CN102577835B - Method for planting ginseng on farmland - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a technique of ginseng planting, in particular to a method for planting ginseng on a farmland, which includes: land selection, soil improvement, bed making, seed sprouting, seeding, transplanting, shed erection, field management, overwintering cold protection, and ginseng root harvesting. By improving and regulating relevant technical steps and parameters in ginseng planting, the method is more reasonable and highly operable, regulated planting is achieved, farmland soil quality is improved, the requirements of ginseng cultivation are met, ginseng quality is guaranteed, and popularization of ginseng planting on farmlands is benefited. The sprouting is achieved by the sand and water process, seed opening rate reaches more than 90%, and germination rate is increased. Annual ginseng seedlings are used for transplanting, the transplanted seedlings continue growing for 4-5 years on the same farmland, and accordingly land resources are saved, ginseng growth and double-tuber ginseng formation are benefited, photosynthetic area is enlarged, and ginseng quality and yield are increased.

Description

Method for planting ginseng on farmland

Technical field

The present invention relates to a kind of ginseng planting's technology, i.e. method for planting ginseng on farmland.

Background technology

In the prior art, ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.) is the dry root of Araliaceae herbaceos perennial ginseng, usually more than 3 years, yields positive results.The weather that happiness is shady and cool, moistening, grows in the theropencedrymion or shaw of height above sea level gentle slope, 500～1100 meters mountain regions that day and night temperature is little or slope land more, is rare traditional Chinese medicine.Sweet, the micro-hardship of nature and flavor.There is the functions such as tepor, tonifying Qi, promoting production of body fluid and inducing sedation of the mind, beneficial gas.The artificial planting ginseng of China is with a long history, how on hillside, to plant, and takes the deforestation of Ecology to plant.Due to traditional deforestation planting ginseng that brings new land under cultivation, destroyed ecotope, caused serious water and soil loss, be subject to the restriction of national forestry policy, deforestation is planted ginseng and will be prohibited sooner or later, in order to realize the sustainable development of ginseng industry, the great demand of satisfying the market, so the development planting ginseng on farmland is the developing direction of ginseng industry, extremely urgent, fully develops talents.

Planting ginseng in nonforest land is a kind of Novel planting pattern that changes the conventional ginseng cropping pattern, and the ginseng planting is transferred to non-woods level land by the sylvan life mountain region.Culture technique be take seminal propagation as main, through vernalization, sowing, transplanting, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest, the operation such as topdress, gather.The conventional ginseng plantation can not meet ground, farmland planting requirement, must carry out adaptive improvement, just is beneficial to the universal of planting ginseng on farmland.

Conventional ginseng transplant to adopt 2 (3): 2: 2 systems, and after 2 years or 3 transplantation of seedlings, grow 2 years, then transplant 2 years results of growth.After 2-3 gives birth to shoot transplanting equipment, in same plot, only grow 2 years, its shortcoming is that the wound of 2-3 seedling after pinching palpus is large, after transplanting, is difficult for healing, easily susceptible, root disease is many, affect survival rate, in same plot, growth year is short, waste land resources, be unfavorable for Ginseng Growth, affect ginseng quality and output.

The germination of ginseng seeds is difficulty very, reach kind of a ripe degree by the last ten-days period in July to early August, but the growth of its embryo is also incomplete and little, ginseng embryo has form after-ripening and physiology after-ripening characteristic, the former requires 20-10 ℃ of alternating temperature, the latter needs 2-4 ℃ of low temperature, and taking is respectively 3-4 month, and the seed that does not complete after-ripening can not germinate.Clean river sand is taked in conventional ginseng vernalization, in seed, the river sand ratio of 1: 3, evenly puddle, pack in woven bag or vernalization groove, lie in successively in the fine sand bed of having completed, thickness is 15～20cm, and after smooth completing, with 10cm, thick fine sand covers again, cover husky bed with plastic foil, every 7-10 days, smash, totally 10 left and right, until the ginseng seeds breach kind for 1 time.Its shortcoming is (more than 80%) at the bottom of ginseng seeds breach rate, affects the Second Year emergence rate, and manually smashing kind wastes time and energy, and the seed rotting rate is high.

Summary of the invention

The objective of the invention is provides a kind of ginseng farmland planting that is suitable for for above-mentioned deficiency, and method, step, the better rational method for planting ginseng on farmland of technical parameter.

Technical solution of the present invention is: method for planting ginseng on farmland, and its step is as follows:

(1) selection of land: select the soil property content of organic matter more than 1.5%, loam or the sandy loam of topsoil more than 20 centimetres, tillage pan is loess or the clay loam of living; Soil acidity or alkalinity pH value is at 4.8-6.5 or 5.5-6.5;

(2) soil melioration:

A, the green leisure that must carry out more than 1 year are increased soil fertility or carry out the black leisure and increase soil fertility;

The described green leisure method of increasing soil fertility refers to: after every mu of winter or early spring executing 2 cubic metres of farmyard manures such as chicken manure, plant perillaseed before at the beginning of 5 months, perillaseed is bloomed, cut green grass or young crops before seed maturity withholds; Plough deeply, rotary tillage: 10-15 days carries out once, annual 6-8 time;

The described black leisure method of increasing soil fertility refers to: use the agent of soil pesticide residual degradation; Straw-returning, be by corn stalk, wheat straw or straw, by the crushing straw of 1000 kilograms of every mu of consumptions, throws and spread; Organic fertilizer, by every mu of 4 cubic metres of inputs, farmyard manure is pig, deer, sheep or chicken manure, uses fully fermentation after July; Plough deeply with rotary tillage and hocket, annual more than 10 times;

B, soil acid adjustment: adopt the quicklime acid adjustment, apply in ground every mu of consumption 50-150 kilogram before turning over for the first time;

C, soil sterilization desinsection: August is in conjunction with deep ploughing, execute 8 kg/acres of phoxim granules and execute 6 kg/acres of carbendazim after rotary tillage;

(3) make bed:

A, bed surface apply fertilizer to the subsoil: do front the concentrating of bed and apply biological organic fertilizer and the mineral inorganic fertilizer fully fermented, can concentrate fertility, improve utilization rate of fertilizer, increase output.Carry out again a rotary tillage; Fertilizer type and consumption are: spray 100 milliliters/m of EM bacterium ², execute the 0.2 kilogram/m of cake fertilizer that fermentation cake powder and DND bacterium or 5406 microbial inoculums are puddled ², the 2 kilograms/m of dried poultrymanure fully fermented ², 0.1 kilogram/m of mineral potassium sulphate ², fused calcium magnesium phosphate 0.2-0.3 kilogram/m ².

B, work bed carry out in broadcasting to plant in first 10 days; Furrow are to according to the plot slope aspect, along slope, making bed; The ridge-up bed specification: 120 centimetres of bedsides, the operation road is wide 80 centimetres, 40 centimetres of left and right of the height of bed, furrow are long unsuitable long, are advisable for general 50 meters.

C, carry out the draining stone steps (the draining stone steps: the groins of upper and lower two ginsengs between ground), surrounding has been dug drain ditch simultaneously;

(4) sowing:

A, presprouting of seeds: after bright seed is gathered and is cleaned, or dry seed last ten-days period in may, adopt the sand water law to carry out the vernalization processing, in pond, stone layer and packed ginseng seeds are alternately laid, and repave afterwards one deck stone, set up shade, and interval is watered permeable, processes 70-90 days; By the cement bulk, be built into widely 2 meters, high 1.5 meters, length is depending on the rectangle germination accelerating pond of grain weight; Stone at germination accelerating pond bottom paving 30-40 cm thick, stone diameter 2-3 centimetre, repave the handstone of one deck 10 cm thicks, diameter 0.5-1 centimetre, then put soaked packed ginseng seeds, repave afterwards the handstone of one deck 10 cm thicks, then put soaked packed ginseng seeds, put successively the 5-6 layer, the superiors cover 10 centimetres with handstone; Set up shade; Water: watered once permeable daytime every 3-4 hour, waters water night one time, and seed breach rate reaches 90% and completes presprouting of seeds when above.

B, seed disinfection: soak and carry out disinfection in 15 minutes with 500 times of carbendazim before sowing, drift out flat grain, clean silt, take out dry in the shade anhydrous to the seed epidermis after, dress seed to dry in the shade and can sow when not touching with one's hand with fitting when happy coating agent for seed.Consumption is 100 milliliters and suitable mixes 25 kilograms of seeds when happy.

C, sowing: adopt autumn sowing;

Grow seedlings: adopt program request, bar broadcast mode; Program request spacing in the rows * line-spacing is 3 * 5 centimetres or 5 * 5 centimetres; Drill spacing 5-10 centimetre, spacing in the rows 3-5 centimetre;

Live: program request; Spacing in the rows * line-spacing is 5 * 20 centimetres or 6 * 18 centimetres;

Earth backing and covering: cover again the broken corn stalk 4-5 centimetre of hand hay cutter after 3 centimetres of earth backing, before emerging spring, remove a part, stay the covering of 3 centimetres;

(5) transplant:

A, transplanting time: the autumn plants or the spring plants; Autumn plants: the front transplanting of freezing October in autumn; Spring plants: brood cell's front transplanting of sprouting in April in spring;

B, ginseng cultivation standard: select 1 year stranger to join rice shoot;

C, transplanting method: adopt 1: 4 or 1: 5 system, growth 4 years or discharge of cargo afterwards in 5 years after transplantation of seedlings in 1 year; Employing re-packs to ditch and transplants, 20 centimetres of line-spacings, every row 12 strains; Adopt and vertically to plant or tiltedly to plant mode, earth backing 3-4 centimetre, mulching straw or cut up with a hay cutter broken corn stalk 4-5 centimetre after earth backing;

(6) set up cloudy canopy: adopt compound canopy, scaffolding completes before ginseng is emerged, and compound canopy is provided with sunshade net on the shed outside, divides two-layer up and down; On shed, the ginseng film adopts polyethylene blue-fluorescence film, and thickness is 0.06 millimeter, wide 210-220 centimetre; The sunshade net that nursery and tailo ground are 65% with shading rate, transplant the sunshade net that ground and Schattenseite ground are 55% with shading rate, wide 410 centimetres; Shed is done arch (saving timber) with the big bamboo of 450 centimetres of length, and insert in soil at a bamboo two ends, forms shed.

Upper ginseng film: the ginseng front upper film of emerging;

Upper sunshade net: after ginseng is opened up leaf fully, through the hardening of 20-30 days, worked as daytime temperature before the Summer Solstice and be raised to more than 25 ℃, go up sunshade net in time;

(7) field management:

A, bed surface sterilization; Be before ginseng is emerged, 1-2 gives birth to and dislikes mould spirit, meter Da Le with agricultural chemicals; Life in 3 years is above with 1% copper-bath or 50 times of ambam+300 times He Qing or 750 times of exhausted liquids of spot, evenly sprays application to bed surface and operation road.

B, light modulation: covered with mat the canopy light modulation spring; Cover canopy with mat in two steps: the first tenday period of a month in late April to May, first last layer ginseng film; Go up again sunshade net at the beginning of late May to 6 month; Summer: will join canopy iuuminting rate and be controlled in the 15-25% scope; Autumn: remove sunshade net, to increase light transmittance;

C, water transfer; When bed soil is too arid, carry out the manual watering or separate film putting rain, note ventilating in canopy, avoid humidity excessive.

D, topdress; Impose foliage fertilizer and root side and chase after biological organic fertilizer and mineral quick-acting fertilizer.

E, pluck flower bud: except seed field, select fine day, bud is removed from bennet before blooming, stay the bennet of 3-5 centimetre; Pluck after flower bud is finished the agricultural chemicals that sprays immediately anti-gray mold, black spot;

F, disease control; Adhere to putting prevention first, the principle of integrated control.With cultural control, create the environment of suitable Ginseng Growth, control disease and occur as basis, reduce the application times of agricultural chemicals as far as possible.

(8) winter protection of surviving the winter:

A, upper winter protection thing, late October is to early November, and by straw, cut up with a hay cutter broken corn stalk or leaf etc. and cover bed surface, thickness 4-5 centimetre, be covered with the ginseng film before freezing, on the ginseng film, with soil or sunshade net, push down;

B, lower winter protection thing, early April, to the middle ten days, first removes ginseng net, ginseng film, then removes part winter protection grass, stays the grass of 3-5 centimetre;

(9) the ginseng root is gathered: adopt late September to mid-October the band stem to gather; Stay 2 centimetres of high stems during the harvesting cauline leaf on the ground.

Advantage of the present invention is: 1, by the associated process steps in the ginseng planting and parameter improvement, adjustment, method is more reasonable, strong operability, realize standardized planting, improved ground, farmland soil quality, meet the culture of ginseng needs, guaranteed Ginseng Quality, be conducive to ground, farmland plantation ginseng universal.2, adopt the sand water law to carry out the vernalization processing, stone layer and packed ginseng seeds are alternately laid, and are beneficial to ventilation, reduce and smash kind of a number of times.Vernalization groove and seed are watered permeable, not only can keep suitable moisture, and, watering the permeable cooling effect of having played, the seed of having avoided summer high temperature to cause rots.Simultaneously, vernalization process saving of work and time, seed breach rate reaches more than 90%, improves emergence rate, is beneficial to Ginseng Growth, has improved ginseng quality and output.3, transplant and select 1 year stranger to join rice shoot, the 4-5 that grows continuously in same plot after transplanting, broken traditional 2-3 and given birth to the transplanting seedlings idea, the wound that 1 year ginseng shoot transplanting equipment is pinched after palpus is little, easily healing, and slow seedling is fast, root disease is light, survival rate is high, and the root type is good, and on same ground, growth year reaches 4-5, save land resources, be beneficial to Ginseng Growth, form two stem ginsengs, increase light and area, improved ginseng quality and output.

Below in conjunction with embodiment, embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail.

The accompanying drawing explanation

Fig. 1 is the shed schematic diagram;

Fig. 2 is compound canopy schematic diagram.

Embodiment

Method for planting ginseng on farmland:

1, selection of land

1.1 the suitable planting district requires: the plot that should select convenient transportation, close water source, peripheral pollution-free source.

1.2 physical features

Select the plot opposed flattened, be beneficial to draining, the natural calamity occurrence frequency is lower, and with the ground, gentle slope of certain slope (<15 °), various slope aspects all can utilize.

1.3 soil property

Select the content of organic matter more than 1.5%, topsoil is more than 20 centimetres, and the soil is porous, fertile, the loam that granular structure is good or sandy loam.Tillage pan is loess or the clay loam of living.

1.4 preceding crop

Preceding crop is advisable with the gramineous crops such as corn, wheat or perillaseed.The soybean stubble should be noted herbicide degradation, and vegetables, melon and fruit, peanut ground all are not suitable for planting ginseng.

1.5 soil acidity or alkalinity

Ground, selected farmland pH value 4.8-6.5 all can, with 5.5-6.5, be advisable.

1.6 environmental quality requirement

Atmosphere quality should meet the GB3095 ambient air quality; Soil quality should meet GB15618 second grade soil quality standard, and the soil agriculture is residual not to exceed standard; Irrigation water should meet GB5084 farmland irrigating water secondary quality standard.

2, soil detects

Plot gathers soil sample after determining in time, carries out respectively that agriculture is residual, heavy metal, organic matter, acid-base value detects and nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese) chemical examination, as soil melioration and fertilising foundation.

3, soil melioration

3.1 leisure is increased soil fertility

After plot is determined, the leisure that must carry out more than 1 year is increased soil fertility.Can select green leisure way or black leisure way.

3.1.1 green leisure method

(1) sowing soil improving crop: in the winter time or after every mu of early spring executing 2 cubic metres of farmyard manures such as chicken manure, plant perillaseed before at the beginning of 5 months, 0.5 kilogram of every mu of seeding quantity.

(2) cutting green grass or young crops withholds: before bloom-seed maturity of perillaseed, carry out.

(3) repeatedly plough deeply-rotary tillage: 10-15 days once, annual 6-8 time.

3.1.2 black leisure method

(1) soil pesticide residual degradation agent---fertile soil peace (Guangtian Economic & Technological Development Co., Ltd., Tonghua is on sale)

(2) straw-returning: corn stalk, wheat straw, straw, the crushing straw that mu (667 square metres) consumption is 1000 kilograms.

(3) organic fertilizer: 4 cubic metres of/mu pig-deer-sheep-chicken manures of farmyard manure, use fully fermentation after July.

(4) repeatedly plough deeply, rotary tillage: plough deeply with rotary tillage and hocket, the whole year is more than totally 10 times.

3.2 soil acid adjustment

Adopt the quicklime acid adjustment, apply in ground before turning over for the first time, every mu of consumption 100-150 kilogram (determining according to P in soil H value testing result).

3.3 soil sterilization desinsection

Execute 8 kg/acres of phoxim granules, execute 6 kg/acres of carbendazim July in conjunction with deep ploughing, rotary tillage.

4, make bed

Make bed carries out in broadcasting to plant in first 10 days.Furrow are to according to the plot slope aspect, along slope, making bed.The ridge-up bed specification: 120 centimetres of bedsides, the operation road is wide 80 centimetres, 40 centimetres of left and right of the height of bed, the long general 50 meters left and right of furrow.Carry out the draining stone steps, surrounding has been dug drain ditch simultaneously.

5, bed surface applies fertilizer to the subsoil

Do front the concentrating of bed and apply biological organic fertilizer and the mineral inorganic fertilizer fully fermented, then carry out a rotary tillage.

Kind: spray 100 milliliters/m of EM bacterium ²(as " ten thousand win board " EM microbial inoculum of Tonghua Wanying Bio-Tech Co., Ltd.'s production, or BeiJing ZhongKe Huinong technical service center produces the EM bacterium), execute fermentation cake powder and DND bacterium or 5406 microbial inoculums and (name as streptomyces microflavus after Microbe Inst., Chinese Academy of Sciences's detection is identified.Qingdao DiEnDi Biology Science Co., Ltd's production) the 0.2 kilogram/m of cake fertilizer puddled ², the 2 kilograms/m of dried poultrymanure fully fermented ², 0.1 kilogram/m of mineral potassium sulphate ², fused calcium magnesium phosphate 0.2-0.3 kilogram/m ², use together.

6, sowing

6.1 seed

Plant substandard

Kind: the ginseng kind of selecting suitable farmland planting.

Sowing is selected good ginseng breach seed with seed.Select seed purity 100%, cleanliness is more than 98%, the ginseng seed that without germ infect of vitality more than 95%.

Presprouting of seeds

Adopt the sand water law to carry out the vernalization processing.

The selection in vernalization place: select that physical features is slightly high, draining convenient, be convenient to the place (Around the house all can) of management.

The construction of germination accelerating pond: the first tenday period of a month in May are to the middle ten days, by the cement bulk, are built into widely 3 meters, high 1.5 meters, and length is depending on the rectangle germination accelerating pond of grain weight.

Germination accelerating method: the stone (2 centimetres of left and right of diameter) that at first in the germination accelerating pond bottom, spreads the 30-40 cm thick, repave the handstone (0.5 centimetre of left and right of diameter) of one deck 10 cm thicks, then put and soaked ginseng seed (5 kilograms/bag), repave afterwards the handstone of one deck 10 cm thicks, put again and soaked the ginseng seed, put successively the 6-7 layer, the superiors cover 20 centimetres with handstone; Set up shade, prevent solar radiation; Water: watered one time water daytime every 2 hours, water water night one time.Process 70-90 days, seed breach rate reaches 90% and completes presprouting of seeds when above.

Seed disinfection

Soak and carry out disinfection in 15 minutes with 500 times of carbendazim before sowing, drift out flat grain, clean silt, take out dry in the shade anhydrous to the seed epidermis after, dress seed to dry in the shade and can sow when not touching with one's hand with fitting when happy coating agent for seed.Consumption is 100 milliliters and suitable mixes 25 kilograms of seeds when happy.

6.2 sowing

Adopt autumn sowing

Type of seeding

Grow seedlings: adopt program request, bar broadcast mode.Program request spacing in the rows * line-spacing is 3 * 5 centimetres or 5 * 5 centimetres; Drill spacing 5-10 centimetre, spacing in the rows 3-5 centimetre;

Live: program request.Spacing in the rows * line-spacing is 5 * 20 centimetres or 6 * 18 centimetres.

Earth backing and covering

Cover again the broken corn stalk 4-5 centimetre of hand hay cutter after 3 centimetres of earth backing, before emerging spring, remove a part, stay the covering of 3 centimetres.

7, transplant

Transplanting time

Autumn plants: the front transplanting of freezing October in autumn;

Spring plants: brood cell's front transplanting of sprouting in April in spring.

Ginseng cultivation standard

Select 1 year stranger to join rice shoot.Rice shoot selects main root long, and the ginseng that supporting root is few, healthy and strong, nothing is hindered, anosis, the brood cell is intact, fibrous root is sound is planted.

Transplanting method

Adopt 1: 4 or 1: 5 system, after transplantation of seedlings in 1 year, growth 4 years or discharge of cargo afterwards in 5 years, save land resources.During transplanting, should accomplish with rising with cultivation.Spring is planted seedling will store the time, will join cultivation and neatly being placed in the inner lining plastic bag carton, leaves in the freezer of 2-5 ℃, and the resting period is no more than 20 days.Employing re-packs to ditch and transplants, 20 centimetres of line-spacings, every row 12 strains.Adopt the vertical mode of planting or tiltedly plant.Earth backing 3-4 centimetre, mulching straw or cut up with a hay cutter broken corn stalk 4-5 centimetre after earth backing.

8, set up cloudy canopy

Canopy formula: adopt shed or compound shed.

Structure: canopy formula structure is shown in Fig. 1,2, title: sunshade net 1, ginseng film 2, column 3, ginseng bed 4.

h＝120cm，b1＝120cm，b2＝80cm。

The shelter from heat or light selection of material:

The ginseng film

Adopt polyethylene blue-fluorescence film.Thickness is 0.06 millimeter, wide 210-220 centimetre.

Sunshade net

The sunshade net that nursery and tailo ground are 65% with shading rate, transplant the sunshade net that ground and Schattenseite ground are 55% with shading rate, wide 410 centimetres.

The ginseng wooden fork

Adopt the rotten hardwood of corrosion resistant, 130 centimetres of length; Furrow head door wooden fork length is 170 centimetres.

The bow bar

Adopt the bamboo of long 260 centimetres.

Big bamboo

Substitute ginseng wooden fork and bow bar with big bamboo, 450 centimetres of length, insert in soil at a bamboo two ends.A bamboo two ends are inserted in soil and are substituted branch, save timber.

Column

Adopt concrete column, 240 centimetres of length.

The booth bracing wire

Adopt the 14# steel wire.

The scaffolding time:

Ground, early April farmland soilization is rear scaffolding in time thoroughly.Comprise lower branch, tie up the bow bar, bury column, draw the canopy line.Scaffolding must complete before ginseng is emerged.

Upper ginseng film

The ginseng front upper film of emerging, in order to avoid cause frost or bed surface to receive excessive rainwater.

Upper sunshade net

After ginseng is opened up leaf fully, the hardening through 20-30 days, when daytime temperature is raised to more than 25 ℃, go up sunshade net (before the Summer Solstice) in time.

9, field management

9.1 bed surface sterilization

Before ginseng is emerged, 1-2 gives birth to disliking mould spirit, meter Da Le (Zhejiang Prov HeBen pesticide Chemical Co., Ltd's production); Life in 3 years is above with 1% copper-bath or 50 times of ambam, 300 times of He Qing (Zhejiang standing grain benefit agriculture Co., Ltd productions, it is the bactericide of being made by the former medicine of dimethachlon, agriculture chemical registration card LS20041818), 750 times of spots (Zhejiang Prov HeBen pesticide Chemical Co., Ltd's production) liquids absolutely, one or both medicaments mix and spray application to bed surface and operation road.

9.2 light modulation

Covered with mat the canopy light modulation spring.Cover canopy with mat in two steps: the first tenday period of a month in late April to May, first last layer ginseng film; Go up again sunshade net at the beginning of late May to 6 month.

Summer: as the case may be, select suitable measure will join canopy iuuminting rate and be controlled in the 15-30% scope.

Autumn: according to circumstances suitably remove the shield thing, to increase light transmittance.

9.3 water transfer

Draining

According to ginseng ground landform, drainage system reasonable in design, guarantee that unnecessary precipitation is discharged to ginseng in time extraterrestrial.Discharge in time peach blossom water spring.

Moisturizing

Vegetative period, arid, taked manually to water, and waters water condition when not enough, can take off film and connect rain, after stopping rain, sprays immediately the agricultural chemicals of anti-black spot, gray mold and epidemic disease during without rainwater until blade face, upper ginseng film again after the bed surface that dries in the air.

9.4 topdress

Mainly take foliage spray as main.

9.5 pluck flower bud

Except seed field, select fine day, bud is removed from bennet before blooming, stay the bennet of 3-5 centimetre.Pluck after flower bud is finished the agricultural chemicals that sprays immediately anti-gray mold, black spot.

9.6 stranding seed

Machinery pushes away seed: note adjusting the cal rolling gap when machinery pushes away seed.Gap is too large, rolls not exclusively; Gap is too little, seed will be crushed, and causes mechanical damage.The principle that machinery is rubbed seed with the hands is that gap is rather greatly not little.The seed pushed away is repeatedly rinsing in clean water, until seed is clean.

The artificial seed of rubbing with the hands: it is good manually to rub the seed quality with the hands, the loss that can avoid seed to cause because of mechanical damage.When grain weight is few, advocate the artificial seed of rubbing with the hands.

The seed of having rubbed with the hands can directly carry out vernalization by 6.1 method.Preserve if need, should spread out after drying and store in ventilating and cooling place.

9.7 disease control

Disease

Divide non-infectious disease and the large class of infectious disease two.

Control principle

Follow " putting prevention first, integrated control " principle.Observe constantly, find in time, Accurate Diagnosis, search the cause of disease from pathological factors such as the agriculture factor such as light, fertilizer, water, gas, heat and pathogeny, route of transmission, pests occurrence rules.Get rid of the unfavorable factor that causes disease, create good reasonably environmental condition, follow prevention in advance, the principle of minimum dose.To the plot of falling ill, carry out field diagnosis and indoor microscopy diagnosis, the medication of suiting the medicine to the illness, improve the medication effect.

9.7.1 non-infectious disease

Freeze injury

Freeze injury is to cause because the freeze prevention measure of surviving the winter is improper, and what sand content was large is freeze injury Yi Fa district with leaking out.

The symptom of freeze injury is that initial stage ginseng root poach shape feels like jelly, advanced decay.

Pre-frost damage prevention major measure is to do the winter protection of surviving the winter well, thickly presses film after covering the winter protection grass before the Beginning of Winter.

Late frost is also the serious freeze injury of causing harm.Mainly, emerging early stage, because there's a sudden fall in temperature, cause.Preventive measure are to prevent that the early spring soil warming is too fast, postpone the seeding stage, note upper ginseng film in time simultaneously.

Nutritional deficiency disease

Nutritional deficiency disease lacks certain essential nutrient element and causes the vegetation period of referring to.The symptom main manifestations of nutritional deficiency disease is the variable color of leaf section.The method of preventing and treating of nutritional deficiency disease is what to lack what is mended, and leaf stretching period supplements the nutrients in time.

Erythroderma

The pathogenesis of erythroderma at present still under study for action.Tentatively think the genus non-infectious disease.

The cardinal symptom of erythroderma be the ginseng epiblem in various degree be bronzing, wilting appears in plant, the ginseng root divides with rotting.

The preventive measure of erythroderma are mainly to take leisure to increase soil fertility, control soil moisture, seed disinfection, introducing biological bacteria etc.

9.7.2 infectious disease

Common infectious disease has: damping off, gray mold, black spot, epidemic disease, stalk break, rust rot etc.

Damping off

Damping off mostly is rhizoctonia and the parasitic institute of sickle-like bacteria causes.Soil is propagated.Generally occur in annual seedling.Seedling is overstocked, improper ventilation, and seedling excessive growth or temperature are low, susceptible disease when high humidity, undergrowth.

The symptom of damping off is in seedling basal part of stem (dry wet soil junction), presents the long spot of yellowish-brown depression, gos deep into gradually in stem and rots, and the blocking-up conducting tissue, cause the death that lodges of ginseng seedling.

Preventing and kill off in advance outside rational close planting of damping off, also will do soil disinfection, bed surface sterilization, seed disinfection well.

The rear discovery diseased plant that emerges will be pulled out diseased plant in time, with liquid, waters lesion.

Gray mold

Gray mold is belonged to fungal infection and caused by botrytis cinerea.Air borne.Root, brood cell, stem, leaf, flower, fruit all can be infected.The environment that how wet low temperature is easily occurs.

The cardinal symptom of gray mold is that infected leaves, petiole are the wilting of having one's hair waved shape; Root, brood cell be susceptible to be water stain shape and to rot; Flower, fruit is susceptible causes shrivelledly, and grey mustiness thing is arranged.

The preventive measure of gray mold are to go up film in time, keep good ventilation, rationally regulate light transmittance.

Available medicament has: clean, the phonetic mould amine of grey black, Amici reach etc.

Black spot

Black spot is infected ginseng stem, leaf, flowers and fruits and caused by alternaria nees fungus.Air borne.Often, air humidity is large for precipitation, and temperature easily occurs under 18 ℃ of-22 ℃ of conditions.

The cardinal symptom of black spot is susceptible leaf section's water soaking mode subcircular or irregular brown or crineous spot, after the later stage is withered, breaks, and meets overcast and rainy moist scab and expands rapidly, causes blade to be withered and comes off.The stem spot initial stage is oval, extends and launches, and the growth strip, sick section depression, give birth to black mustiness thing, the withered lodging of severe patient stem.After flowering fruit bearing stage infects, fruit blackening gradually, withered, be commonly called as " hanging dry seed ".

The preventive measure of black spot are to prevent the wind and rain of swilling, and keep the ginseng canopy to ventilate.

Available medicament has: polyoxin, prochloraz, spot are absolutely, the rice azoles is mould etc.

Epidemic disease

Epidemic disease is to be caused by Phytophthora fungal infection ginseng root, stem, leaf, petiole.Air borne.High temperature and rainy, when air and soil moisture are large, morbidity is serious.

The epidemic disease cardinal symptom is that the scab on blade just is the water soaking mode dirty-green, and compound leaf is wilted sagging; Stem and petiole morbidity, be the long spot of water soaking mode dirty-green depression; The root morbidity is the soft corruption of yellowish-brown, and Gen Piyi peels off, and ginseng meat sends stench flavor.

The preventive measure of epidemic disease are to prevent the wind and rain of swilling, and keep ventilating in the ginseng canopy, loosen the soil in time.

Available medicament has: cymoxanil mancozeb, Ridomil MZ Gold etc.

Stalk break

Stalk break is that Sclerotinia fungal infection ginseng root causes.Soil is propagated.After the ginseng root is susceptible, inside is soft rotten state, and the outside initial stage is given birth to the velvet-like mycelium of adularescent, and the later stage forms irregular mouse excrement shape sclerotium.

The stalk break preventive measure are mainly to carry out soil disinfection, seed disinfection.

The discovery diseased plant will be pulled out in time, and pours lesion with liquid.

Available medicament has: carbendazim, dimethachlon.

Rust rot

Rust rot is to be caused by Deuteromycotina fungi or bacterial invasion ginseng root.Soil is propagated.Susceptible ginseng root is just yellow-white, after become yellowish-brown.When serious, scab joins together, and causes dry rot or soft corruption.Ill plant is short and small, and blade is not opened up, reddened, withered death.

The prophylactico-therapeutic measures of rust rot is mainly to do soil disinfection, seed disinfection well, loosen the soil.The discovery diseased plant is pulled out in time, with liquid, waters lesion.

Available medicament has: carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, the mould spirit of evil.

10, the winter protection of surviving the winter

10.1 upper winter protection thing

Late October is to early November, and by straw, cut up with a hay cutter broken corn stalk or leaf etc. and cover bed surface, thickness 4-5 centimetre, be covered with the ginseng film before freezing, on the ginseng film, with soil or sunshade net, push down.

10.2 lower winter protection thing

Early April is to the middle ten days, according to weather and the brood cell situation of sprouting, removes in time the winter protection thing.Method is first to remove ginseng net, ginseng film, then removes part winter protection grass, stays the grass of 3 centimetres.

11, ginseng root gather (band stem gather)

Collecting time

Late September is to mid-October.

Collecting method

At first remove the ginseng canopy, then gather in cauline leaf (staying 2 centimetres of high stems on the ground) with reaping hook, the ginseng leaf is bundled into direct marketing or dries in the shade at shady and cool dry place.

Playing ginseng can take artificial ginseng or machinery to play ginseng.Machinery plays ginseng should mix up excavating depth, and arranges manually to follow after machinery and hunt leak.Blocked ginseng after having played one time, during the inspection ginseng, will tremble clean earth, the cane on the ginseng root can not get rid of, and in carefully pack into plastic crate or carton case, it is to be processed that the ginseng root installed is transported to the storeroom storage.

Claims (1)

1. a method for planting ginseng on farmland is characterized in that step is as follows:

(1) selection of land: select the soil property content of organic matter more than 1.5%, loam or the sandy loam of topsoil more than 20 centimetres, tillage pan is clay loam; Soil acidity or alkalinity pH value is at 4.8-6.5;

(2) soil melioration:

A, the green leisure that must carry out more than 1 year are increased soil fertility or carry out the black leisure and increase soil fertility;

The described green leisure method of increasing soil fertility refers to: after every mu of winter or early spring applying 2 cubic metres of farmyard manures, plant perillaseed before at the beginning of 5 months, perillaseed is bloomed, cut green grass or young crops before seed maturity withholds; Plough deeply, rotary tillage: 10-15 days carries out once, annual 6-8 time;

The described black leisure method of increasing soil fertility refers to: use the agent of soil pesticide residual degradation; Straw-returning, be by corn stalk, wheat straw or straw, by the crushing straw of 1000 kilograms of every mu of consumptions, throws and spread; Organic fertilizer: throw in farmyard manure by 4 cubic metres every mu, farmyard manure is pig, deer, sheep or chicken manure, uses fully fermentation after July; Plough deeply with rotary tillage and hocket, annual more than 10 times;

B, soil acid adjustment: adopt the quicklime acid adjustment, apply in ground every mu of consumption 100-150 kilogram before turning over for the first time;

C, soil sterilization desinsection: August is in conjunction with deep ploughing, execute 8 kg/acres of phoxim granules and execute 6 kg/acres of carbendazim after rotary tillage;

(3) make bed:

A, bed surface apply fertilizer to the subsoil: do front the concentrating of bed and apply biological organic fertilizer and the mineral inorganic fertilizer fully fermented, then carry out a rotary tillage;

Bed surface base fertilizer is: spray EM bacterium 100 milli liter/㎡, execute the public jin/㎡ of cake fertilizer 0.2 that fermentation cake powder and DND bacterium or 5406 microbial inoculums are puddled, the public jin/㎡ of dried poultrymanure 2 of fully fermentation, the public jin/㎡ of mineral potassium sulphate 0.1, the public jin/㎡ of fused calcium magnesium phosphate 0.2-0.3;

B, work bed carry out in broadcasting to plant in first 10 days; Furrow are to according to the plot slope aspect, along slope, making bed; The ridge-up bed specification: 120 centimetres of bedsides, the operation road is wide 80 centimetres, 40 centimetres of left and right of the height of bed, furrow are long 50 meters or press the terrain trend extension;

C, carry out the draining stone steps, surrounding has been dug drain ditch simultaneously;

(4) sowing:

A, presprouting of seeds: after bright seed is gathered and is cleaned, or dry seed last ten-days period in may, adopt the sand water law to carry out the vernalization processing, in pond, stone layer and packed ginseng seeds are alternately laid, and repave afterwards one deck stone, set up shade, and interval is watered permeable, processes 70-90 days;

By the cement bulk, be built into widely 2 meters, high 1.5 meters, length is depending on the rectangle germination accelerating pond of grain weight; Stone at germination accelerating pond bottom paving 30-40 cm thick, stone diameter 2-3 centimetre, repave the handstone of one deck 10 cm thicks, diameter 0.5-1 centimetre, then put soaked packed ginseng seeds, repave afterwards the handstone of one deck 10 cm thicks, then put soaked packed ginseng seeds, put successively the 5-6 layer, the superiors cover 10 centimetres with handstone; Set up shade; Water: watered once permeable daytime every 3-4 hour, waters water night one time, and seed breach rate reaches 90% and completes presprouting of seeds when above;

B, seed disinfection: before sowing, with 500 times of carbendazim, soak and carry out disinfection in 15 minutes, drift out flat grain, clean silt, take out dry in the shade anhydrous to the seed epidermis after, with suitable when happy the coating agent for seed seed dressing dry in the shade and can sow when not touching with one's hand, consumption is 100 milliliters and mixes 25 kilograms of seeds when suitable happy;

C, sowing: adopt autumn sowing;

Grow seedlings: adopt program request, bar broadcast mode; Program request spacing in the rows * line-spacing is 3 * 5 centimetres or 5 * 5 centimetres; Drill spacing 5-10 centimetre, 3-5 centimetres of spacing in the rows;

Live: program request; Spacing in the rows * line-spacing is 5 * 20 centimetres or 6 * 18 centimetres;

Earthing and covering: cover again the broken corn stalk 4-5 centimetre of hand hay cutter after 3 centimetres of earthing, before emerging spring, remove a part, stay the covering of 3 centimetres;

(5) transplant:

A, transplanting time: the autumn plants or the spring plants; Autumn plants: the front transplanting of freezing October in autumn; Spring plants: brood cell's front transplanting of sprouting in April in spring;

B, ginseng cultivation standard: select 1 year stranger to join rice shoot;

C, transplanting method: adopt 1:4 or 1:5 system, growth 4 years or discharge of cargo afterwards in 5 years after transplantation of seedlings in 1 year; Employing re-packs to ditch and transplants, 20 centimetres of line-spacings, every row 12 strains; Adopt and vertically to plant or tiltedly to plant mode, earthing 3-4 centimetre, mulching straw or cut up with a hay cutter broken corn stalk 4-5 centimetre after earthing;

(6) set up cloudy canopy: adopt compound canopy, scaffolding completes before ginseng is emerged, and compound canopy is provided with sunshade net on the shed outside, divides two-layer up and down; On shed, the ginseng film adopts polyethylene blue-fluorescence film, and thickness is 0.06 millimeter, wide 210-220 centimetre; The sunshade net that nursery and tailo ground are 65% with shading rate, transplant the sunshade net that ground and Schattenseite ground are 55% with shading rate, wide 410 centimetres;

Upper ginseng film: the ginseng front upper film of emerging;

Upper sunshade net: after ginseng is opened up leaf fully, through the hardening of 20-30 days, worked as daytime temperature before the Summer Solstice and be raised to more than 25 ℃, go up sunshade net in time;

(7) field management:

A, bed surface sterilization; Be before ginseng is emerged, 1-2 gives birth to and dislikes mould spirit, meter Da Le with agricultural chemicals; Life in 3 years is above with 1% copper-bath or 50 times of ambam+300 times He Qing or 750 times of exhausted liquids of spot, evenly sprays application to bed surface and operation road;

B, light modulation: covered with mat the canopy light modulation spring; Cover canopy with mat in two steps: the first tenday period of a month in late April to May, first last layer ginseng film; Go up again sunshade net at the beginning of late May to 6 month; Summer: will join canopy iuuminting rate and be controlled in the 15-25% scope; Autumn: remove sunshade net, to increase light transmittance;

C, water transfer; When bed soil is too arid, carry out the manual watering or separate film putting rain, note ventilating in canopy, avoid humidity excessive;

D, topdress; Impose foliage fertilizer and root side and chase after biological organic fertilizer and mineral quick-acting fertilizer;

E, pluck flower bud: except seed field, select fine day, bud is removed from bennet before blooming, stay the bennet of 3-5 centimetre; Pluck after flower bud is finished the agricultural chemicals that sprays immediately anti-gray mold, black spot;

F, disease control; Adhere to putting prevention first, the principle of integrated control; With cultural control, create the environment of suitable Ginseng Growth, control disease and occur as basis, reduce the application times of agricultural chemicals as far as possible;

(8) winter protection of surviving the winter:

A, upper winter protection thing, late October is to early November, and by straw, cut up with a hay cutter broken corn stalk or leaf covers bed surface, thickness 4-5 centimetre, be covered with the ginseng film before freezing, on the ginseng film, with soil or sunshade net, push down;

B, lower winter protection thing, early April, to the middle ten days, first removes ginseng net, ginseng film, then removes part winter protection grass, stays the grass of 3-5 centimetre;

(9) the ginseng root is gathered: adopt late September to mid-October the band stem to gather; Stay 2 centimetres of high stems during the harvesting cauline leaf on the ground.

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