CN101909921B - 用于控制包括至少一个电动机的车辆的再生制动的方法 - Google Patents

用于控制包括至少一个电动机的车辆的再生制动的方法 Download PDF

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CN101909921B
CN101909921B CN2008801245884A CN200880124588A CN101909921B CN 101909921 B CN101909921 B CN 101909921B CN 2008801245884 A CN2008801245884 A CN 2008801245884A CN 200880124588 A CN200880124588 A CN 200880124588A CN 101909921 B CN101909921 B CN 101909921B
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J-M·韦斯帕斯恩
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于控制车辆的再生制动的方法,该车辆包括至少一个内燃发动机和/或至少一个电动机,其特征在于,该方法包括计算车轮处的GMP制动力设定的,该制动力包括再生制动力,该设定点与制动踏板被踩下和由车辆的主制动器施加到车轮上的制动力之间的关系无关。

Description

用于控制包括至少一个电动机的车辆的再生制动的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及机动车辆中的再生制动的控制。
更准确地说,本发明的主题是用于控制装备有内燃发动机和/或至少一个电动机的车辆的再生制动的方法。
本发明可应用于任何装备有至少一个电动机和相关蓄电装置特别是蓄电池的机动车辆,而不管该机动车辆是严格地电动车辆还是包括与至少一个电动机械有关的内燃发动机的混合动力车。
背景技术
再生制动功能通常是与车辆制动踏板分开的。在这些情况下,动力传动系(GMP)控制系统控制由制动片施加到车轮上的制动力,以便优化能量的回收。因此,当驾驶员踩下制动踏板时,GMP控制单元可以达到取消由制动片施加的力的程度(不耗散动能),以使电动机回收能量达到最大。
文献FR2230515说明了这种系统,其中再生制动的水平与制动踏板被踩下的程度相关。更具体地说,提供再生制动的电流的强度直接取决于制动踏板的位置,而不考虑车辆的状况(速度、蓄电池的电荷水平等)。现在,可能希望在某些情况下,尤其是当蓄电池已经处于高电荷水平时,调节充电电流,以避免损坏蓄电池。
文献US20020030408说明了另一种控制车辆的再生制动的方法,所述再生制动根据来自驾驶员的制动需要及前后车桥组件之间的平衡比来调节。然而,常规制动系统是与这种控制分开的,因而增加了系统的成本。此外,计算再生制动设定点的方法未考虑任何当脚离开踏板时使车辆减速的发动机制动,这可能当从制动状态转换到脚离开踏板状态时导致减速的不连续性。驾驶性能在这些状况下可能受到损失。
总之,已知的方法不能优化车辆中的电能管理,并因此在混合动力车的情况下不能使燃料消耗最少,或者在电动车辆的情况下使范围最大。
发明内容
本发明的目的是当计算动力传动系的全部运行点时考虑再生制动,以便使与制动相关的能量损失最小。
为此,本发明提出针对由GMP施加到车轮上的制动力计算设定点,该制动力包括再生制动力,该设定点与制动踏板被踩下(压下)的程度和由车辆的主制动器施加到车轮上的制动力之间的关系无关。
按照本发明,将电动机通过再生制动所提供的额外制动力简单地添加到由车辆的主制动器所施加的制动力上。
按照本发明的一种特定实施例,GMP车轮制动设定点(Fr_cons_brake)用下面的关系式限定:
Fr_cons_brake=Fr_min_0+β(brake_pdl)×(Fr_min_1-Fr_min_0)
式中:
-β是制动器踏板的位置的函数,由例如从范围[0;100]到范围[0;1]限定,
-Fr_min-0是能要求的GMP的最小的力,以及
-Fr_min_1是再生制动的就绝对值而言的最大水平。
由于这些步骤,电动机械的再生制动力被添加到耗散式制动力上:如果车辆减速太多,则驾驶员减少他对制动踏板的输入,并对耗散式制动(通过耗散制动)系统提出较少的要求。
附图说明
从下面参照附图对一个非限制性实施例的说明中将显而易见本发明的其它特征和优点,在附图中:
图1作为例子示出用于包括内燃发动机和至少一个电动机的混合动力车的一种控制构造,
图2示出力的最小和最大包络线,
图3示出再生制动的校准,
图4补充该示图,
图5示出耗散式制动力和再生制动力如何相互叠加,以及
图6示出本发明的可供选择的形式。
具体实施方式
在所有附图中,任意地选择来说明控制构造,该控制构造用在车轮/车辆速度参考系处的力限定。这种表示目的在于着重指出在车辆车轮处的所有运动影响。在车轮处的力的概念等效于在车轮处的转矩的概念。图1示出:
-动力传动系控制单元(CGMP),它的主要目的为下列执行机构制定设定点:内燃发动机(Mth)、变速箱(BV)、底盘等,
-电技术控制单元(计算机)(CE),它的任务是操纵整个电技术系统(蓄电池(BAT)、变换器、电动机(ME1-MEN)),以便实现从CGMP接收的设定点,
-内燃发动机控制单元(CMth),它的任务是操纵发动机(Mth)上所有必要的元件,以便实现CGMP所提出的设定点,
-变速箱控制单元(CBV),它的任务是操纵变速箱(BV)执行机构,以便实现CGMP的设定点,
-底盘控制单元(CCH),它的任务是实现CGMP所提出的设定点。
GMP控制单元的任务是将驾驶员的动作解释成执行机构能理解的设定点。一般,利用下列关系式将加速踏板的位置转换成GMP电机力设定点Fr_cons:
Fr_cons=Fr_min_0+α(accel_pdl)×(Fr_max-Fr_min_0),
式中:
Fr_min_0:对应于GMP可能需要的最小力的包络线;
Fr_max:对应于GMP可能需要的力的最大包络线;
α是加速踏板的函数,限定在区间[0;100]至区间[0;1]中,使得例如可能使解释加速踏板的位置的方法具有渐进性(平顺性)。
对于电动车辆(没有内燃发动机),包络线Fr_min_0表征车辆的自然减速轮廓(即,脚离开踏板的轮廓),该包络线Fr_min_0可在考虑有关电技术系统(对蓄电池功率的限制、电动机能提供的最小转矩等)的情况下被标定。
在混合动力车(有内燃发动机)的情况下,由于在内燃发动机运行(例如,当蓄电池充满电时)或不运行(随后提供发动机制动的电动机不运行)的情况下可能发生自然减速,所以情况不同。为了保证无论内燃发动机运行还是关闭驾驶员都经历同等的减速作用,可以选择将包络线Fr_min_0限定为尽可能地接近内燃发动机制动。在内燃发动机关闭而减速期间,则是具有重现由内燃发动机所产生的发动机制动的水平的任务的电动机。
图2以车辆速度(Vveh)/车轮处的力(F)为参照系示出曲线Fr_max(GMP所需力的最大包络线)和曲线Fr_min_0(在脚离开的情况下的最小包络线)。这两个曲线在该参照系中界定GMP设定点随加速踏板的踩下而改变的区域Z(accel_pdl)。代表车辆在标称条件(平坦路面,无风等)下向前行驶的阻力的曲线(C)将在该设定点变化区的终端处与最大包络线Fr_max相交。
以与用于牵引的GMP设定点(Fr_cons)相同的方式,本发明将利用下面的关系式引入制动下的GMP设定点(Fr_cons_brake)的计算:
Fr_cons_brake=Fr_min_0+β(brake_pdl)×(Fr_min_1-Fr_min_0)
式中:
-β是制动器踏板的位置的函数,限定在例如从范围[0;100]至范围[0;1];该函数使得可以对给定的制动踏板位置标定希望的再生制动的水平,
-Fr_min_1对应于车辆所需的再生制动的最大水平(按绝对值计)。
图3示出本发明的另一方面,其涉及再生制动的最大水平(Fr_min_1)的标定。与图2相同的曲线相叠加,我们现在也有用于再生制动的最大包络线(Fr_min_1),该最大包络线与脚离开踏板情况下的最小包络线(Fr_min_0)的曲线一起限定一区域,在该区域中GMP设定点随着制动踏板的踩下(brake_pdl)而变化。假定再生制动仅在车辆的电技术系统的状况允许时(尤其是,没有故障、蓄电池充电未饱和)才发生,则再生制动的水平限于消除它可被驾驶员接受的水平。这种设计方案意味着当没有再生制动时,驾驶员不会获得不良制动的印象。
图4示出制动踏板的位置函数β=f(brake_pdl)的一个校准(加权)示例。该校准使函数β在水平1处饱和,而从中间制动踏板位置着手。它使得一旦制动踏板被踩下超出某一点则所有许可的再生制动都能被利用。
在一般情况下,即考虑到对相应踏板的加速或制动需求(accel_pdl,brake_pdl),因此可作为加速和制动踏板的位置的函数如下计算GMP车轮力设定点Fr_cons:
Fr_cons(accel_pdl,brake_pdl)=Fr_min_0+
     α(accel_pdl)×(Fr_max-Fr_min_0)+
     β(brake_pdl)×(Fr_min_1-Fr_min_0)
然而,一旦计算好,该设定点就在应用之前在第二组件中被处理,该第二组件(在需要时)使其饱和,同时考虑电技术约束(蓄电池充电水平等)和底盘约束,所有这一切的目的是保证车辆在所有情况下都保持稳定。
所计算的车轮力设定点因此包括再生制动力,但不改变制动踏板被踩下的程度和由主制动系统施加到车轮上的制动力之间的关系。例如,在液压制动系统的情况下,这种策略使得能在制动踏板的位置和主缸所施加的力之间保持固定的关系。
如图5中所示—其中示出制动力F和制动踏板的位置(Brake_pdl)之间的关系,将再生制动力(Er)简单地加到由车辆的主制动器施加的常规制动力(Ec)上。该图中假定了在给定车辆速度下仿射的制动踏板的位置brake_pdl和制动器所施加的力之间的关系。因此,只要能实现再生制动,就可以较少地对制动器提出要求。具体地说,如果在任何给定时刻驾驶员希望具有幅度为Fr_0(见图5)的制动—其对应于将制动踏板向下踩到位置b1(有再生制动时),则他必须在没有再生制动的情况下将该踏板向下踩到位置b2>b1。因此,将制动力调节到所需水平的是驾驶员。
本发明具有许多优点,尤其是:
-对于未装备有分开的制动系统的混合GMP,它能在制动下更好的回收能量,
-它使得可进行对驾驶员来说实际上透明的再生制动控制,驾驶员因此可以安排基本恒定的制动水平,而与所采用的运行模式(内燃发动机、混合动力或电动技术)无关,
-对于同样的减速要求来说,它对常规制动系统的需求较少,从而使该系统更持久耐用,
-它使得可设置再生制动功能而不必承担分开的制动系统的超额费用,
-它可供蓄电池在减速下(对没有分开式制动系统的系统)更好的再充电,而同时减少制动器的使用。
除了这些主要优点之外,本发明使得可以容易地引入“碰撞前制动”功能,该功能在于检测紧急制动情况,以便甚至在制动踏板被踩下之前能立即制动。为此,对参数β[=f(brake_pdl)]而言需要满足的是建造成起紧急制动指示器δ的作用,该指示器δ位于0(无紧急情况)和1(迫切的紧急制动)之间,如图6中所示。
参数β可以是制动踏板的位置和紧急制动指示器二者的函数,因此保证再生制动的连续性。这种预期使得能减少车辆的制动距离而同时贮存能量。
总之,应该强调,现有技术中已知的分开的再生制动系统都比本发明所提出的解决方案的成本高。本发明的解决方案在不改变将制动踏板的位置与由制动片所提供的制动力相联系这一规则的情况下使用,而这本身遵守安全要求。
由于本发明,能够在任何给定时间在驾驶员可容忍的限度内实施最大可能的再生制动水平,此外,对修改与制动踏板的每个位置相关联的常规制动设定点不再有任何要求。因此,本发明能适用于另外装配有任何类型制动的车辆。
本发明能回收一部分在制动状态中消耗的动能,而没有任何与加入分开的制动系统有关的额外费用。
最后,如上所述,再生制动现在对驾驶员来说完全是透明的,因为再生制动设定点仅考虑驾驶性能,而同时在所有驾驶情况之间具有完美的制动的连续性。

Claims (8)

1.一种控制车辆的再生制动的方法,该车辆装备有内燃发动机和/或至少一个电动机,其特征在于,为由动力传动系施加到车轮上的制动力计算设定点,该制动力包括再生制动力,该设定点独立于制动踏板被踩下的程度与由车辆的主制动器施加到车轮上的制动力之间所存在的关系,动力传动系车轮制动设定点Fr_cons_brake由下面的关系式限定:
Fr_cons_brake=Fr_min_0+β(brake_pdl)×(Fr_min_l-Fr_min_0)
式中:
-β是由区间[0;100]到区间[0;1]限定的、制动踏板的位置的函数,
-Fr_min_0是动力传动系(当未踩下踏板时)能要求的最小的力,
-Fr_min_1是再生制动的最大水平,就绝对值而言。
2.如权利要求1所述的控制再生制动的方法,其特征在于,将电动机通过再生制动所施加的额外的制动力简单地添加到由车辆的主制动器所施加的制动力上。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的控制再生制动的方法,其特征在于,尽可能接近内燃发动机制动地限定该最小的力Fr_min_0。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的控制再生制动的方法,其特征在于,将再生制动的最大水平Fr_min_1限制于一定的水平,以便消除该再生制动也能被驾驶员接受。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的控制再生制动的方法,其特征在于,根据制动踏板的位置(brake_pdl)对再生制动的校准(β)使得一旦制动踏板被踩下超过某一点,则所有被认可的再生制动都变得可用。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的控制再生制动的方法,其特征在于,利用下面类型的关系式,根据加速器踏板或制动踏板或者制动器的位置的变化计算动力传动系车轮力设定点Fr_cons(accel_pdl,brake_pdl):
Fr_cons(accel_pdl,brake_pdl)=Fr_min_0+
α(accel_pdl)×(Fr_max-Fr_min_0)+
β(brake_pdl)×(Fr_min_1-Fr_min_0)。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的控制再生制动的方法,其特征在于,参数β=f(brake_pdl)是位于0和1之间的紧急制动指示器(δ)的函数。
8.如权利要求7所述的控制再生制动的方法,其特征在于,参数β是制动踏板的位置(brake_pdl)和紧急制动指示器(δ)二者的函数。
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