞外基质的装配。因此,α5β1整合素是抑制血管发生和使细胞对VEGF拮抗剂的作用敏感的有效靶标。
因此,在本领域中存在对于靶向α5β1整合素的组合物和方法的需求。本发明满足这一需求和其它的需求。
发明概述
本发明提供来源于单克隆抗体18C12的新型抗-α5β1抗体,包括所述新型抗-α5β1抗体的试剂盒和组合物,以及制备和/或使用它们的方法。
本发明的一个实施方案提供一种抗-α5β1抗体,所述抗体包括:VL结构域,其包括含有TL-S/T-S/P/T-Q/N-H-F/S-T/I-Y-K/T-I-G/D/S(SEQ IDNO:15)的CDR-L1;含有L/I-N/T-S-D/H/S-G/S-S/L/T-H/Y-N/K/Q/I-K/F-G/A-D/S/V(SEQ ID NO:16)的CDR-L2;含有G/A-S/A/Y-S/Y-Y-S/A/Y-S/Y/T-GY-V/I(SEQ ID NO:17)的CDR-L3;和VH结构域,其包括含有GFTFS-N/A-RW-I/V-Y(SEQ IDNO:18)的CDH-H1;含有GIKTKP-N/A/T-I/R-YAT-E/Q-YADSVKG(SEQID NO:19)的CDR-H2;和含有L/V-TG-M/K-R/K-YFDY(SEQ ID NO:20)的CDR-H1。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体包括VL结构域和VH结构域,所述VL结构域包括分别含有图3列出的序列的CDR-L1,CDR-L2,和CDR-L3,所述VH结构域包括分别含有图3列出的序列的CDR-H1,CDR-H2,和CDR-H3,即,这样的VL结构域,其包括含有SEQ ID NO:21,22,23,或24列出的序列的CDR-L1,含有SEQ ID NO:25,26,27,或28列出的序列的CDR-L2,和含有SEQ ID NO:29,30,31,或32列出的序列的CDR-L3;和这样的VH结构域,其包括含有SEQID NO:34或35列出的序列的CDR-H1,含有SEQ ID NO:36或37列出的序列的CDR-H2,和含有SEQ ID NO:38,39,或40列出的序列的CDR-H3。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体包括含有SEQ ID NOS:3-8中任一项的VL结构域和含有SEQ ID NOS:11-14中任一项的VH结构域。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体包括含有SEQ ID NO:4的VL结构域和含有SEQ ID NO:11的VH结构域。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体包括含有SEQ ID NO:5的VL结构域和含有SEQ ID NO:12的VH结构域。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体包括含有SEQ ID NO:6的VL结构域和含有SEQ ID NO:13的VH结构域。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体包括含有SEQ ID NO:7的VL结构域和含有SEQ ID NO:13的VH结构域。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体包括含有SEQ ID NO:8的VL结构域和含有SEQ ID NO:14的VH结构域。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体是人的、人源化的或嵌合的抗体。在一个实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体是单克隆抗体。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体与18C12抗体竞争结合α5β1整合素。在一些实施方案中,所述单克隆抗体是嵌合抗体。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体是结合α5β1的抗体片段。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体选自:Fab,Fab’,F(ab)’2,单链Fv(scFv),Fv片段;双抗体和线性抗体。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体是全长IgG1或全长IgG4。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体是双特异性抗体或多特异性抗体。在一些实施方案中,所述双特异性抗体结合VEGF和α5β1,并且是VEGF拮抗剂。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体具有改变的效应子功能。在一些实施方案中,改变所述抗-α5β1抗体以减少或防止抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)或补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)活性(例如,通过改变编码抗体Fc部分的核酸序列)。在一些实施方案中,抗体的Fc部分包括N297A置换。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-α5β1抗体已被修饰,从而增加或减少其在人中的半衰期(例如,通过改变编码抗体Fc部分的核酸序列)。在一些实施方案中,所述α5β1抗体是与另一种实体(例如,治疗剂或可检测的标记)缀合的免疫缀合物的一部分。在一些实施方案中,所述治疗实体是细胞毒性剂(例如,放射性同位素,毒素,生长抑制剂,或化疗剂)。在一些实施方案中,所述可检测的标记是荧光染料、放射性同位素、或酶。
本发明的其它实施方案提供编码本文所述的任一种抗-α5β1抗体的核酸分子,包括所述核酸的表达载体,和包括所述核酸的宿主细胞。本发明的另一些其它实施方案提供产生本文所述的任一种抗-α5β1抗体的方法,所述方法包括培养所述宿主细胞,从而产生所述抗体。在一些实施方案中,所述方法还包括从所述宿主细胞回收所述抗体。
本发明的另一些实施方案提供包括本发明的α5β1抗体和药用载体的药物组合物。在一些实施方案中,所述药物组合物还包括至少一种、两种、三种、四种、或多种附加剂,其包括,例如,VEGF拮抗剂。在一些实施方案中,所述附加剂选自细胞毒性剂、化疗剂、生长抑制剂、或抗血管发生剂。在一些实施方案中,所述VEGF拮抗剂是抗-VEGF抗体。在一些实施方案中,所述抗-VEGF抗体是贝伐珠单抗(bevacizumab)。本发明还提供包括检测α5β1(例如,在已经用VEGF拮抗剂治疗的受试者中)的使用说明的制品(articles αfmanufacture)和试剂盒。
本发明的另一个实施方案提供治疗患有包括异常血管发生、血管通透性或血管渗漏的疾病或病症的受试者的方法。所述方法包括,向受试者施用治疗有效量的本文所述的抗-α5β1抗体,由此治疗所述疾病或病症(例如,通过部分或完全抑制异常血管发生、血管通透性或血管渗漏)。在一些实施方案中,还向受试者施用VEGF拮抗剂。在一些实施方案中,所述VEGF拮抗剂和所述抗-α5β1抗体同时给药。在一些实施方案中,所述VEGF拮抗剂和所述抗-α5β1抗体相继地给药。在一些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症响应VEGF拮抗剂治疗。在一些实施方案中,所述疾病或病症选自:癌症,免疫疾病或眼科疾病。根据一个实施方案,所述疾病或病症选自:实体瘤,转移性肿瘤,软组织肿瘤,具有眼睛新血管形成的疾病,具有异常血管发生的炎性病,在移植到受试者后引起的疾病和具有异常的纤维血管组织增生的疾病。根据另一个实施方案,所述癌症选自:乳腺癌(breast cancer)(包括转移性乳腺癌),宫颈癌(cervical cancer),结肠直肠癌(colorectal cancer)(包括转移性结肠直肠癌),肺癌(lung cancer)(包括非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer)),非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkins lymphoma)(NHL),慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chroniclymphocytic leukemia),肾细胞癌(renal cell cancer),前列腺癌(prostatecancer)(包括激素拮抗性前列腺癌(homone refractory prostate cancer)),肝癌(liver cancer),头和颈癌(head and neck cancer),黑素瘤(melanoma),卵巢癌(ovarian cancer),间皮瘤(mesothelioma),软组织癌(soft tissuecancer),胃肠基质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor),多形性成胶质细胞瘤(glioblastoma multiforme)和多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma)。根据另一个实施方案,所述疾病选自:视网膜病变(retinopathy),年龄相关的黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration)(例如,湿性AMD(wetAMD)),糖尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema),视网膜静脉闭塞(retinal vein occlusion)(RVO),和干性AMD(dry AMD)/地理性萎缩(geographic atrophy)(用于预防湿性AMD进展)发红(rubeosis);银屑病(psoriasis),炎性肾病(inflammatory renal disease),溶血性尿毒症综合征(haemolytic uremic syndrome),糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy)(例如,增生性糖尿病肾病(proliferative diabetic retinopathy)),关节炎(arthritis)(例如,银屑病关节炎(psoriatic arthritis),骨关节炎(osteoarthritis),类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis)),炎性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease),慢性炎症(chronic inflammation),慢性视网膜脱离(chronic retinal detachment),慢性葡萄膜炎(chronic uveitis),慢性玻璃体炎(chronic vitritis),角膜移植排斥(corneal graft rejection),角膜新血管形成(corneal neovascularization),角膜移植新血管形成(corneal graft neovascularization),局限性回肠炎(Crohn′s disease),近视(myopia),眼睛新血管病(ocular neovascular disease),佩吉特病(Pagetsdisease),类天疱疮(pemphigoid),多动脉炎(polyarteritis),激光放射状角膜切开术后(post-laser radial keratotomy),视网膜新血管形成(retinalneovascularization),Sogrens综合征(Sogrens syndrome),溃疡性大肠炎(ulcerative colitis),移植排斥(graft rejection),肺部炎症(lunginflammation),肾病综合征(nephrotic syndrome),水肿(edema),与恶性病相关的腹水(ascites associated with malignancies),中风(stroke),血管纤维瘤(angiofibroma)和新血管性青光眼(neovascular glaucoma)。在一个实施方案中,所述方法还包括向受试者施用额外的治疗剂(例如,抗肿瘤剂、化疗剂、生长抑制剂、或细胞毒性剂)。
本发明的另一实施方案提供了治疗受试者中癌症的方法,所述方法包括:向受试者施用治疗有效量的VEGF拮抗剂和抗-α5β1抗体。在一些实施方案中,VEGF拮抗剂和抗-α5β1抗体同时施用。在一些实施方案中,VEGF拮抗剂和抗-α5β1抗体依次施用。在一些实施方案中,所述癌症响应VEGF拮抗剂疗法。
本发明的另一实施方案提供了治疗患有AMD的受试者中的年龄相关的黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)(包括,例如湿性年龄相关的黄斑变性(wet age-related macular degeneration))的方法,所述方法包括:向受试者提供治疗有效量的VEGF拮抗剂和抗-α5β1抗体。在一些实施方案中,VEGF拮抗剂和抗-α5β1抗体同时施用。在一些实施方案中,VEGF拮抗剂和抗-α5β1抗体依次施用。在另一实施方案中,提供一种治疗受试者的自身免疫病的方法,包括提供同时或依次施用治疗有效量的VEGF拮抗剂和α5β1拮抗剂的步骤。
在一些实施方案中,最初向欲治疗的受试者施用VEGF拮抗剂,随后向该受试者施用抗-α5β1抗体。在一些实施方案中,VEGF拮抗剂和α5β1拮抗剂同时施用给受试者。在一些实施方案中,抗-α5β1抗体VEGF拮抗剂最初施用给欲治疗的受试者,并且VEGF拮抗剂随后施用给受试者。在一些实施方案中,用VEGF拮抗剂治疗受试者直至受试者对VEGF拮抗剂治疗无反应,且随后用抗-α5β1抗体治疗受试者。在一特定实施方案中,当癌症为非侵袭性或早期时,用VEGF拮抗剂治疗受试者,当癌症为侵袭性时,用抗-α5β1抗体治疗受试者。在另一实施方案中,经抗-α5β1抗体治疗的受试者的患病组织中的α5β1水平与来自未患病的受试者的组织相比或非患病组织相比升高。在此情况下,所述方法可进一步包括检测受试者中(例如用VEGF拮抗剂治疗后的患病组织中)的α5β1的步骤。根据一个实施方案,侵袭性癌症为转移癌。根据另一实施方案,早期癌症为借助辅助疗法(例如化学疗法或外科手术切除)治疗的癌症。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,将用抗-α5β1抗体治疗的受试者在VEGF拮抗剂治疗后经历复发或者已变得难以用VEGF拮抗剂治疗痊愈。根据另一个实施方案,将用抗-α5β1抗体及VEGF拮抗剂治疗的受试者患转移性癌症或之前已经用辅助疗法治疗。在一个实施方案中,候选患者对化疗剂如伊立替康(irinotecan)具复发性、难治性或抗性。这些疾病的实例包括但不限于,转移性结肠直肠癌(metastatic colorectal cancer)、复发性转移性结肠直肠癌(relapsed metastatic colorectal cancer)、转移性乳腺癌(metastatic breast cancer)、复发性转移性乳腺癌(relapsed metastatic breastcancer)、转移性HER2+乳腺癌(metastatic HER2+ breast cancer)、辅助疗法治疗的乳腺癌(adjuvant breast cancer)、辅助疗法治疗的HER2+乳腺癌(adjuvant HER2+ breast cancer)、转移性胰腺癌(metastatic pancreaticcancer)、辅助疗法治疗的结肠癌(adjuvant colon cancer)、辅助疗法治疗的非小细胞肺癌(adjuvant non-small cell lung cancer)、辅助疗法治疗的直肠癌(adjuvant rectal cancer)、辅助疗法治疗的非小细胞肺癌(adjuvant nonsmall cell lung cancer)、转移性非小细胞肺癌(metastatic non small cell lungcancer)、转移性卵巢癌(metastatic ovarian cancer)、转移性肾细胞癌(metastatic renal cell cancer)及辅助疗法治疗的肾细胞癌(adjuvant renalcell cancer)。
根据一个实施方案,在用VEGF拮抗剂治疗疾病后向患有本文中所述的疾病的受试者施用维持疗法,其中所述维持疗法为单独施用α5β1拮抗剂或者依次或同时施用α5β1拮抗剂和VEGF拮抗剂。
在一些实施方案中,VEGF拮抗剂选自:抗体、免疫黏附素、肽体(peptibody)、小分子以及在严格条件下杂交编码VEGF的核酸分子的核酸(例如核酶、siRNA及适配体(apatmer))。在一些实施方案中,VEGF拮抗剂为抗体(例如单克隆抗体)。根据一个实施方案,抗VEGF抗体能够被抗体竞争性抑制与人类VEGF的结合。根据另一个实施方案,抗VEGF抗体为人类抗体、人源化抗体或嵌合抗体。根据一个特定实施方案,抗VEGF抗体为抗体。根据另一个实施方案,抗VEGF抗体选自由Fab、Fab′、F(ab)′2、单链Fv(scFv)、Fv片段、双抗体(diabody)和线性抗体组成的组。根据另一实施方案,VEGF拮抗剂为结合VEGF和α5β1的双特异性抗体,并且是α5β1的拮抗剂。
本发明的另一实施方案提供检测怀疑含有α5β1蛋白的样品中的α5β1蛋白的方法。所述方法包括:(1)使本文中所述的抗体与样品接触;及检测抗-α5β1抗体与α5β1蛋白的复合体的形成。在一些实施方案中,样品来自经诊断患有特征为异常血管发生、异常血管通透性及/或血管渗漏疾病的患者。
本发明的这些和其他实施方案进一步描述在下文的发明详述中。
附图简要说明
图1A和图1B描绘下列轻链可变结构域的序列比对:人类λIII,仓鼠18C12,嵌合18C12.v.1.1、h18C12.v3、h18C12.v6、h18C12.v6.1.Lam3、h18C12.v6.2Lam3和h18C12.v6.1.5。
图2A和图2B描绘下列重链可变结构域的序列比对:仓鼠18C12、h18C12.v3、h18C12.v6、h18C12.v6.1.Lam3、h18C12.v6.2Lam3和h18C12.v6.1.5。
图3描绘h18C12.v3和h18C12.v3的亲和力成熟变体h18C12.v6、h18C12.v7、h18C12.v9、h18C12.v15、h18C12.v16、h18C12.v28、h18C12.v30、h18C12.v51、h18C12.v54、h18C12.v70和h18C12.v78的CDR序列。
图4描绘展示h18C12.v3亲本克隆和18C12亲和力成熟变体h18C12.v6、h18C12.v7、h18C12.v9、h18C12.v15、h18C12.v16、h18C12.v28、h18C12.v30、h18C12.v51、h18C12.v54、h18C12.v70和h18C12.v78与人的α5β1整合素结合的噬菌体竞争ELISA的结果。
图7描绘h18C12.v6.1克隆h18C12.v6.1.1、h18C12.v6.1.2、h18C12.v6.1.3、h18C12.v6.1.4及h18C12.v6.1.5结合的分析的结果,并且列出各h18C12.v6.1克隆在位置50a、50b、50c及50d处的CDR-L2序列。
图8描绘比较嵌合18C12与h18C12.v6.1在干扰U937细胞与纤连蛋白结合方面的能力的纤连蛋白结合分析的结果。
图9描绘比较仓鼠18C12与h18C12.v6.1.5在干扰U937细胞与纤连蛋白结合方面的能力的纤连蛋白结合分析的结果。
图10描绘比较仓鼠18C12与h18C12.v6.1.5在干扰α5β1与纤连蛋白结合方面的能力的纤连蛋白结合分析的结果。
图11描绘比较嵌合18C12与h18C12.v6.1在干扰HUVEC细胞在纤连蛋白上迁移方面的能力的HUVEC迁移分析的结果。
图12描绘测定h18C12.v6.1.5+/-抗-VEGF在增强存活方面的能力的肿瘤异种移植研究的结果。
图13描绘测定h18C12.v6.1.5+/-抗-VEGF在降低肿瘤负荷方面的能力的肿瘤异种移植研究的结果。
发明详述
I.前言
本发明基于结合α5β1整合素的新抗体的鉴别。α5β1抗体衍生自单克隆抗体18C12,并且可以用于多种治疗和诊断方法中。举例来说,α5β1抗体可单独使用或与其他药剂组合使用来治疗异常血管发生、瘤形成、眼疾病及自身免疫病。通过在患者中施用抗α5β1蛋白的抗体,并检测来自患者的样品(例如活体内或先体外后体内(ex vivo))中的α5β1蛋白结合的抗-α5β1抗体,或者,通过使抗体与来自患者的样品接触并且定性或定量检测与α5β1蛋白结合的抗-α5β1抗体,所述抗体也可以用来检测患者或患者样品中的α5β1蛋白。
II.定义
“Alβha5beta1”或“α5β1”或“a5b1”或“α5β1”为包含两种不同蛋白质(即亚基α5和β1)的整合素。已经表明α5β1结合至纤连蛋白、L1-CAM和纤维蛋白原。α5β1整合素也被称作极迟活化-5(Very Late Activation-5)、VLA-5、alpha5beta1、CD49e/CD29、纤连蛋白受体、FNR和GPIc-IIa。根据一个实施方案,α5β1为人α5β1。
“α5”在本文中可与CD49e、α5、整合素α5亚基、VLA-5α亚基、GPIc-IIa的IC亚基及FNR α链互换使用,指的是α5β1整合素的一个亚基。α5具有四个由可变剪接产生并且其细胞质结构域不同的同工型(A-D)。人α5的同工型的氨基酸序列可分别以例如Genbank登录号X07979、U33879、U33882及U33880发现。
β1也称作CD29、β1、血小板GPIIa、VLA-β链、β-1整合素链、CD29、FNRB、MDF2、VLAB、GPIIA、MSK12以及VLA5B。人β1的氨基酸序列可以以例如Genbank登录号X06256被发现。
本文中所用的术语VEGF是指165氨基酸的人血管内皮细胞生长因子及相关121-、189-及206-氨基酸的人血管内皮细胞生长因子(如Leung等人,Science(科学),246:1306(1989)和Houck等人,Mol.Endocrin.,5:1806(1991)所述),以及其天然存在的等位基因及其经过加工的形式。术语VEGF也指来自诸如小鼠、大鼠或灵长类动物的非人类物种的VEGF。有时来自特定物种的VEGF由诸如以下的术语表示:人VEGF用hVEGF;鼠VEGF用mVEGF等。术语VEGF也用作指包含165-氨基酸人血管内皮细胞生长因子的氨基酸8至109或1至109的多肽的截短形式。在本申请中可以例如以“VEGF(8-109)”、“VEGF(1-109)”或“VEGF165”来表明对VEGF的任何此等形式的提及。“截短”天然VEGF的氨基酸位置如天然VEGF序列中所示进行编号。比如,截短天然VEGF中的氨基酸位置17(甲硫氨酸)亦为天然VEGF中的位置17(甲硫氨酸)。截短天然VEGF具有与天然VEGF相当的对KDR及Flt-1受体的结合亲和力。根据一实施方案,VEGF为人VEGF。
“VEGF拮抗剂”是指能够中和、阻断、抑制、消除、降低或干扰VEGF活性,包括其与VEGF或一种或多种VEGF受体或编码其的核酸的结合的分子。VEGF拮抗剂优选地结合VEGF或VEGF受体。VEGF拮抗剂包括抗VEGF抗体及其抗原结合片段、结合VEGF及VEGF受体并且阻断配体-受体相互作用的多肽(例如免疫黏附素、肽体(peptibody))、抗VEGF受体抗体及VEGF受体拮抗剂(如VEGFR酪氨酸激酶的小分子抑制剂)、结合VEGF的适合体(apatmer)和在严格条件下杂交编码VEGF或VEGF受体的核酸序列的核酸(例如RNAi)。根据一个实施方案,VEGF拮抗剂结合至VEGF并且体外抑制VEGF诱发的内皮细胞增生。根据一个实施方案,VEGF拮抗剂,以高于对非VEGF或非VEGF受体的亲和力,结合至VEGF或VEGF受体。根据一个实施方案,VEGF拮抗剂以介于1μM与1pM之间的Kd结合至VEGF或VEGF受体。根据另一实施方案,VEGF拮抗剂以500nM至1pM与VEGF或VEGF受体结合。
根据一实施方案,VEGF拮抗剂选自由例如抗体、肽体、免疫黏附素、小分子或适合体(Apatmer)的多肽组成的组。在一实施方案中,抗体为抗VEGF抗体,例如抗体或抗VEGF受体抗体例如抗VEGFR2或抗VEGFR3抗体。VEGF拮抗剂的其他实例包括VEGF-Trap、Mucagen、PTK787、SU11248、AG-013736、Bay439006(索拉非尼(sorafenib))、ZD-6474、CP632、CP-547632、AZD-2171、CDP-171、SU-14813、CHIR-258、AEE-788、SB786034、BAY579352、CDP-791、EG-3306、GW-786034、RWJ-417975/CT6758和KRN-633。
“抗VEGF抗体”是以足够的亲和力和特异性结合至VEGF的抗体。优选地,本发明的抗VEGF抗体可以用作用于靶向并且干扰涉及VEGF活性的疾病或状况的治疗剂。抗mVEGF抗体通常不会结合至例如VEGF-B或VEGF-C的其他VEGF同源物,也不会结合至诸如P1GF、PDGF或bFGF的其他生长因子。抗VEGF抗体是与杂交瘤ATCC HB 10709产生的单克隆抗VEGF抗体A4.6.1结合至相同抗原表位的单克隆抗体。抗VEGF抗体更优选为根据Presta等人(1997)Cancer Res(癌症研究).57:4593-4599产生的重组人源化抗VEGF单克隆抗体,包括但不限于称作贝伐珠单抗(BV;的抗体。根据另一实施方案,可使用的抗VEGF抗体包括但不限于WO2005/012359中所揭示的抗体。根据一实施方案,抗VEGF抗体包含WO2005/012359的图24、25、26、27和29中所揭示的任一抗体(例如G6、G6-23、G6-31、G6-23.1、G6-23.2、B20、B20-4和B20.4.1)的重链可变区及轻链可变区。在另一实施方案中,称作兰尼单抗(ranibizumab)的抗VEGF抗体是施用于眼疾病,例如糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy)及湿性AMD的VEGF拮抗剂。
抗VEGF抗体“贝伐珠单抗(Bevacizumab,BV)”,也称作“rhuMAbVEGF”或是根据Presta等人(1997)Cancer Re s(癌症研究).57:4593-4599产生的重组人源化抗VEGF单克隆抗体。其包含突变的人类IgG1构架区和来自阻断人类VEGF与其受体结合的鼠抗hVEGF单克隆抗体A.4.6.1的抗原结合互补决定区。贝伐珠单抗的氨基酸序列的大约的93%,包括大部分构架区,源自人类IgG1,且序列的约7%来自鼠抗体A4.6.1。贝伐珠单抗的分子量为约149,000道尔顿(dalton)且经糖基化。其他抗VEGF抗体包括美国专利第6,884,879号和WO2005/044853中所描述的抗体。
抗VEGF抗体兰尼单抗(Ranibizumab)或抗体或rhuFabV2是人源化的亲和力成熟的抗人VEGF Fab片段。兰尼单抗通过标准重组技术方法,在细菌发酵和大肠杆菌(E.coli)表达载体中产生。兰尼单抗未经糖基化且分子质量为约48,000道尔顿。参见WO98/45331及U.S.2003/0190317。
可借助竞争性抑制/结合分析来鉴别特征为与靶标上的重叠或相似区域结合的分子,例如抗体。
在一个实施方案中,竞争性抑制测定中使用HUVEC或其他表达α5β1的细胞,并且使用FACS来评估两种抗-α5β1抗体相对于彼此的结合位置。例如,可在锥形管中洗涤HUVEC细胞并且以1000rpm旋转5分钟。典型地洗涤沉淀两次。随后,可将细胞再悬浮,计数且保持于冰上直至使用。可向孔中添加100μl第一抗-α5β1抗体(例如以1μg/ml浓度或更低浓度开始)。接着,可向每一孔中添加100μl(例如20×105个细胞)细胞且于冰上孵育30分钟。接着,可向各孔中添加100μl的结合生物素的抗-α5β1抗体(5μg/ml储备液)且于冰上孵育30分钟。随后洗涤细胞且在1000rpm下5分钟形成沉淀。吸出上清液。将与链霉亲和素(streptavidin)(Jackson016-110-084)缀合的R-藻红素(R-Phycoerythrin)添加至孔中(100μl,以1∶1000)。接着,以箔包裹板且于冰上孵育30分钟。孵育后,可将沉淀洗涤且在1000rpm下5分钟形成沉淀。可使沉淀再悬浮并转移至微量滴定管中进行FACS分析。
“血管发生因子或血管发生物”是参与刺激血管发育,例如促进血管发生、内皮细胞生长、血管稳定性及/或血小管生成等的生长因子或其受体。例如,血管发生因子包括但不限于,例如VEGF和VEGF家族成员及其受体(VEGF-B、VEGF-C、VEGF-D、VEGFR1、VEGFR2和VEGFR3)、P1GF、PDGF家族、纤维母细胞生长因子家族(fibroblast growth factorfamily,FGFs)、TIE配体(血管生成素(Angiopoietins)、ANGPT1、ANGPT2)、TIE1、TIE2、蝶素(ephrins)、Bv8、Delta样配体4(DLL4)、Del-1、纤维母细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor):(酸性(aFGF)和碱性(bFGF)、FGF4、FGF9、BMP9、BMP10、卵泡抑素(Follistatin)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)、GM-CSF、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)/分散因子(SF)、白介素-8(IL-8)、CXCL12、瘦素(Leptin)、中期因子(Midkine)、神经纤毛蛋白(neuropilins)、NRP1、NRP2、胎盘生长因子、血小板衍生的内皮细胞生长因子(PD-ECGF)、血小板衍生的生长因子,尤其PDGF-BB、PDGFR-α或PDGFR-β、多效生长因子(Pleiotrophin,PTN)、前颗粒蛋白(Progranulin)、增殖蛋白(Proliferin)、转化生长因子-α(TGF-α)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、Alk1、CXCR4、Notch1、Notch4、Sema3A、Sema3C、Sema3F、Robo4等。其将进一步包括促进血管发生的因子,例如ESM1和珍珠素(Perlecan)。其也将包括加速创伤愈合的因子,例如生长激素、类胰岛素生长因子-I(IGF-I)、VIGF、表皮生长因子(EGF)、EGF样结构域7(EGF-like domain,multiple 7)(EGFL7)、CTGF及其家族成员,和TGF-α及TGF-β。参见例如Klagsbrun和D′Amore(1991)Annu.Rev.Physiol.53:217-39、Streit及Detmar(2003)Oncogene(癌基因)22:3172-3179、Ferrara及Alitalo(1999)Nature Medicine(自然医学)5(12):1359-1364、Tonini等人,(2003)Oncogene(癌基因)22:6549-6556(例如列出了已知血管发生因子的表1);和Sato(2003)Int.J.Clin.Oncol.8:200-206。
“抗血管发生剂”或“血管发生抑制剂”是指直接或间接地抑制血管发生、血小管生成或不当的血管通透性的小分子量物质、多核苷酸(包括例如抑制性RNA(RNAi或siRNA))、多肽、分离的蛋白、重组蛋白、抗体或其缀合物或融合蛋白。应理解,抗血管发生剂包括结合血管发生因子或其受体并阻断其血管发生活性的那些药剂。例如,抗血管发生剂为如上所定义的血管发生剂的抗体或其他拮抗剂,例如VEGF-A或VEGF-A受体(例如KDR受体或Flt-1受体)的抗体、抗PDGFR抑制剂、阻断VEGF受体信号传导的小分子(例如PTK787/ZK2284、SU6668、(苹果酸舒尼替尼(sunitinib malate))、AMG706、或例如国际专利申请WO2004/113304中所描述的那些)。抗血管发生剂包括,但不限于以下药剂:VEGF抑制剂(例如VEGF特异性拮抗剂)、EGF抑制剂、EGFR抑制剂、(西妥昔单抗(cetuximab),ImCloneSystems,Inc.,Branchburg,N.J.)、(帕尼单抗(panitumumab),Amgen,ThousandOaks,CA)、TIE2抑制剂、IGF1R抑制剂、COX-II(环加氧酶II)抑制剂、MMP-2(基质-金属蛋白酶2)抑制剂、及MMP-9(基质-金属蛋白酶9)的抑制剂、CP-547,632(Pfizer Inc.,NY,USA)、阿西替尼(Axitinib)(Pfizer Inc.AG-013736)、ZD-6474(AstraZeneca)、AEE788(Novartis)、AZD-2171、VEGF Trap(Regeneron/Aventis)、瓦他拉尼(Vatalanib)(也称作PTK-787、ZK-222584 Novartis & Schering A G)、Macugen(培加他尼八钠(pegaptaniboctasodium)、NX-1838、EYE-001,Pfizer Inc./Gilead/Eyetech)、IM862(CytranInc.,Kirkland,Wash.,USA)、血管酶(angiozyme),一种来自Ribozyme(Boulder,Colo.)及Chiron(Emeryville,Calif.)的合成核酶,及其组合。其他血管发生抑制剂包括血小板反应蛋白1(thrombospondin 1)、血小板反应蛋白2、胶原蛋白IV及胶原蛋白XVIII。VEGF抑制剂披露于美国专利第6,534,524号以及第6,235,764号中,两者均出于所有目的全文并入本文中。抗血管发生剂也包括天然血管发生抑制剂,例如血管抑制素(angiostatin)、内皮抑制素(endostatin)等。参见例如Klagsbrun及D′Amore(1991)Annu.Rev.Physiol.53:217-39;Streit及Detmar(2003)Oncogene(癌基因)22:3172-3179(例如列出对恶性黑素瘤的抗血管发生疗法的表3);Ferrara及Alitalo(1999)Nature Medicine(自然医学)5(12):1359-1364;Tonini等人,(2003)Oncogene(癌基因)22:6549-6556(例如列出已知抗血管发生因子的表2);及Sato(2003)Int.J.Clin.Oncol.8:200-206(例如列出临床试验中使用的抗血管发生剂的表1)。
术语“抗血管发生疗法”是指适用于抑制血管发生的疗法,其包含施用抗血管发生剂。
在一实施方案中,本发明的抗VEGF抗体的“Kd”或“Kd值”是通过测定Fab对VEGF的溶液结合亲和力的以下分析来测定,以抗体的Fab形式和VEGF分子进行的经放射性标记的VEGF结合测定(RIA),或者通过在未经标记的滴度系列的VEGF存在下,使Fab与最小浓度的经(125I)标记的VEGF(109)分子平衡,随后通过抗Fab抗体包被的板捕捉结合的VEGF来测定(Chen等人,(1999)J.Mol Biol 293:865-881)。为确立分析条件,将微量滴定板(microtiter plates)(Dynex)以含5ug/ml的捕捉抗Fab抗体(Cappel Labs)的50mM碳酸钠(pH9.6)包被过夜,随后在室温(约23℃)下以含2%(w/v)的牛血清白蛋白的PBS封闭两小时至五小时。在非吸附性板(Nunc#269620)中,将100pM或26pM[125I]VEGF(109)与相关Fab(例如Fab-12(Presta等人,(1997)Cancer Res.(癌症研究)57:4593-4599))的连续稀释液混合。随后孵育相关Fab过夜;然而,持续孵育65小时以确保达到平衡。此后,将混合物转移至捕捉板中以在室温下孵育1小时。接着去除溶液并用含0.1% Tween-20的PBS洗涤板8次。当板干燥时,添加每孔150ul闪烁体(MicroScint-20;Packard),且以Topcountyγ计数器(Packard)对板计数10分钟。选择提供小于或等于20%最大结合的各Fab浓度用于竞争性结合测定。根据另一实施方案,在25℃通过利用使用BIAcoreTM-2000或BIAcoreTM-3000(BIAcore,Inc.,Piscataway,NJ)的表面等离子共振测定,使用约10响应单位(RU)的固定靶标分子hVEGF(8-109)CM5芯片来测定Kd或Kd值。简言之,根据供货商的说明书用N-乙基-N′-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)及N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)活化羧甲基化聚葡萄糖生物感应芯片(CM5,BIAcoreInc.)。用10mM乙酸钠(pH4.8)将人VEGF稀释至5μg/ml(约0.2μM),接着以每分钟5μl的流动速率注射,以得到大约10个响应单位(RU)的偶联蛋白。注射人VEGF后,注射1M乙醇胺以阻断未反应的基团。为进行动力学测量,在25℃下以大约25μl/min的流动速率将Fab的两倍连续稀释液(0.78nM至500nM)注入含有0.05% Tween 20的PBS(PBST)中。使用简单的一对一朗缪耳结合模型(Langmuir binding model)(BIAcore评估软件3.2版)通过同时拟合结合与解离感应图(sensorgram)来计算结合速率(kon)及解离速率(koff)。以koff/kon比率的形式计算平衡解离常数(Kd)。参见例如Chen,Y.等人,(1999)J.Mol Biol 293:865-881。若根据上文表面等离子共振测定的结合速率超过106M-1S-1,则结合速率可通过使用荧光淬灭技术如使用光谱仪,例如装备有终止-流动的光谱仪(Aviv Instruments)或具有搅拌光析管的8000系列SLM-Aminco分光光度计(ThermoSpectronic),来测定在增加浓度的人VEGF截短形式(8-109)或小鼠VEGF存在下,在25℃下20nM抗VEGF抗体(Fab形式)的PBS溶液(pH7.2)的荧光发射强度(激发=295nm,发射=340nm,16nm带通)增加或减低。可进行类似结合测定来测定抗α5β1Fab或使用α5β1作为靶标的抗体的Kd。
本文中所用的欲治疗的受试者为哺乳动物(例如人类、非人类灵长类动物、大鼠、小鼠、牛、马、猪、绵羊、山羊、狗、猫等)。受试者可为临床患者、临床试验志愿者、实验动物等。受试者可能怀疑患有癌症、免疫疾病或具有异常血管发生的任何其他疾病,或具有患该等疾病的风险;可能经诊断患有癌症、免疫疾病或具有异常血管发生的任何其他疾病。本领域已知对于癌症、免疫疾病或表现出异常血管发生的任何其他疾病的许多诊断方法的此类疾病的临床描述。根据一实施方案,根据本发明欲治疗的受试者为人类。
“异常血管发生”发生在新血管过度生长或在其他方面不当生长(例如根据医学观点,血管发生的位置、时序、程度或发生不当)时的患病状态中或使产生患病状态。在一些情况下,新血管生长存在时,过度、不受控制或在其他方面不当的血管发生发生促进患病状态恶化或造成患病状态,例如在癌症,尤其血管形成性实体肿瘤(vascularized solid tumors)及转移性肿瘤(metastatic tumors)(包括结肠(colon)癌、肺(lung)癌(尤其小细胞肺癌(small-cell lung cancer))或前列腺癌(prostate cancer));由眼部新血管形成(ocular neovascularisation)引起的疾病,尤其糖尿病性失明(diabetic blindness)、视网膜病变(retinopathies,)、主要是糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy)或年龄相关的黄斑变性(age-related maculardegeneration)、脉络膜新血管形成(choroidal neovascularization,CNV)、糖尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema)、病理性近视(pathologicalmyopia)、von Hippel-Lindau病、眼睛组织浆菌病(histoplasmosis of theeye)、中枢视网膜静脉阻塞(Central Retinal Vein Occlusion,CRVO)、角膜新血管形成(corneal neovascularization)、视网膜新血管形成及虹膜红变(retinal neovascularization and rubeosis)、银屑病(psoriasis)、银屑病性关节炎(psoriatic arthritis)、血管母细胞瘤(haemangioblastoma),如血管瘤(haemangioma)、炎性肾病(inflammatory renal diseases),如肾小球肾炎(glomerulonephritis),尤其是肾小球膜增生性肾小球肾炎(mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis)、溶血性尿毒综合征(haemolytic uremic syndrome)、糖尿病性肾病(diabetic nephropathy)或高血压肾硬化(hypertensive nephrosclerosis)、各种炎性疾病(imflammatorydiseases),例如关节炎(arthritis)尤其类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoidarthritis)、炎性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease)、银屑病(psorsasis)、结节病(sarcoidosis)、动脉硬化(arterial arteriosclerosis)及移植后出现的疾病、子宫内膜异位(endometriosis)或慢性哮喘(chronic asthma)及超过70种其他病状中。新血管可供养患病组织,破坏正常组织,且在癌症的情况下,新血管可允许肿瘤细胞逃逸至循环中且进驻其他器官中(肿瘤转移)。本发明涵盖治疗具有发生上述疾病的风险的那些患者。
“异常血管通透性”发生在血管与血管外隔区之间的液体流、分子(例如离子和营养物质)以及细胞(例如淋巴细胞)的流动过度或在其他方面不当(例如,根据医学观点血管通透性位置、时序、程度或发作不当)时的患病状态中或使产生患病状态。异常血管通透性可导致离子、水、营养物质或细胞通过血管结构的“渗漏”过度或在其他方面不当。在一些情况下,过度、不受控制或在其他方面不当的血管通透性或血管渗漏加剧或诱发疾病状态,包括例如与肿瘤相关的水肿,包括例如脑肿瘤、与恶性疾病相关的腹水、梅格斯综合征(Meigs′syndrome)、肺部炎症、肾病综合征、心包积液、肋膜积液;与心血管疾病相关的通透性,例如心肌梗塞及中风后的病状及其类似疾病。本发明涵盖治疗已发生与异常血管通透性或渗漏相关的疾病及病症或具有患所述疾病及病症的风险的那些患者。
作为接受本发明的抗体或多肽的候选者的其他患者患有以下疾病或具有患以下疾病的风险:纤维血管组织异常增生(fibrovascular tissue)、红斑痤疮(acne rosacea)、获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunedeficiency syndrome)、动脉阻塞(artery occlusion bacterial ulcers)、异位性角膜炎(atopic keratitis)、细菌性溃疡(Bechets disease)、白塞病(Bechetsdisease)、血源性肿瘤(blood borne tumors)、颈动脉阻塞性疾病(carotidobstructive disease)、脉络膜新血管形成(choroidal neovascularization)、慢性炎症(chronic inflammation)、慢性视网膜脱落(chronic retinaldetachment)、慢性葡萄膜炎(chronic uveitis)、慢性玻璃体炎(chronicvitritis)、接触镜过度磨损(contact lens overwear)、角膜移植排斥(cornealgraft rejection)、角膜新血管形成(corneal neovascularization)、角膜移植新血管形成(corneal graft neovascularization)、局限性回肠炎(Crohn′sdisease)、伊尔斯病(Eales disease)、流行性角膜结膜炎(epidemickeratoconjunctivitis)、真菌性溃疡(fungal ulcers)、单纯疱疹感染(Herpessimplex infections)、带状疱疹感染(Herpes zoster infections)、高粘度综合征(hyperviscosity syndrome)、卡波西肉瘤(Kaposi′s sarcoma)、白血病(leukemia)、脂质变性(lipid degeneration)、莱姆病(Lyme′s disease)、边缘性角质层分离(marginal keratolysis)、蚕食性角膜溃疡(Mooren ulcer)、除麻风病外的分枝杆菌(Mycobacteria)感染、近视(myopia)、眼部新血管性疾病(ocular neovascular disease)、视窝(optic pits)、奥斯勒韦伯综合征(Osler-Weber syndrome)、(Osler-Weber-Rendu、骨关节炎(osteoarthritis)、派杰病(Pagets disease)、扁平部睫状体炎(pars planitis)、类天疱疮(pemphigoid)、疱性角结膜病(phylectenulosis)、多动脉炎(polyarteritis)、激光后并发症(post-laser complications)、原生动物感染(protozoaninfections)、弹性纤维伪黄瘤(pseudoxanthoma elasticum)、翼状胬肉(pterygium)、干性角膜炎(keratitis sicca)、放射状角膜切开术(radialkeratotomy)、视网膜新血管形成(retinal neovascularization)、早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity)、晶状体后纤维组织增生(retrolentalfibroplasias)、结节病(sarcoid)、巩膜炎(scleritis)、镰状细胞贫血症(sicklecell anemia)、舍格伦综合征(Sogrens syndrome)、实体肿瘤(solid tumors)、斯特格氏病(Stargarts disease)、史蒂芬强生病(Steven′s Johnson disease)、上边缘角膜炎(superior limbic keratitis)、梅毒(syphilis)、系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus)、特荷安氏角膜边缘变性(Terrien′s marginaldegeneration)、弓形体病(toxoplasmosis)、外伤(trauma)、尤文肉瘤(tumorsof Ewing sarcoma)、神经母细胞瘤(tumors of neuroblastoma)、骨肉瘤(tumors of osteosarcoma)、视网膜母细胞瘤(tumors of retinoblastoma)、横纹肌肉瘤(tumors of rhabdomyosarcoma)、溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerativecolitis)、静脉阻塞(vein occlusion)、维生素A缺乏(Vitamin A deficiency)及韦格纳结节病(Wegeners sarcoidosis)、与糖尿病相关的不良血管发生(undesired angiogenesis associated with diabetes)、寄生虫病(parasiticdiseases)、异常创伤愈合(abnormal wound healing)、外科手术后肥大(hypertrophy following surgery)、损伤或外伤(injury或trauma)、毛发生长抑制、排卵及黄体形成抑制、植入抑制及子宫内胚胎发育抑制。
抗血管发生疗法适用于下述各项的一般治疗:移植排斥反应(graftrejection)、肺部炎症(lung inflammation)、肾病综合征(nephroticsyndrome)、子痫前症(preeclampsia)、心包积液(pericardial effusion)例如与心包炎相关的心包积液、肋膜积液、特征为不良血管通透性或渗漏的疾病及病症,例如与包括例如脑肿瘤的肿瘤相关的水肿、与恶性疾病相关的腹水、梅格斯综合征(Meigs′syndrome)、肺部炎症(lunginflammation)、肾病综合征(nephrotic syndrome)、心包积液(pericardialeffusion)和肋膜积液(pleural effusion)、与心血管疾病例如心肌梗塞及中风后病状及其类似疾病相关的通透性。
根据本发明的其他血管发生相关性疾病包括血管纤维瘤(angiofibroma)(易于出血的异常血管)、新血管性青光眼(neovascularglaucoma)(眼中血管生长)、动静脉畸形(arteriovenous malformations)(动脉与静脉之间异常连通)、不愈合骨折(nonunion fractures)(不会愈合的骨折)、动脉粥样硬化斑(atherosclerotic plaques)(动脉硬化)、化脓性肉芽肿(pyogenic granuloma)(由血管构成的常见皮肤病变)、硬皮病(scleroderma)(结缔组织疾病的一种形式)、血管瘤(hemangioma)(由血管构成的肿瘤)、沙眼(trachoma)(第三世界中失明的主要诱因)、血友病性关节(hemophilic joints)、血管黏着及肥厚性疤痕(vascular adhesionsand hypertrophic scars)(异常疤痕形成)。
本文中所用的“治疗”(及其语法变形如“treat”或“treating”)是指施用化合物或药物组合物用于预防及/或治疗目的。“治疗疾病”或用于“治疗性处理”是指向已患疾病的受试者施用治疗以改善受试者的病状。理想的治疗效果包括但不限于,预防疾病再发、减轻症状、减少疾病的任何直接或间接病理性后果、预防转移、降低疾病进展的速率、改善或减缓疾病状态,及症状缓解或预后改良。在一些实施方案中,本发明的抗体用于延迟疾病的发展或减缓疾病的进展。优选地,基于对下文所述任何特征性症状的鉴别或使用本文中所述的诊断方法,诊断受试者患具有异常血管发生的疾病。“预防疾病”是指对于尚未生病、但易患特定疾病或具有患特定疾病风险的受试者的预防性处理。优选地,使用本文中所述的诊断方法,确定受试者具有患具有异常血管发生的疾病的风险。
“治疗或改善”意指在病状发作前或后改善病状或病状的症状。如由任何标准技术所测定,比较等同的未经治疗的对照者,所述改善或治疗程度为至少5%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、95%或100%。
术语“再发”、“复发”或“复发性”是指癌症或疾病在临床评定疾病消失后重现。远处转移或局部再发的诊断可视作复发。
“难治性”是指疾病或病状对于治疗有抗性或无反应(例如新生性浆细胞的数目即使在给予治疗后也增加)。在某些实施方案中,术语“难治性”是指对于任何先前治疗,包括但不限于,VEGF拮抗剂、抗血管发生剂及化学疗法治疗有抗性或无反应。在某些实施方案中,术语“难治性”是指疾病或病状对于任何先前治疗,包含VEGF拮抗剂、抗血管发生剂及/或化学疗法治疗固有地无反应。在某些实施方案中,VEGF拮抗剂为抗VEGF抗体。
“复发性”是指患者的疾病回归至其先前患病状态,尤其为在明显恢复或部分恢复后的症状重现。在某些实施方案中,复发性状态是指在先前治疗,包括但不限于VEGF拮抗剂、抗血管发生剂及/或化学疗法治疗之前重现疾病的过程或重现疾病。在某些实施方案中,复发状态是指在对癌症疗法,包含VEGF拮抗剂、抗血管发生剂及/或化学疗法治疗的初始强烈反应的后重现疾病的过程或重现疾病。在某些实施方案中,VEGF拮抗剂为抗VEGF抗体。
术语“辅助疗法”是指在主要疗法,通常外科手术,后给予治疗。癌症或疾病的辅助疗法可包括免疫疗法、化学疗法、放射疗法或激素疗法。
术语“维持疗法”是指给予的帮助维持先前治疗效果的定期再治疗。通常给予维持疗法以帮助保持癌症消退或延长对特定疗法的反应,无论疾病是否进展。
术语“侵袭性癌症”是指扩散至组织层以外开始进入正常周围组织中的癌症。侵袭性癌症可以是或也可以不是转移性的。
术语“非侵袭性癌症”是指极早期癌症或未扩散至起源组织以外的癌症。
肿瘤学中的术语“无进展存活”是指在治疗期间及治疗后,癌不生长的时间长度。无进展存活包括患者经历完全反应或部分反应的时间量,以及患者经历稳定疾病的时间量。
肿瘤学中的术语“进展性疾病”可指自治疗开始起由于肿瘤质量增加或肿瘤中的扩散,肿瘤生长超过20%。
“病症”是将受益于使用抗体治疗的任何状况。例如,哺乳动物患有或需要预防异常血管发生(过度、不当或不受控制的血管发生)或异常血管通透性或渗漏。包括慢性及急性病症或疾病,包括使哺乳动物易患所述病症的那些病理性状况。本文中欲治疗的病症的非限制性实例包括但不限于恶性及良性肿瘤、非白血病及淋巴恶性疾病、神经元、神经胶质、星形细胞、下丘脑及其他腺体、巨噬细胞、上皮、基质及囊胚腔病症;以及炎性、血管发生及免疫病症。
术语“癌症”和“癌性”是指或描述特征通常为不受调节的细胞生长的哺乳动物生理学病状。癌症的实例包括但不限于,癌瘤(carcinoma)、淋巴瘤(lymphoma)、母细胞瘤(blastoma)、肉瘤(sarcoma)和白血病(leukemia)。这些癌症的更具体实例包括鳞状细胞癌(squamous cellcancer)、成胶质细胞瘤(glioblastoma)、子宫颈癌(cervical cancer)、卵巢癌(ovarian cancer)、肝癌(liver cancer)、膀胱癌(bladder cancer)、肝细胞瘤(hepatoma)、乳腺癌(breast cancer)、结肠癌(colon cancer)、结肠直肠癌(colorectal cancer)、子宫内膜癌(endometrial carcinoma)、唾液腺癌(salivary gland carcinoma)、肾癌(kidney cancer)、肾脏癌(renalcancer)、前列腺癌(prostate cancer)、阴门癌(vulval cancer)、甲状腺癌(thyroid cancer)、肝癌(hepatic carcinoma)、头颈部癌(head and neckcancer)、直肠癌(rectal cancer)、结肠直肠癌(colorectal cancer)、肺癌(lungcancer)包括小细胞肺癌(small-cell lung cancer)、非小细胞肺癌(non-smallcell lung cancer)、肺腺癌(adenocarcinoma of the lung)及肺鳞状癌(squamous carcinoma of the lung)、鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell cancer)(例如上皮鳞状细胞癌(epithelial squamous cell cancer))、前列腺癌(prostatecancer)、腹膜癌(cancer of the peritoneum)、肝细胞癌(hepatocellularcancer)、胃癌(gastric or stomach cancer)包括胃肠癌(gastrointestinalcancer)、胰腺癌(pancreatic cancer)、成胶质细胞瘤(glioblastoma)、视网膜母细胞瘤(retinoblastoma)、星形细胞瘤(astrocytoma)、卵泡膜细胞瘤(thecomas)、卵巢男胚瘤(arrhenoblastoma)、肝细胞瘤(hepatoma)、血液科恶性疾病(hematologic malignancies)包括非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkins lymphoma,NHL)、多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma)及急性血液科恶性疾病(acute hematologic malignancies)、子宫内膜癌(endometrial)或子宫癌(uterine carcinoma)、子宫内膜异位(endometriosis)、纤维肉瘤(fibrosarcomas)、绒膜癌(choriocarcinoma)、唾液腺癌(salivary gland carcinoma)、阴门癌(vulval cancer)、甲状腺癌(thyroid cancer)、食道癌(esophageal carcinomas)、肝癌(hepaticcarcinoma)、肛门癌(anal carcinoma)、阴茎癌(penile carcinoma)、鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma)、喉癌(laryngeal carcinomas)、卡波西肉瘤(Kaposi′s sarcoma)、黑素瘤(melanoma)、皮肤癌(skin carcinomas)、神经鞘瘤(Schwannoma)、少枝胶质瘤(oligodendroglioma)、神经母细胞瘤(neuroblastomas)、横纹肌肉瘤(rhabdomyosarcoma)、骨肉瘤(osteogenicsarcoma)、平滑肌肉瘤(leiomyosarcomas)、尿道癌(urinary tractcarcinomas)、甲状腺癌(thyroid carcinomas)、威尔姆斯肿瘤(Wilm′stumor),以及B细胞淋巴瘤(B-cell lymphoma))(包括低级/滤泡性非霍奇金淋巴瘤(low grade/follicular non-Hodgkin′s lymphoma,NHL)、小淋巴球性(small lymphocytic,SL)NHL、中级/滤泡性(intermediategrade/follicular)NHL、中级弥漫性(intermediate grade diffuse)NHL、高级免疫母细胞(high grade immunoblastic)NHL、高级淋巴母细胞(highgrade immunoblastic)NHL、高级小型无裂细胞(high grade smallnon-cleaved cell)NHL、巨大肿瘤(bulky disease)NHL、套细胞淋巴瘤(mantle cell lymphoma)、AIDS相关淋巴瘤和瓦尔登斯特伦氏巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom′s Macroglobulinemia))、慢性淋巴球性白血病(chroniclymphocytic leukemia CLL)、急性淋巴母细胞白血病(acute lymphoblasticleukemia,ALL)、毛细胞白血病(Hairy cell leukemia)、慢性骨髓母细胞白血病(chronic myeloblastic leukemia)和移植后淋巴组织增生病症(post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder,PTLD),以及与母斑细胞病相关的异常血管增生(abnormal vascular proliferation associated withphakomatoses),及梅格斯综合征(Meigs′syndrome)。
本文中所使用的“肿瘤”是指恶性或良性的所有新生性细胞生长及增生,以及所有癌前及癌性细胞及组织。
术语“抗肿瘤组合物(anti-neoplastic composition)”或“抗肿瘤剂(anti-neoplastic agent)”是指适用于治疗癌症的包含至少一种活性治疗剂,例如“抗癌剂”的组合物。治疗剂(抗癌剂)的实例包括但不限于,例如化疗剂、生长抑制剂、细胞毒性剂、放射疗法中使用的药剂、抗血管发生剂、细胞凋亡剂、抗微管蛋白剂、及治疗癌症的其他药剂,例如抗HER-2抗体、抗CD20抗体、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)拮抗剂(例如酪氨酸激酶抑制剂)、HER1/EGFR抑制剂(例如厄洛替尼(erlotinib)(TarcevaTM))、血小板衍生的生长因子抑制剂(例如GleevecTM(甲磺酸伊马替尼(ImatinibMesylate)))、COX-2抑制剂(例如塞来考昔(celecoxib))、干扰素、细胞激素、与一个或多个以下靶标ErbB2、ErbB3、ErbB4、PDGFR-β、BAFF、BR3、APRIL、BCMA或VEGF受体结合的拮抗剂(例如中和抗体)、TRAIL/Apo2及其他生物活性及有机化学剂等。本发明中也涵盖其组合。
本文中使用的“生长抑制剂”是指体外和/或体内抑制细胞生长或增生的化合物或组合物。因此,生长抑制剂可以是显著减少S期细胞百分比的药剂。生长抑制剂的实例包括阻断细胞周期进程(S期外的其他时期)的药剂,例如诱导Gl停滞和M期停滞的药剂。经典的M期阻断剂包括长春花属(vincas)(长春新碱(vincristine)及长春碱(vinblastine))、和topo II抑制剂例如多柔比星(doxorubicin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、柔红霉素(daunorubicin)、依托泊苷(etoposide)及博来霉素(bleomycin)。使Gl停滞的药剂也连带引起S期停滞,例如DNA烷化剂,比如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、泼尼松(prednisone)、达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)、氮芥(mechlorethamine)、顺铂(cisplatin)、甲氨蝶呤(metho-trexate)、5-氟尿嘧啶及ara-C。其他信息可见于The Molecular Basis of Cancer,Mendelsohn和Israel编,第1章,标题“Cell cycle regulation,oncogenes,and antineoplasticdrugs”,Murakami等人,(WB Saunders:Philadelphia,1995),尤其第13页。
本文中所用的术语“细胞毒性剂”是指抑制或阻止细胞功能和/或引起细胞破坏的物质。该术语意欲包括放射性同位素(例如I131、I125、Y90及Re186)生长抑制剂、化疗剂和毒素例如细菌、真菌、植物或动物来源的酶活性毒素,或其片段。
“化疗剂”是适用于治疗癌症的化合物。化疗剂的实例包括适用于治疗癌症的化合物。化疗剂的实例包括:烷化剂,例如塞替哌(thiotepa)和环磷酰胺(cyclosphosphamide),烷基磺酸酯(alkyl sulfonates)如白消安(busulfan)、英丙舒凡(improsulfan)和哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);吖丙啶类(aziridines),诸如苯佐替派(benzodopa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、美妥替哌(meturedopa)和乌瑞替哌(uredopa);乙撑亚胺类(ethylenimines)和甲基蜜胺类(methylamelamines),包括六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、曲他胺(triethylenemelamine)、三亚乙基磷酰胺(triethylenephosphoramide)、三乙烯硫代磷酸胺(triethylenethiophosphoramide)和三羟甲蜜胺(trimethylomelamine);acetogenins(尤其是布拉他辛(bullatacin)和布拉他辛酮(bullatacinone));喜树碱(camptothecin)(包括合成类似物托泊替康(topotecan);苔藓抑素(bryostatin);callystatin;CC-1065(包括其阿多来新(adozelesin)、卡折来新(carzelesin)及比折来新(bizelesin)合成类似物);隐藻素类(cryptophycin)(特别是隐藻素1和隐藻素8);多拉司他汀(dolastatin);倍癌霉素(duocarmycin)(包括合成类似物KW-2189及CB1-TM1);艾榴素(eleutherobin);pancratistatin;匍枝珊瑚醇(sarcodictyin);海绵素(spongistatin);氮芥(nitrogen mustards)例如苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、萘氮芥(chlornaphazine)、胆磷酰胺(cholophosphamide)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide)、氮芥(mechlorethamine)、盐酸氧氮芥(mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride)、美法仑(melphalan)、新氮芥(novembichin)、苯芥胆甾醇(phenesterine)、泼尼莫司汀(prednimustine)、曲磷胺(trofosfamide)、尿嘧啶氮芥(uracil mustard);亚硝基脲类(nitrosoureas)例如卡莫司汀(carmustine)、氯脲菌素(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、尼莫司汀(nimustine)和雷莫司汀(ranimnustine);抗生素类,例如烯二炔类(enediyne)抗生素(例如加利车霉素(calicheamicin),尤其是加利车霉素γ1I和加利车霉素ωI1(参见例如Agnew,Chem lntl.Ed.Engl.,33:183-186(1994));烯二炔蒽环类抗生素(dynemicin),包括烯二炔蒽环类抗生素A(dynemicin A);二膦酸盐类(bisphosphonates),诸如氯膦酸盐(clodronate);埃斯波霉素(esperamicin);以及新制癌菌素(neocarzinostatin)生色团和相关色素蛋白烯二炔类抗生素生色团)、阿克拉霉素(aclacinomysins)、放线菌素(actinomycin)、蒽霉素(anthramycin)、偶氮丝氨酸(azaserine)、博来霉素(bleomycins)、放线菌素C(cactinomycin)、carabicin、洋红霉素(carminomycin)、嗜癌霉素(carzinophilin)、色霉素(chromomycinis)、放线菌素D(dactinomycin)、柔红霉素(daunorubicin)、地托比星(detorubicin)、6-重氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸(6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine)、多柔比星(doxorubicin)(包括吗啉代多柔比星(morpholino-doxorubicin)、氰基吗啉代多柔比星(cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin)、2-吡咯啉-多柔比星(2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin)和脱氧多柔比星(deoxydoxorubicin))、表柔比星、依索比星(esorubicin)、伊达比星(idarubicin)、马塞罗霉素(marcellomycin)、丝裂霉素类(mitomycins)诸如丝裂霉素C、麦考酚酸(mycophenolic acid)、诺拉霉素(nogalamycin)、橄榄霉素(olivomycins)、培洛霉素(peplomycin)、紫菜霉素(porfiromycin)、嘌呤霉素(puromycin)、三铁阿霉素(quelamycin)、罗多比星(rodorubicin)、链黑霉素(streptonigrin)、链佐星(streptozocin)、杀结核菌素(tubercidin)、乌苯美司(ubenimex)、净司他丁(zinostatin)、佐柔比星(zorubicin);抗代谢物类,诸如甲氨喋呤(methotrexate)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物,诸如二甲叶酸(denopterin)、甲氨喋呤(methotrexate)、蝶罗呤(pteropterin)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate);嘌呤类似物,诸如氟达拉滨(fludarabine)、6-巯基嘌呤(mercaptopurine)、硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫鸟嘌呤(thioguanine);嘧啶类似物,诸如安西他滨(ancitabine)、阿扎胞苷(azacitidine)、6-氮尿苷(azauridine)、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、双脱氧尿苷(dideoxyuridine)、去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine)、依诺他滨(enocitabine)、氟尿苷(floxuridine);雄激素类,诸如卡鲁睾酮(calusterone)、丙酸屈他雄酮(dromostanolone propionate)、环硫雄醇(epitiostanol)、美雄烷(mepitiostane)、睾内酯(testolactone);抗肾上腺药(anti-adrenals),诸如氨鲁米特(aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)、曲洛司坦(trilostane);叶酸补偿剂,诸如亚叶酸(frolinic acid);醋葡醛内酯(aceglatone)、aldophosphamide glycoside、5-氨基酮戊酸(aminolevulinic acid);恩尿嘧啶(eniluracil);安吖啶(amsacrine);bestrabucil;比生群(bisantrene);依达曲沙(edatraxate);得弗伐胺(defofamine);秋水仙胺(demecolcine);地吖醌(diaziquone);艾弗尼辛(elfornithine);依利醋铵(elliptinium acetate);epothilone;依托格鲁(etoglucid);硝酸镓(gallium nitrate);羟基脲(hydroxyurea);香菇多糖(lentinan);氯尼达明(lonidainine);美坦生类化合物(maytansinoids),诸如美坦生(maytansine)和安丝菌素(ansamitocins);米托胍腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);莫哌达醇(mopidanmol);尼曲吖啶(nitraerine);喷司他丁(pentostatin);异丙嗪(phenamet);吡柔比星(pirarubicin);洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone);鬼臼酸(podophyllinic acid);2-乙基酰肼(2-ethylhydrazide);丙卡巴肼(procarbazine);多糖复合物(JHS天然产物,Eugene,OR);雷佐生(razoxane);利索新(rhizoxin);西佐喃(sizofiran);锗螺胺(spirogermanium);细交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid);三亚胺醌(triaziquone);2,2′,2″-三氯三乙胺(2,2,2”-trichlorotriethylamine);单端孢霉烯族毒素(trichothecenes)(尤其T-2毒素、韦拉库林A(verracurin A)、杆孢菌素A(roridin A)及anguidine);乌拉坦(urethan);长春地辛(vindesine);达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine);甘露莫司汀(mannomustine);二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol);二溴卫矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);gacytosine;阿糖胞苷(arabinoside)(“Ara-C”);环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide);塞替哌(thiotepa);紫杉烷类化合物(taxoids),例如紫杉醇(paclitaxel)(Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology,Princeton,N.J.)、无克列莫佛(Cremophor)的ABRAXANETM、紫杉醇的白蛋白改造的纳米颗粒制剂(American Pharmaceutical Partners,Schaumberg,Illinois)、及多西他赛(doxetaxel)(Rorer,Antony,France);苯丁酸氮芥(chloranbucil);吉西他滨(gemcitabine);6-硫鸟嘌呤(thioguanine);巯嘌呤(mercaptopurine);甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate);铂类似物,例如顺铂和卡铂(carboplatin);长春碱;铂;依托泊苷(etoposide,VP-16);异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);长春新碱(vincristine);长春瑞滨(vinorelbine);诺安托(novantrone);替尼泊苷(teniposide);依达曲沙(edatrexate);道诺霉素(daunomycin);胺基嘌呤(aminopterin);希罗达(xeloda);伊班膦酸盐(ibandronate);伊立替康(Camptosar,CPT-11)(包括伊立替康与5-FU及亚叶酸(leucovorin)的治疗方案);拓扑异构酶抑制剂RFS 2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(difluorometlhylornithine)(DMFO);维甲类(retinoids)如视黄酸(retinoic acid)、卡培他滨(capecitabine)、考布他汀(combretastatin)、亚叶酸(LV);奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin),包括奥沙利铂治疗方案(FOLFOX);降低细胞增生的PKC-α、Raf、H-Ras和EGFR的抑制剂(例如厄洛替尼(TarcevaTM))及任何上述物质的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
化疗剂也包括用以调控或抑制对肿瘤的激素作用的抗激素剂,例如抗雌激素及选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERMs),包括例如他莫昔芬(包括他莫昔芬)、雷诺昔芬(raloxifene)、屈洛昔芬(droloxifene)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4-hydroxytamoxifen)、曲沃昔芬(trioxifene)、keoxifene、LY117018、奥那司酮(onapristone)和法乐通·托瑞米芬(FARESTON.toremifene)抑制调控肾上腺中的雌激素产生的芳香酶的芳香酶抑制剂,例如4(5)-咪唑、氨鲁米特(aminoglutethimide)、醋酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate)、依西美坦(exemestane)、福美坦(formestanie)、法倔唑(fadrozole)、伏氯唑(vorozole)、来曲唑(letrozole)及阿那曲唑(anastrozole)及抗雄激素,例如氟他胺(flutamide)、尼鲁米特(nilutamide)、比卡鲁胺(bicalutamide)、亮丙立德(leuprolide)及戈舍瑞林(goserelin)以及曲沙他滨(troxacitabine)(1,3-二氧戊环核苷胞嘧啶类似物);反义寡核苷酸,尤其那些抑制异常细胞增生所涉及的信号传导路径中的基因表达的,例如PKC-α、Raf及H-Ras核酶,例如VEGF表达抑制剂(例如核酶)及HER2表达抑制剂;疫苗,例如基因疗法疫苗,例如疫苗;疫苗及疫苗;rIL-2;拓扑异构酶1抑制剂;rmRH;长春瑞滨(Vinorelbine)及Esperamicins(参见美国专利第4,675,187号);及任何上述物质的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
本申请中所使用的术语“前药”指药物活性物质的前体或衍生物形式(例如小分子),该形式比起母体药物对患病细胞的细胞毒性小,且能够酶促活化或转化成更具活性的母体形式。参见例如Wilman,“Prodrugs inCancer Chemotherapy”Biochemical Society Transactions,14,第375-382页,615th Meeting Belfast(1986)及Stella等人,“Prodrugs:A ChemicalApproach to Targeted Drug Delivery,”Directed Drug Delivery,Borchardt等人(编),第247-267页,Humana Press(1985)。本发明的前药包括但不限于,含磷酸酯基的前药、含硫代磷酸酯基的前药、含硫酸酯基的前药、含肽的前药、D-氨基酸修饰的前药、糖基化前药、含β-内酯胺的前药、含视情况经取代的苯氧基乙酰胺的前药或含视情况经取代的苯基乙酰胺的前药、5-氟胞嘧啶及其他5-氟尿苷前药,其可转化成更具活性的无细胞毒性药物。可衍生成用于本发明的前药形式的细胞毒性药物的实例,包括但不限于,上文所述的那些化疗剂。
“分离的”在用于描述本文中所披露的各种多肽时意指多肽已经鉴别且从表达其的细胞或细胞培养物中分离和/或回收。其天然环境的污染组分是通常会干扰多肽的诊断或治疗用途的物质,可包括酶、激素及其他蛋白质或非蛋白质溶质。在实施方案中,多肽应纯化至:(1)足以通过使用旋转杯测序仪获得N末端或内部氨基酸序列的至少15个残基的程度;或(2)使用考马斯亮蓝(Coomassie blue),或优选地,银染色剂在非还原或还原条件下通过SDS-PAGE获得均一性。由于多肽天然环境的至少一种组份将不存在,所以经分离的多肽包括重组细胞内的原位多肽。然而,通常经分离多肽将由至少一个纯化步骤来制备。
“分离”的编码多肽的核酸或其他编码多肽的核酸是经过鉴别并且自至少一种污染核酸分子分离的核酸分子,其在编码多肽的核酸的天然来源中通常与污染核酸分子相缔合。经分离的编码多肽的核酸分子不同于自然界中所见的形式或定位。因此将经分离的编码多肽的核酸分子与天然细胞中所存在的特定的编码多肽的核酸分子相区分。然而,经分离的编码多肽的核酸分子包括包含在通常表达多肽的细胞中的编码多肽的核酸分子,其中例如核酸分子位于不同于天然细胞中的染色体位置的位置。
术语“控制序列”是指在特定宿主生物体内表达的可操作地连接的编码序列所需的DNA序列。适于原核生物的控制序列例如包括启动子、视情况存在的操纵序列和核糖体结合位点。已知真核细胞利用启动子、聚腺苷酸化信号及增强子。
当核酸与另一核酸序列功能相关时,其即经是“可操作地连接”。比如,若前序列或分泌性前导序列的DNA表达为参与多肽分泌的前体蛋白,则其与所述多肽的DNA可操作地连接;若启动子或强化子影响编码序列的转录,则其与该序列可操作地连接;或若核糖体结合位点为了便于翻译而定位,则其与编码序列可操作地连接。一般而言,“可操作地连接”指所连接的DNA序列为相邻的,且在分泌性前导序列的情况下为相邻的且处于阅读框中。然而,增强子不必须是相邻的。连接通过在合适限制性位点处的连接来实现。若这些位点不存在,则根据常规操作使用合成寡核苷酸衔接子(adaptors)或接头(linkers)。
本文中所定义的“严格条件”或“高严格条件”可由以下来鉴别:(1)采用低离子强度及高温进行洗涤,例如在50℃下,0.015M氯化钠/0.0015M柠檬酸钠/0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠;(2)在杂交期间采用例如甲酰胺的变性剂,例如在42℃下,50%(v/v)含有0.1%牛血清白蛋白的甲酰胺/0.1%Ficoll/0.1%聚乙烯吡咯啶酮/含有750mM氯化钠、75mM柠檬酸钠的50mM磷酸钠缓冲液(pH 6.5);或(3)在42℃下在采用50%甲酰胺、5×SSC(0.75M NaCl、0.075M柠檬酸钠)、50mM磷酸钠(pH 6.8)、0.1%焦磷酸钠、5×丹哈特氏溶液(Denhardt′s solution)、声波处理的鲑鱼精DNA(50μg/ml)、0.1%SDS及10%硫酸聚葡萄糖的溶液中杂交过夜,其中在42℃下于0.2×SSC(氯化钠/柠檬酸钠)中洗涤10分钟,接着在55℃下由含有EDTA的0.1×SSC组成的洗涤液中高严格洗涤10分钟。
除非另有说明,否则本文中所述的氨基酸序列为相邻氨基酸序列。
本文中所用的术语“免疫黏附素”表示具有异源蛋白(一种“黏附素”)的结合特异性与免疫球蛋白恒定结构域的效应子功能的抗体样分子。在结构上,免疫黏附素包含具有所需结合特异性的不被抗体的抗原识别及结合位点的(也即为“异源”)氨基酸序列与免疫球蛋白恒定结构域序列的融合。免疫黏附素分子的黏附部分通常是至少包含受体或配体(例如VEGFR或纤连蛋白配体)的结合位点的相邻氨基酸序列。免疫黏附素中的免疫球蛋白恒定结构域序列可获自任何免疫球蛋白,例如IgG-1、IgG-2、IgG-3或IgG-4亚型、IgA(包括IgA-1及IgA-2)、IgE、IgD或IgM。通常,包含衍生自与免疫球蛋白的Fc部分融合的进行噬菌体展示选择所获得的特异结合靶标的序列的肽体,可被看作是本文中的免疫黏附素。
术语“抗体”是以其最广义使用,且特定涵盖例如单一的单克隆抗体(包括激动剂、拮抗剂及中和抗体)、具有多抗原表位特异性的抗体组合物、多克隆抗体、单链抗抗体、及抗体片段(参见下文),只要其特异性结合天然多肽和/或表现本发明的生物活性或免疫学活性即可。根据一个实施方案,抗体结合至靶蛋白的寡聚形式,例如三聚形式。根据另一实施方案,抗体特异性结合蛋白质,该结合可由本发明的单克隆抗体(例如本发明的保藏抗体等)抑制。短语抗体的“功能性片段或类似物”是具有与所提及抗体相同的定性生物活性的化合物。比如,本发明的抗体的功能性片段或类似物可以是可特异性结合至VEGF或α5β1的。在一个实施方案中,抗体可阻止或基本上降低VEGF诱导细胞增生的能力。
“经分离抗体”为已经鉴别并且从其天然环境的组份分离和/或回收的抗体。其天然环境的污染组份是会干扰抗体的诊断或治疗用途的物质,且可包括酶、激素和其他蛋白质或非蛋白质溶质。在实施方案中,抗体应纯化至:(1)如通过Lowry法测定,以重量计大于95%的抗体,且优选以重量计大于99%;(2)足以通过使用旋转杯测序仪获得N末端或内部氨基酸序列的至少15个残基的程度;或(3)使用考马斯亮蓝或优选地银染色剂在还原或非还原条件下通过SDS-PAGE获得均一性。由于抗体的天然环境的至少一种组份将不存在,所以经分离抗体包括重组细胞内的原位抗体。然而,经分离抗体通常将通过至少一个纯化步骤来制备。
基本4链抗体单元是由两条相同轻(L)链和两条相同重(H)链组成的异四聚体糖蛋白(IgM抗体由5个基本异四聚体单元和被称为J链的另一多肽组成,因此含有10个抗原结合位点,而分泌型IgA抗体可聚合形成包含2-5个基本4链单元以及J链的多价集合体)。对于IgGs,4链单元通常为约150,000道尔顿。各L链通过一个共价二硫键连接至H链,而根据H链同种型不同,两条H链通过一或多个二硫键彼此连接。各H链及L链也具有规则间隔的链内二硫键。各H链在N端具有可变结构域(VH),其后为各α链及γ链的三个恒定结构域(CH)及μ和ε同型的四个CH结构域。各L链在N端具有可变结构域(VL),其后是位于其另一端的恒定结构域(CL)。VL与VH比对且CL与重链的第一恒定结构域(CH1)比对。认为特定氨基酸残基在轻链与重链可变结构域之间形成界面。VH与VL的配对共同形成单一抗原结合位点。关于不同种类抗体的结构及特性,参见例如BASIC AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY(基础和临床免疫学),第8版,Daniel P.Stites,Abba I.Terr和Tristram G Parslow(编),Appleton & Lange,Norwalk,CT,1994,第71页及第6章。
来自任何脊椎动物物种的L链可基于其恒定结构域的氨基酸序列归为被称作κ及λ的两个明显不同类型之一。根据重链恒定结构域(CH)的氨基酸序列不同,免疫球蛋白可归于不同种类或同型。存在五种免疫球蛋白IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG及IgM分别具有称为α,δ,γ,ε和μ的重链。基于CH序列及功能的相对较小的差异,将γ及α类进一步分成亚类,例如人类呈现以下亚类IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA1及IgA2。
术语“可变”是指在抗体中某些可变结构域区段在序列上极其不同。V结构域介导抗原结合,并且界定特定抗体对其特定抗原的特异性。然而,可变性并非均匀分布在可变结构域的110个氨基酸范围上。而是V区由15-30个氨基酸的相对不变段(称作构架区(FRs))由长度各为9-12个氨基酸的具有极大可变性的较短区域(称作“高变区”)间隔组成。天然重链合轻链的可变结构域各包含四个FRs,主要采用β桶构象,由三个高变区连接,其形成环连接,且在一些情况下形成β折叠结构的一部分。各链中的高变区通过FRs紧密保持在一起,并且与其他链的高变区一起促进抗体的抗原结合位点的形成(参见Kabat等人,SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OFIMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST(免疫学目的的蛋白质序列),第5版Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD.(1991))。虽然恒定结构域并不直接涉及于抗体与抗原的结合,但其展现各种效应子功能,例如使抗体参与抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)。
本文中所使用的术语“高变区”是指负责抗原结合的抗体氨基酸残基。高变区一般包含来自“互补决定区”或“CDR”的氨基酸残基(例如VL中大约残基24-34(L1)、50-56(L2)及89-97(L3)和VH中大约残基31-35B(H1)、50-65(H2)及95-102(H3)(在一实施方案中,H1为大约31-35);Kabat等人,同上)和/或来自“高变环”的那些残基(例如VL中的残基26-32(L1)、50-52(L2及91-96(L3)及VH中的残基26-32(H1)、53-55(H2)及96-101(H3);Chothia及Lesk,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志)196:901-917(1987))。
在本说明书及权利要求范围内,当提及可变结构域中的残基时,一般使用Kabat编号系统(大约轻链中的残基1-107及重链中的残基1-113)(例如Kabat等人,同上(1991))。当提及免疫球蛋白重链恒定区中的残基时,一般使用“EU编号系统“或”EU指数“(例如Kabat等人,同上(1991)中所报道的EU指数,该文献以引用的方式明确并入本文中)。除非本文中另有说明,否则提及抗体可变结构域中的残基编号意思是通过Kabat编号系统的残基编号。除非本文中另有说明,否则提及抗体恒定结构域中的残基编号意谓通过EU编号系统的残基编号。
本文中所用的术语“单克隆抗体”是指自实质上均一的抗体群落获得的抗体,也即构成所述群体的个别抗体除可少量存在的可能天然存在的突变外是相同的。单克隆抗体具有高特异性,是针对单一抗原位点。此外,与包括针对不同决定簇(抗原表位)的不同抗体的多克隆抗体制剂相比,各单克隆抗体是针对抗原上的单一决定簇。除特异性之外,单克隆抗体的优势还在于其可在不受其他抗体污染的情况下合成。修饰语“单克隆”不应理解为需要通过任何特定方法制造抗体。举例来说,适用于本发明中的单克隆抗体可通过首先由Kohler等人,Nature(自然),256:495(1975)描述的杂交瘤方法来制备,或可使用重组DNA方法在细菌、真核动物或植物细胞中制得(参见例如美国专利第4,816,567号)。也可以使用Clackson等人,Nature(自然),352:624-628(1991);Marks等人,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志),222:581-597(1991)中所述的技术或使用下文实施例中所描述的方法由噬菌体抗体文库分离“单克隆抗体”。
本文中的单克隆抗体包括“嵌合”抗体,其中重链和/或轻链的一部分与源自特定物种或属于特定抗体种类或亚类的抗体中的相应序列一致或同源,而所述链的其余部分与源自另一物种或属于另一抗体种类或亚类的抗体中的相应序列一致或同源;以及这些抗体的片段,只要其表现出本发明的生物活性即可(参见美国专利第4,816,567号;和Morrison等人,PNASUSA,81:6851-6855(1984))。本文中的相关嵌合抗体包括“灵长类动物化”抗体,其包含源自非人类灵长类动物(例如旧世界猴(Old World Monkey)、猿等)的可变结构域抗原结合序列,和人类恒定区序列。
“亲和力成熟”抗体是在一或多个CDR中具有一或多种变化的抗体,与不具有那些变化的亲本抗体相比,那些变化使得抗体对抗原的亲和力改善。优选亲和力成熟抗体将对靶抗原具有纳摩尔或甚至皮摩尔亲和力。亲和力成熟抗体是由本领域中已知的程序制备。Marks等人,Bio/Technology10:779-783(1992)描述通过VH及VL结构域改组(shuffling)获得的亲和力成熟。CDR和/或构架区残基的随机突变于下列文献中描述:Barbas等人,PNAS USA 91:3809-3813(1994);Schier等人,Gene(基因)169:147-155(1995);Ye1ton等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)155:1994-2004(1995),Jackson等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)154(7):3310-9(1995);及Hawkins等人,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志)226:889-896(1992)。
“阻断性”抗体或“拮抗性”抗体是抑制或降低所结合抗原的生物活性的抗体。举例来说,阻断型或拮抗剂抗-α5β1抗体通过结合α5β1而部分或完全地抑制血管发生。
“激动性”抗体是增强或增加所结合抗原的生物活性的抗体。举例来说,激动剂抗体抗-α5β1抗体通过结合α5β1而增强血管发生。
“完整”抗体是包含抗原结合位点以及CL及至少重链恒定结构域CH1、CH2及CH3的抗体。恒定结构域可以是天然序列恒定结构域(例如人类天然序列恒定结构域)或其氨基酸序列变体。完整抗体优选具有一或多种效应子功能。
“抗体片段”包含完整抗体的一部分,优选是完整抗体的抗原结合区或可变区。抗体片段的实例包括Fab、Fab′、F(ab′)2及Fv片段;双抗体;线性抗体(参见美国专利第5,641,870号,实施例2;Zapata等人,ProteinEng.8(10):1057-1062[1995]);单链抗体分子;及由抗体片段形成的多特异性抗体。
表述“线性抗体”一般是指Zapata等人,Protein Eng.,8(10):1057-1062(1995)中所述的抗体。简言之,这些抗体包含一对串联Fd区段(VH-CH1-VH-CH1),其与互补轻链多肽一起形成一对抗原结合区。线性抗体可以是双特异性或单特异性的。
用木瓜蛋白酶消化抗体产生两个称为“Fab”片段的相同抗原结合片段;和一个残余“Fc”片段,该命名反映的容易结晶的能力。Fab片段由完整L链连同H链的可变区域(VH)及一个重链的第一恒定结构域(CH 1)组成。各Fab片段对于抗原结合来说是单价的,也即其具有单一抗原结合位点。用胃蛋白酶处理抗体产生单一的大F(ab′)2片段,其大致对应于具有二价抗原结合活性的两个二硫键连接的Fab片段并且仍能够与抗原交联。Fab′片段不同于Fab片段之处在于,其在CH 1结构域的羧基端具有包括一个或多个来自抗体铰链区的半胱氨酸的数个额外残基。Fab′-SH在本文中指代恒定结构域半胱氨酸残基带有游离硫醇基的Fab′。F(ab′)2片段最初是中间具有铰链半胱氨酸的Fab′片段对的形式产生的。也已经知道抗体片段的其他的化学偶合。
Fc片段包含通过二硫键保持在一起的两个H链的羧基端部分。抗体的效应子功能是由Fc区中的序列决定的,该区也是在某些类型细胞上发现的Fc受体(FcR)识别的部分。
“变异Fc区”包含由于至少一种如本文中所定义的“氨基酸修饰”而与天然序列Fc区的序列不同的氨基酸序列。优选地,与天然序列Fc区或亲本多肽的Fc区相比较,变异Fc区具有至少一个氨基酸置换,例如天然序列Fc区或亲本多肽的Fc区中约1至约10个氨基酸置换且优选约1至约5个氨基酸置换。在一个实施方案中,本文中的变异Fc区将与天然序列Fc区至少约80%同源、至少约85%同源、至少约90%同源、至少约95%同源、或至少约99%同源。根据另一实施方案,本文中的变异Fc区将与亲本多肽的Fc区至少约80%同源、至少约85%同源、至少约90%同源、至少约95%同源或至少约99%同源。
术语“包含Fc区的多肽”是指例如抗体或免疫黏附素,包含Fc区的多肽(参见下文定义)。例如,在纯化多肽期间或通过重组工程改造编码多肽的核酸来移除Fc区的C端赖氨酸(根据EU编号系统残基447)。因此,包含本发明的具有Fc区的多肽(包括抗体)的组合物可包含移除所有K447残基的多肽群体、未移除K447残基的多肽群体或包含有K447残基与无K447残基的多肽的混合物的多肽群体。
“Fv”是含有完整抗原识别位点及抗原结合位点的最小抗体片段。该片段由一个重链可变区域与一个轻链可变区域紧密、非共价缔合的二聚体组成。由者这两个结构域的折叠产生6个高变环(H链及L链各产生3个环),所述高变环促进了氨基酸残基用于抗原结合并且赋予抗体以抗原结合特异性。然而,即使单一可变结构域(或仅包含三个对抗原特异的CDR的半个Fv)也具有识别及结合抗原的能力,但其亲和力比完整结合位点低。
“单链Fv”(也缩写为“sFv”或“scFv”)是包含连接成单一多肽链的VH及VL抗体结构域的抗体片段。sFv多肽优选在VH与VL结构域之间进一步包含多肽连接子,使得sFv能够形成抗原结合所需的结构。关于sFv的评述,参见Pluckthun,The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies(单克隆抗体药学),第113卷,Rosenburg和Moore编,Springer-Verlag,NewYork,第269-315页(1994);Borrebaeck 1995,同下。
术语“双抗体”是指通过在VH结构域与VL结构域之间使用短连接子(约5-10个残基)建构sFv片段(参见先前段落)以使得V结构域链之间而不是链内配对从而产生二价片段,也即具有两个抗原结合位点的片段,而制得的小抗体片段。双特异性双抗体是两个“交叉”sFv片段的异二聚体,其中两个抗体的VH及VL结构域存在于不同多肽链上。双抗体于例如EP404,097;WO 93/11161及Hollinger等人,PNAS USA,90:6444-6448(1993)中有更详尽地描述。
“人源化”抗体是非人类(例如啮齿动物)抗体形式,其是含有源自非人类抗体的最小序列的嵌合抗体。在极大程度上,人源化抗体是来自接受者的高变区的残基经由具有所需抗体特异性、亲和力和能力的来自例如小鼠、大鼠、兔或非人类灵长类动物的非人类物种(供体抗体)的高变区的残基置换的人类免疫球蛋白(接受者抗体)。在一些情况下,人类免疫球蛋白的构架区(FR)残基经相应的非人类残基置换。此外,人源化抗体可以包含接受者抗体或供体抗体中未发现的残基。进行这些修饰以进一步改善抗体效能。一般而言,人源化抗体将包含实质上所有的至少一个且通常两个可变结构域,其中所有的或者实质上所有的高变环对应于非人类免疫球蛋白的高变环,并且所有的或实质上所有的FR是人类免疫球蛋白序列的FR。人源化抗体视情况也将包含免疫球蛋白恒定区(Fc)的至少一部分,通常人类免疫球蛋白恒定区的至少一部分。关于其他细节,参见Jones等人,Nature(自然)321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature(自然)332:323-329(1988)和Presta,Curr.Op.Struct.Biol.2:593-596(1992)。
“物种依赖性抗体”是对来自第一哺乳动物物种的抗原的结合亲和力比其对与其同源物——来自第二哺乳动物物种的结合亲和力强的抗体。通常,物种依赖性抗体“特异性结合”至人类抗原(也即,结合亲和力(Kd)值不超过约1×10-7M、不超过约1×10-8M或不超过约1×10-9M),但对来自第二非人类哺乳动物物种的该抗原同源物的结合亲和力比其对人类抗原的结合亲和力弱至少约50倍或至少约500倍或至少约1000倍。物种依赖性抗体可以是如上定义的各种类型抗体中的任一种,但优选是人源化或人类抗体。
在这些实施方案中,如由流式细胞分选(FACS)分析或放射免疫沉淀(RIA)测定,多肽、抗体、拮抗剂或组合物与“非靶”蛋白的结合程度将比多肽、抗体、拮抗剂或组合物与其特定靶蛋白的结合程度小约10%。关于多肽、抗体、拮抗剂或组合物与靶分子的结合,术语“特异性结合”或“特异性结合至”特定多肽或特定多肽靶标上的抗原表位或者对特定多肽或特定多肽靶标上的抗原表位“具特异性”是指结合与非特异性相互作用具有可测量程度的差异。可以例如,通过与对照分子,一般是不具有结合活性的类似结构的分子的结合的比较,来测定分子的结合进而测量特异性结合。举例来说,可通过与类似于靶标的对照分子(例如过量的未经标记靶标)竞争来测定特异性结合。在此情况下,若经标记靶标与探针的结合由过量未经标记靶标竞争性抑制,则指示特异性结合。如本文中所用的术语“特异性结合”或“特异性结合至”特定多肽或特定多肽靶标上的抗原表位或对特定多肽或特定多肽靶标上的抗原表位“其特异性”可由例如分子对靶标的Kd是至少约10-4M、至少约10-5M、至少约10-6M、至少约10-7M、至少约10-8M、至少约10-9M、或者至少约10-10M、至少约10-11M、至少约10-12M或更高来表现。在一实施方案中,术语“特异性结合”是指分子结合至特定多肽或特定多肽上的抗原表位而实质上不结合至任何其他多肽或多肽抗原表位的结合。
抗体“效应子功能”是指可归因于抗体的Fc区(天然序列Fc区或氨基酸序列变异Fc区)的那些生物活性,且其随抗体同种型而变化。抗体效应子功能的实例包括C1q结合及补体依赖性细胞毒性Fc受体结合;抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC);吞噬作用;细胞表面受体的下调;及B细胞活化。“天然序列Fc区”包含与自然界中发现的Fc区的氨基酸序列一致的氨基酸序列。Fc序列的实例于例如,但不限于,Kabat等人,同上(1991)中描述。
关于本文中所鉴别的多肽及抗体序列的“氨基酸序列一致性百分比(%)”或“同源性”定义是在将任何保守性置换视作序列一致性的一部分对序列进行比对之后,候选序列中与经比较的多肽的氨基酸残基一致的氨基酸残基百分比。为测定氨基酸序列一致性百分比而进行的比对可以用本领域中的多种方式达成,例如使用可公开获得的计算机软件,例如BLAST、BLAST-2、ALIGN或Megalign(DNASTAR)软件。本领域技术人员可以确定用于测量比对的适合参数,包括在所比较序列的全长上实现最大比对所需的任何算法。然而,为达成本文的目的,氨基酸序列一致性百分比值是使用序列比较计算机程序ALIGN-2产生。ALIGN-2序列比较计算机程序是由Genentech,Inc.编写且源代码已经与使用者文件一起归档于美国版权办公室(U.S.Copyright Office,Washington D.C.,20559),在其中其是以美国版权登记号第TXU510087号登记。ALIGN-2程序可以通过Genentech,Inc.(South San Francisco,California)公开获得。ALIGN-2程序应经编译以用于UNIX操作系统,优选数字UNIX V4.0D。所有序列比较参数由ALIGN-2程序设定且不改变。
术语“Fc受体”或“FcR”是用于描述与抗体的Fc区结合的受体。在一个实施方案中,本发明的FcR是结合IgG抗体的FcR(γ受体)并且包括FcγRI、FcγRII及FcγRIII亚类的受体,包括这些受体的等位基因变体及可变剪接形式。FcγRII受体包括FcγRIIA(“活化受体”)及FcγRIIB(“抑制受体”),其主要差异在其细胞质结构域的相似氨基酸序列。活化受体FcγRIIA的细胞质结构域中含有基于免疫受体酪氨酸的活化基元(immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif,ITAM)。抑制受体FcγRIIB的细胞质结构域中含有基于免疫受体酪氨酸的抑制基元(immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif,ITIM)(参见评述M.inAnnu.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)15:203-234(1997))。该术语包括异型,例如FcγRIIIA异型FcγRIIIA-Phe158、FcγRIIIA-Val158、FcγRIIA-R131和/或FcγRIIA-H131。FcR于Ravetch和Kinet,Annu.Rev.Immunol(免疫学年度综述)9:457-92(1991);Capel等人,Immunomethods(免疫方法)4:25-34(1994);和de Haas等人,J.Lab.Clin.Medd.126:330-41(1995)中评述。本文中的术语“FcR”涵盖其他FcR包括将来鉴别的那些FcR。该术语也包括新生儿受体FcRn,其负责将母体IgG转移至胎儿(Guyer等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)117:587(1976)及Kim等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)24:249(1994))。
术语”FcRn”是指新生儿Fc受体(FcRn)。FcRn在结构上与主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)类似且由非共价结合至β2-微球蛋白的α链组成。新生儿Fc受体FcRn的多种功能于Ghetie及Ward(2000)Annu.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)18,739-766中评述。FcRn在免疫球蛋白IgG自母体至幼体的被动传递及血清IgG水平的调控中发挥作用。FcRn可充当救助受体,以完整形式结合并转运在细胞内以及横跨细胞的胞饮IgG,且通过默认的降解途径将其援救。
WO00/42072(Presta)和Shields等人,J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志)9(2):6591-6604(2001)描述与FcR的结合改善或减少的抗体变体。那些公开的内容特定地以引用的方式并入本文中。
人类IgG Fc区的“CH1结构域”(也称作“H1”结构域的“C1”)通常从约氨基酸118延伸至约氨基酸215(EU编号系统)。
“铰链区”一般定义是从人类IgG1的Glu216延伸至Pro230(Burton,Molec.Immunol.(分子免疫学)22:161-206(1985))。通过将形成重链间S-S键的第一个和最后一个的半胱氨酸残基置于相同位置可使其他IgG同种型的铰链区与IgG1序列比对。
Fc区的“下部铰链区”通常定义为与铰链区的C端紧邻的残基段,也即Fc区的残基233至239。在先前的报道中,FcR结合一般是由于IgG Fc区下部铰链区中的氨基酸残基。
人类IgG Fc区的“CH2结构域”(也称作“H2”结构域的“C2”)通常自约氨基酸231延伸至约氨基酸340。CH2结构域的独特之处在于其并不与另一结构域紧密配对。而是两个N连接的分支糖链插入完整的天然IgG分子的两个CH2结构域之间。已推测糖类可提供结构域-结构域配对的替代并且帮助稳定CH2结构域。Burton,Molec.Immunol.(分子免疫学)22:161-206(1985)。
“CH3结构域”(也称作“C2”或“H3”结构域)包含Fc区中CH2结构域C端的残基段(也即约氨基酸残基341至抗体序列的C端,通常在IgG的氨基酸残基446或447处)。
“功能性Fc区”具有天然序列Fc区的效应子功能”。示例性的“效应子功能”包括C1q结合;补体依赖性细胞毒性;Fc受体结合;抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC);吞噬作用;细胞表面受体(例如B细胞受体;BCR)的下调等。这些效应子功能一般需要Fc区与结合结构域(例如抗体可变结构域)组合并且可以例如使用如本文中所揭示的各种测定来评定。
“C1q”是包括免疫球蛋白的Fc区的结合位点的多肽。C1q与两种丝氨酸蛋白酶C1r及C1s一起形成复合物C1,其是补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)途径的第一组份。人类C1q可购自例如Quidel,San Diego,CA。
术语“结合结构域”是指结合至另一分子的多肽区域。在FcR的情况下,结合结构域可包含负责结合Fc区的其多肽链(例如其α链)的一部分。一种有用的结合结构域是FcRα链的细胞外结构域。
具有拥有“改变”的FcR结合亲和力或ADCC活性的变异IgG Fc的抗体或肽体是与亲本多肽或包含天然序列Fc区的多肽相比,具有增强或减低的FcR结合活性(例如FcγR或FcRn)和/或ADCC活性的抗体或肽体。“表现增加的结合”至FcR的变体的Fc以高于亲本多肽或天然序列IgG Fc的亲和力(例如表观Kd或IC50值较低)结合至少一种FcR。根据一些实施方案,与亲本多肽相比,结合提高约3倍,优选约5倍、10倍、25倍、50倍、60倍、100倍、150倍、200倍、250倍、300倍、350倍、400倍、450倍或500倍,或结合提高约25%至1000%。“表现减少的结合”至FcR的多肽变体以低于亲本多肽的亲和力(例如表观Kd或IC50值较高)结合至少一种FcR。与亲本多肽相比,结合减少可以是约5%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%或更多的结合减少。
“抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性”或“ADCC”指一种细胞毒性形式,其中分泌Ig与存在于某些细胞毒性细胞(例如自然杀伤(NK)细胞、嗜中性粒细胞及巨噬细胞)上的Fc受体(FcR)结合,使这些细胞毒性效应细胞能够特异性结合至带有抗原的靶细胞,并且随后以细胞毒素杀死靶细胞。抗体“配备”细胞毒性细胞且绝对是该杀伤所需的。用于介导ADCC的初级细胞、NK细胞仅表达FcγRIII,而单核细胞表达FcγRI、FcγRII及FcγRIII。FcR在造血细胞上的表达总结于Ravetch和Kinet,Annu.Rev.Immunol(免疫学年度综述)9:457-92(1991)第464页上的表3中。为评价相关分子的ADCC活性,可进行体外ADCC测定,例如美国专利第5,500,362号或第5,821,337号或下文实施例中所述的测定。适用于这些测定的效应细胞包括外周血单核细胞(PBMC)及自然杀伤(NK)细胞。或者,或另外,可体内,例如在例如Clynes等人,PNAS(USA)95:652-656(1998)中所揭示的动物模型中评价相关分子的ADCC活性。
当测定中具有变异Fc区的多肽与具有野生型Fc区的多肽(或亲本多肽)的量基本上相同时,与具有野生型IgG Fc的多肽或亲本多肽相比,在人类效应细胞存在下“表现增加的ADCC”或更有效介导抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)的包含变异Fc区的多肽,是体外或体内实质上更有效介导ADCC的多肽。一般而言,这些变体将使用如本文中所揭示的体外ADCC测定来鉴别,但涵盖例如在动物模型等中测定ADCC活性的其他测定或方法。在一个实施方案中,优选变体在介导ADCC方面比野生型Fc(或亲本多肽)有效约5倍至约100倍,例如约25倍至约50倍。
“补体依赖性细胞毒性”或“CDC”是指在补体存在下溶解靶细胞。经典补体活化途径是通过补体系统的第一组份(C1q)结合至与其同源抗原结合的(适当亚类的)抗体起始。为评定补体活化,可进行CDC测定,例如如Gazzano-Santoro等人,J.Immunol.Methods(免疫学方法杂志)202:163(1996)中所述。
具有已变化的Fc区氨基酸序列和增加或降低的Clq结合能力的多肽变体描述于美国专利第6,194,551号及WO 99/51642中。那些专利公开的内容特定地以引用的方式并入本文中。也参见Idusogie等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)164:4178-4184(2000)。
“人类效应细胞”是表达一个或多个FcR且执行效应子功能的白细胞。根据一个实施方案,所述细胞至少表达FcγRIII,并且执行ADCC效应子功能。介导ADCC的人类白细胞的实例包括外周血单核细胞(PBMC)、自然杀伤(NK)细胞、单核细胞、细胞毒性T细胞及嗜中性粒细胞;其中PBMC及NK细胞较佳。效应细胞可自其天然来源分离,例如自如本文中所述的血液或PBMC分离。
测量与FcRn的结合的方法是已知的(参见例如Ghetie 1997,Hinton2004)。人类FcRn高亲和力结合多肽与人类FcRn的体内结合以及血清半衰期,可例如在表达人类FcRn的转基因小鼠或转染人类细胞系中测定,或在经施用Fc变异多肽的灵长类动物中测定。在一个实施方案中,特定的具有变异IgG Fc的本发明抗-α5β1抗体,与具有野生型IgG Fc的多肽相比,表现出对人类FcRn的结合亲和力增加至少2倍、至少5倍、至少10倍、至少50倍、至少60倍、至少70倍、至少80倍、至少100倍、至少125倍、至少150倍。在一特定实施方案中,对人类FcRn的结合亲和力增加约170倍。
在一个实施方案中,关于对FcRn的结合亲和力,多肽的EC50或表观Kd(在pH 6.0)小于1μM,优选地小于或等于100nM,更优选小于或等于10nM。在一实施方案中,关于对FcγRIII(F158,也即低亲和力同种型)增加的结合亲和力,EC50或表观Kd小于或等于10nM且对于FcγRIII(V158;高亲和力同种型),EC50或表观Kd小于或等于3nM。根据另一实施方案,若测试抗体与对照抗体结合曲线的中点处吸光值的比率(例如A450nm(抗体)/A450nm(对照抗体))小于或等于40%,则相对于对照抗体(例如抗体),抗体与Fc受体结合的降低可看作相对于对照抗体显著。根据另一实施方案,若测试抗体与对照抗体结合曲线的中点处吸光值的比率(例如A450nm(抗体)/A450nm(对照抗体))大于或等于125%,则相对于对照抗体(例如抗体),抗体与Fc受体结合的增加可视作相对于对照抗体显著。
“亲本多肽”或“亲本抗体”是包含满足以下的氨基酸序列的多肽或抗体:自该氨基酸序列产生的变异多肽或抗体,并且针对该氨基酸序列对变异多肽或抗体进行比较。通常亲本多肽或亲本抗体缺乏一个或多个本文中所揭示的Fc区修饰,且与本文中所揭示的多肽变体效应子功能不同。亲本多肽可包含天然序列Fc区或具有预先存在的氨基酸序列修饰(例如添加、缺失和/或置换)的Fc区。
本发明抗体可源自噬菌体展示。本文中所用“文库”是指复数个抗体或抗体片段序列,或编码这些序列的核酸,所述序列在根据本发明方法引入这些序列中的变异氨基酸的组合方面不同。
“噬菌体展示”是使变异多肽以与衣壳蛋白的至少一部分以融合蛋白的形式展示于噬菌体(例如丝状噬菌体)颗粒表面上的技术。噬菌体展示的效用在于可从随机化蛋白质变体的庞大文库中快速且有效地分选那些以高亲和力结合至靶抗原的序列。在噬菌体上的展示肽和蛋白质文库已经用来在数百万多肽中筛选具有特异性结合性质的多肽。多价噬菌体展示方法已用于通过与丝状噬菌体的基因III或基因VIII融合来展示小随机肽和小蛋白质。Wells及Lowman,Curr.Opin.Struct.Biol.(当前结构生物学观点)3:355-362(1992)及其中所引用的参考文献。在单价噬菌体展示中,使蛋白质或肽文库融合至基因III或其一部分,在野生型基因III蛋白质存在下,以低程度表达,使得噬菌体颗粒展示融合蛋白的一个拷贝或不展示。相对于多价噬菌体而言,亲和力作用降低,因此分选基于固有配体亲和力,并且使用简化了DNA操作的噬菌粒载体。Lowman及Wells,Methods:Acompamon to Methods in Enzymology (方法:酶学方法手册),3:205-0216(1991)。
“噬菌粒”是具有例如ColE1的细菌复制起点及噬菌体的基因区拷贝的质粒载体。噬菌粒可用于任何已知的噬菌体,包括丝状噬菌体和人字形噬菌体。质粒一般也将含有抗生素抗性的可筛选标志。克隆至这些载体中的DNA区段可以以质粒复制。当含有这些载体的细胞具有产生噬菌体颗粒所需的所有基因时,质粒的复制模式变为滚环复制(rolling circlereplication)以产生质粒DNA的一条链的拷贝,且包装噬菌体颗粒。噬菌粒可形成感染性或非感染性噬菌体颗粒。该术语包括含有噬菌体衣壳蛋白基因或其片段的连接至异源多肽基因形成融合体,以使得所述异源多肽展示于噬菌体颗粒表面上的噬菌粒。
术语“噬菌体载体”是指含有异源基因并且能够复制的噬菌体的双链复制形式。噬菌体载体具有允许噬菌体复制及噬菌体颗粒形成的噬菌体复制起点。噬菌体优选是丝状噬菌体,例如M13、f1、fd、Pf3噬菌体或其衍生物;或λ形噬菌体,例如λ、21、phi80、phi81、82、424、434等或其衍生物。
多肽,例如肽体、免疫黏附素、抗体和短肽,的共价修饰包括在本发明的范围内。共价修饰的一种类型包括使多肽的靶向氨基酸残基与有机衍生物反应,该有机衍生物能够与多肽的所选的侧链或N端或C端残基反应。以双功能剂衍生适用于,例如将多肽和用于纯化抗体的方法中的水不溶性持基质或表面交联,并且反之亦然。常用交联剂包括例如1,1-双(重氮乙酰基)-2-苯基乙烷、戊二醛、N-羟基-琥珀酰亚胺酯,例如与4-叠氮基水杨酸形成的酯)、同质双官能酰亚胺酯,包括二琥珀酰亚胺基酯,例如3,3′-二硫代双(琥珀酰亚胺基丙酸酯)、双官能顺丁烯二酰亚胺,例如双-N-顺丁二烯二酰亚胺基-1,8-辛烷)及例如甲基-3-[(对叠氮基苯基)二硫基]丙酰亚胺酯的试剂。
其他修饰包括谷氨酰胺酰基及天冬酰胺酰基残基分别脱酰胺化成相应谷氨酰基及天冬氨酰基残基;脯氨酸及赖氨酸的羟化;丝氨酰基或苏氨酰基残基的经基的磷酸化;赖氨酸、精氨酸及组氨酸侧链的α-氨基的甲基化[T.E.Creighton,Proteins:Structure and Molecular Properties(蛋白质: 结构和分子特性),W.H.Freeman & Co.,San Francisco,第79-86页(1983)];N端氨的乙酰化;及任何C端羧基的酰胺化。
其他修饰包括毒素与拮抗剂缀合,例如美坦生及美坦生类化合物、加利车霉素及其他细胞毒性剂。
多肽的共价修饰的另一类型包含以美国专利第4,640,835号、第4,496,689号、第4,301,144号、第4,670,417号、第4,791,192号或第4,179,337号中所述的方式使多肽连接至多种非蛋白质聚合物,例如聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚丙二醇或聚环氧烷之一。
如果有利,也可以形成包含与另一异源多肽或氨基酸序列(例如免疫黏附素或肽体)融合的多肽的嵌合分子的方式来修饰本发明多肽。
在一个实施方案中,该嵌合分子包含多肽与蛋白质转导结构域的融合体,其使用例如人类免疫缺陷病毒TAT蛋白的蛋白质转导结构域靶向多肽以传递至多个组织,并且更特定的穿过脑血障壁(Schwarze等人,1999,Science(科学)285:1569-72)。
在另一实施方案中,该嵌合分子包含多肽与标签多肽的融合体,标签多肽提供了抗标签抗体能够选择性结合的抗原表位。一般将抗原表位标签置于多肽的氨基端或羧基端。可使用针对标签多肽的抗体检测多肽的这些表位标签形式的存在。又,提供抗原表位标签使得多肽能够轻易地使用抗标签抗体或另一类型的结合至抗原表位标签的亲和力基质通过亲和纯化纯化。本领域中已知多种标签多肽及其相应抗体。实例包括聚-组氨酸(poly-His)或聚-组氨酸-甘氨酸(poly-His-gly);flu HA标签多肽及其抗体12CA5[Field等人,Mol.Cell.Biol.(分子和细胞生物学),8:2159-2165(1988)];c-myc标签及其8F9、3C7、6E10、G4、B7及9E10抗体[Evan等人,Molecular and Cellular Biology(分子和细胞生物学),5:3610-3616(1985)];及单纯性疱疹病毒糖蛋白D(gD)标签及其抗体[Paborsky等人,Protein Engineering (蛋白质工程),3(6):547-553(1990)]。其他标签多肽包括Flag-肽[Hopp等人,BioTechnology(生物技术),6:1204-1210(1988)];KT3抗原表位肽[Martin等人,Science(科学),255:192-194(1992)];α-微管蛋白抗原表位肽[Skinner等人,J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志),266:15163-15166(1991)];及T7基因10蛋白肽标签[Lutz-Freyermuth等人,PNAS USA,87:6393-6397(1990)]。
在一替代实施方案中,嵌合分子可包含多肽与免疫球蛋白或免疫球蛋白的特定区域的融合体。对于嵌合分子(例如“免疫黏附素”)的二价形式而言,该融合体可以是与IgG分子的Fc区的融合体。本发明的Ig融合体包括包含大约或仅人类残基94-243、残基33-53或残基33-52替代Ig分子内的至少一个可变区的多肽。在一特定实施方案中,免疫球蛋白融合体包括IgG1分子的铰链、CH2及CH3区,或铰链、CH1、CH2及CH3区。关于免疫球蛋白融合体的制备,也参见美国专利第5,428,130号。
本发明提供抑制或预防复发性肿瘤生长或复发性癌细胞生长的方法及组合物。在各种实施方案中,癌症是复发性肿瘤生长或复发性癌细胞生长,其中癌细胞数目未显著减少或已增多,或肿瘤尺寸未显著减小或已增大,或癌细胞尺寸未能有任何进一步减小或癌细胞数目未能有任何进一步减少。可通过本领域中已知用于测定对癌细胞治疗的有效性的任何方法体内或体外确定癌细胞是否是复发性肿瘤生长或复发性癌细胞生长。对抗-VEGF治疗有抗性的肿瘤是复发性肿瘤生长的例子。
本文中所揭示的多肽、抗体、拮抗剂或者组合物的“有效量”是足以实施特定的声称的目的的量。“有效量”可根据经验及通过关于所述目的的已知方法确定。
术语“治疗有效量”是指本发明的抗体、多肽或拮抗剂可有效“治疗”哺乳动物(aka患者)的疾病或病症的量。在癌症的情况下,治疗有效量的药物可减少癌细胞的数目减小肿瘤尺寸或重量;抑制(也即,在一定程度上减缓且优选终止)癌细胞浸润至周边器官中;抑制(也即,在一定程度上减缓且优选终止)肿瘤转移;在一定程度上抑制肿瘤生长;和/或在一定程度上缓解与癌症相关的一或多种症状。对于药物可防止现有癌细胞生长和/或杀死现有癌细胞的程度而言,药物可以是细胞生长抑制剂和/或细胞毒性剂。在一实施方案中,治疗有效量是生长抑制量。在另一实施方案中,治疗有效量是延长患者存活期的量。在另一实施例中,治疗有效量是改善患者的无进展存活的量。
在创伤愈合的情况下,术语“有效量”或“治疗有效量”是指可以有效加速或改善受试者创伤愈合的药物量。治疗剂量是对患者表现治疗作用的剂量,并且低于治疗剂量(sub-therapeutic dose)是对所治疗患者不表现治疗作用的剂量。
“慢性创伤”是指不愈合的创伤。参见例如Lazarus等人,Definitionsand guidelines for assessment of wounds and evaluation of healing(评估创伤和评价愈合的定义和指南),Arch.Dermatol.130:489-93(1994)。慢性创伤包括,但不限于,例如动脉溃疡(arterial ulcers)、糖尿病性溃疡(diabeticulcers)、压力性溃疡(pressure ulcers)、静脉溃疡(venous ulcers)等。急性创伤可发展成慢性创伤。急性创伤包括,但不限于,由例如热损伤、外伤、外科手术、大范围皮肤癌切除、深度真菌及细菌感染、血管炎(vasculitis)、硬皮病(scleroderma)、天疱疮(pemphigus)、中毒性表皮坏死溶解(toxic epidermal necrolysis)等引起的创伤。参见例如Buford,Wound Healing and Pressure Sores(创伤愈合和压力性疼痛),HealingWel1.com,出版于2001年10月24日。“普通创伤”是指经历普通创伤愈合修复的创伤。
本发明多肽、抗体、拮抗剂或是组合物的“生长抑制量”是能够体外或体内抑制细胞,尤其肿瘤,例如癌细胞生长的量。可根据经验及通过已知方法或通过本文中所提供的实例来确定为抑制新生性细胞生长的本发明多肽、抗体、拮抗剂或组合物的“生长抑制量”。
本发明多肽、抗体、拮抗剂或组合物的“细胞毒性量”是能够体外或体内引起细胞、尤其肿瘤例如癌细胞破坏的量。可根据经验及通过本领域中已知的方法来确定为抑制新生性细胞生长的本发明多肽、抗体、拮抗剂或组合物的“细胞毒性量”。
本文中的“自身免疫病”是由受试者自身组织产生且针对受试者自身组织的疾病或病症,或其共分离(co-segregate)或表现形式或由其产生的病状。自身免疫病或病症的例子包括,但不限于:关节炎(arthritis)(类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis),例如急性关节炎(acute arthritis)、慢性类风湿性关节炎(chronic rheumatoid arthritis)、痛风性关节炎(goutyarthritis)、急性痛风性关节炎(acute gouty arthritis)、慢性炎性关节炎(chronic inflammatory arthritis)、退行性关节炎(degenerative arthritis)、感染性关节炎(infectious arthritis)、莱姆关节炎(Lyme arthritis)、增生性关节炎(proliferative arthritis)、银屑病性关节炎(psoriatic arthritis)、椎骨关节炎(vertebral arthritis)、及青少年发作型类风湿性关节炎(juvenile-onset rheumatoid arthritis)、骨关节炎(osteoarthritis)、慢性渐进性关节炎(arthritis chronica progrediente)、变形性关节炎(arthritisdeformans)、慢性原发性多发性关节炎(polyarthritis chronica primaria)、反应性关节炎(reactive arthritis)、及僵直性脊椎炎(ankylosingspondylitis)、炎性过增生性皮肤疾病(inflammatory hyperproliferative skindiseases)、银屑病(psoriasis)例如斑块银屑病(plaque psoriasis)、滴状银屑病(gutatte psoriasis)、脓疱性银屑病(pustular psoriasis)、及指甲银屑病(psoriasis of the nails)、皮炎(dermatitis)包括接触性皮炎(contactdermatitis)、慢性接触性皮炎(chronic contact dermatitis)、变应性皮炎(allergic dermatitis)、变应性接触性皮炎(allergic contact dermatitis)、疱疹样皮炎(dermatitis herpetiformis)及特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis)、x连锁高IgM综合征(x-linked hyper IgM syndrome)、荨麻疹(urticaria)例如慢性特发性荨麻疹(chronic idiopathic urticaria),包括慢性自身免疫性荨麻疹(chronic autoimmune urticaria)、多发性肌炎(polymyositis)/皮肌炎(dermatomyositis)、青少年皮肌炎(juvenile dermatomyositis)、中毒性表皮坏死松解症(toxic epidermal necrolysis)、硬皮病(scleroderma)包括系统性硬皮病(systemic scleroderma)、硬化症(sclerosis)例如系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis)、多发性硬化症(multiple sclerosis)(MS)例如脊髓-视觉(spino-optical)MS、原发性进行性(primary progressive)MS及复发缓解型(relapsing remitting)MS、进行性系统性硬化症(progressive systemic sclerosis)、动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis)、动脉硬化(arteriosclerosis)、播散性硬化症(sclerosis disseminata)及共济失调性硬化症(ataxic sclerosis)、炎性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease)(IBD)(例如局限性回肠炎(Crohn′s disease)、结肠炎(colitis)例如溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis)、溃疡性结肠炎(colitis ulcerosa)、微观结肠炎(microscopiccolitis)、胶原性结肠炎(collagenous colitis)、息肉状结肠炎(colitispolyposa)、坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis)及透壁性结肠炎(transmural colitis)、及自身免疫性炎性肠病(autoimmune inflammatorybowel disease))、坏疽性脓皮病(pyoderma gangrenosum)、结节性红斑(erythema nodosum)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosingcholangitis)、巩膜外层炎(episcleritis)、呼吸窘迫综合征(respiratory distresssyndrome)包括成人或急性呼吸窘迫综合征(adult or acute respiratorydistress syndrome)(ARDS)、脑膜炎(meningitis)、葡萄膜全部或部分发炎(inflammation of all or part of the uvea)、虹膜炎(iritis)、脉络膜炎(choroiditis)、自身免疫性血液病症(autoimmune hematological disorder)、类风湿性脊椎炎(rheumatoid spondylitis)、突发性听力损失(sudden hearingloss)、IgE介导的疾病,例如过敏反应(anaphylaxis)及变应性和特异性鼻炎(allergic and atopic rhinitis)、脑炎(encephalitis),例如拉斯穆森氏脑炎(Rasmussen′s encephalitis)及边缘叶和/或脑干脑炎(limbic and/orbrainstem encephalitis)、葡萄膜炎(uveitis),例如前葡萄膜炎(anterioruveitis)、急性前葡萄膜炎(acute anterior uveitis)、肉芽肿性葡萄膜炎(granulomatous uveitis)、非肉芽肿性葡萄膜炎(nongranulomatousuveitis)、晶体状抗原性葡萄膜炎(phacoantigenic uveitis)、后葡萄膜炎(posterior uveitis)或自身免疫性葡萄膜炎(autoimmune uveitis)、伴有及不伴有肾病综合征的肾小球肾炎(glomerulonephritis(GN)with and withoutnephrotic syndrome),例如慢性或急性肾小球肾炎(chronic or acuteglomerulonephritis),例如原发性(primary)GN、免疫介导的(immune-mediated)GN、膜性(membranous)GN(膜性肾病)(membranousnephropathy)、特发性膜性(idiopathic membranous)GN、膜性增生性(membranous proliferative)GN(MPGN)(包括I型及11型)及快速进行性(rapidly progressive)GN)、过敏性病状(allergic conditions)、过敏反应(allergic reaction)、湿疹(eczema),包括过敏性或异位性湿疹(allergic oratopic eczema)、哮喘(asthma),例如支气管哮喘(asthma bronchiale,bronchial asthma)及自身免疫性哮喘(auto-immune asthma)、涉及T细胞浸润及慢性发炎反应的病状、慢性肺部发炎疾病(chronic pulmonaryinflammatory disease)、自身免疫性心肌炎(autoimmune myocarditis)、白细胞黏附缺乏(leukocyte adhesion deficiency)、系统性红斑狼疮(systemiclupus erythematosus(SLE)or systemic lupus erythematodes)(SLE),例如皮肤(cutaneous)SLE、亚急性皮肤红斑狼疮(subacute cutaneous lupuserythematosus)、新生儿狼疮综合征(neonatal lupus syndrome)(NLE)、播散性红斑狼疮(lupus erythematosus disseminatus)、狼疮(lupus)(包括肾炎性(nephritis)、大脑炎性(cerebritis)、儿童性(pediatric)、非肾脏性(non-renal)、圆盘状(discoid)、脱发性(alopecia))、青少年发作型(juvenileonset)(I型)糖尿病(diabetes mellitus),包括儿童胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(pediatric insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)(IDDM))、成人发作型糖尿病(adult onset diabetes mellitus)(II型糖尿病)、自身免疫性糖尿病(autoimmune diabetes)、特发性尿崩症(idiopathic diabetes insipidus)、与由细胞激素及T淋巴细胞介导的急性及迟发超敏性相关的免疫应答(immune responses associated with acute and delayed hypersens itivitymediated by cytokines and T-lymphocytes)、结核病(tuberculosis)、结节病(sarcoidosis)、肉芽肿病(granulomatosis),包括淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病(lymphomatoid granulomatosis)、韦格纳氏肉芽肿(Wegener’sgranulomatosis)、颗粒性白细胞缺乏症(agranulocytosis)、血管病(vasculitides),包括血管炎(vasculitis),包括大血管血管炎(large vesselvasculitis)包括风湿性多肌痛及巨细胞(polymyalgia rheumatica and giantcell)(高安(Takayasu′s))动脉炎)、中等血管血管炎(medium vesselvasculitis)(包括川崎病(Kawasaki′s disease)及结节性多动脉炎(polyarteritis nodosa)、微观多动脉炎(microscopic polyarteritis)、CNS血管炎(vasculitis)、坏死性血管炎(necrotizing)、皮肤血管炎(cutaneous)或超敏性血管炎(hypersensitivity vasculitis)、系统性坏死性血管炎(systemic necrotizing vasculitis)及ANCA相关血管炎(ANCA-associatedvasculitis),例如丘-施(Churg-Strauss)血管炎或综合征(Churg-Straussvasculitis or syndrome)(CSS))、颞动脉炎(temporal arteritis)、再生障碍性贫血(aplastic anemia)、自身免疫性再生障碍性贫血(autoimmune aplasticanemia)、Coombs阳性贫血(Coombs positive anemia)、戴-布贫血(DiamondBlackfan anemia)、溶血性贫血(hemolytic anemia)或免疫溶血性贫血(immune hemolytic anemia)(包括自身免疫性溶血性贫血(autoimmunehemolytic anemia)(AIHA)、恶性贫血(pernicious anemia(anemiaperniciosa))、艾迪生病(Addison′s disease)、单纯红细胞性贫血(pure red cellanemia)或发育不全(aplasia)(PRCA))、因子VIII缺乏(Factor VIIIdeficiency)、A型血友病(hemophilia A)、自身免疫性嗜中性粒细胞减少症(autoimmune neutropenia)、全血球减少症(pancytopenia)、白细胞减少症(leukopenia)、涉及白细胞渗出(leukocyte diapedesis)的疾病、CNS炎性病症(inflammatory disorders)、多器官损伤综合征(multiple organinjury syndrome)例如因败血病(septicemia)、外伤或出血(trauma orhemorrhage)继发的多器官损伤综合征、抗原-抗体复合物介导的疾病、抗肾小球基底膜疾病(anti-glomerular basement membrane disease)、抗磷脂抗体综合征(anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome)、变应性神经炎(allergic neuritis)、白塞病(Bechet′s/Behcet′s disease)、卡斯尔曼综合征(Castleman′s syndrome)、古德帕斯丘综合征(Goodpasture′s syndrome)、Reynaud′s综合征(Reynaud′s syndrome)、舍格伦综合征(Sjogren′ssyndrome)、斯-约二氏综合征(Stevens-Johnson syndrome)、类天疱疮(pemphigoid),例如大疱性类天疱疮(pemphigoid bullous)及皮肤类天疱疮(skin pemphigoid)、天疱疮(pemphigus)(包括寻常型天疱疮(pemphigus vulgaris)、落叶型天疱疮(pemphigus foliaceus)、黏膜类天疱疮(pemphigus mucus-membrane pemphigoid)及红斑性天疱疮(pemphigus erythematosus))、自身免疫性多内分泌病(autoimmunepolyendocrinopathies)、莱特尔(Reiter′s)疾病或综合征、免疫复合物肾炎(immune complex nephritis)、抗体介导性肾炎(antibody-mediatednephritis)、慢性神经病(chronic neuropathy),例如IgM多发性神经病(IgMpolyneuropathies)或IgM介导性神经病(IgM-mediated neuropathy)、血小板减少症(thrombocytopenia)(例如由心肌梗塞(myocardial infarction)患者发展而来)(包括血栓性血小板减少性紫痴(thromboticthrombocytopenic purpura)(TTP)及自身免疫或免疫介导性血小板减少症(autoimmune or immune-mediated thrombocytopenia),例如特发性血小板减少性紫癜(diopathic thrombocytopenic purpura)(ITP)(包括慢性或急性ITP))、睾丸及卵巢的自身免疫病,包括自身免疫性睾丸炎及卵巢炎(autoimune orchitis and oophoritis)、原发性甲状腺功能低下(primaryhypothyroidism)、副甲状腺低能症(hypoparathyroidism)、自身免疫性内分泌疾病,包括甲状腺炎(thyroiditis)例如自身免疫性甲状腺炎(autoimmune thyroiditis)、桥本病(Hashimoto′s disease)、慢性甲状腺炎(chronic thyroiditis)(桥本甲状腺炎(Hashimoto′s thyroiditis))、或亚急性甲状腺炎(subacute thyroiditis)、自身免疫性甲状腺疾病(autoimmunethyroid disease)、特发性甲状腺功能低下(idiopathic hypothyroidism)、格雷夫斯病(Grave′s disease)、多腺体综合征(polyglandular syndromes)例如自身免疫性多腺体综合征(或多腺体内分泌病综合征)、副肿瘤综合征(paraneoplastic syndromes),包括神经性副肿瘤综合征(neurologicparaneoplastic syndromes),例如兰伯特-伊顿肌无力综合征(Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome)或伊顿-兰伯特综合征(Eaton-Lambert syndrome))、僵人综合征(stiff-man or stiff-personsyndrome)、脑脊髓炎(encephalomyelitis),例如变应性脑脊髓炎(allergicencephalomyelitis or encephalomyelitis allergica)及实验性变应性脑脊髓炎(experimental allergic encephalomyelitis)(EAE)、重症肌无力(myastheniagravis)、小脑变性(cerebellar degeneration)、神经性肌强直(neuromyotonia)、眼阵挛-肌阵挛综合征(opsoclonus or opsoclonusmyoclonus syndrome)(OMS),及感觉神经病(sensory neuropathy)、希恩综合征(Sheehan′s syndrome)、自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis)、慢性肝炎(chronic hepatitis)、狼疮状肝炎(lupoid hepatitis)、巨细胞肝炎(giant cell hepatitis)、慢性活动性肝炎(chronic active hepatitis)或自身免疫性慢性活动性肝炎(autoimmune chronic active hepatitis)、淋巴间质肺炎(lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis)、阻塞性细支气管炎(非移植)对NSIP(bronchiolitis obliterans(non-transplant)vs NSIP)、吉兰-巴雷综合征(Guillain-Barrésyndrome)、贝格尔病(Berger′s disease)(IgA肾病)、特发性IgA肾病(idiopathic IgA nephropathy)、线性IgA皮肤病(linear IgAdermatosis)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis)、肺硬变(pneumonocirrhosis)、自身免疫性肠病综合征(autoimmune enteropathysyndrome)、乳靡泻(Celiac disease)、腹腔疾病(Coeliac disease)、乳靡泻(麸质性肠病)(celiac sprue(gluten enteropathy))、难治性口炎性腹泻(refractory sprue)、特发性口炎性腹泻(idiopathic sprue)、冷球蛋白血症(cryoglobulinemia)、肌萎缩性侧索硬化(amylotrophic lateral sclerosis)(ALS;卢·盖里格病(Lou Gehrig′s disease))、冠状动脉疾病(coronary arterydisease)、自身免疫性内耳疾病(autoimmune inner ear disease)(AIED)、或自身免疫性听力损失(autoimmune hearing loss)、眼阵擎肌阵擎综合征(opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome)(OMS)、多软骨炎(polychondritis),例如难治性或复发性多软骨炎、肺泡蛋白沉积症(pulmonary alveolarproteinosis)、淀粉样变性(amyloidosis)、巩膜炎(scleritis)、非癌性淋巴细胞增多症(non-cancerous lymphocytosis)、原发性淋巴细胞增多症(primary lymphocytosis),其包括单克隆B细胞淋巴细胞增多症(monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis)(例如良性单克隆丙种球蛋白病(benignmonoclonal gammopathy)和意义未明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病(monoclonalgarnmopathy of undetermined significance)(MGUS))、外周神经病(peripheral neuropathy)、副肿瘤综合征(paraneoplastic syndrome)、离子通道病(channelopathies),例如症痛症(epilepsy)、偏头痛(migraine)、心律不齐(arrhythmia)、肌肉病症(muscular disorders)、耳聋(deafness)、失明(blindness)、周期性麻痹(periodic paralysi)及CNS离子通道病(channelopathies)、自闭症(autism)、炎性肌病(inflammatory myopathy)、局部区段性肾小球硬化(focal segmental glomerulosclerosis)(FSGS)、内分泌眼病(endocrine ophthalmopathy)、葡萄膜视网膜炎(uveoretinitis)、脉络膜视网膜炎(chorioretinitis)、自身免疫性肝脏科病症(autoimmunehepatological disorder)、肌肉纤维疼痛(fibromyalgia)、多发性内分泌衰竭(multiple endocrine failure)、施密特综合征(Schmidt′s syndrome)、肾上腺炎(adrenalitis)、胃萎缩(gastric atrophy)、初老期痴呆(preseniledementia)、脱髓鞘病(demyelinating diseases),例如自身免疫性脱髓鞘病(autoimmune demyelinating diseases)、糖尿病性肾病(diabeticnephropathy)、心肌梗死后综合征(Dressler′s syndrome)、斑秃(alopeciaareata)、CREST综合征(钙质沉着症(calcinosis)、雷诺现象(Raynaud′sphenomenon)、食道蠕动异常(esophageal dysmotility)、指端硬化(sclerodactyly)及毛细管扩张(telangiectasia))、男性及女性自身免疫性不孕症(male and female autoimmune infertility)、混合结缔组织疾病(mixed connective tissue disease)、恰加斯病(Chagas′disease)、风湿热(rheumatic fever)、反复流产(recurrent abortion)、农民肺(farmer′s lung)、多形性红斑(erythema multiforme)、心切开术后综合征(post-cardiotomysyndrome)、库欣综合征(Cushing′s syndrome)、鸟爱好者肺(bird-fancier′slung)、变应性肉芽肿性血管炎(allergic granulomatous angiitis)、良性淋巴细胞血管炎(benign lymphocytic angiitis)、奥尔波特综合征(Alport′ssyndrome)、肺泡炎(alveolitis),例如过敏性肺泡炎(allergic alveolitis)及纤维化肺泡炎(fibrosing alveolitis)、间质肺病(interstitial lung disease)、输血反应(transfusion reaction)、麻风病(leprosy)、痢疾(malaria)、利什曼体病(leishmaniasis)、锥虫病(kypanosomiasis)、血吸虫病(schistosomiasis)、蛔虫病(ascariasis)、曲霉病(aspergillosis)、萨姆普特氏综合征(Sampter′s syndrome)、卡布兰综合征(Caplan′s syndrome)、登革热(dengue)、心内膜炎(endocarditis)、心内膜心肌纤维化(endomyocardial fibrosis)、弥漫性间质性肺纤维化(diffuse interstitialpulmonary fibrosis)、间质性肺纤维化(interstitial lung fibrosis)、特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)、囊肿性纤维化(cystic fibrosis)、眼内炎(endophthalmitis)、持久性隆起性红斑(erythema elevatum etdiutinum)、胎儿红血球母细胞增多症(erythroblastosis fetalis)、嗜酸性筋膜炎(eosinophilic faciitis)、舒尔曼综合征(Shulman′s syndrome)、费尔蒂氏综合征(Felty′s syndrome)、丝虫病(flariasis)、睫状体炎(cyclitis),例如慢性睫状体炎(chronic cyclitis)、异时性睫状体炎(heterochroniccyclitis)、虹膜睫状体炎(iridocyclitis)或富克斯睫状体炎(Fuch′s cyclitis)、亨诺赫-舍恩莱茵紫癜(Henoch-Schonlein purpura)、人类免疫缺乏病毒(HIV)感染、艾柯病毒感染(echovirus infection)、心肌病(cardiomyopathy)、阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease)、小病毒感染(parvovirus infection)、风疹病毒感染(rubella virus infection)、疫苗接种后综合征(post-vaccinationsyndromes)、先天性风疹感染(congenital rubella infection)、埃巴病毒感染(Epstein-Barr virus infection)、流行性腮炎(mumps)、埃文斯综合征(Evan′s syndrome)、自身免疫性性腺衰竭(autoimmune gonadal failure)、西登哈姆氏舞蹈病(Sydenham′s chorea)、链球菌感染后肾炎(post-streptococcal nephritis)、阻塞血栓性血管炎(thromboangitisubiterans)、甲状腺中毒症(thyrotoxicosis)、脊髓痨(tabes dorsalis)、脉络膜炎(chorioiditis)、巨细胞多肌痛(giant cell polymyalgia)、内分泌眼病(endocrine ophthamopathy)、慢性过敏性肺炎(chronic hypersensitivitypneumonitis)、干燥性角膜结膜炎(keratoconjunctivitis sicca)、流行性角膜结膜炎(epidemic keratoconjunctivitis)、特发性肾脏综合征(idiopathicnephritic syndrome)、微小肾病变(minimal change nephropathy)、良性家族性及局部缺血再灌注损伤(benign familial and ischemia-reperfusioninjury)、视网膜自身免疫性(retinal autoimmunity)、关节炎症(jointinflammation)、支气管炎(bronchitis)、慢性阻塞性气管疾病(chronicobstructive airway disease)、硅肺(silicosis)、口疮(aphthae)、阿弗他性口腔炎(aphthous stomatitis)、动脉硬化病症(arteriosclerotic disorders)、无精子产生症(aspermiogenese)、自身免疫性溶血(autoimmunehemolysis)、结节病(Boeck′s disease)、冷球蛋白血症(cryoglobulinemia)、迪皮特朗擎缩(Dupuytren′s contracture)、晶状体过敏性眼内炎(endophthalmia phacoanaphylactica)、过敏性肠炎(enteritis allergica)、麻风结节性红斑(erythema nodosum leprosum)、特发性面神经麻痹(idiopathic facial paralysis)、慢性疲劳综合征(chronic fatigue syndrome)、风湿热(febris rheumatica)、哈-里综合征(Hamman-Rich′s disease)、感觉神经性听力损失(sensoneural hearing loss)、阵发性血红素尿(haemoglobinuria paroxysmatica)、性腺低能症(hypogonadism)、区域性回肠炎(ileitis regionalis)、白细胞减少症(leucopenia)、传染性单核细胞增多症(mononucleosis infectiosa)、横断性脊髓炎(traverse myelitis)、原发性特发性黏液水肿(primary idiopathic myxedema)、肾病(nephrosis)、交感性眼炎(ophthalmia symphatica)、肉芽肿性睾丸炎(orchitisgranulomatosa)、胰腺炎(pancreatitis)、急性多神经根炎(polyradiculitisacuta)、坏疽性膜皮病(pyoderma gangrenosum)、奎汶氏甲状腺炎(Quervain′s thyreoiditis)、后天性脾萎缩(acquired spenic atrophy)、归因于抗精子抗体的不孕症(infertility due to antispermatozoan antobodies)、非恶性胸腺瘤(non-malignant thymoma)、白斑病(vitiligo)、SCID及埃巴病毒相关疾病(SCID and Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases)、获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)(AIDS)、寄生虫疾病(parasitic diseases),例如利什曼原虫病(Lesihmania)、中毒性休克综合征(toxic-shock syndrome)、食物中毒(food poisoning)、涉及T细胞浸润的病状(conditions involving infiltration of T cells)、白细胞黏附缺乏(leukocyte-adhesion deficiency)、与由细胞因子及T淋巴细胞介导的急性及迟发过敏性相关的免疫反应、涉及白细胞渗出(leukocyte diapedesis)的疾病、多器官损伤综合征(multiple organ injury syndrome)、抗原-抗体复合物介导的疾病、抗肾小球基底膜疾病(antiglomerular basementmembrane disease)、变应性神经炎(allergic neuritis)、自身免疫性多内分泌病(autoimmune polyendocrinopathies)、卵巢炎(oophoritis)、原发性黏液水肿(primary myxedema)、自身免疫性萎缩性胃炎(autoimmune atrophicgastritis)、交感性眼炎(sympathetic ophthalmia)、风湿病(rheumaticdiseases)、混合结缔组织疾病(mixed connective tissue disease)、肾病综合征(nephrotic syndrome)、胰岛炎(insulitis)、多发性内分泌衰竭(polyendocrine failure)、外周神经病(peripheral neuropathy)、I型自身免疫性多腺综合征(autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I)、成人发作型特发性副甲状腺低能症(adult-onset idiopathic hypoparathyroidism)(AOIH)、全头秃(alopecia totalis)、扩张型心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy)、后天性表皮分解性水疱症(epidermolisis bullosa acquisita)(EBA)、血色素沉着症(hemochromatosis)、心肌炎(myocarditis)、肾病综合征(nephroticsyndrome)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis)、化脓性或非化脓性窦炎(purulent or nonpurulent sinusitis)、急性或慢性窦炎(acute or chronic sinusitis)、筛窦、额窦、上颌窦或蝶窦的窦炎(ethmoid、frontal、maxillary、or sphenoid sinusitis)、嗜酸性粒细胞相关病症(eosinophil-related disorder),例如嗜酸性细胞增多症(eosinophilia)、肺浸润嗜酸细胞增多症(pulmonary infiltration eosinophilia)、嗜酸细胞增多-肌痛综合征(eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome)、吕弗勒综合征(Loffler′ssyndrome)、慢性嗜酸细胞性肺炎(chronic eosinophilic pneumonia)、热带肺部嗜酸细胞增多症(tropical pulmonary eosinophilia)、支气管肺炎曲霉病(bronchopneumonic aspergillosis)、曲霉肿(aspergilloma)或含有嗜酸粒细胞的肉芽肿(granulomas containing eosinophils)、过敏反应(anaphylaxis)、血清反应阴性的脊椎关节病(seronegativespondyloarthritides)、多发性内分泌自身免疫病(polyendocrine autoimmunedisease)、硬化性胆管炎(sclerosing cholangitis)、巩膜、巩膜外层、慢性粘膜皮肤念珠菌病(sclera,episclera,chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis)、布鲁顿综合征(Bruton′s syndrome)、婴儿期暂时性低丙种球蛋白血症(transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy)、维斯科特-奥尔德里奇综合征(Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome)、共济失调毛细管扩张症(ataxiatelangiectasia)、与胶原病有关的自身免疫性病症、风湿(rheumatism)、神经性疾病(neurological disease)、局部缺血性再灌注病症(ischemicre-perfusion disorder)、血压降低反应(reduction in blood pressureresponse)、血管功能障碍(vascular dysfunction)、血管扩张(antgiectasis)、组织损伤(tissue injury)、心血管缺血(cardiovascular ischemia)、痛觉过敏(hyperalgesia)、大脑缺血(cerebral ischemia)、及伴随有血管形成的疾病(disease accompanying vascularization)、过敏性病症(allergichypersensitivity disorders)、肾小球肾炎(glomerulonephritides)、再灌注损伤(reperfusion injury)、心肌或其他组织的再灌注损伤(reperfusion injuryof myocardial or other tissues)、具有急性发炎成分的皮肤病(dermatoseswith acute inflammatory components)、急性化脓性脑膜炎(acute purulentmeningitis)或其他中枢神经系统炎性病症(central nervous systeminflammatory disorders)、粒细胞输血相关综合征(granulocytetransfusion-associated syndromes)、细胞因子诱发的毒性(cytokine-inducedtoxicity)、急性重度炎症(acute serious inflammation)、慢性难治性炎症(chronic intractable inflammation)、肾孟炎(pyelitis)、肺硬变(pneumonocirrhosis)、糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy)、糖尿病性大动脉病症(diabetic large-artery disorder)、动脉内增生(endarterialhyperplasia)、消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer)、瓣膜炎(valvulitis)及子宫内膜异位症(endometriosis)。
术语“检测”意欲包括测定物质的存在与否或对物质的量进行定量。因此该术语是指使用本发明的材料、组合物及方法来进行定性和定量测定。一般来说,用于检测的特定技术对于本发明的实施并不关键。
举例来说,根据本发明“检测”可包括:观察α5基因产物、β1基因产物(例如mRNA分子),或“α5”或“α5β1”多肽存在与否;“α5”或“α5β1”多肽水平或与靶标结合量的变化;α5或α5β1多肽生物功能/活性的变化。在一些实施方案中,“检测”可包括检测野生型α5或α5β1水平(例如mRNA或多肽水平)。检测可以包括定量任何值与对照相比较时至少约5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、100%或更多的变化(例如增加或降低)。检测可包括定量任何值的至少约2倍、3倍、4倍、5倍、6倍、7倍、8倍、9倍、10倍或更高,例如20倍、30倍、4-倍、50倍、60倍、70倍、80倍、90倍、100倍或更高的变化。
本文中所使用的“标记物”是指直接或间接结合至抗体的可检测化合物或组合物。标记物自身可通过其自身检测(例如放射性同位素标记物或荧光标记物),或在酶促标记物的情况下,可以催化底物化合物或组合物的可检测的化学变化。
III.抗-α5β1抗体
本文中提供可结合人类α5β1且竞争性抑制抗α5β1 18C12抗体与人类α5β1的结合的抗体。因此,本发明的一个实施方案提供了包含SEQ IDNOS:2、3、4、5、6、7或8中任一个可变轻链(VL)序列和SEQ ID NOS:9、10、11、12、13或14中任一个可变重链(VH)序列的抗体。也涵盖本文中所述抗-α5β1抗体的人类或嵌合(包括例如人源化)形式抗体。
根据一个实施方案,抗体以介于500nM与1pM之间的Kd结合人类α5β1。在某些实施方案中,本文中所提供的抗体具有≤1μM、≤100nM、≤10nM、≤1nM、≤0.1nM、≤0.01nM或≤0.001nM(例如10-8M或以下,例如10-8M至10-13M,例如10-9M至10-13M)的解离常数(Kd)。根据另一实施方案,抗体不结合αVβ3或αVβ5或αVβ1。根据另一实施方案,抗体包含人类IgG,例如人类IgG1或人类IgG4的Fc序列。在另一实施方案中,Fc序列已经改变或变化以使得其缺乏抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)效应子功能,其通常与其与Fc受体(FcRs)的结合有关。存在许多可以改变效应子功能的Fc序列变化或突变的实例。举例来说,WO 00/42072及Shields等人,J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志)9(2):6591-6604(2001)描述与FcR的结合提高或降低的抗体变体。那些公开的内容特定地以引用的方式并入本文中。抗体可以是Fab、Fab′、F(ab)′2、单链Fv(scFv)、Fv片段,以及双抗体和线性抗体形式。又,抗体可以结合至α5β1且是α5β1拮抗剂,但也结合一种或多种其他靶标并抑制其功能(例如VEGF)的多特异性抗体,或是结合至α5β1上的两个或两个以上不同位点的多特异性抗体。抗体可偶联治疗剂(例如细胞毒性剂、放射性同位素及化疗剂)或结合通过成像检测患者样品中或体内的α5β1的标记物(例如放射性同位素、荧光染料和酶)。
也涵盖编码抗-α5β1抗体的核酸分子、包含编码一个或两个可变结构域的核酸分子的表达载体和包含所述核酸分子的细胞。这些抗体可用于本文中所述的疗法中并且用以检测患者样品中(例如使用FACS、免疫组织化学(IHC)、ELISA测定)或患者体内的α5β1蛋白。
A.单克隆抗体
单克隆抗体可例如使用杂交瘤方法(例如Kohler及Milstein,Nature(自然),256:495(1975)所述的方法)制备,或可通过重组DNA方法(美国专利第4,816,567号)制得,或可通过下文实例中的本文所述方法产生。在杂交瘤方法中,仓鼠、小鼠或其他适当宿主动物通常经免疫剂(例如单独或与适合载体组合的α5、β1或α5β1多肽)免疫以引出产生或能够产生将特异性结合至该免疫剂的抗体的淋巴细胞。或者,淋巴细胞可经体外免疫。
免疫剂典型地包括相关蛋白质的多肽或融合蛋白或包含该蛋白质的组合物。一般而言,若需要人类来源的细胞,则使用外周血淋巴细胞(“PBLs”);或若需要非人类哺乳动物来源,则使用脾细胞或淋巴细胞。随后使用合适的融合剂,例如聚乙二醇,将淋巴细胞与永生细胞系融合以形成杂交瘤细胞。Goding,MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES:PRINCIPLESAND PRACTICE(单克隆抗体:原理和实践)(New York:Academic Press,1986),第59-103页。永生细胞系通常是经转化的哺乳动物细胞,尤其是啮齿动物、牛及人类来源的骨髓瘤细胞。通常采用大鼠或小鼠骨髓瘤细胞系。可将杂交瘤细胞在合适的培养基中培养,其优选含有一种或多种抑制未融合的永生细胞生长或存活的物质。举例来说,若亲本细胞缺乏酶——次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤焦磷酸核糖转移酶(HGPRT或HPRT),则杂交瘤的培养基通常将包括次黄嘌呤、氨基蝶呤及胸苷(“HAT培养基”),该物质阻止HGPRT缺陷细胞的生长。
优选的永生细胞系是有效融合、支持通过所选择的抗体产生细胞稳定地高水平表达抗体,并且对例如HAT培养基的培养基敏感的细胞系。更优选的永生细胞系是鼠骨髓瘤细胞系,其可获自例如Salk Institute CellDistribution Center,San Diego,California及美国菌种保存中心(AmericanType Culture Collection,Manassas,Virginia)。用于产生人类单克隆抗体的人类骨髓瘤及小鼠-人类融合骨髓瘤细胞系也已经被描述。Kozber,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志),133:3001(1984);Brodeur等人MONOCLONALANTIBODY PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS(单克隆抗体产生技术和应用)(Marcel Dekker,Inc.:New York,1987),第51-63页。
随后可在培养杂交瘤细胞的培养基中测定针对多肽的单克隆抗体的存在。可通过免疫沉淀或通过体外结合测定,例如放射免疫测定(RIA)或酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)测定由杂交瘤细胞所产生的单克隆抗体的结合特异性。本领域中这些技术和测定是已知的。可例如通过Munson及Pollard,Anal.Biochem.,107:220(1980)的Scatchard分析来测定单克隆抗体的结合亲和力。
在鉴别出所需杂交瘤细胞之后,可通过有限稀释法使克隆形成亚克隆并通过标准方法使其生长。Goding,同上。适合于实现此目的的培养基包括例如杜贝卡氏改良依格尔培养基(Dulbecco′s Modified Eagle′sMedium)和RPMI-1640培养基。或者,可使杂交瘤细胞在哺乳动物体内以腹水形式进行体内生长。
由亚克隆分泌的单克隆抗体可通过例如蛋白A-琼脂糖、羟基磷灰石层析、凝胶电泳、透析或亲和层析等常规免疫球蛋白纯化程序自培养基或腹水中分离或纯化。
也可通过例如美国专利第4,816,567号中描述的重组DNA方法制得单克隆抗体。可使用常规程序(例如通过使用能够与编码鼠类抗体的重链和轻链的基因特异性结合的寡核苷酸探针)轻易地分离并测序编码本发明单克隆抗体的DNA。本发明的杂交瘤细胞作为该DNA的优选来源。经分离后,可将DNA置于表达载体中,随后将表达载体转染至不另外产生免疫球蛋白的宿主细胞(例如猿COS细胞、中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞或骨髓瘤细胞)中,以在重组宿主细胞内获得单克隆抗体的合成。也可以例如通过以人类重链和轻链恒定结构域的编码序列替代同源鼠序列(美国专利第4,816,567号;Morrison等人,同上),或通过将非免疫球蛋白多肽的编码序列的全部或一部分共价结合至免疫球蛋白编码序列来修饰DNA。该非免疫球蛋白多肽可替代本发明抗体的恒定结构域,或可替代本发明抗体的一个抗原结合位点的可变结构域以产生嵌合二价抗体。
抗体可以是单价抗体。本领域中已经知晓制备单价抗体的方法。举例来说,一种方法涉及免疫球蛋白轻链和经修饰重链的重组表达。一般重链在Fc区中的任一点截短以防止重链交联。或者,相关半胱氨酸残基经另一氨基酸残基置换或缺失以防止交联。
体外方法也适于制备单价抗体。可使用但不限于,本领域中已知的技术来实现抗体的消化来制备其片段,尤其Fab片段。
B.人类抗体
在某些实施方案中,本文中所提供的抗体是人类抗体。可使用本领域中已知的各种技术来制备人类抗体。人类抗体一般描述于van Dijk和van de Winkel,Curr.Opin.Pharmacol.(当前药学观点)5:368-74(2001)以及Lonberg,Curr.Opin.Immunol.(当前免疫学观点)20:450-459(2008)。
可通过向已经经过修饰因而对于抗原攻击刺激产生完整人类抗体或具有人类可变区的完整抗体的转基因动物施用免疫原,来制备人类抗体。这些动物通常含有全部或一部分人类免疫球蛋白基因座,其替代了内源免疫球蛋白基因座,或存在于染色体外或随机整合于动物染色体内。在这些转基因小鼠中,内源免疫球蛋白基因座一般已经不活化。关于从转基因动物获得人类抗体的方法的综述,参见Lonberg,Nat.Biotech.(自然生物技术)23:1117-1125(2005)。也参见例如描述XENOMOUSETM技术的美国专利第6,075,181号及第6,150,584号;描述技术的美国专利第5,770,429号;描述技术的美国专利第7,041,870号;及描述技术的美国专利申请公开文本第US 2007/0061900号。这些动物产生的完整抗体的人类可变区可进一步修饰,例如通过与不同人类恒定区组合。
人类抗体也可通过基于杂交瘤的方法制得。用于产生人类单克隆抗体的人类骨髓瘤及小鼠-人类融合骨髓瘤细胞系已经描述。(参见例如Kozbor J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志),133:3001(1984)Brodeur等人,Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications(单克隆抗体产生技术及应用),第51-63页(Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,1987);和Boerner等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志),147:86(1991))通过人类B细胞杂交瘤技术产生的人类抗体也在Li等人,PNAS.USA,103:3557-3562(2006)中描述。其他方法包括例如美国专利第7,189,826号(描述由杂交瘤细胞系产生单克隆人类IgM抗体)及Ni,XiandaiMianyixue,26(4):265-268(2006)(描述人类-人类杂交瘤)中所述的那些方法。人类杂交瘤技术(Trioma技术)也于Vollmers和Brandlein,Histologyand Histopathology(组织学和组织病理学),20(3):927-937(2005);及Vollmers和Brandlein,Methods and Findings in Experimental and ClinicalPharmacology(实验和临床药学方法和发现),27(3):185-91(2005)中描述。
也可通过分离选自源自人类噬菌体展示文库的Fv克隆可变结构域序列产生人类抗体。随后可将这些可变结构域序列与所需人类恒定结构域组合。下文描述自抗体文库选择人类抗体的技术。
C.源自文库的抗体。
可通过在组合文库中筛选具有所需活性的抗体来分离本发明抗体。举例来说,本领域中已知多种用于产生噬菌体展示文库并且在这些文库中筛选具有所需结合特征的抗体的方法。这些方法于例如Hoogenboom等人,Methods in Molecular Biology(分子生物学方法)178:1-37(O′Brien等人编,Human Press,Totowa,NJ,2001)中评述,并且进一步于例如McCafferty等人,Nature (自然)348:552-554;Clackso等人,Nature (自然)352:624-628(1991);Marks等人,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志)222:581-597(1992);Marks及Bradbury,Methods in Molecular Biology(分子生物学方法)248:161-175(Lo编,Human Press,Totowa,NJ,2003);Sidhu等人,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志)338(2):299-310(2004);Lee等人,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志)340(5):1073-1093(2004);Fellouse,PNAS USA 101(34):12467-12472(2004)和Lee等人,J.Immunol.Methods(免疫学方法杂志)284(1-2):119-132(2004)中描述。
在某些噬菌体展示方法中,VH及VL基因库(repertoire)是通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分别克隆并且随机重组于噬菌体文库中,随后可如Winter等人,Ann.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述),12:433-455(1994)中所述在其中筛选抗原结合噬菌体。噬菌体通常呈现单链Fv(scFv)片段或Fab片段形式的抗体片段。来自免疫来源的文库无需构建杂交瘤即可提供免疫原的高亲和力抗体。或者,天然库可经克隆(例如自人类)以在无任何免疫的情况下提供针对多种非自体抗原以及自体抗原的抗体单一来源,如Griffiths等人,EMBO J,12:725-734(1993)所述。最后,也可以通过从干细胞克隆未重排的V基因区段,并且使用含有随机序列的PCR引物来编码高变性CDR3区,并且实现体外重排来合成制得天然文库,如Hoogenboom及Winter,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志),227:381-388(1992)所述。描述人类抗体噬菌体文库的专利公开物包括例如:美国专利第5,750,373号,及美国专利公开第2005/0079574号、第2005/0119455号、第2005/0266000号、第2007/0117126号、第2007/0160598号、第2007/0237764号、第2007/0292936号和第2009/0002360号。
从人类抗体文库分离的抗体或抗体片段被视为本文的人类抗体或人类抗体片段。
D.嵌合及人源化抗体
在某些实施方案中,本文中所提供的抗体是嵌合抗体。某些嵌合抗体于例如美国专利第4,816,567号;及Morrison等人,PNAS USA,81:6851-6855(1984)中描述。在一个实例中,嵌合抗体包含非人类可变区(例如源自小鼠、大鼠、仓鼠、兔或例如猴的非人类灵长类动物的可变区)及人类恒定区。在另一实例中,嵌合抗体是种类或亚类已经自亲本抗体的种类或亚类发生变化的“种类转变”抗体。嵌合抗体包括其抗原结合片段。
在某些实施方案中,嵌合抗体是人源化抗体。通常,非人类抗体经人源化以降低对人类的免疫原性,同时保持亲本非人类抗体的特异性及亲和力。一般而言,人源化抗体包含一个或多个可变结构域,其中HVRs,例如CDRs(或其部分)源自非人类抗体,且FRs(或其部分)是源自人类抗体序列。人源化抗体视情况也将包含人类恒定区的至少一部分。在一些实施方案中,人源化抗体中的一些FR残基经来自非人类抗体(例如HVR残基所源自的抗体)的相应残基置换,例如以恢复或提高抗体特异性或亲和力。
人源化抗体及其制备方法于例如Almagro和Fransson,Front.Biosci.13:1619-1633(2008)中评述,且进一步于例如Riechmann等人,Nature(自然)332:323-329(1988);Queen等人,PNAS USA 86:10029-10033(1989)美国专利第5,821,337号、第7,527,791号、第6,982,321号和第7,087,409号;Kashmiri等人,Methods(方法)36:25-34(2005)(描述SDR(a-CDR)移植)Padlan,Mol.Immunol.(分子免疫学)28:489-498(1991)(描述“表面重整”);Dall′Acqua等人,Methods 36:43-60(2005)(描述“FR重组(shuffling)”)及Osboum等人,Methods(方法)36:61-68(2005)和Klimka等人,Br.J.Cancer(英国癌症杂志),83:252-260(2000)(描述FR重组(shuffling)的“导向选择”方法)中描述。
可用于人源化的人类构架区包括,但不限于,使用“最佳拟合”法选择的构架区(参见例如Sims等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)151:2296(1993));源自特定亚群的轻链或重链可变区的人类抗体共同序列的构架区(参见例如Carter等人,PNAS USA,89:4285(1992)及Presta等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志),151:2623(1993));人类成熟(体细胞突变)构架区或人类生殖系构架区(参见例如Almagro及Fransson,Front.Biosci.13:1619-1633(2008));及源自筛选FR文库的构架区(参见例如Baca等人,J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志)272:10678-10684(1997)及Rosok等人,J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志)271:22611-22618(1996))。
E.多特异性抗体
在某些实施方案中,本文中所提供的抗体是多特异性抗体,例如双特异性抗体。多特异性抗体是对至少两个不同位点具有结合特异性的单克隆抗体。在某些实施方案中,一种结合特异性是针对α5β1而另一种是针对任何其他抗原(例如VEGF)。在某些实施方案中,双特异性抗体可结合至α5β1的两个不同抗原表位。双特异性抗体也可用于将细胞毒性剂定位于表达α5β1的细胞。双特异性抗体可制成全长抗体或抗体片段形式。
制造多特异性抗体的技术包括,但不限于,具有不同特异性的两个免疫球蛋白重链-轻链对的重组共表达(参见Milstein及Cuello,Nature(自然)305:537(1983);WO 93/08829;及Traunecker等人,EMBO J.10:3655(1991)),及“凸起-入-孔洞(knob-in-hole)”工程改造(参见例如美国专利第5,731,168号)。也可通过以下方法制得多特异性抗体:工程改造用于制备抗体Fc-异二聚体的静电导引作用(WO 2009/089004A1);将两种或两种以上抗体或片段交联(参见例如美国专利第4,676,980号,及Brennan等人Science(科学),229:81(1985));使用亮氨酸拉链来产生双特异性抗体(参见例如Kostelny等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志),148(5):1547-1553(1992));使用“双抗体”技术来制得双特异性抗体片段(参见例如Hollinger等人,PNAS USA,90:6444-6448(1993));及使用单链Fv(sFv)二聚体(参见例如Gruber等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志),152:5368(1994))及如例如Tutt等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)147:60(1991)中所述制备三特异性抗体。
本文中也包括具有三个或三个以上功能性抗原结合位点的经工程改造抗体,包括“章鱼抗体(Octopus antibodies)”(参见例如US2006/0025576A1)。本文中的抗体或片段也包括包含结合至α5β1以及另一不同抗原的抗原结合位点的“双重作用FAb或“DAF”(例如参见US2008/0069820)。
F.抗体变体
在某些实施方案中,涵盖本文中所提供抗体的氨基酸序列变体。举例来说,可能需要其来提高抗体的结合亲和力和/或其他生物特性。可通过在编码抗体的核苷酸序列中引入适当修饰或通过肽合成来制备抗体的氨基酸序列变体。这些修饰包括例如抗体氨基酸序列内的残基缺失和/或插入其中和/或对其进行置换。可进行缺失、插入和置换的任何组合以获得最终构建体,其限制条件是最终构建体具有所需特征,例如抗原结合。
1.置换、插入和缺失变体
在某些实施方案中,提供具有一个或多个氨基酸置换的抗体变体。用于置换性诱变的相关位点包括HVRs和FRs的保守性置换列于表1中的“保守性置换”的标题下。更多实质性变化于表1中的“示例性置换”的标题下提供且如下文关于氨基酸侧链种类进一步描述。可将氨基酸置换引入相关抗体中并筛选具有所需活性,例如保持/提高的抗原结合、降低的免疫原性、或提高的ADCC或CDC的产物。
表1
原始残基 | 示例性置换 | 优选的置换 |
Ala(A) | Val;Leu;Ile | Val |
Arg(R) | Lys;Gln;Asn | Lys |
Asn(N) | Gln;His;Asp,Lys;Arg | Gln |
Asp(D) | Glu;Asn | Glu |
Cys(C) | Ser;Ala | Ser |
Gln(Q) | Asn;Glu | Asn |
Glu(E) | Asp;Gln | Asp |
Gly(G) | Ala | Ala |
His(H) | Asn;Gln;Lys;Arg | Arg |
Ile(I) | Leu;Val;Met;Ala;Phe;正亮氨酸 | Leu |
Leu(L) | 正亮氨酸;Ile;Val;Met;Ala;Phe | Ile |
Lys(K) | Arg;Gln;Asn | Arg |
Met(M) | Leu;Phe;Ile | Leu |
Phe(F) | Trp;Leu;Val;Ile;Ala;Tyr | Tyr |
Pro(P) | Ala | Ala |
Ser(S) | Thr | Thr |
Thr(T) | Val;Ser | Ser |
Trp(W) | Tyr;Phe | Tyr |
Tyr(Y) | Trp;Phe;Thr;Ser | Phe |
Val(V) | Ile;Leu;Met;Phe;Ala;正亮氨酸 | Leu |
可根据常见侧链特性将氨基酸分组:
(1)疏水性:正亮氨酸、Met、Ala、Val、Leu、Ile;
(2)中性亲水性Cys、Ser、Thr、Asn、Gln;
(3)酸性Asp、Glu;
(4)碱性His、Lys、Arg;
(5)影响链取向的残基:Gly、Pro
(6)芳香性Trp、Tyr、Phe。
非保守性置换将需要将一种这些种类中的成员换成另一种类。
一种类型的置换变体涉及置换亲本抗体(例如人源化抗体或人类抗体)的一个或多个高变区残基。一般而言,选择用于进一步研究的所得变体的某些生物学特性相对于亲本抗体改变(例如提高)(例如亲和力增加、免疫原性降低)和/或将实质上保持亲本抗体的某些生物学特性。示例性置换变体是亲和力成熟抗体,其可例如使用基于噬菌体展示的亲和力成熟技术,例如本文中所述的那些,方便地产生。简言之,一个或多个HVR残基被突变,且变异抗体呈现于噬菌体上,并针对特定生物活性(例如结合亲和力)对其进行筛选。
可在HVR中进行改变(例如置换),例如以提高抗体亲和力。这些改变可于HVR“热点”也即由在体细胞成熟过程中经历高频率突变的密码子编码的残基中进行(参见例如Chowdhury,Methods Mol.Biol.(分子生物学方法)207:179-196(2008));和/或于SDRs(a-CDRs),其中测试所得变异VH或VL的结合亲和力。通过构建并且自第二文库重新选择而获得的亲和力成熟已于例如Hoogenboom等人,Methods in Molecular Biology(分子生物学方法)178:1-37(O′Brien等人编Human Press,Totowa,NJ,(2001).)中描述。在亲和力成熟的一些实施方案中,通过多种方法(例如易错PCR(error-prone PCR)、链重组(shuffling)或寡核苷酸定向诱变)中任一种将多样性引入经选择以供成熟的可变基因中。随后产生第二文库。随后筛选该文库以鉴别具有所需亲和力的任何抗体变体。另一引入多样性的方法涉及HVR定向方法,其中随机选择若干个HVR残基(例如每次4-6个残基)。可例如使用丙氨酸扫描诱变或模型化特定地鉴别抗原结合中所涉及的HVR残基。特定地,通常靶向CDR-H3及CDR-L3。
在某些实施方案中,置换、插入或缺失可在一个或多个HVR内进行,只要这些改变不实质上降低抗体结合抗原的能力即可。举例来说,可在HVR中进行不实质上降低结合亲和力的保守性改变(例如如本文中所提供的保守性置换)。这些改变可在HVR“热点”或SDR外部。在上文提供的变异VH及VL序列的某些实施方案中,各HVR未经改变,或含有不超过一个、两个或三个氨基酸置换。
适用于鉴别可靶向以供诱变的抗体的残基或区域的方法称作“丙氨酸扫描诱变”如Cunningham及Wells(1989)Science(科学),244:1081-1085所述。在此方法中,残基或靶残基的群(例如诸如arg、asp、his、lys及glu的带电残基)经鉴别且由中性或带负电氨基酸(例如丙氨酸或聚丙氨酸)置换以确定是否影响抗体与抗原的相互作用。可在对初始置换显示功能敏感性的氨基酸位置处引入其他置换。或者或另外,抗原-抗体复合物的晶体结构用于鉴别抗体与抗原之间的接触点。这些接触残基及邻近残基可以作为置换候选物被靶向或消除。可以筛选变体以确定其是否含有所需特性。
氨基酸序列插入物包括长度在一个残基至含有一百个或一百个以上残基的多肽范围内的氨基端和/或羧基端融合体,以及单个或多个氨基酸残基的序列内插入物。末端插入物的实例包括具有N端甲硫胺酰基残基的抗体。抗体分子的其他插入变体包括抗体的N端或C端与酶(例如对于ADEPT而言)或增加抗体的血清半衰期的多肽的融合体。
2.糖基化变体
在某些实施方案中,本文中所提供的抗体经改变以增加或降低抗体经糖基化的程度。对抗体的糖基化位点的添加或缺失可通过改变氨基酸序列以便产生或移除一或多个糖基化位点而方便地实现。
若抗体包含Fc区,则与其连接的糖类可以被改变。由哺乳动物细胞产生的天然抗体通常包含一般通过N-连接与Fc区CH2结构域的Asn297连接的分支链双触角寡糖。参见例如Wright等人,TIBTECH 15:26-32(1997)。寡糖可包括多种糖类,例如甘露糖、N-乙酰葡糖胺(GlcNAc)、半乳糖及唾液酸,以及与双触角寡糖结构的“主干”中的GlcNAc连接的岩藻糖。在一些实施方案中,可对本发明抗体中的寡糖进行修饰以产生具有某些改良特性的抗体变体。
在一实施方案中,提供具有缺乏与Fc区连接(直接或间接)的岩藻糖的糖结构的抗体变体。举例来说,该抗体中岩藻糖的量可以是1%至80%、1%至65%、5%至65%或20%至40%。通过相对于根据MALDI-TOF质谱法所测量的所有与Asn 297连接的糖结构(例如复合型、杂合型及高甘露糖型结构)的总和,计算糖链内Asn297处岩藻糖的平均量来测定岩藻糖的量,例如如WO 2008/077546中所述。Asn297是指位于Fc区中约位置297处(Fc区残基的Eu编号)的天冬酰胺残基;然而,由于抗体中的微小序列变化,Asn297也可能位于位置297上游或下游约±3个氨基酸处,也即介于位置294与300之间。这些岩藻糖基化变体可具有提高的ADCC功能。参见例如美国专利公开第US 2003/0157108号(Presta,L.);第US2004/0093621号(Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co.,Ltd)。与“去岩藻糖基”或“岩藻糖缺乏”抗体变体有关的公开文本的实例包括US 2003/0157108;WO2000/61739;WO 2001/29246;US 2003/0115614;US 2002/0164328;US2004/0093621;US 2004/0132140;US 2004/0110704;US 2004/0110282;US 2004/0109865;WO 2003/085119;WO 2003/084570;WO 2005/035586;WO 2005/035778;WO 2005/053742;WO 2002/031140;Okazaki等人,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志)336:1239-1249(2004);Yamane-Ohnuki等人,Biotech.Bioeng.(生物技术和生物工程)87:614(2004)。能够产生脱除岩藻糖基的抗体的细胞系的实例包括蛋白质岩藻糖基化缺乏的Lec13CHO细胞(Ripka等人Arch.Biochem.Biophys.249:533-545(1986);美国专利申请案第US 2003/0157108Al号,Presta,L及WO 2004/056312Al,Adams等人,尤其实例11);及基因敲除细胞系,例如α-1,6-岩藻糖基转移酶基因、FUT8、基因敲除CHO细胞(参见例如Yamane-Ohnuki等人,Biotech.Bioeng.(生物技术和生物工程)87:614(2004);Kanda,Y.等人,Biotechnol.Bioeng.(生物技术和生物工程),94(4):680-688(2006);及WO2003/085107)。
进一步提供具有平分型寡糖(bisected oligosaccharide)的抗体变体,例如其中与抗体的Fc区连接的双触角寡糖经GlcNAc平分。这些抗体变体可具有降低的岩藻糖基化和/或提高的ADCC功能。这些抗体变体的实例例如于WO 2003/011878(Jean-Mairet等人);美国专利第6,602,684号(Umana等人);及US 2005/0123546(Umana等人)中描述。也提供在与Fc区连接的寡糖中具有至少一个半乳糖残基的抗体变体。这些抗体变体可具有提高的CDC功能。这些抗体变体于例如WO 1997/30087(Patel等人);WO 1998/58964(Raju,S.);及WO 1999/22764(Raju,S.)中描述。
3.Fc区变体
在某些实施方案中,可在本文中所提供抗体的Fc区中引入一个或多个氨基酸修饰,以此产生Fc区变体,以便增强例如抗体治疗涉及异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的疾病或病症的有效性。Fc区变体可包含在一或多个氨基酸位置处包含氨基酸修饰(例如置换)的人类Fc区序列(例如人类IgG1、IgG2、IgG3或IgG4Fc区)。
在某些实施方案中,本发明涵盖具有一些但非所有效应子功能的抗体变体,这使其成为某些应用的理想候选物,在所述应用中抗体的活体内半衰期是重要的,但某些效应子功能(例如补体及ADCC)是不必要或有害的。可进行体外和/或体内细胞毒性测定以确认CDC和/或ADCC活性的降低/衰竭。举例来说,可进行Fc受体(FcR)结合测定以确保抗体缺乏FcγR结合(因此可能缺乏ADCC活性),但保持FcRn结合能力。介导ADCC的初级细胞、NK细胞仅表达FcγRIII,而单核细胞表达FcγRI、FcγRII及FcγRIII。FcR在造血细胞上的表达于Ravetch及Kinet,Annu.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)9:457-492(1991)的第464页上的表3中总结。评定相关分子的ADCC活性的体外测定的非限制性实例于美国专利第5,500,362号(参见例如Hellstrom,I.等人,PNAS USA 83:7059-7063(1986))及Hellstrom,I等人,PNAS USA 82:1499-1502(1985);第5,821,337号(参见Bruggemann,M.等人,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)166:1351-1361(1987))中描述。或者,可采用非放射性测定方法(参见例如用于流式细胞术的ACTITM非放射性细胞毒性测定(CellTechnology,Inc.MountainView,CA)及非放射性细胞毒性测定(Promega,Madison,WI))。适用于这些测定的效应细胞包括外周血单核细胞(PBMC)及自然杀伤(NK)细胞。或者或另外,相关分子的ADCC活性可于体内评定,例如在例如Clynes等人,PNAS USA 95:652-656(1998)中所揭示的动物模型中评定。也可进行Clq结合测定以证明抗体无法结合Clq且因此缺乏CDC活性。参见例如WO 2006/029879及WO 2005/100402中的Clq及C3c结合ELISA。为评定补体活化,可进行CDC测定(参见例如Gazzano-Santoro等人,J.Immunol.Methods(免疫学方法杂志)202:163(1996)Cragg,M.S.等人,Blood(血液)101:1045-1052(2003)及Cragg,M.S.及M.J.Glennie,Blood 103:2738-2743(2004))。也可使用本领域中已知的方法进行FcRn结合及活体内清除/半衰期测定(参见例如Petkova,S.B.等人,Int′l.Immunol.(国际免疫学)18(12):1759-1769(2006))。
效应子功能降低的抗体包括Fc区残基238、265、269、270、297、327及329中一个或多个置换的那些抗体(美国专利第6,737,056号)。这些Fc突变体包括在氨基酸位置265、269、270、297和327的两个或两个以上位置处具有置换的Fc突变体,包括残基265和297置换为丙氨酸的所谓的“DANA”Fc突变体(美国专利第7,332,581)。
描述某些与FcRs的结合提高或减少的抗体变体。(参见例如美国专利第6,737,056号;WO 2004/056312及Shields等人,J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志)9(2):6591-6604(2001))。
在某些实施方案中,抗体变体包含具有一个或多个提高ADCC的氨基酸置换的Fc区,例如在Fc区的位置298、333和/或334(残基的EU编号)处置换。
在一些实施方案中,在Fc区中进行改变,其导致Clq结合和/或补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)改变(也即,通过提高或降低),例如如美国专利第6,194,551号、WO 99/51642和Idusogie等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)164:4178-4184(2000)中所述。
可在Fc区序列中进行突变或改变以提高FcR结合(例如FcγR、FcRn)。根据一实施方案,本发明的抗体具有至少一种选自由以下组成的组的与天然IgG或亲本抗体相比,改变的效应子功能ADCC、CDC及提高FcRn结合。若干种通用的特定突变的实例于例如Shields,RL等人,(2001)JBC 276(6)6591-6604;Presta,L.G.,(2002)Biochemical SocietyTransactions(生物化学协会学报)30(4):487-490及WO 00/42072中描述。US2005/0014934A1(Hinto等人)中描述具有增加的半衰期及提高的与新生儿Fc受体(FcRn)的结合的抗体,其中FcRn负责将母体IgG转移至胎儿(Guyer等人J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)117:587(1976)及Kim等人,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)24:249(1994))。那些抗体包含具有一或多个置换的Fc区,所述置换提高Fc区与FcRn的结合。这些Fc变体包括在Fc区残基238、256、265、272、286、303、305、307、311、312、317、340、356、360、362、376、378、380、382、413、424或434中的一或多者处具有置换(例如置换Fc区残基434)的那些Fc变体(美国专利第7,371,826号)。
关于Fc区变体的其他实例,也参见Duncan及Winter,Nature(自然)322:738-40(1988);美国专利第5,648,260号;美国专利第5,624,821号;及WO 94/29351。
4.经半胱氨酸工程改造的抗体变体
在某些实施方案中,可能需要产生经半胱氨酸工程改造的抗体,例如“硫代MAb”,其中抗体的一或多个残基经半胱氨酸残基置换。在特定实施方案中,经置换的残基出现在抗体的可接近位点处。通过用半胱氨酸置换那些残基,反应性硫醇基团通过定位于抗体的可接近位点处且可用于将抗体结合至其他部分,例如药物部分或接头-药物部分,以产生如本文中进一步描述的免疫缀合物。在某些实施方案中,任一或多个以下残基可经半胱氨酸置换:轻链的V205(Kabat编号);重链的A118(EU编号);及重链Fc区的S400(EU编号)。可如例如美国专利第7,521,541号中所述产生经半胱氨酸工程改造的抗体。
在一些实施方案中,可在Fc区中引入半胱氨酸残基,借此在此区域中形成链间二硫键。因此产生的均二聚抗体可具有提高的内化能力和/或增加的补体介导性细胞杀死,及抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)。参见Caron等人,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志),176:1191-1195(1992)及Shopes,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志),148:2918-2922(1992)。也可使用异双功能交联剂制备具有增强的抗肿瘤活性的均二聚抗体,如Wolff等人,Cancer Research(癌症研究),53:2560-2565(1993)中所述。或者,抗体可经工程改造为具有双Fc区且借此可具有增强的补体溶解及ADCC能力。参见Stevenson等人,Anti-Cancer Drug Design(抗癌药物设计),3:219-230(1989)。
5.抗体衍生物
在某些实施方案中,本文中所提供的抗体可进一步经修饰为含有本领域中已知且轻易获得的其他非蛋白质部分。适合抗体衍生作用的部分包括,但不限于,水溶性聚合物。水溶性聚合物的非限制性实例包括,但不限于,聚乙二醇(PEG)、乙二醇/丙二醇共聚物、羧甲基纤维素、葡聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚-1,3-二噁烷、聚-1,3,6-三恶烷三噁烷、乙烯/马来酸酐共聚物、聚氨基酸(均聚物或无规共聚物)、及葡聚糖或聚(n-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)聚乙二醇、丙二醇均聚物、聚环氧丙烷/氧化乙烯共聚物、聚氧乙基化多元醇(例如甘油)、聚乙烯醇、及其混合物。聚乙二醇丙醇因其在水中的稳定性可能具有制造优势。聚合物可具有任何分子量,且可有分支或无分支。与抗体连接的聚合物的数目可以变化,且若连接一种以上聚合物,则其可以是相同或不同分子。一般而言,用于衍生作用的聚合物数目和/或类型可以基于包括,但不限于,以下的考虑因素来确定:欲提高抗体的特定特性或功能、抗体衍生物是否将用于指定条件下的疗法等。
在另一实施方案中,提供抗体与可通过暴露于辐射来选择性加热的非蛋白质部分的缀合物。在一个实施方案中,非蛋白质部分是碳纳米管(Kam等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国科学院学报)102:11600-11605(2005))。该辐射可具有任何波长,且包括但不限于,不损伤普通细胞但能将非蛋白质部分加热至可杀死抗体-非蛋白质部分附近的细胞的温度的波长。
G.免疫缀合物
本发明也提供包含本文中的抗-α5β1抗体与一或多种细胞毒性剂,例如化疗剂或药物、生长抑制剂、毒素(例如蛋白质毒素、细菌、真菌、植物或动物来源的酶促活性毒素,或其片段))或放射性同位素结合的免疫缀合物。
在一实施方案中,免疫缀合物是抗体-药物缀合物(ADC),其中抗体与一种或多种药物结合,所述药物包括,但不限于,美坦生类化合物(参见美国专利第5,208,020号、第5,416,064号及欧洲专利EP 0 425 235 B1);奥利司他汀(auristatin),例如单甲基奥利司他汀药物(monomethylauristatin)部分DE及DF(MMAE及MMAF)(参见美国专利第5,635,483号及第5,780,588号,及第7,498,298号);多拉司他汀(dolastatin);加利车霉素(calicheamicin)或其衍生物(参见美国专利第5,712,374号、第5,714,586号、第5,739,116号、第5,767,285号、第5,770,701号、第5,770,710号、第5,773,001号及第5,877,296号Hinman等人,Cancer Res.(癌症研究)53:3336-3342(1993);及Lode等人,CancerRes.(癌症研究)58:2925-2928(1998));蒽环类抗生素(anthracycline),例如道诺霉素(daunomycin)或多柔比星(参见Kratz等人Current Med.Chem.13:477-523(2006);Jeffrey等人,Bioorganic & Med.Chem.Letters16:358-362(2006);Torgov等人,Bioconj.Chem.16:717-721(2005);Nagy等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国科学院学报)97:829-834(2000);Dubowchik等人,Bioorg.&Med.Chem.Letters 12:1529-1532(2002);King等人,J.Med.Chem.45:4336-4343(2002);及美国专利第6,630,579号);甲氨喋呤(methotrexate);长春地辛(vindesine);紫杉烷(taxane),例如多西他赛(docetaxel)、紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、拉洛紫杉醇(larotaxel)、特赛紫杉醇(tesetaxel)及奥他紫杉醇(ortataxel);单端孢霉烯族化合物(trichothecene);及CC1065。
在另一实施方案中,免疫缀合物包含如本文中所述的抗体与酶促活性毒素或其片段结合,酶促活性毒素或其片段包括,但不限于,白喉(diphtheria)A链、白喉毒素的非结合活性片段、外毒素A链(来自铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa))、蓖麻毒蛋白(ricin)A链、相思豆毒蛋白(abrin)A链、蒴莲根毒蛋白(modeccin)A链、α-帚曲霉素(sarcin)、油桐(Aleutites fordii)蛋白、香石竹毒蛋白(dianthin protein)、美洲商陆(Phytolacaamericana)蛋白(PAPI、PAPII和PAP-s)、苦瓜(Momordica charantia)抑制剂、麻疯树毒蛋白(curcin)、巴豆毒蛋白(crotin)、肥皂草(sapaonaria officinalis)抑制剂、白树毒蛋白(gelonin)、丝林霉素(mitogellin)、局限曲菌素(restrictocin)、酚霉素(phenomycin)、依诺霉素(enomycin)和单端孢霉烯族化合物(trichothecenes)。
在另一实施方案中,免疫缀合物包含如本文中所述的抗体与放射性原子结合形成放射性缀合物。多种放射性同位素可用于制备放射性缀合物。实例包括At211、I131、I125、Y90、Re186、Re188、Sm153、Bi212、P32、Pb212及Lu的放射性同位素。当使用放射性缀合物进行检测时,其可包含用于闪烁摄影研究的放射性原子,例如tc99m或I123或用于核磁共振(NMR)成像(也称为磁共振成像,mri)的自旋标记物,例如碘-123及碘-131、铟-111、氟-19、碳-13、氮-15、氧-17、钆、锰或铁。
抗体与细胞毒性剂的缀合物可使用多种双功能蛋白质偶合剂制得,例如N-琥珀酰亚胺基-3-(2-吡啶基二硫代)丙酸酯(SPDP)、琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(N-马来酰亚氨甲基)环己烷-1-羧酸酯(SMCC)、亚氨基硫烷(IT)、亚氨酸酯(诸如盐酸二甲基己二亚酰胺化物)、活性酯类(诸如辛二酸二琥珀酰亚胺基酯)、醛类(诸如戊二醛)、双叠氮化合物(诸如双(对-叠氮苯甲酰基)己二胺)、双重氮衍生物(诸如双(对-重氮苯甲酰基)己二胺)、二异氰酸酯(诸如甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯)、和双活性氟化合物(诸如1,5-二氟-2,4-二硝基苯)的双功能衍生物。举例来说,蓖麻毒蛋白免疫毒素可如Vitetta等人,Science(科学)238:1098(1987)中所述来制备。碳-14标记的1-异硫氰酸苯甲基-3-甲基二亚乙基三胺五乙酸(MX-DTPA)是用于使放射性核苷酸与抗体结合的示例性螯合剂。参见WO 94/11026。接头可以是促进细胞毒性药物在细胞中释放的“可裂解接头”。举例来说,可使用酸不稳定接头、肽酶敏感性接头、光不稳定接头、二甲基接头或含二硫化物的接头(Chari等人,Cancer Res.(癌症研究)52:127-131(1992);美国专利第5,208,020号)。
本文中的免疫缀合物或ADCs明确涵盖,但不限于,用交联剂试剂制备的这些缀合物,该等交联剂试剂包括,但不限于:BMPS、EMCS、GMBS、HBVS、LC-SMCC、MBS、MPBH、SBAP、SIA、SIAB、SMCC、SMPB、SMPH、硫代-EMCS、硫代-GMBS、硫代-KMUS、硫代-MBS、硫代-SIAB、硫代-SMCC及硫代-SMPB及SVSB(琥珀酰亚胺基-(4-乙烯基砜)苯甲酸酯),交联剂试剂可商购获得(例如购自Pierce Biotechnology,Inc.,Rockford,IL.,U.S.A)。
H.免疫脂质体
本文中所揭示的抗体也可经配制成免疫脂质体。含有所述抗体的脂质体通过本领域中已知的方法来制备,例如Epstein等人,PNAS USA,82:3688(1985);Hwang等人,PNAS USA,77:4030(1980);及美国专利第4,485,045号及第4,544,545号中所述。具有增加的循环时间的脂质体于美国专利第5,013,556号中揭示。
尤其适用的脂质体可通过逆相蒸发方法由包含磷脂酰胆碱、胆固醇及PEG衍生的磷脂酰乙醇胺(PEG-PE)的脂质组合物产生。脂质体经由具有界定孔径的过滤器挤出产生具有所需直径的脂质体。本发明抗体的Fab′片段可经由二硫化物互换反应与如Martin等人,J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志),257:286-288(1982)中所述的脂质体结合。抗肿瘤剂、生长抑制剂或化疗剂(例如多柔比星)视情况也含于脂质体内。参见Gabizon等人,J.National Cancer Inst.(国家癌症研究杂志),81(19):1484(1989)。
IV.使用抗-α5β1抗体的治疗方法
任何本文中所提供的抗-α5β1抗体均可用于治疗方法中。应明了本文中所述的任何制剂或治疗方法可使用本发明的免疫缀合物来替代抗-α5β1抗体,或除抗-α5β1抗体之外也使用本发明的免疫缀合物。
在一方面中,提供用作药物的抗-α5β1抗体。在进一步的方面中,提供用于治疗涉及异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的疾病及病症,包括例如癌症、眼疾病及免疫病症(例如自身免疫病)的抗-α5β1抗体。在某些实施方案中,提供用于治疗方法中的抗-α5β1抗体。在某些实施方案中,本发明提供用于治疗患有涉及异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的疾病或病症的个体的方法中的抗-α5β1抗体,该方法包括向该个体施用有效量的抗-α5β1抗体。在一个这样的实施方案中,方法进一步包含向个体施用有效量的至少一种、两种、三种、四种或更多额外治疗剂,包括例如如本文中所述的抗血管发生剂、抗肿瘤剂、生长抑制剂或化疗剂。在其他实施方案中,本发明提供用于抑制异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的抗-α5β1抗体。在某些实施方案中,本发明提供用于抑制个体异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的方法中的抗-α5β1抗体,所述方法包括向该个体施用有效的抗-α5β1抗体来抑制异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏。根据任何上述实施方案的“个体”优选为人类。
在另一方面中,本发明提供抗-α5β抗体用于制造或制备药物的用途。在一实施方案中,药物用于治疗涉及异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的疾病或病症。在另一实施方案中,药物用于治疗涉及异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的疾病或病症的方法中,该方法包括向患有涉及异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗渴的疾病或病症的个体施用有效量的药物。在一个这样的实施方案中,方法进一步包含向个体施用有效量的至少一种、两种、三种、四种或更多额外治疗剂,包括例如如本文中所述的抗血管发生剂、抗肿瘤剂、生长抑制剂或化疗剂。在另一实施方案中,药物是用于抑制异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏。在另一实施方案中,药物用于抑制个体异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的方法中,所述方法包括向个体施用有效量的药物以抑制异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏。根据任何上述实施方案的“个体”可以是人类。
在另一方面中,本发明提供治疗涉及异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的疾病或病症的方法。在一实施方案中,方法包括向患有涉及异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的疾病或病症的个体施用有效量的抗-α5β1抗体。在一个这样的实施方案中,方法进一步包含向个体施用有效量的至少一种如下所述的额外治疗剂。根据任何上述实施方案的“个体”可以是人类。
在另一方面中,本发明提供抑制个体异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的方法。在一个实施方案中,方法包括向个体施用有效量的抗-α5β1抗体以抑制异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏。在一实施方案中,“个体”是人类。
在另一方面中,本发明提供例如用于任何上述治疗方法中的包含任何本文中所提供的抗-α5β1抗体的药物制剂。在一实施方案中,药物制剂包含任何本文中所提供的抗-α5β1抗体及药学上可接受的载体。在另一实施方案中,药物制剂包含任何本文中所提供的抗-α5β1抗体及至少一种例如本文中所述的额外治疗剂。
本文中所述的组合疗法涵盖组合施用(其中两种、三种、四种或更多治疗剂包括于同一或分别的制剂中)及分别施用,在分别施用的情况下,可在施用额外治疗剂和/或佐剂的前、同时和/或的后施用本发明的抗体。本发明的抗体也可与放射疗法组合使用。
在某些实施方案中,额外治疗剂是VEGF拮抗剂(例如抗VEGF抗体,例如贝伐珠单抗)。在一些实施方案中,抗-α5β1抗体是与VEGF拮抗剂组合施用。抗-α5β1抗体及额外药剂(例如VEGF拮抗剂)可同时或依序施用。或者,可用VEGF拮抗剂治疗受试者且随后施用α5β1拮抗剂,例如用VEGF拮抗剂治疗直至受试者对VEGF拮抗剂治疗无反应且随后用α5β1拮抗剂治疗受试者。根据一实施方案,当癌症是非侵袭性时用VEGF拮抗剂治疗受试者,且随后当癌症是侵袭性时用α5β1拮抗剂治疗受试者。相较未患病患者或对照者,经历α5β1水平自然升高或响应VEGF拮抗剂疗法而升高的一些患者可尤其对该组合治疗有反应。涵盖进一步包含治疗剂(例如抗肿瘤剂、化疗剂、生长抑制剂及细胞毒性剂)的组合。举例来说,欲用化学疗法(例如伊立替康)及α5β1拮抗剂治疗或已用化学疗法及α5β1拮抗剂治疗的患者可受益于VEGF拮抗剂疗法。或者,已用化学疗法及VEGF拮抗剂治疗的患者可受益于α5β1拮抗剂疗法。在一实施方案中,抗-VEGF抗体是贝伐珠单抗。在另一实施方案中,抗-α5β1抗体是本文中所述的抗-α5β1抗体。
本发明的抗体(及任何额外治疗剂)可通过任何适合方式(包括肠胃外、肺内及鼻内)施用,且若需要局部治疗,则是病灶内施用。肠胃外输注包括肌肉内、静脉内、动脉内、腹膜内或皮下施用。在一定程度上根据用药是短期或长期性而定,可通过任何适合途径,例如通过注射,例如静脉内或皮下注射给药。本文中涵盖各种给药时程,包括,但不限于,单次施用或在多个时间点多次施用、推注施用及脉冲输注。
本发明的抗体将以符合良好的医学实践的方式配制、给药及施用。在此上下文中考虑的因素包括所治疗的特定病症、所治疗的特定哺乳动物、个别患者的临床病状、病症的起因、药剂的传递部位、用药方法、用药时程及医学专业人员已知的其他因素。抗体无需但可视情况与一或多种当前用于预防或治疗所述病症的药剂一起配制。这些其他药剂的有效量视制剂中存在的抗体量、病症或治疗的类型及上文所讨论的其他因素而定。这些药剂一般以与本文中所述相同的剂量及用药途径使用,或以本文中所述剂量的约1%至99%使用,或以根据经验/临床上确定为适当的任何剂量且任何途径使用。
为预防或治疗疾病,本发明抗体(当单独使用或与一或多种其他额外治疗剂组合使用时)的适当剂量将视以下因素而定:欲治疗疾病的类型、抗体类型、疾病的严重度及疾病进展、抗体是否是预防性或治疗性目的而施用、先前的疗法、患者的临床病史及对抗体的反应和主治医师的判断。抗体适合一次性或经一系列治疗施用至患者。视疾病的类型及严重度而定,无论例如通过一或多次各别施用,或通过连续输注,向患者施用抗体的初始候选剂量可以是约1μg/kg至15mg/kg(例如0.1mg/kg-10mg/kg)。视上文所提及的因素而定,一种典型每日剂量可在约1μg/kg至100mg/kg或更多的范围内。对于历经数天或更长时间重复施用,治疗视病状而定一般将持续至疾病症状出现所需要的抑制。抗体的一种示例性剂量在约0.05mg/kg至约10mg/kg范围内。因此,可向患者施用约0.5mg/kg、2.0mg/kg、4.0mg/kg或10mg/kg(或其任何组合)的一种或多种剂量。这些剂量可间歇地施用,例如每周一次或每三周一次(例如以使得患者接受约2至约20、或例如约6个剂量的抗体)。最初可施用较高负荷剂量,接着可施用一或多个较低剂量。然而,其他给药方案可能适用。该疗法的进程易于统计常规技术及方法监测。
视欲治疗适应症及熟悉本领域的医师所熟知的给药相关因素而定,本发明抗体将以可有效治疗适应症,同时使毒性及副作用降至最低的剂量施用。
可通过例如,但不限于,肿瘤消退、肿瘤重量或尺寸缩减、进展的时间、存活持续时间、无进展存活、总反应速率、反应持续时间、生活质量、蛋白质表现和/或活性来评估癌症治疗。因为本文中所述的抗血管发生剂靶向肿瘤血管结构而不一定靶向新生性细胞本身,所以其代表一种独特种类的抗癌药,且因此可能需要对药物临床反应进行独特测定和定义。举例来说,在二维分析中50%以上的肿瘤缩减是表明反应的标准截止值。然而,本发明的α5β1拮抗剂及VEGF拮抗剂可抑制转移性扩散而不使原发肿瘤缩减,或可简单地发挥肿瘤抑制作用。因此,可采用测定疗法功效的方法,包括例如测量血管发生的血浆或尿标志和通过放射成像测量反应。
对于年龄相关的黄斑部变性(AMD)的治疗的评估包括,但不限于,视力进一步损失速率的降低或防止视力进一步损失。关于AMD疗法,可例如通过一或多种以下方法测量活体内功效:评定至所需时间时,最佳矫正视觉敏锐度(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)与基线相比的平均变化;评定在所需时间时与基线相比视觉敏锐度失去少于15个字母的受试者的比例;评定在所需时间时,与基线相比视觉敏锐度获得大于或等于15个字母的受试者的比例;评定在所需时间时具有Snellen等效值为20/2000或更差的视觉敏锐度的受试者的比例;评定NEI视觉功能问卷(Visual Functioning Questionnaire)评定在所需时间时CNV的尺寸及CNV的渗漏量,如由荧光素血管摄影术及其类似方法评定。
V.药物制剂
抗-α5β1抗体可与适合载体或赋形剂一起配制以使其适于施用。通过将具有所需纯度的抗体与视情况选用的药学上可接受的载体、赋形剂或稳定剂(Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences,第16版,Osol,A.编(1980))混合而获得呈冻干制剂或水溶液形式的适合抗体制剂。可接受的载体、赋形剂或稳定剂在所用剂量及浓度下对接受者无毒,且包括:缓冲液,例如磷酸盐、柠檬酸盐及其他有机酸;抗氧化剂,包括抗坏血酸及甲硫氨酸;防腐剂(例如氯化十八烷基二甲基苄铵、氯化六羟季铵、氯苄烷铵、苄索氯铵;苯酚、丁醇或苄醇;对羟基苯甲酸烷酯,例如对羟基苯甲酸甲酯或对羟基苯甲酸丙酯;儿茶酚;间苯二酚;环己醇;3-戊醇;及间甲酚);低分子量(少于约10个残基)多肽;蛋白质,例如血清白蛋白、明胶或免疫球蛋白;亲水性聚合物,例如聚乙烯吡咯啶酮;氨基酸,例如甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬酰胺、组氨酸、精氨酸或赖氨酸;单糖、二糖和其他糖类,包括葡萄糖、甘露糖或糊精;螯合剂,例如EDTA;糖类,例如蔗糖、甘露醇、海藻糖或山梨醇;成盐平衡离子,例如钠离子;金属复合体(例如Zn-蛋白质复合体);和/或非离子表面活性剂,例如TWEENTM、PLURONICSTM或聚乙二醇(PEG)。示例性抗体制剂描述于WO 98/56418中,其以引用的方式明确并入本文中。本文中的示例性药学上可接受的载体进一步包括药物间质分散剂,例如可溶性中性-活性透明质酸酶糖蛋白(sHASEGP),例如人类可溶性PH-20透明质酸酶糖蛋白,例如rHuPH20Baxter International,Inc.)。某些示例性sHASEGPs及使用方法,包括rHuPH20,描述于美国专利公开第2005/0260186号及第2006/0104968号中。在一方面中,sHASEGP与一中或多种其他葡糖胺聚糖酶例如软骨素酶组合。适于皮下施用的冻干制剂描述于WO 97/04801中。这些冻干制剂可以通过合适的稀释剂复原至高蛋白质浓度,且该复原制剂可通过皮下施用至本文中欲治疗的哺乳动物。
本文中的制剂也可根据所治疗的特定适应症的需要含有一种以上活性化合物,优选那些具有不会彼此不利地影响的补充活性的化合物。举例来说,可能需要进一步提供抗肿瘤剂、生长抑制剂、细胞毒性剂和/或化疗剂。这些分子适当地以有效达成预期目的的量以组合形式存在。这些其他药剂的有效量视制剂中存在的抗体量、疾病或病症或治疗的类型及上文所讨论的其他因素而定。其一般以与本文中所述相同的剂量及用药途径使用或以迄今所用剂量的约1%至99%使用。
也可将活性成分截留于例如通过凝聚技术或通过界面聚合所制备的微囊,例如,分别是羟甲基纤维素或明胶微囊及聚-(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)微囊中、胶状药物传递系统(例如脂质体、白蛋白微球体、微乳液、纳米粒子及纳米囊)中或粗滴乳状液中。这些技术披露于Remington′sPharmaceutical Sciences,第16版,Osol,A.编(1980)中。
可制备持续释放制剂。持续释放制剂的合适实例包括含有拮抗剂的固体疏水性聚合物的半渗透基质,基质呈成形物品,例如薄膜或微囊形式。持续释放基质的实例包括聚酯、水凝胶(例如聚(2-羟乙基-甲基丙烯酸酯)或聚(乙烯醇))、聚交酯(美国专利第3,773,919号)、L-谷氨酸与乙基-L-谷氨酸酯的共聚物、不可降解的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯、可降解的乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物,例如LUPRON DEPOTTM(由乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物与乙酸亮丙瑞林(leuprolide acetate)组成的可注射微球体)、和聚-D-(-)-3-羟基丁酸。
可使用微脂体(Lipofectin)或脂质体将本发明的多肽及抗体或组合物传递至细胞中。若使用抗体片段,则优选特异性结合至靶蛋白的结合结构域的最小抑制片段。举例来说,基于抗体的可变区序列,可设计保持结合靶蛋白序列能力的肽分子。这些肽可化学合成和/或通过重组DNA技术产生。参见例如Marasco等人,PNAS USA,90:7889-7893(1993)。
也可将活性成分截留于例如通过凝聚技术或通过界面聚合所制备的微囊,例如分别是羟甲基纤维素或明胶微囊及聚-(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)微囊中、胶状药物传递系统(例如脂质体、白蛋白微球体、微乳液、纳米粒子及纳米囊剂)中或粗滴乳状液中。这些技术披露于Remington′sPHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,同上中。
可制备持续释放制剂。持续释放制剂的合适实例包括含有拮抗剂的固体疏水性聚合物的半渗透基质,基质呈成形物品,例如薄膜或微囊形式。持续释放基质的实例包括聚酯、水凝胶(例如聚(2-羟乙基-甲基丙烯酸酯)或聚(乙烯醇))、聚交酯(美国专利第3,773,919号)、L-谷氨酸与γ乙基-L-谷氨酸酯的共聚物、不可降解的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯、可降解的乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物,例如LUPRON DEPOTTM(由乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物与乙酸亮丙瑞林(leuprolide acetate)组成的可注射微球体)、和聚-D-(-)-3-羟基丁酸。尽管例如乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯和乳酸-乙醇酸的聚合物使分子能够释放100天以上,但某些水凝胶释放蛋白质持续较短时间。当囊包裹的抗体长时间保留于体内时,其可能由于在37℃下暴露于水分中而变性或聚集,从而导致生物活性损失以及可能的免疫原性变化。根据所涉及的机制,可设计合理策略以实现稳定化。举例来说,若发现聚集机制是通过硫基-二硫化物互换形成分子间S-S键,则可通过修饰巯基残基、从酸性溶液中冻干、控制含水量、使用适当添加剂以及开发特定聚合物基质组合物来实现稳定化。
欲用于体内施用的制剂必须是无菌的。这可以通过借助无菌过滤、膜过滤而轻易地实现。
VI.使用抗-α5β1抗体的诊断及成像方法
特异性结合至α5β1多肽的经标记抗-α5β1抗体及其衍生物和类似物可用于诊断目的以检测、诊断或监测与α5β1的表达、异常表达和/或活性相关的疾病和/或病症。举例来说,本发明的抗-α5β1抗体可用于原位、体内、先体外后体内及体外诊断测定或成像测定中。
检测α5β1多肽的表达的方法包括(a)使用一种或多种本发明的抗体测定受试者的细胞(例如组织)或体液中的多肽表达,及(b)比较基因表达量与标准基因表达量,其中用经测定基因表达量与标准表达量相比的增加或降低指示异常表达。
本发明的其他实施方案包括诊断动物,例如诸如人类的哺乳动物的与α5β1表达或异常表达相关的疾病或病症的方法。所述方法包括检测哺乳动物体内的α5β1分子。在一实施方案中,在施用VEGF拮抗剂后,诊断包含:(a)向哺乳动物施用有效量的经标记抗-α5β1抗体;(b)在用药后等待一段时间间隔以允许经标记α5β1抗体优先集中于受试者体内表达α5β1分子的部位(且将未结合的经标记分子清除至本底水平);(c)测定本底水平;及(d)检测受试者体内的标记分子,以使得检测到标记分子高于本底水平,指示受试者患有与α5β1表达或异常表达相关的特定疾病或病症。可通过多种方法测定本底水平,包括比较所检测的标记分子量与先前针对特定系统所测定的标准值。
本发明的抗-α5β1抗体可用于使用本领域技术人员已知的经典免疫组织学方法(例如参见Jalkanen等人,J.Cell.Biol.(细胞生物学杂志)101:976-985(1985);Jalkanen等人,J.Cell.Biol.(细胞生物学杂志)105:3087-3096(1987))来测定生物样品中的蛋白质水平。适合检测蛋白质基因表达的其他基于抗体的方法包括免疫测定,例如酶联结免疫吸附测定(EL1SA)及放射性免疫测定(R1A)。合适的抗体测定标记物在本领域中已知且包括:酶标记物,例如葡萄糖氧化酶;放射性同位素,例如碘(131I、125I、123I、121I)、碳(14C)、硫(35S)、氚(3H)、铟(115mIn、113mIn、112In、111In)、及锝(99Tc、99mTc)、铊(201Ti)、镓(68Ga、67Ga)、钯(103Pd)、钼(99Mo)、氙(133Xe)、氟(18F)、153Sm、177Lu、159Gd、149pm、140La、175Yb、166Ho、90Y、47Sc、186Re、188Re、142Pr、105Rh、97Ru、鲁米诺(luminol);及荧光标记物,例如荧光素和罗丹明(rhodamine),及生物素。
可对本发明的标记抗体应用本领域中已知的技术。这些技术包括,但不限于,使用双功能偶联剂(参见例如美国专利第5,756,065号;第5,714,631号;第5,696,239号;第5,652,361号;第5,505,931号;第5,489,425号;第5,435,990号;第5,428,139号;第5,342,604号;第5,274,119号;第4,994,560号;及第5,808,003号)。
根据一特定实施方案,在施用VEGF拮抗剂治疗剂之后在诊断或预后测定中通过评估细胞表面上存在的α5β1的水平(例如通过使用抗-α5β1抗体的免疫组织化学测定)来测定α5β1多肽表达或过度表达。或者或另外,可例如通过使用对应于编码α5β1的核酸或其补体的基于核酸的探针的荧光原位杂交(FISH;参见1998年10月公开的WO 98/45479)、DNA印迹(Southern blotting)、RNA印迹(Northern blotting)或聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术,例如实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)来测量细胞中编码α5β1多肽的核酸或mRNA的水平。也可例如使用基于抗体的测定通过测量生物流体,例如血清中的流出抗原(shed antigen)来研究α5β1过度表达(也参见例如1990年6月12日颁予的美国专利第4,933,294号;1991年4月18日公开的WO91/05264;1995年3月28日颁予的美国专利5,401,638及Sias等人,J.Immunol.Methods(免疫学方法杂志)132:73-80(1990))。除上述测定以外,熟练技术人员也可利用多种体内及离体测定。举例来说,可将哺乳动物体内的细胞暴露于根据情况经可检测标记物,例如放射性同位素标记的抗体,且可例如通过外部扫描放射性或通过分析从先前暴露于抗体的哺乳动物获取的样品(例如活组织检查或其他生物样品)来评估抗体的结合。
VII.制品及试剂盒
本发明的另一实施方案是含有适用于治疗癌症(例如肿瘤)、眼疾病(例如湿性AMD)或自身免疫病及相关病状的物质的制品。所述制品可包含容器及在该容器上或与该容器相联的标签或药品说明书。适合的容器包括例如瓶子、小瓶、注射器等。容器可由例如玻璃或塑料的各种材料形成。一般而言,容器容纳可有效治疗病状的组合物且可具有无菌出口孔(例如容器可以是具有可以由皮下注射针刺穿的塞子的静脉内溶液袋或小瓶)。组合物中的至少一种活性剂是本发明的VEGF拮抗剂或α5β1拮抗剂或VEGF激动剂或α5β1激动剂。卷标或药品说明书指示该组合物是用于治疗特定病状。标签或药品说明书将进一步包含针对向患者施用抗体组合物的说明书。也涵盖包含本文中所述的组合疗法的制品及试剂盒。
药品说明书指通常包括于治疗产品的商业包装内的说明书,其含有关于使用这些治疗产品的适应症、用法、剂量、施用、禁忌症和/或警告的信息。
另外,制品可进一步包含第二容器,包含药学上可接受的缓冲液,例如抑菌性注射用水(BWFI)、磷酸盐缓冲盐水、林格氏溶液(Ringer′ssolution)及葡萄糖溶液。其可进一步包括根据商业及使用者观点所需的其他物质,包括其他缓冲液、稀释剂、过滤器、针及注射器。
也提供根据情况与制品组合适用于各种目的(例如用于分离或检测患者体内的α5β1和/或VEGF)的试剂盒。为分离及纯化α5β1,试剂盒可以含有抗-α5β1抗体与小珠(例如琼脂糖小珠)偶联。可提供含有体外,例如在ELISA或蛋白质印迹(Western blot)中检测及定量α5β1和/或VEGF的抗体的试剂盒。如同制品一样,试剂盒包含容器及在该容器上或与该容器相联的标签或药品说明书。举例来说,容器容纳包含至少一种本发明的抗-α5β1抗体的组合物。可包括含有例如稀释剂及缓冲液、对照抗体的其他容器。标签或药品说明书可提供关于组合物的描述以及用于所希望的体外或诊断用途的说明书。
除非另有说明,否则实施例中所提及的市售试剂根据制造商的说明书使用。在以下实施例及整个说明书中由ATCC登录号定义的那些细胞的来源是美国菌种保存中心(American Type Culture Collection),Manassas,VA。除非另有说明,否则本发明使用重组DNA技术的标准程序,例如上文及以下教科书中所述的那些Sambrook等人,同上;Ausubel等人,CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY(当前分子生物学方案)(Green Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience,N.Y.,1989);Innis等人,PCR PROTOCOLS:A GUIDE TO METHODSAND APPLICATIONS(PCR方案:方法和应用指南)(Academic Press,Inc.:N.Y.,1990);Harlow等人,ANTIBODIES:A LABORATORY MANUAL(抗体:实验室手册)(Cold Spring Harbor Press:Cold Spring Harbor,1988);Gait,OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS(寡核苷酸合成)(IRL Press:Oxford,1984);Freshney,ANIMAL CELL CULTURE(动物细胞培养),1987;Coligan等人CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY(当前免疫学方案),1991。
实施例
提供以下实例来说明而非限制所要求保护的发明。本领域技术人员将能够容易地认识到多种非关键参数可经改变或修改以得到基本上相同的结果。
实施例1:材料及方法
A.BIAcore分析:
为测定本文中所述抗体的结合动力学和亲和力,使用利用BIAcoreTM-3000仪器进行表面等离子共振(SRP)检测。先通过不同流槽(flow cell)上的预固定兔抗-人Fc CM5生物感应芯片捕捉抗体以达到大约150RU(响应单位)。为进行动力学测量,在25℃下以30μl/min的流动速率将2倍连续稀释的人类整合素α5β1(300nM至1.2nM)注入PBT缓冲液(含有0.05% Tween 20的PBS)中。使用简单的一对一朗缪耳结合模型(one-to-one Langmuir binding model)(BIAcore评估软件3.2版)计算结合合速率(kon)及解离速率(koff)。以比率koff/kon的形式来计算平衡解离常数(KD)。
B.U937细胞的纤连蛋白结合测定
将100μl以PBS,pH 7.4,稀释的10μg/ml纤连蛋白(R & D Systems)添加至96孔板(Nucn MaxiSorp)的孔中且在2-8℃下孵育过夜。以200μLPBS,pH 7.4,洗涤板3次。向所有孔中添加200μl PBS pH 7.4/1%BSA,且在室温下在轻微搅动下孵育堵养盘至少60分钟。以200μL PBS,pH 7.4,洗涤板3次。
将50μl经稀释的抗-α5β1抗体添加至各孔中(10μg/mL,以1∶3连续稀释10次),接着立即添加50μl含浓度为每毫升1x106个细胞的U937细胞(ATCC,Cat#CRL-1593.2)的测定培养基(RPMI 1640(Media Prep A0806)、5mg/mL BSA、1mM L-谷氨酰胺、1mM MgCl2)。
在37℃下孵育板30分钟,丢弃未结合的细胞且以150μL测定培养基洗涤板两次。向各孔中添加100μl测定培养基和100μl Cell-Titer Glow(Promega Cat#G7573)。在室温下孵育板10-15分钟,将其覆盖。利用VICTOR2V(Perkin-Elmer)板读取器检测发光,且使用四参数非线性最小平方拟合(four-parameter nonlinear least squares fit)分析相对于测定中所用抗体浓度的发光单位,以获得IC50值。
C.α5β1的纤连蛋白结合测定
将25μl以PBS稀释的1μg/ml纤连蛋白(R & D Systems)添加至384孔板(Nucn MaxiSorp)的孔中且在2-8℃下孵育过夜。以80μL PBT缓冲液洗涤板3次。向所有孔中添加50μl PBS/1%BSA在室温下在轻微搅动下孵育板至少60分钟,随后以80μl PBT缓冲液洗涤3次。
将抗-α5β1抗体(30μg/mL)以1∶3连续稀释11次。向0.65mL微管中添加50μl连续稀释的抗-α5β1抗体且在室温下在轻微搅动下与50μL含200ng/mL α5β1(R & D Systems)的ELISA缓冲液(150mM NaCl、10mMTris,pH 7.5,5mg/mL BSA、1mM MnCl2)预混合(1∶1)60分钟。将25μL预混合的α5β1及抗-α5β1抗体添加至经纤连蛋白包被的孔中且在室温下在轻微搅动下孵育板60分钟。以PBT缓冲液洗涤板6次,将含100ng/mL抗-β1-生物素的ELISA缓冲液添加至各孔中且在室温下在轻微搅动下孵育板60分钟。以80μL PBT缓冲液洗涤板6次,向各孔中添加25μL链霉亲和素(Streptadvidin)-HRP(于ELISA缓冲液中1∶50,000,GE Healthcare),且在室温下在轻微搅动下孵育板60分钟。以80μL PBT缓冲液洗涤板6次,向各孔中添加25μL TMB底物(Kirkgaard and Perry Laboratories),在室温下孵育板约6分钟,且以25μL的1M磷酸终止反应。在450nm下读取吸光度,按照上文B部分中所述分析IC50值。
D.HUVEC迁移分析
使HUVEC细胞在标准培养基中生长至80%汇合。以胰蛋白酶处理细胞,对其计数,使其以每毫升5x105个细胞的浓度再悬浮于含有0.1%BSA的EBM-2培养基中。为进行测定,将100μl细胞(每孔5x104个细胞)涂布于BD Falcon HTS多孔系统24孔(BD Ref:351185,孔径8μm)的各孔中。以纤连蛋白(1-2μg/ml)预先包被HTS板过夜。以PBS洗涤板且向底部腔室中添加500μl(含有0.1%BSA的EBM)溶液。每个样品使用3-6个孔。不向阴性对照孔中添加迁移刺激物(例如VEGF)。
为开始分析,将100μl细胞(每孔5x104个细胞)添加至上部腔室中。下部腔室含有500μl培养基(含有0.1%BSA的EBM)。在将迁移刺激物(VEGF)添加至下部腔室中之前,一般向上部腔室中添加抗整合素a5β1抗体及同种型对照物,使得细胞最终浓度是0μg/ml、1μg/ml或5μg/ml,并孵育15分钟。
将刺激物添加至下部腔室中(10ng/ml VEGF-A),并孵育板4-6小时或过夜。使用海绵刷自上部腔室擦除细胞,添加PBS,随后再次自上部腔室擦除细胞。自下部腔室排出培养基且以500μl的100%甲醇将细胞固定5分钟。
随后以500μl核酸染色剂(用PBS以1∶5000或1∶10000稀释)(Molecular Probes S7020)将细胞染色至少10分钟(在黑暗中)。随后,使用显微镜获取各孔的单个照片。使用Axio Vision AC程序及5倍物镜获取照片。
使用ImageJ分析结果(最小5个像素,bin 5)。记录每孔的细胞数目且使用Microsoft Excel分析。
实施例2:抗-α5β1抗体的产生
通过用重组人类α5β1细胞外结构域多肽使仓鼠免疫来产生抗-α5β1抗体。选择包含图1及图2中所述的VH及VL序列的仓鼠单克隆抗体克隆18C12。
通过将来自仓鼠18C12的轻链克隆至两个共同VLkappal/VHIII构架h18C12.v1.1和h18C12.v2.1(其仅CDR-H3接触区不同),来产生两种形式的嵌合仓鼠18C12,h18C12.v1.1和h18C12.v2.1。特别地,h18C12.v1.1的CDR-H3接触区包含以下残基:C92A93R94,并且h18C12.v2.1的CDR-H3接触区包含以下残基:C92T93S94。h18C12.v1.1与h18C12.v2.1均成功地以Fab形式展示于噬菌体上且通过噬菌体竞争ELISA观察结合。h18C12.v1.1与h18C12.v2.1之间在结合方面没有观察到显著差异。选择h18C12.v1.1进行进一步人源化。通过将h18C12.v1.1的大多数轻链构架变成人类共有λIV构架(除轻链中的以下残基以外:Y36、A43及Y49),从而产生人源化18C12.v3。另外,保留人类VHIII构架中的以下残基G49及D73。
h18C12.v3经亲和力成熟并产生以下克隆:h18C12.v6;h18C12.v7;h18C12.v9;h18C12.v15;h18C12.v16;h18C12.v28;h18C12.v30;h18C12.v51;h18C12.v54;h18C12.v70;h18C12.v78。各克隆的CDR序列描述于图3中。h18C12.v6克隆的CDR序列经如下修饰:CDR-L2:D50cS及D56S;CDR-H1:N31A;和CDR-H2:N53A。随后将经修饰的CDR序列插入经修饰的人类λIII//VHIII构架中以产生h18C12.v6.1Lam3(h18C12.v6.1)和h18C12.v6.2Lam3(h18C12.v6.2)。h18C12.v6.1的经修饰人类λIII构架含有以下修饰:L46Y;V47L;I48M;N69A;A71R;和G77N。h18C12.v6.2的经修饰人类λIII构架含有以下修饰:N69A;A71R;和G77N。经修饰VHIII构架含有以下修饰:S49G和N73D。
克隆h18C12.v6.1经进一步修饰以移除CDR-L2(N50aS50bS50cG50d)中的天冬酰胺(N)。产生以下克隆:h18C12.v6.1.1;h18C12.v6.1.2;h18C12.v6.1.3;h18C12.v6.1.4和h18C12.v6.1.5。各h18C12.v6.1克隆的位置50a、50b、50c及50d处的CDR-L2序列描述于图7中。
实施例3:噬菌体竞争ELISA
将MAXISORPTM微量滴定盘以5μg/ml含重组人类整合素α5β1(R&D)的PBS包被过夜,随后在室温下以PBST缓冲液(含0.5%BSA及0.05%Tween 20的PBS)封闭一小时。将来自培养物上清液的噬菌体与以PBST缓冲液连续稀释的人类整合素α5β1一起在组织培养微量滴定板中培养1小时,其后将80μl混合物转移至靶标包被孔中,维持15分钟来捕捉未经结合的噬菌体。以PBT缓冲液(含0.05% Tween 20的PBS)洗涤板,且添加HR缀合的抗M 13(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech)(1∶5000于PBST缓冲液中)历时40分钟。以PBT缓冲液洗涤板且通过添加四甲基联苯胺底物(Kirkegaard and Perry Laboratories,Gaithersburg,MD)显影。绘制450nm下的吸光度随溶液中靶标浓度而变化的函数来测定噬菌体IC50。其用作对噬菌体表面上呈现的Fab克隆的亲和力估算值。图4描绘噬菌体竞争测定的结果,其显示亲和力成熟18C12变体h18C12.v3、h18C12.v6、h18C12.v7、h18C12.v9、h18C12.v15、h18C12.v16、h18C12.v28、h18C12.v30、h18C12.v51、h18C12.v54、h18C12.v70及h18C12.v78与人类α5β1整合素的结合。
实施例4:通过BIAcore进行的抗体亲和力测定
为测定嵌合18C12、h18C12.v6.1、h18C12.v6.1.1、h18C12.v6.1.2、h18C12.v6.1.3、h18C12.v6.1.4、h18C12.v6.1.5 IgGs的结合动力学及亲和力,使用如实施例1中所述利用BIAcore TM-3000仪器进行的表面等离子共振(SRP)测量。
图5描绘对亲和力成熟18C12变体与人类α5β1整合素的结合的BIAcore分析的结果。图6描绘对嵌合18C12(包含图1中所述的仓鼠VL及VH序列及IgG1的Fc部分的18C12)及h18C12.v6.1与人类α5β1整合素的结合的BIACore分析的结果。数据表明h18C12.v6.1对人类α5β1整合素的结合亲和力比仓鼠18C12对人类α5β1整合素的结合亲和力高大约2倍。图7描绘各h18C12.v6.1克隆的BIAcore分析的结果。
实施例5:18C12抗体抑制与纤连蛋白的结合
为比较嵌合18C12与h18C12.v6.1或h18C12.v6.1.5IgG对于与纤连蛋白结合的作用,使用上文实施例1中所述的纤连蛋白结合测定。图8描绘了比较嵌合18C12与h18C12.v6.1在干扰U937细胞与纤连蛋白结合方面的能力的纤连蛋白结合测定的结果。图9描绘比较仓鼠18C12与h18C12.v6.1.5在干扰U937细胞与纤连蛋白结合方面的能力的纤连蛋白结合测定的结果。图10描绘比较仓鼠18C12与h18C12.v6.1.5在干扰重组的α5β1细胞外结构域与纤连蛋白结合方面的能力的纤连蛋白结合测定的结果。数据表明仓鼠18C12、嵌合18C12、h18C12.v6.1及h18C12.v6.1.5抑制U937细胞或重组α5β1细胞外结构域与纤连蛋白的结合。
实施例6:18C12抗体抑制HUVEC迁移
为比较嵌合18C12与h18C12.v6.1IgG在HUVEC细胞上的迁移作用,使用上文实施例1中所述的HUVEC迁移测定。
图11描绘比较嵌合18C12与h18C12.v6.1在干扰HUVEC细胞在纤连蛋白上迁移方面的能力的HUVEC迁移测定的结果。数据表明,嵌合18C12和h18C12.v6.1抑制HUVEC细胞在纤连蛋白上的迁移。
实施例:7胚胎发育测定
在胚胎发育测定中使用表达嵌合α5β1整合素(人类α5及鼠β1)的α5转基因小鼠来证明本文所述的18C12抗体的功效。使表达人类α5且不表达鼠α5的雄性转基因小鼠与不表达人类α5并且鼠α5杂合的雌性小鼠交配。在交配后第9.5天开始每周两次向怀孕小鼠腹腔内注射10mg/kg抗-α5β1抗体(h18C12.v6.1.5)或阴性对照抗体。在交配后地第14.5天,采集胚胎,基因定型,并评估胚胎血管结构。结果总结于下表中。
这些结果表明结果表明h18C12.v6.1.5在血管发育期间体内破坏α5β1整合素功能。
实施例8:肿瘤同种异体移植测定
在研究中使用C57/B16同种异体移植肿瘤模型来证明本文所述18C12抗体的功效。将C57/B16肿瘤细胞植入鼠α5基因敲除的人类α5转基因小鼠内且用抗-α5β1抗体处理小鼠。
将带有已确定肿瘤的小鼠随机分成四组,使得所有组具有类似的初始肿瘤体积。给药方案如下:
(1)阴性对照抗体(13.5mg/kg,每周2次)
(2)抗VEGF抗体(3.5mg/kg,每周2次)+阴性对照抗体(10mg/kg,每周2次)
(3)阴性对照抗体(3.5mg/kg,每周2次)+抗-α5β1抗体(18C12)(10mg/kg,每周2次)
(4)抗VEGF抗体(3.5mg/kg,每周2次)+抗-α5β1抗体(18C12)(10mg/kg,每周2次)。
使用卡钳每周测量肿瘤的长度和宽度两次,且使用下述公式计算肿瘤体积:肿瘤体积(mm3)=(w2×1)/2,其中w=宽度,且l=长度,以mm计算。绘制肿瘤体积对时间的曲线以反映肿瘤的生长速率。
实施例9:肿瘤异种移植研究
在研究中使用肿瘤异种移植研究来证明本文中所述18C12抗体的功效。将具有荧光素酶报导基因的人类U87神经胶质瘤细胞植入裸鼠脑中,并用抗-α5β1抗体处理小鼠。
使用生物发光成像使带有已确立肿瘤的小鼠成像并且随机分成三组,使得所有组具有类似的初始肿瘤负荷。给药方案如下:
(1)阴性对照抗体(豕草)(5mg/kg,每周2次)+抗gD(10mg/kg,每周2次)
(2)抗VEGF抗体(B20-4.1)(5mg/kg,每周2次)+阴性对照抗体抗gD(10mg/kg,每周2次)
(3)抗VEGF抗体(B20-4.1)(5mg/kg,每周2次)+抗-α5β1抗体(h18C12.v6.1.5)(10mg/kg,每周2次)。
在手术植入肿瘤细胞后每天监测这些小鼠的存活。用抗-α5β1抗体h18C12.v6.1.5与抗VEGF组合处理相对于单独抗VEGF来说,显著提高小鼠的存活率。结果展示于图12中。也在植入后第1周、第3周、第4周及第5周使用生物发光成像测量肿瘤负荷。用抗-α5β1抗体h18C12.v6.1.5与抗VEGF组合处理的小鼠相对于仅用抗VEGF处理的小鼠肿瘤负荷降低。结果展示于图13中。
本文中引用的所有出版物(包括例如专利、已公开专利申请及Genbank登录号)为所有目的以全文引用的方式并入本文中,其引用程度与各参考文献特定地并且个别地以引用的方式并入相同。
Claims (36)
1.一种抗-α5β1抗体,其含有:
包含CDR-L1、CDR-L2、CDR-L3的VL结构域,和包含CDH-H1、CDR-H2、CDR-H1的VH结构域,
所述CDR-L1含有TL-S/T-S/P/T-Q/N-H-F/S-T/I-Y-K/T-I-G/D/S(SEQ ID NO:15);所述CDR-L2含有L/I-N/T-S-D/H/S-G/S-S/L/T-H/Y-N/K/Q/I-K/T-G/A-D/S/V(SEQ ID NO:16);
所述CDR-L3含有G/A-S/A/Y-S/Y-Y-S/A/Y-S/Y/T-GY-V/I(SEQ ID NO:17);和
所述CDH-H1含有GFTFS-N/A-RW-I/V-Y(SEQ ID NO:18);所述CDR-H2含有G IKTKP-N/A/T-I/R-YAT-E/Q-YADS VKG(SEQ ID NO:19);和所述CDR-H1含有L/V-TG-M/K-R/K-YFDY(SEQ ID NO:20)。
2.权利要求1所述的抗体,其中
所述VL结构域包含CDR-L1、CDR-L2和CDR-L3,其各自包含图3所示的序列,和
所述VH结构域包含CDR-H1、CDR-H2和CDR-H3,其各自包含图3所示的序列。
3.权利要求1所述的抗-α5β1抗体,其中
所述VL结构域包含SEQ ID NOS:3-8中的任一个,和
所述VH结构域包含SEQ ID NOS:11-14中的任一个。
4.权利要求1所述的抗体,其中
所述VL结构域包含SEQ ID NO:8,和
所述VH结构域包含SEQ ID NO:14。
5.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗体,其是人抗体、人源化抗体、嵌合抗体、双特异性抗体或多特异性抗体。
6.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗体,其是与α5β1结合的抗体片段。
7.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗体,其是全长IgG1抗体。
8.根据权利要求7所述的抗体,其中所述抗体含有包含N297A置换的Fc部分。
9.一种分离的核酸分子,其编码权利要求1-8中任一项所述的抗体。
10.一种宿主细胞,其包含权利要求9所述的核酸。
11.一种产生抗-α5β1抗体的方法,其包括培养权利要求10所述的宿主细胞从而产生所述的抗体。
12.一种免疫缀合物,其包含权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗体和细胞毒性剂。
13.一种药物组合物,其包含权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗体和药学上可接受的载体。
14.权利要求13所述的药物组合物,其还包含VEGF拮抗剂。
15.权利要求14所述的药物组合物,其中所述的VEGF拮抗剂是抗-VEGF抗体。
16.权利要求15所述的药物组合物,其中所述抗-VEGF抗体为贝伐珠单抗。
17.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗体,其还包含可检测标记。
18.权利要求17所述的抗体,其中所述可检测标记是选自由放射性同位素、荧光染料和酶组成的组的成员。
19.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗体,其用作药物。
20.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗体,其用于治疗涉及异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的疾病或病症。
21.权利要求20所述的抗体,其中所述疾病是选自由癌症、眼病、自身免疫病组成的组的成员。
22.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗体,其用于抑制血管发生。
23.一种检测怀疑含有α5β1蛋白质的样品中α5β1蛋白质的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)使权利要求17-18中任一项所述的抗体与所述样品接触;和
(b)检测抗-α5β1抗体与所述α5β1蛋白质之间的复合体的形成。
24.权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述样品来自诊断患有涉及异常血管发生、异常血管通透性和/或血管渗漏的疾病的患者。
25.一种治疗患有涉及异常血管发生和/或血管通透性或渗漏的疾病或病症的个体的方法,所述方法包括向所述个体施用有效量的权利要求1-4中任一项的抗体。
26.权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述疾病或病症是选自由癌症、眼病和自身免疫病组成的组的成员。
27.权利要求26所述的方法,其中所述癌症选自由结肠直肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、肾细胞癌和成胶质细胞瘤组成的组。
28.权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述疾病或病症是选自由视网膜病变、年龄相关的黄斑变性、角膜新血管形成、角膜移植新血管形成、视网膜新血管形成和新血管性青光眼组成的组的成员。
29.权利要求25所述的方法,还包括向所述个体施用有效量的VEGF拮抗剂。
30.权利要求29所述的方法,其中所述VEGF拮抗剂是抗-VEGF抗体。
31.权利要求30所述的方法,其中所述抗-VEGF抗体是贝伐珠单抗。
32.权利要求29所述的方法,其中所述VEGF拮抗剂在抗-α5β1抗体之前施用。
33.权利要求29所述的方法,其中所述VEGF拮抗剂与抗-α5β1抗体同时施用。
34.权利要求29所述的方法,其中受试者先用所述VEGF拮抗剂治疗直至所述受试者对VEGF拮抗剂治疗无反应,然后所述受试者用抗-α5β1抗体治疗。
35.权利要求29所述的方法,还包括施用选自由抗肿瘤剂、化疗剂、生长抑制剂和细胞毒性剂组成的组的治疗剂。
36.一种用于检测已经用VEGF拮抗剂治疗的受试者中的α5β1的试剂盒,所述试剂盒包含:
(a)权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗-α5β1抗体;和
(b)使用说明书。
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