CN102138427B - Standard planting method of non-forest ginseng - Google Patents
Standard planting method of non-forest ginseng Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a planting method of Chinese medicine, namely a standard planting method of non-forest ginseng. The method comprises the following steps: (1) land selection; (2) soil improvement; (3) selection of ginseng seeds and germination treatment; (4) making a soil bed; (5) seeding; (6) erecting a frame; (7) collecting seedlings; and (8) transplanting the seedlings and the like. The planted ginseng is transferred from a wild mountainous region to a non-forest flat land; and all links from land selection, soil detection and soil improvement to the selective application of a fertilizer of the improved soil, the application of the key technology of each production link, the ginseng preparation and the like comfort to the Chinese medicine GAP (good agricultural practice) production and quality management standard and standard production operation procedure, and the production and quality safety of the non-forest ginseng is guaranteed; and the technology not only can effectively protect the ecological environment and powerfully improve the land utilization rate, but also can solve the problems of pesticide residue and super-standard heavy metal content in the traditional ginseng planting process, thereby ensuring the quality of the ginseng raw medicine product.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of traditional Chinese medicine kind method for planting, i.e. non-forestry land genseng normalized planting method.
Background technology
In the prior art, genseng is an Araliaceae, belongs to herbaceos perennial, and the weather that happiness is shady and cool, moistening grows in the theropencedrymion or shaw of the little height above sea level of day and night temperature gentle slope, 500～1100 meters mountain regions or slope land more, is rare traditional Chinese medicine.Sweet, the little hardship of nature and flavor.Have tepor, tonifying Qi, give birth to functions such as Feng calms the nerves, beneficial gas.The artificial planting ginseng of China is with a long history, and the genseng of conventional artificial plantation is commonly referred to as " garden ginsent ", how on China Jilin Province one band goes up a slope, to plant, and takes the deforestation of bionical attitude to plant.But, ecological and Community health, orderly, efficient, harmonious sustainable development have been had a strong impact on because traditional deforestation plants ginseng and brought serious destruction to ecotope.Country pays much attention to the Chinese medicine industry development now, actively pushes forward industrialization of Chinese medicine, and modernization construction is the sustainable development of development Jilin Province these specialty industries of genseng, development non-forestry land ginseng planting, and it is extremely urgent providing high-quality to join well, is necessary very much.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is provides a kind of standardization, large tracts of land, high yield, high-quality non-forestry land genseng normalized planting method to above-mentioned deficiency.
Technical solution of the present invention is: non-forestry land genseng normalized planting method may further comprise the steps:
(1) soil is selected:
A, the foot of a mountain are obliquely or haugh ground;
B, gradient 2～15%;
The positive north of c, incline direction, northeast, northwest to or southeastern direction;
D, select little sandy loam, loam, sandy loam or little sandy loam;
E, available depth of soil 20～100cm or greater than with 100cm;
F, rubble content are 10～20%;
(2) soil melioration:
A, soil leisure 1～2 year;
B, plow: repeatedly plow every year between time out, and the degree of depth 50～60cm ploughs at every turn and finishes the back operation of next time plowing again in 3 days at interval;
C, fertilising: execute the organic matter of the low and slow property of nitrogen content, or nutrient is provided, the fertilizer of the effect of improving the soil is arranged, consumption is every square metre of 20-60kg;
(3) selection of ginseng seeds and germination treatment:
A, selection full seed, fresh, the pure ginseng seeds of color and luster;
B, with ginseng seeds winnow, clean, the flat kind of removal, put into seed: water=1: 1.5 container, with the dissolve with ethanol gibberellin of concentration 95%, add then in the ginseng seeds and water that has mixed, stir, immersion is more than 12 hours; Press seed: the mixed of fine sand=1: 2 in the woven bag of packing into, lies in the fine sand bed of having completed successively; Thickness is 10～15cm, covers with fine sand after smooth the completing again, and covers husky bed with plastic foil; Every smashing at a distance from 15 days planted 1 time, till the ginseng seeds breach;
(4) make bed: confirm the southeast to ginseng bed trend, ginseng bed specification is: the height of bed 35～40cm, and bedside 1.0～1.1m, distance 1.2～1.3m stays the drain ditch between bed;
(5) sowing
A, be main, sow after the seed disinfection, overlying soil after planting, the sterilization of ginseng bed with autumn sowing;
B, cover grass, overlay film: lid layer straw on the bed surface that is finishing kind, at the bed surface of mulching straw lid layer black plastic film again.
(6) set up frame: in 4 months, begin shelving the last ten-days period;
A, the corresponding bed of joining are being set up Yimianpu Contiuum type ginseng canopy, eaves before the frame with joining: high 1.40m～1.50m, and eaves behind the frame: high 0.9m～1.0m, preceding eaves delegation and back eaves delegation column spacing are 220～230cm, with the column spacing 160～220cm of delegation; Eaves line angle degree parallel to the ground is not higher than 40 °～60 ° before the frame;
Photomask, fixing on b, the canopy face;
C, outside ginseng canopy forward position, ginseng bed two ends or growing area ginseng bed, place the sunshade net;
(7) seedling plays receipts
A, seedling rise at the beginning of the receipts phase is 9 the end of month to 10 month;
Before b, the receipts, elder generation is clean with stem, Ye Qishou, transports the plot;
C, dig out seedling, in the packing case of packing into;
(8) plant transplantation of seedlings:
A, do to be limited in goods year 6 years, transplant, make to be limited in goods year 4-5, transplant apart from 11-20cm apart from 15-20cm;
After b, transplanting finish, answer mulching straw on the bed surface, plastic covering film above the straw, and good with soil pressure, genseng gets into vegetative period.
The soil is selected also to comprise:
(1) soil acidity or alkalinity pH value is 5.0～6.0 or 6.0～6.5;
(2) the following or 0.50～1.00ds/m of salt density 0.50ds/m;
(3) nitrate nitrogen content is below 50mg/kg or 50～100mg/kg;
(4) content of organics is at 15～35g/kg;
(5) available phosphoric acid content 70～300mg/kg;
(6) potassium element content is at 40.0～160.0mg/kg, and calcium element content is at 400.0～1200.0mg/kg, magnesium elements at 200.0～800.0mg/kg.
Land improvement also comprises:
(1) dry land will have that rotation cycle, paddy field need the rotation cycle more than 6 years more than 10 years;
(2) preceding crop is grass family, legume or Ipomoea batatas milpa.
Fertilising comprises: between 6～July, gather the broad-leaved leaf, plow after in being manured into soil uniformly or with straw, wheat stalk stage of yellow ripeness with gramineous crop rotary tillage 3～4 times, plough in the soil.
Land improvement also comprises:
(1) soil melioration on overfertilization ground: carry out the above deep ploughing of 50cm in the time out and handle; Or at the loam of even spreading argillaceous 25～40% helvolus of soil surface; Or plant crops such as the stronger corn of fertilizer sucting ability, Chinese sorghum, and treat to carry out the rotary tillage processing after the stalk yellow maturity, imbed in the soil;
(2) soil of poor and barren land changes: can apply green grass or big dregs of beans in the time out, carry out rotary tillage again and handle, perhaps sow wheat in autumn; Carry out rotary tillage mid-June in next year, highland barley is ploughed under in the soil, or apply green grass; Rotary tillage repeatedly again, or execute organic manure, carry out repeatedly rotary tillage after the fertilising and handle;
(3) using of insecticide and boron zinc fertilizer: with after the soil rotary tillage one time again row use, adopt pesticide-clay mixture Fa Yangsa 15% Le Siben granular insecticide, every mu of ground dosage 1.5kg, or raise and spread ten element boron zinc fertilizers, every mu of ground consumption is 1kg.
Management after planting with growing seedlings, comprise that seedling is unearthed before, remove the black thin film that covers on the ginseng bed; Since spring, be used alternatingly efficient low residual medicament or bactericide and prevent and treat; Apply fertilizer according to the seedling early growth developmental state; Carry out take precautions against drought, water drainage work; Carry out artificial weeding in mid-May to mid-September.
Soil management in the growth cycle is in perennial genseng ground, when finding to have salt component to assemble phenomenon, between 10～November, with the fine earth in clean loess or the operation road, in ginseng bed surface coverage 2～3cm.
Non-forestry land plantation genseng differs from mountain planting, uses from the selection in soil, the detection of soil, the selection that is improved to the used fertilizer of improving the soil of soil, arrives the application of each production link key technology again; Make goods etc. until genseng, all carry out, through setting up standard practice instructions and track record in strict accordance with the production operation rules of traditional Chinese medicine quality of production management regulation and standard; Each step accomplishes to quantize examination; Tracking is traced to the source, and each link of keeping under strict control is guaranteed the quality of production safety of non-forestry land genseng.
Advantage of the present invention is: the non-forestry land ginseng planting is a kind of cenospecies implant model that changes the conventional ginseng cropping pattern; The ginseng planting is transferred to non-woods level land by the sylvan life mountain region, mainly is that the farmland of corn or soybean is main with the preceding crop, and the selection from the soil, soil detect, soil melioration is used to the selection of the used fertilizer of improving the soil; Arrive the application of each production link key technology again; Make goods etc. until genseng, all carry out, through setting up standard practice instructions and track record in strict accordance with the production operation rules of traditional Chinese medicine GAP quality of production management regulation and standard; Each step accomplishes to quantize examination; Tracking is traced to the source, and each link of keeping under strict control is guaranteed the quality of production safety of non-forestry land genseng.This technology not only can be preserved the ecological environment effectively, effectively improves the utilization ratio in soil, and can solve agricultural residual, content of beary metal in the conventional ginseng planting process problem that exceeds standard, and guarantees genseng crude drug product quality.
To combine embodiment that embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail below.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing is Yimianpu disjunctor ginseng canopy end face structure sketch map.
Embodiment
Non-forestry land genseng normalized planting method may further comprise the steps:
One, the soil is selected
1, land characteristics
(1) landform
The landform that is fit to the non-forestry land ginseng planting has: the foot of a mountain obliquely, haugh ground, riverbed flatly, hilly ground etc.
(2) gradient
The inclined degree in soil can reflect the nutrient loss degree in the soil; Also can influence the exercisable complexity of mechanical work; Therefore, select the soil of gradient less (7～15%) or very little (2～7%), flatly (0～2%) and (15～30%) etc. obliquely.
(3) incline direction
Growth has direct influence to incline direction to genseng.Select as far as possible positive north, northeast, northwest to or southeastern direction, can fully absorb the sunlight in morning with the assurance genseng, and avoid high light direct projection in afternoon.Due south, southwest or positive west be to because to absorb morning sunlight less, and it is more to absorb afternoon sunlight, is prone to cause genseng to take place day to burn, so the soil that should avoid selecting these directions is as culture of ginseng ground as far as possible.
2, soil physical
(1) soil characteristics
Soil characteristics is one of principal element of judging soil physico-chemical property.The classification of soil characteristics can be confirmed according to result of laboratory test, also can confirm with empirical method.Should select to the non-forestry land ginseng planting composite soil or the clay of little sandy loam, loam, sandy loam, little sandy loam, sandy soil and loam.
(2) soil drainage grade
The soil drainage grade is mainly to judge according to numerous factors such as soil physico-chemical property, air capacity of soils, water penetration, internal drainage abilities, can be divided into very good, good, little good, the little several grades such as bad, bad, very bad of draining.On-the-spot judgement soil drainage grade is mainly according to landform, soil colour and water level vestige etc.The soil of avoiding selecting low-lying, impeded drainage is as culture of ginseng ground.
(3) available depth of soil
When selecting non-forestry land ginseng planting ground, also tackle the soil depth that is fit to the genseng growth and analyze selection, general available depth of soil is divided into below the 20cm, 20～50cm, 50～100cm, 100cm be with 4 grades such as last.Soil is dark below avoiding selecting the dark 20cm of soil.
(4) ginseng bed height
Non-forestry land cultivated ginseng pond bed height should be at 30～40cm, and this layer table soil is more loose, and gas permeability is better, helps the genseng growth, thereby improves output.On the contrary, if genseng pond bed is lower, be prone to immersion rainy season, ginseng bed soil moisture is too high, and fibrous root can only be in superficial growth, can not be deep into undergroundly, causes the genseng appearance character poor, and, be prone to produce red spot ginseng.So suitable height should be 30～40cm or 25～30cm or 15～25cm, 15cm is not suitable for next.
(5) rubble content
There are stone or rubble in the surface, soil, is unfavorable for mechanized operation, and; If its content surpasses 35%, soil water-retaining, fertilizer-preserving ability are significantly reduced, have a strong impact on the growth of genseng; General rubble content is below 10%; 10～20% for the righttest, and 20～35% can consider, but should not surpass 35%.
(6) soil compaction layer
Soil compaction is prone to cause gas permeability and bad hydraulic permeability, and simultaneously because gas permeability is relatively poor, genseng is prone to suffer from root rot.The having or not of considered soil compaction layer when therefore selecting suitable non-forestry land of planting ginseng, the soil that does not generally have or do not have in the face of land to 80～120cm or do not have in the face of land to 30～80cm is more suitable.
(7) the soil standard of suitable cultivated ginseng
The soil orographic factor of selecting to be fit to cultivated ginseng has landform, gradient (%), incline direction etc.Physical factor has soil characteristics, soil drainage, available depth of soil, alley height, rubble content (%), hardening layer to have or not etc., selects with reference to table 1.
Table 1 non-forestry land ginseng planting soil selection criteria
3, soil chemical
(1) soil acidity or alkalinity (pH value)
PH in soil is the important indicator of decision soil property and nutrient supply ability.Generally be suitably for most 5.0～6.0, being fit to scope is 6.0～6.5, and pH value less than 5.0 perhaps is higher than 6.5 soil all should not plant ginseng.
(2) salt density (EC)
The non-forestry land ginseng planting does not generally use chemical fertilizer, but because preceding crop; Or used too much chemical fertilizer and livestock manure, thus cause the selected salinity of joining the soil of planting too high, when serious; Can see white crystalline solid or green (or red) mould at soil surface, this type material is prone to cause the genseng heavy-metal residual; So when selecting culture of ginseng ground, salt density will be weighed as an important index.The righttest salt density of non-forestry land plantation genseng is below the 0.50ds/m, and 0.50～1.00ds/m is more suitable, and it is then unsuitable to be higher than 1.00ds/m.For ginseng soil salt excessive concentration is planted in solution, generally in soil melioration period, the high crops of salt ability are inhaled in plantation, like corn, Chinese sorghum, wheat etc., perhaps apply a large amount of fresh organic matters.Should improve genseng pond bed height as far as possible to the ginseng transplanting, to be advisable in its surface cultivation leek.
(3) nitrate nitrogen element (NO
3-N)
Genseng belongs to the more weak plant of fertilizer tolerability.The N constituent content is too high in the soil is prone to cause genseng physiology injury, so when selecting to plant the ginseng soil, considered soil N contents level simultaneously, in soil melioration and producing, uses to contain the lower organic matter of N amount as far as possible.General nitrate nitrogen content is at the following optimum of 50mg/kg, and 50～100mg/kg is more suitable, and is then too high more than the 100mg/kg.
(4) organic matter (OM)
Organic matter has the ability of preserving nutrient and water conservation, and the warehouse that is nutrient also is the tank body of water storage, can also the soil particle of single body be condensed into group.Because the organic matter water retention capacity is stronger, so can prevent soil loss, reduce drought, improve the vigor of microorganism in the soil, thereby promote the useful nutrient of crop absorption.In order to improve organic content in the soil, can plant wheat, corn, Chinese sorghum etc., perhaps in soil, apply the higher fresh organic matter of straw or fibre-bearing amount.It is more suitable at 15～35g/kg that non-forestry land is planted the content of organics of joining soil.
(5) available phosphoric acid (Av.P
2O
5)
Phosphorus is the genseng requisite element of growing, if its content is low excessively, then can cause ginseng tiny, and the quantity of supporting root and fibrous root reduces, and the time of yielding positive results is delayed, thereby reduces the output and the quality of genseng.If too high, also can bring same result.Therefore, the available phosphoric acid (Av.P of non-forestry land genseng soil
2O
5) content 70～300mg/kg is more suitable.
(6) cation (EX.cations)
1. potassium (K)
The K element has in plant corpus and generates starch, sugar, moisturize, short root development, bloom, effect such as result.If its content is low excessively, can cause genseng tiny, in contract, blade base is withered.On the contrary, the too high absorption that then can suppress genseng to magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) element is prone to cause the physiological disease that causes thus.Therefore, potassium element content is comparatively suitable when 40.0～160.0mg/kg in the non-forestry land plantation genseng soil.
2. calcium (Ca)
Calcium is one of four essential big elements of genseng growth, has the effect of formation and mobile chlorophyll and carbohydrate, can promote root development; Enhanced biological soma; Thereby improve the genseng resistance against diseases, promote the breeding of microorganism, promote organic decomposition; Suppress the absorption of harmful heavy metal, promote the effects such as systematism of single soil individual.If its too high levels then is prone to the generation that causes the genseng yellow spotting sick.The range of choice of fitting ginseng ground calcium constituent is 400.0～1200.0mg/kg.
3. magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium is to form chlorophyllous indispensable element, impels the genseng growth vigorous, and synthetic protein and fat promote phosphorus (P) element to move.If the ratio of potassium and magnesium is higher in the leaves of panax ginseng, it is sick to be prone to that yellow spotting takes place.Therefore, the genseng that when 200.0～800.0mg/kg, is beneficial to of magnesium elements is grown in the non-forestry land ginseng planting ground soil.
(7) the milpa soil chemical is fit to scope
When selecting culture of ginseng ground, the soil chemical properties factor that should take into full account has: pH value, salt density (EC), organic matter (OM), available phosphoric acid (Av.P
2O
5), cation (Es.cations), nitrate nitrogen (NO
3-N) etc.It is thus clear that table 2.
Table 2 milpa soil chemical properties classification chart
Annotate: after genseng ground is confirmed, forbid livestock, poultry to get into, forbid the petrochemical industry goods to descend slowly and lightly, leave in the ginseng ground.
Two, soil melioration and management
1, crop rotation
(1) in the genseng process of growth, there is the reflection of its unique damage by disease and insect and soil unusual sick, thus when selecting milpa, stubble crop planting situation before the considered, whether its damage by disease and insect and Nutrient Absorption characteristics influence the plantation of genseng.If carry out crop rotation, dry land takes more than 10 years at least, the paddy field needs the rotation cycle more than 6 years.
2, preceding crop
(1) is fit to crop: grass family (corn, wheat class etc.), legume and Ipomoea batatas milpa.
(2) be not suitable for crop: the soil of many fertilizer of long-term planting property crop (Chinese cabbage, radish, capsicum, garlic, shallot, onion, tomato, tobacco leaf, ginger, tree peony etc.) because the chemical fertilizer amount is more and persticide residue is higher, generally is not suitable for planting genseng.
3. improvement and management
(1) soil leisure: generally require leisure to carry out the soil maintenance in 1～2 year, and the soil or the new poor and barren land of opening up wasteland of cultivating many fertilizer property crop for a long time need lie fallow 2 years at least.
(2) plow: the purpose of plowing is to carry out ultraviolet sterilization.
1. need plow at least more than 15 times every year between time out, the degree of depth 50～60cm, and plow to guarantee that each local soil can both plough at every turn, to reach the purpose of disinfection by ultraviolet light sterilization.Value must not plow at every turn and is omitted the dead angle, the radiation effects of pathogen, worm's ovum etc. is reduced and influence genseng and grows with antiultraviolet.Require to plough at every turn and finish the back operation of next time plowing again in 3 days at interval,, must treat to carry out under the not muddy situation in soil if when occurring rainwater or snowfall in the meantime.Pick up stone after plowing one time, the stone of diameter more than 7～8cm all picks at every turn.Considered draining when plowing must not have the location of eddy water to occur, and when genseng ground for use is muddy, never allows to press to grind.
2. the megathermal period in 7～August, increase the frequency of plowing, ultraviolet sterilization strengthens.
(3) fertilising
1. the standard of base manure: the organic matter of the low and slow property of nitrogenous (N) amount.Can supply suitable nutrient and fertilizer with the effect of improving the soil.The organic matter fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed fully.Consumption is every square metre of 25kg.
2. material and processing method: use the higher organic manure of fiber content, can reach the purpose of improving the soil.Gather the broad-leaved leaf between 6～July, plow after in being manured into soil uniformly (4,500kg/1000m
2).Also can be with straw or wheat stalk (1800kg/1000m
2).Stage of yellow ripeness with gramineous crop rotary tillage 3～4 times, plough is gone in the soil.Wheat, corn etc. have stronger fertilizer sucting ability, and fertile ground is taken off fertile effect in addition.
(4) draining
Build drainage channel at the soil of culture of ginseng periphery and middle part.Ginseng bed length is advisable at 33～38m, avoids the pond long, causes draining and ventilation not smooth, and causes genseng generation high temperature injury.
(5) soil melioration on overfertilization ground
The fertilizer amount in soil is too high, can cause the salt injury.So should at first chemically examine before the plantation, according to the time of result of laboratory test decision soil management to soil.Generally need more than 2 years.
Overfertilization ground improvement, the processing (more than the 50cm) or of can deep ploughing at the loam of even spreading argillaceous 25～40% helvolus of soil surface.Amount of application is about 30t/1000m
2
Crops such as the corn that the plantation fertilizer sucting ability is stronger, Chinese sorghum treat to carry out the rotary tillage processing after the stalk yellow maturity, imbed in the soil.
(6) soil melioration of poor and barren land
Leisure time needs more than 2 years.Can apply green grass or big dregs of beans in the time out, amount of application is respectively 3～4.5t/1000m
2And 200kg/1000m
2, carry out rotary tillage again and handle.Perhaps sow wheat in autumn, carry out rotary tillage, highland barley is ploughed under in the soil, again with 3～4.5t/1000m mid-June in next year
2Consumption apply green grass, rotary tillage repeatedly again.Execute organic manure, should it be pulverized when using, after fertilising, carry out repeatedly rotary tillage and handle.Hills poor and barren land or once used the soil of white lime in a large number fully mixes the 1kg borax with 20～30kg clay during improvement, after be sprinkled into 1000m uniformly
2The soil in.
(7) insecticide and boron zinc fertilizer uses
With after the soil rotary tillage one time again row use.Adopt pesticide-clay mixture Fa Yangsa 15% Le Siben granular insecticide, every mu of ground dosage 1.5kg.The main purpose of using Le Siben is to control other soil insect for coleopteran pests such as control of grubs, wireworm are double, has slow releasing function, and the lasting period is long, and toxicity is low, and is safe in utilization, and no systemic action can be not residual in leaf portion or fruit.Raise and spread ten element boron zinc fertilizers, every mu of ground consumption is 1kg.Ten element boron zinc fertilizers are rich in boron, zinc, manganese, copper, molybdenum, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, potassium, drought resistance agent, cold-resistance agent, synergist and soil conditioner, and contain the active substance that promotes that crop root absorbs.Can effectively suppress soil urease liveness and denitrification deoxidation loss, present stronger dispersiveness, fertilizer is evenly disperseed and expansion in soil, crops no longer produce the anti-effect of knot, and the multiple element in the fertilizer can in time be absorbed and assimilation by plant.
In people's ginseng land soil process, be directed against the soil melioration actual conditions, the sample examination of not timing, whether contained necessary element reaches standard-required in the check soil, is convenient to confirm to replenish or eliminate the soil element that is unfavorable for the genseng growth.Detection elements comprises pH, organic matter, available phosphoric acid, potassium, calcium, magnesium equal size, and residue of pesticide situation such as organochlorine such as hexachlorcyclohexane, DDT, pcnb and organic phosphor, and the soil that does not meet national soil examination criteria is forbidden as culture of ginseng ground.
Three, the selection of ginseng seeds and germination treatment
Should select full seed, fresh, the pure ginseng seeds of color and luster.Then ginseng seeds is poured in the cylinder winnow, clean, remove flat kind, pour in another clean mud cylinder after cleaning repeatedly, the ratio of seed and water is 1: 1.5.50g is dissolved in 95% an amount of ethanol with gibberellin (920), and the back adds in the ginseng seeds and water that has mixed, evenly stirs, and it is mixed fully, soaks more than 12 hours.
Get clean river sand, use the sieve of aperture as 2mm, the fine sand after sieving is processed aqueous solution sprinkling uniformly with an amount of powder of carbendazim and is carried out disinfection.Pull seed out, evenly mix in the clean river sand after the into sterilization in 1: 2 ratio, in the woven bag of packing into, every packed amount 22.5kg lies in the fine sand bed of having completed successively, and thickness is 10～15cm, covers with the thick fine sand of 10cm after smooth the completing again.Cover the sand bed with plastic foil, prevent to cause ginseng seeds to rot in the rainwater entering bag, every smashing at a distance from 15 days planted 1 time, till the ginseng seeds breach.Ginseng seeds breach rate reaches 80% to be sowed when above, to guarantee 1 year higher emergence rate.
Four, make bed
Turn over one everywhere with plough before making bed, tie with rotovator again, make bed at last.Use compass to confirm the southeast to ginseng bed trend, reason is in order to adopt gentle sunlight before at 10 in the morning, and avoids the later virulent solar irradiation of 10 AM, grows and influence genseng.
1, place zoning
Landform according to whole place is carried out zoning, marks the main planting area and the drain ditch in whole plot, guarantees that the place after the zoning is rationally utilized, and has both helped the genseng growth, rationally utilizes illumination, can prevent erosion again.
2, decide datum line
Use compass delimitation ginseng bed position, confirm ginseng bed direction, be generally the southeast and suit to 45 °～60 °.Draw a straight line by ginseng bed direction, be datum line.
3, hang end line
The two ends of datum line remake two lines vertical with datum line and make end line (this operation is called as the extension end line in the genseng producing region).
4, make bed
Bed is made in mechanization before sowing or transplanting.Drive the ridge machine of beating with tractor, make bed according to ginseng bed specification.
Ginseng bed machine scale is: the wide 2.20～2.70m in forward position, and the back is along wide 1.00～1.50m, and it is 70～80cm that the ginseng bed behind the plough is risen.Height of bed 35cm, bedside 1.0～1.5m, distance 1.2～1.3m between bed.
Use the aperture will join bed hollow heart mellow soil as the sieve of 30mm * 30mm and all sieve, the loose soil layer thickness is advisable at 15cm～20cm in the ginseng bed that sifts out.
Balk is shakeout, repair neat side wall, hug the level bed face.Ready-made ginseng bed specification is: the height of bed 35～40cm, bedside 1.0～1.5m, distance 1.2～1.3m between bed.
Five, sowing
1, seed disinfection
With fludioxonil (10ml/ bag) dressing, 1 bag of fludioxonil is mixed 2kg left and right sides ginseng seeds.Excessive for avoiding waiting to sow sub-humidity, should airing under sunlight behind fludioxonil and ginseng seeds mixing, humidity just can be sowed.
2, finishing ginseng bed
Use the smooth genseng of palladium pond bed before the sowing again, the bed surface width is 1.0～1.1m.
3, sowing
The non-forestry land ginseng planting is main with autumn sowing, also can consider to sow in spring or lie prostrate and broadcast.Take mechanical planting, before the early October in every year was extremely freeze-up, sowing breach rate reached the ginseng seeds more than 80%.
4, earthing
After sower finishes ginseng seeds, with 1.4cm * 1.4cm sieve screening fine earth, sift out stone, the fine earth that sieve is fallen covers on the bed surface, and meanwhile accomplish to sieve and spread earthing, about overlying soil thickness 1.5cm.
5, finishing ginseng bed
Behind the earthing, bed surface is uneven, and is artificial with a scraper plate handle ginseng bed surface evening.
6, ginseng bed sterilization
Manual work sprays disinfectant with sprayer,, dislikes mould spirit that is.Dislike mould spirit (5g/ bag) for one bag and add 15kg water, the laxative amount is to be advisable about soup saturation tank face 1cm.The purpose of ginseng bed sterilization is to reduce the seedling incidence of disease in next year.
7, cover careless operation
Lid layer straw on the bed surface that is finishing kind before the lid straw, cover the pond face with scraper plate flatly gently, then straw is covered Chi Mianshang (consumption is that the 0.07 hectare straw covers on the genseng pond face of 0.07 hectare) in 1: 1 ratio.The horizontal bed of straw looses and covers, and thickness is wanted evenly.The purpose of lid straw is warming preserving moisture.
8, cover black mulch film
At the bed surface of mulching straw lid layer black plastic film again.At first, with smooth the covering on the ginseng bed of mulch film, then, from the operation road, fetch earth the compacting mulch film.The purpose of gland mulch film mainly is in order not allow too much moisture and foreign material to palm off as in the ginseng bed, and this growth to genseng plays warming and benefits the key effect of growth.
Six, set up frame
1, canopy formula
Referring to accompanying drawing, be Yimianpu disjunctor ginseng canopy, eaves 1 before the frame: high 1.40m～1.50m; Cross bar 3: specification 30mm * 40mm; Eaves 2 behind the frame: high 0.9m～1.0m; Column 4: specification 30mm * 40mm; Ginseng bed 5: bedside 1.0m～1.1m.
2, frame canopy know-why
10 of every mornings, the ultraviolet ray that the sun sent was minimum by the ratio that atmosphere filters out, so ultraviolet intensity is the strongest in the middle of one day to 2 pm.And genseng is a long-day plant, and happiness skew ray or scattered light are avoided the high light direct projection, so, the time that the ginseng bed is advanced in the direct projection of strict control high light, particularly important to the genseng growth.
Altitude of the sun is the most important factor that the decision earth surface obtains solar thermal energy quantity.The sunshine power on sun altitude and ground is closely related, and sun altitude can be analyzed sun light intensity and the ultraviolet power on ground etc.For tellurian certain place, altitude of the sun is meant the incident direction of sunshine and the angle between the ground level.Sun altitude is meant from sun central straight and is mapped to the local light and the angle of local level; Along with local time and the variation of the declination of the sun and changing; Its value changes between 0 ° to 90 °, and day rises sunset, and sun altitude is constantly to change in the same place one day; During sunrise sunset be 0 °, the sun is 90 ° on positive zenith.The variation of sun altitude and geographic latitude, solar declination, local time relevant.
sin?h＝sin?φ?sin?δ+sin?φ?cos?δ?cos?t
The H-sun altitude, it is numerically equal to the altitude of the sun in the coordinate system of celestial horizon.
φ-observation ground geographic latitude.
In the local time of T-, claim hour angle again, when being meant projection and the local time on earth equatorial plane at 12, the ground line of centres is the angle between the projection on the plane under the line.Hour angle during 12 of local times is zero, and front and back are every at a distance from one hour, and increase 360/24=15 is 15 * 2=30 as 10 and 14.
δ-solar declination (claim the declination angle again, be the earth equatorial plane and the sun and ground ball center line between angle.The declination angle is the cycle with the year ,+23 ° 26 ' with-23 ° 26 ' scope in move, become the sign in season.Annual June 21 or 22 days, declination reached maximum+23 ° 26 ' be called Summer Solstice, noon this day the sun to be positioned at the earth tropic of cancer just overhead, be at the shortest one day the longest, Southern Hemisphere sunshine time Northern Hemisphere sunshine time.Declination angle time round the clock of being gradually reduced to when equalling zero September 21 or 22 days the whole world all equates to be the Autumnal Equinox subsequently.Very little because of declination variation on duty for the day, the declination angle δ of any given day can use computes in 1 year: sin δ=0.39795cos [0.98563 (N-173)].N is a number of days in the formula, begins to calculate from January 1
Jian is located in the southeast, Jilin Province, is positioned at 125 ° 34 ' 33 of east longitude " 126 ° 32 ' 48 ", between the north latitude 40 ° 52 ' 7 " 41 ° 35 ' 18 "; Be φ=40 ° 52 ' 7 " 41 ° 35 ' 18 ", δ=23 ° 26 ' (to calculate June 21 or 22 days), t=30 (with 10 calculating); Calculate through (1) formula, 52.5 ° of sun altitude h ≈, therefore; At this point develop the non-forestry land ginseng planting, make the genseng smooth growth, avoid the injury of nature high light; Take Yimianpu Contiuum type genseng frame, eaves line angle degree parallel to the ground is not higher than 50 ° before the frame, can guarantee that then the direct light after 10 o'clock of the morning does not get into bed surface.Therefore, answer during the frame canopy emphasis to consider the angle that raises up of eaves before the frame in the production.
3, frame material specification
Rod is used larch always, and column and cross bar specification are 30mm * 40mm, press strip specification 20mm * 30mm, the high bar of preceding eaves delegation, high 140～150cm; The short bar of back eaves delegation, high 90～100cm.With a chainsaw column lower end is chopped to pointed.
4, erection method
In 4 months, begin shelving the last ten-days period.With pile engine column is followed closely into ground, the about 40～50cm of the degree of depth.Cross bar two is ridden on the column, tie with iron wire.
Preceding eaves delegation and back eaves delegation column spacing are that (220～230cm), eaves is striden between a column and become straight line before and after guaranteeing.Also will become straight line with delegation's column spacing, two column spacings are 190cm.
5, upper greenhouse
(1) canopy film kind: green photomask, yellow photomask, white photomask (China, Korea S, U.S.'s material), blue plastic foil.(use simultaneously, still select one)
(2) mentioned kind canopy film is covered on the frame, after fastening with press strip, tie with iron wire.When selecting the sunshade film, should select that internal structure is compact, light transmittance suitably, can reduce the material of temperature of shed.
6, go up the sunshade net
Sunshade net with shading rate 65% carries out shading.Wherein, width is that mainly being fixed on of 50cm joined the canopy forward position, and width is that mainly being fixed on of 100cm joined bed two ends or growing area outermost (ginseng bed periphery).
Seven, seeding and seedling raising ground management
1, removes film
Before seedling is unearthed, removes the black thin film that covers on the ginseng bed, and clean out.
2, the extermination of disease and insect pest
Since spring, a situation arises according to damage by disease and insect that climatic variation characteristics and genseng difference are grown period, adopts different efficient low residual medicament or bactericide through screening to be used alternatingly and prevent and treat.
3, fertilising
Carry out suitable fertilising according to the seedling early growth developmental state.Mainly use self-produced microbial-bacterial fertilizer, and the compounding application nutritional agents.
4, take precautions against drought
According to the climatic variation characteristics, in time carry out the work of taking precautions against drought.
5, water drainage
According to the rainwater characteristics of different times, in time carry out water drainage work.To operation road and drain ditch clear up during snow melting spring, and peach blossom water is discharged in the back of thawing, and prevents that snow-broth from infiltrating the ginseng bed.Connect rainy season, in time clean out a drain, dredge the water place, prevent to stop up.
6, weeding
Generally carry out weeding in mid-May to mid-September.Mainly take artificial weeding.The weeds manual work is pulled out in the ginseng bed, and side wall, the head of a bed and peripheral weeds are rooted out with hoe.In conjunction with weeding, pull out diseased plant, extract the disease leaf, transport to beyond the ginseng ground buried.Weeding must prevent to hinder root, otherwise is prone to susceptible.Avoid the medicament weeding.
Eight, seedling plays receipts
1, rises between the time receiving
Seedling rises at the beginning of the receipts phase is 9 the end of month to 10 month.
2, play receiving method
(1) rise receive before, earlier that stem, Ye Qishou is clean, transport the plot.
(2) removing bed surface covers: with rake the bed surface covering is hugged only.
(3) play receipts: with spade seedling is dug out, remove assorted soil, foreign material, in the packing case of packing into, to be selected.The packing case of dress seedling, shop one deck soft paper is avoided the seedling of damaging in the handling process at the bottom of the case, when putting seedling, per 5～8cm thickness is one deck, between separate with soft paper.
When taking seedling, can not damage root, palpus and brood cell with spade.Deep-cut only, chosen ginseng and choose clean together with fibrous root.Choose while rising, shake off the soil that adheres on the ginseng root, get rid of residual stem, vanning stores, and is to be selected.Note sheltering from heat or light in the storage process preserving moisture.
Nine, plant transplantation of seedlings
When transplanting genseng, begin to plant in ginseng bed surface lies side wall 6cm place.
1, method
Machine is planted: adopt the semi-automatic ginseng machine of planting to transplant.Start and to plant the ginseng machine, plant that the ginseng machine can face digs planting furrow in the genseng pond automatically, its degree of depth must not be lower than the length (the planting furrow degree of depth can planted ginseng machine adjusted according to actual conditions) of seedling; Manual work fitly is placed in seedling in the planting furrow, and when putting seedling, ginseng can not be crooked; For fear of its downslide; Fill out a spot of soil at root, and then ginseng machine completion earthing, the blinding degree of depth 2～3cm are planted in startup.Pat gently with flat board on its surface behind the earthing, help germinateing.Choose the trench digging direction and plant the ginseng direction, guarantee ginseng bud eastwards, become 45.
2, transplanting density (annotates: 1=1.9m
2)
During the transplantation of seedlings of genseng kind, should confirm to transplant density according to specifically making the goods time limit, generally make the goods time limit when longer, it is little to transplant density, makes the goods time limit more in short-term, and it is big to transplant density, to guarantee the bright ginseng of shipment output.
Table 3 is transplanted density
3, the ginseng bed covers
After transplant finishing, in order to prevent arid or frostbite, mulching straw in the above, plastic covering film above the straw, and good with soil pressure, prevent to be wiped off by wind.
Ten, the water management of dry period
Between dry period, genseng is easy to receive the influence of salt, when causing situation such as leaf flavescence, early leaf fall, fruiting rate be bad to occur, should carry out under the prerequisite of covering grass, irrigating, with the work of pouring water on a small quantity, slowly.(when aetiolation takes place, between 8～10L/, during other phenomenon, between 4～8L/)
11, soil management in the growth cycle
Along with the time limit increase of genseng growth, the inner salts substances content of soil also can increase to some extent, and concentrates in the topsoil; Be around the ginseng bud; Be prone to cause ginseng bud to rot, simultaneously, aetiolation can appear in plant; The output capacity of red spot ginseng also can increase, and reduces bright ginseng quality and output.Therefore, in the genseng growth cycle, should strengthen the soil management of genseng planting-site, avoid or reduce the generation of above-mentioned phenomenon.Take the measure of genseng bed surface earthing, can effectively reduce too much gathering of culture of ginseng surface layer soil salt, the prevention disease takes place.
Earthing method: in the perennial genseng ground, when finding to have salt component to assemble phenomenon, between 10～November, with the fine earth in clean loess or the operation road, in ginseng bed surface coverage 2～3cm.The effect of earthing reduces the mycotic incidence of disease of grey.Increase root weights and output and significantly improve the generation that reduces red spot ginseng, thereby improve the quality of genseng.
12, the main diseases insect pest and the preventive measure of genseng
1, the main disease of genseng
(1) overworked sick (damping off) symptom: the stipes position is crineous, attenuates, and dies at last.When germ density is higher in the soil, seedling cane deepening brown, withered.So do not germinate.Pathogenic factor: be the multiple phase the annual the first tenday period of a month in late April to May, treats that up to genseng stem length firmly, this disease can Lock-out.In acid ground, nitrogenous fertilizer thicker soil more, that after planting cover, then the incidence of disease is higher.This germ is at site of pathological change, or in soil, survives the winter, and can become the cause of disease again in 1 year.Except that genseng, also this disease can take place in 160 various plants such as Chinese cabbage, radish.Preventive measure: germ is through soil infection, so select not have the sowing of contaminated soil the most important.Especially avoid planting the soil sowing genseng of vegetables such as radish, Chinese cabbage.Sowing is preceding with seed disinfection.After planting cover thin soil (1cm) in the above, their early stage (late April) seedling of will falling ill pulls out, and sprays insecticide.
(2) grey mycosis
Symptom: be khaki from Lu's head is good as having scalded, affected part gray or crineous, shape are as the mouse excrement, and common people think it is pernosis by mistake.The genseng incidence of disease is higher more than 5 years.This disease begins to infect to root from the head, and last whole root all rots.Pathogenic factor: this germ can not be destroyed the ginseng tissue that lives, but carries out secondary infection through the tissue of having die.Seedling generally in 10 months, invade root through the stem that dies the last ten-days period, and it is rotted.The genseng of transplanting is generally fallen ill 2 times in 7～August.The morbidity in 7～August is the stem wilt mould of taking place because of 5～June, what quick infection caused through superinfection and in rainy season.Preventive measure: in 10 months, remove withered stem, or spray preventive medicine the last ten-days period.To the 4 years above genseng of life ground, covered with soil autumn.
(3) eqpidemic disease
Symptom: on seedling, occur in flakes.Its stem, leaf are dirty-green and blackening gradually just as having been scalded, withered at last.The genseng of transplanting is dirty-green, caves in, attenuates and be withered in uneven each position at its stem.Their early stage forms white powder on stem, leaf, stem's epidermis is easy to peel off and is softening, along with the further diffusion of germ, makes it to become black or grey black and withered.The genseng root of morbidity, a lot of wrinkles appear in its surface, and with brown or taupe spot.The inside of root becomes filbert and deliquescing, rots at last.
Pathogenic factor: according to the difference of growth year number, disease time is also different.But generally in 5 months, rainy season in last ten-days period morbidity is more.When being higher than 30, temperature can stop morbidity when spending.Epidemic disease bacterium is survived the winter with mycelia or spore form in incidence tissue, and 1 year begins to infect again.In the fruit gardens such as the apple that its germ comes more, pears, peach, so should avoid raising fruit trees around the genseng ground as far as possible.Preventive measure: premorbid (mid-May) sprays prevention eqpidemic disease agricultural chemicals immediately.In rainy season mid-July, temperature descends.Spray preventive medicine this moment.When using the impregnability bactericide agricultural chemicals, Ying Congfen considers the residue problem.
(4) black spot
1. symptom: form irregular filbert water soaking mode scab on the leaf, along vein diffusion, back overstrike scab.Form the oval scab of pitchy on the stem.Atrophy and withered around the scab.The genseng stem of morbidity, frangible and standing witheredly, morbidity back germ is immersed root through Lu's head to be made it become black to rot.Seed does not wait maturation just to drop.Pathogenic factor: this germ is infected through wind, and moisture is fallen ill seriously more for a long time in the soil.Germ survives the winter with mycelia at site of pathological change, is called the cause of disease in 1 year again.Biennial genseng is sent out this disease hardly, multiple this disease when the genseng leaf of growth and leaf contact with each other more than 2 years.Stem is generally in germination period～late May; Leaf many late May with sequela, wait after the June that stem becomes more sturdy, seldom send out this disease.If but temperature is higher, also can on leaf and seed, send out this disease under the long-time weather such as rain.Preventive measure:
Stem: fully guarantee not frost bitten of its germination position before germinateing; The above genseng of life began to 5 months, sets up protection from the wind at periphery with the sunshade net last ten-days period from germination period in 4 years, and the back of germinateing was sprayed preventive medicine with the low pressure sprayer in stem in per about 10 days.Leaf: in the prevention agricultural chemicals, add auxiliary liquid, sprayed 1 time in per 10～15 days.Seed: can only be with sunshade net and other materials.
(5) anthracnose
Symptom: stem produces square brown spot, around it, forms purple or puce, along with the expansion of disease, forms black small grain and withered on the surface.Form circular spot on the leaf, their early stage forms faint yellow fleck near spot, and the centre forms filbert spot, and periphery forms dark brown, just as people's eyes.The centre slight crack occurs and is withered.Seed is circular spot to occur in the red ripe phase (after July), and depression, around it, forms a lot of black small grain spots.Pathogenic factor: another name leaf blight.The morbidity at positions such as leaf, stem, seeds, but do not infect to root.This is sick through rainwater or fine insect-borne infection.Mainly occur on one's body the capsicum, give genseng through rainwater, insect-borne infection.So avoid planting capsicum around on genseng ground.Preventive measure:
Build enclosure wall at genseng ground periphery, prevent rainwater.Carrying out sunshade rainy season handles.Spray spot disease+anthracnose preventive medicine (seedling: per 10～15 days rainy seasons 1 time, per At All Other Times 20 days 1 time at ground surface after June; Life in three to six years 1 time on the per 10th～15.
(6) stalk break
Symptom: root forms Huang～brown, and forms irregular spot just as frost bitten.The inside of following keeps white and rots rapidly.The surface forms white mould, and forms the irregular sclerotium of black.Along with the finally only remaining epidermis of progress root of morbidity, and inside is filled up by sclerotium.This disease begins flavescence from the germination position of genseng, infects gradually and gives root, causes butt rot.Pathogenic factor: this is sick mainly to be the sclerotium of in soil, surviving the winter through soil infection, formed the cause of disease in 1 year.Its vitality can be survived 5～10 years under drying regime.But in the soil moisture more for a long time, survival rate can reduce greatly.Especially morbidity easily in acid ground.Preventive measure: avoid in planting the soil of vegetables, planting genseng.Not moving genseng of falling ill.And the good genseng of its periphery is dug out, its coring is contacted.
(7) root rot
Symptom: seedling generally after June, begins to become Huang～puce from root centre or bottom, and rots.Leaf is yellowing and withered gradually.Mainly mostly occur in the ground, ground of the genseng that repeats to plant with transplanting.Generally mid or late June the incidence of disease higher, for high year stranger's ginseng, before Lu's epicranium is caught this disease, have no abnormal conditions to occur, so disguise is very big.Pathogenic factor: the reason of root rot is a lot, mainly be sclerotium, epidemic disease bacterium, grey mould, sickle-like bacteria, etc. the caused comprehensive disease of mould.General how in the genseng ground that repeats to plant, the generation.This germ is mainly through soil infection.Except that genseng, resemble in the trees class plant such as tree peony and also take place, so, can use after should storing more than 1 year if when using this type of timber as the organic manure of raw material production.Preventive measure: use the stifling or rice-cultivating of fumigant to plant genseng after 4～5 years again at preparatory planting site.Not with the seedling ginseng of being caught germ.When finding that this is sick, health ginseng is on every side dug out.Avoid the contact between root.Drainage system is carried out in strictness.
(8) bacterial slimy soft rot
Symptom: temperature higher late June begins in the seedling ginseng, transplants large stretch of this disease that takes place in ginseng ground.Initial symptom is, cauline leaf keeps that green state is following to be beaten listlessly, and dies; Root feels like jelly and rots like having scalded with boiling water, is attended by acid taste, and the root surface forms white mould.Mainly be entering of sickle mycete secondary and the formation in the soil.Pathogenic factor: this disease is one of main diseases of genseng, but does not up to the present also have detailed research record.Preventive measure: genseng ground is irrigated and should be used when spraying insecticide does not have contaminated underground water.
Forbid contaminated water to get into genseng ground.In case catch an illness, should be immediately at morbidity root injection on every side eqpidemic disease prophylactic.
2, the primary pest of genseng
(1) grub category: big black chafer (Larger Blake chafer), Korea black chafer (Korean Black chafer), big brown chafer (Larger Broun chafer) are arranged.Situation causes harm: the folium panacis japonici cum caule who is injured is keeping withered under the green state.When ginseng must be eaten up, leaf became light brown.The stranger joined generally disaster-stricken serious in 9～October in two to three years; 9～the October in odd number year; Receive the serious disaster of Korea black chafer the 5～June in even numbers year.And mainly occur on two to three years stranger's ginsengs.This plague of insects, near the outside, the condition of a disaster is serious more, mainly is because adult gets into genseng ground from the thick grass of outside reason.Because big brown chafer larva volume is big, appetite is also beaten, so destructiveness is also big.Preventive measure: in the egg-laying period in that the regional spraying insecticide of disaster possibly take place, thoroughly remove peripheral weeds.Planting site will often be turned in advance, and weeds can not be grown.In case finding larva disaster-stricken then that dig out in the soil kills.
(2) velvet chafer larva.Situation causes harm: 5～June, biennial genseng was disaster-stricken more serious.Adult eats up leaf even eats up the genseng stem.Destructiveness is bigger.This worm gets into genseng ground evening from the weeds of periphery, conceal at surface layer daytime.Preventive measure: thoroughly remove peripheral weeds, if just find spraying insecticide at once.
(3) moth class: black moth (Black cutworm), grey black look moth (DarkGrey chtworm) seed line moth (Spotted chtwoem).Situation causes harm: mainly gnaw overhead nearer stem.Mainly receive grey black look moth the early spring to May, mainly be black moth plague of insects evil 5～October, and the seed line plague of insects mainly occurs in May.Preventive measure: gently dig the soil of the periphery of being injured early morning, find out insect and kill, if the condition of a disaster more seriously can be sprayed soil insecticide.
(4) mole.Situation causes harm: mainly occur in for 5～June, get into from the outside to gnaw in the genseng ground night and bite genseng, get back to the original place then again.So from outside nearer, it is serious more to be injured.Mainly gnaw seedling or biennial genseng.Periphery can be seen the passage that it digs out.Preventive measure: want careful annual May and observe, get final product if confirm disaster-stricken then dig out passage and spread insecticide.
(5) yellow filaria.Situation causes harm: larva little by little gnaws at root and bites, and a root has 3～5 these worms sometimes.Be difficult to prevent because growth time is long.Preventive measure: find disaster-stricken dig out at once and kill or potato is cut into 2～3mm size imbeds in the soil, and perform mark, kill after luring this worm.Disaster-stricken can the insecticide dilution be sprayed soil surface when serious.
(6) illumination moth class.Situation causes harm: larva gets in the perennial genseng stem and gnaws, it is fractureed or its top withered.This larva is discharged faint yellow ight soil, is easier to identification.Near corn field 5～August multiple this plague of insects.Preventive measure: general disaster area is little.In case find that can find out larva along stem kills, and maybe can trap and kill with light trap.
(7) mulberry tree powder bedbug.Situation causes harm: near the genseng ground of fruit tree in September often suffers from disaster, and main base of leaf binding site, stem, root etc. locate to draw internal juice at the back side of leaf, and the white silk that spues, and finally makes the overground part cauline leaf withered.Preventive measure: the initial stage of being injured is spread deinsectization medicine at its periphery.
(8) slug.Situation causes harm: mainly disaster-stricken in the late April～mid-May of perennial genseng germination period.The bottom of mulching straw, the position of presprouting on the ground is disaster-stricken serious.Bigger disguise is arranged.This worm bites tender shoots and stem, up to dying.Preventive measure: can use Jie's acetaldehyde (Metal dehyde) to handle.
(9) shell snail.Situation causes harm: the plague of insects, take place annual 5～July in three to the five years stranger's ginsengs that mainly cause harm.Night or rainy day climb up along stem, gnaw the epidermis or the borehole of stem and seed, and destructiveness is stronger.Preventive measure: can use Jie's acetaldehyde (Metal dehyde) processing or direct labor to catch and kill.In genseng ground, divide and spread the vegetables that this worm is liked, make it to accumulate in the vegetables, catch and kill then.
(10) root-knot nematode.Situation causes harm: at genseng radicula position, late June begins to form pimple, thereby has suppressed root growth, has suppressed the growth of root top stem simultaneously, and it is light brown or light yellow that leaf is.
The main disease of table 4 genseng, morbidity period and the position of causing harm
The main insect pest of table 5 genseng, morbidity period and the position of causing harm
Claims (7)
1. non-forestry land genseng normalized planting method is characterized in that may further comprise the steps:
(1) soil is selected:
A, the foot of a mountain are obliquely or haugh ground;
B, gradient 2～15%;
The positive north of c, incline direction, northeast, northwest to or southeastern direction;
D, select little sandy loam, loam, sandy loam or little sandy loam;
E, available depth of soil 20～100cm or more than the 100cm;
F, rubble content are 10～20%;
(2) soil melioration:
A, soil leisure 1～2 year;
B, plow: repeatedly plow every year between time out, and the degree of depth 50～G0cm ploughs at every turn and finishes the back operation of next time plowing again in 3 days at interval;
C, fertilising: execute the organic matter of the low and slow property of nitrogen content, or nutrient is provided, the fertilizer of the effect of improving the soil is arranged, consumption is every square metre of 20-60kg;
(3) selection of ginseng seeds and germination treatment:
A, selection full seed, fresh, the pure ginseng seeds of color and luster;
B, with ginseng seeds winnow, clean, the flat kind of removal, put into seed: water=1: 1.5 container, with the dissolve with ethanol gibberellin of concentration 95%, add then in the ginseng seeds and water that has mixed, stir, immersion is more than 12 hours; Press seed: the mixed of fine sand=1: 2 in the woven bag of packing into, lies in the fine sand bed of having completed successively; Thickness is 10～15cm, covers with fine sand after smooth the completing again, and covers husky bed with plastic foil; Every smashing at a distance from 15 days planted 1 time, till the ginseng seeds breach;
(4) make bed: confirm the southeast to ginseng bed trend, ginseng bed specification is: the height of bed 35～40cm, and bedside 1.0～1.5m, distance 1.2～1.3m stays the drain ditch between bed;
(5) sowing
A, be main, sow after the seed disinfection, overlying soil after planting, the sterilization of ginseng bed with autumn sowing;
B, cover grass, overlay film: lid layer straw on the bed surface that is finishing kind, at the bed surface of mulching straw lid layer black plastic film again;
(6) set up frame: in 4 months, begin shelving the last ten-days period;
A, the corresponding bed of joining are being set up Yimianpu Contiuum type ginseng canopy, eaves (1) before the frame with joining: high 1.40m～1.50m, and eaves behind the frame (2): high 0.9m～1.0m, preceding eaves delegation and back eaves delegation column spacing are 220～230cm, with the column spacing 160～220cm of delegation; Eaves line angle degree parallel to the ground is 40 °～60 ° before the frame;
Photomask, fixing on b, the canopy face;
C, outside ginseng canopy forward position, ginseng bed two ends or growing area ginseng bed, place the sunshade net;
(7) seedling plays receipts:
A, seedling rise at the beginning of the receipts phase is 9 the end of month to 10 month;
Before b, the receipts, elder generation is clean with stem, Ye Qishou, transports the plot;
C, dig out seedling, in the packing case of packing into;
(8) plant transplantation of seedlings:
A, do to be limited in goods year 6 years, transplant, make to be limited in goods year 4-5, transplant apart from 11-20cm apart from 15-20cm;
After b, transplanting finish, answer mulching straw on the bed surface, plastic covering film above the straw, and good with soil pressure, genseng gets into vegetative period.
2. according to the described non-forestry land genseng of claim 1 normalized planting method, it is characterized in that the soil selection comprises:
(1) soil acidity or alkalinity pH value is 5.0～6.0 or 6.0～6.5;
(2) the following or 0.50～1.00ds/m of salt density 0.50ds/m;
(3) nitrate nitrogen content is below 50mg/kg or 50～100mg/kg;
(4) content of organics is at 15～35g/kg;
(5) available phosphoric acid content 70～300mg/kg;
(6) potassium element content is at 40.0～160.0mg/kg, and calcium element content is at 400.0～1200.0mg/kg, magnesium elements at 200.0～800.0mg/kg.
3. according to the described non-forestry land genseng of claim 1 normalized planting method, it is characterized in that soil melioration comprises:
(1) dry land will have that rotation cycle, paddy field need the rotation cycle more than 6 years more than 10 years;
(2) preceding crop is grass family, legume or Ipomoea batatas milpa.
4. according to the described non-forestry land genseng of claim 1 normalized planting method; It is characterized in that fertilising comprises: between 6～July, gather the broad-leaved leaf; Plow after in being manured into soil uniformly or with straw, wheat stalk stage of yellow ripeness with gramineous crop rotary tillage 3～4 times, plough is gone in the soil.
5. according to the described non-forestry land genseng of claim 1 normalized planting method, it is characterized in that soil melioration comprises:
(1) soil melioration on overfertilization ground: carry out the above deep ploughing of 50cm in the time out and handle; Or at the loam of even spreading argillaceous 25～40% helvolus of soil surface; Or stronger corn, the Chinese sorghum crop of plantation fertilizer sucting ability, treat to carry out the rotary tillage processing after the stalk yellow maturity, imbed in the soil;
(2) soil of poor and barren land changes: can apply green grass or big dregs of beans in the time out, carry out rotary tillage again and handle, perhaps sow wheat in autumn; Carry out rotary tillage mid-June in next year, highland barley is ploughed under in the soil, or apply green grass; Rotary tillage repeatedly again, or execute organic manure, carry out repeatedly rotary tillage after the fertilising and handle;
(3) using of insecticide: with after the soil rotary tillage one time again row use, adopt pesticide-clay mixture Fa Yangsa 15% Le Siben granular insecticide, every mu of ground dosage 1.5kg.
6. according to the described non-forestry land genseng of claim 1 normalized planting method, it is characterized in that after planting management with growing seedlings, comprise that seedling is unearthed before, remove the black thin film that covers on the ginseng bed; Since spring, be used alternatingly efficient low residual medicament or bactericide and prevent and treat; Apply fertilizer according to the seedling early growth developmental state; Carry out take precautions against drought, water drainage work; Carry out artificial weeding in mid-May to mid-September.
7. according to the described non-forestry land genseng of claim 1 normalized planting method; It is characterized in that comprising soil management in the growth cycle; In perennial genseng ground, when finding to have salt component to assemble phenomenon, between 10～November; With the fine earth in clean loess or the operation road, in ginseng bed surface coverage 2～3cm.
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| CN 201210007809 Division CN102511300B (en) | 2011-04-02 | 2011-04-02 | Land selection method for non-forestry land ginseng planting |
| CN2012100078806A Division CN102511338A (en) | 2011-04-02 | 2011-04-02 | One-slop integral dimming shed for planting non-forestry land ginseng |
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