CN101836055B - 线性菲涅尔太阳能阵列 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本文公开了太阳能收集器系统的实例和变型,该太阳能收集器系统包括高位的线性接收器(5)以及位于接收器(5)的相对侧上并被设置和驱动以将太阳辐射反射至该接收器的第一和第二反射器场(10P,10E)。本文还公开了接收器(5)和反射器(12a)的实例和变型,其在一些变型中可用于所公开的太阳能收集器系统中。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2007年8月27日提交的题为“线性菲涅尔太阳能阵列(Linear Fresnel Solar Arrays)”的美国临时申请No.61/007,926的优先权,通过引用将其全文结合于本文中。本申请还主张2008年2月5日提交的题为“线性菲涅尔太阳能阵列及其部件(Linear Fresnel Solar Arrays andComponents Therefor)”的美国专利申请No.12/012,920、2008年2月5日提交的题为“线性菲涅尔太阳能阵列及其接收器(Linear Fresnel SolarArrays and Receivers Therefor)”的美国专利申请No.12/012,829以及2008年2月5日提交的题为“线性菲涅尔太阳能阵列及其驱动装置(LinearFresnel Solar Arrays and Drives Therefor)”的美国专利申请No.12/012,821的优先权,通过引用将各申请全文结合于本文中。
背景技术
称为线性菲涅尔反射器(“LFR”)系统的类型的太阳能收集器系统是相对众所周知的并由线性反射器场构成,这些线性反射器排列成平行相邻的排,并且定向成将入射的太阳辐射反射至共用的高位的接收器。接收器被反射的辐射辐照以进行能量交换,并且接收器通常平行于反射器排延伸。同时,接收器通常(但不一定)定位在两个相邻的反射器场之间;并且n个隔开的接收器可被来自(n+1)个或可选择地(n-1)个反射器场的反射辐照,在一些情形中任一接收器被来自两个相邻的反射器场的辐射辐照。
在大多数已知的LFR系统方案中,接收器或多个接收器以及相应的反射器排定位成沿南-北方向线性延伸,反射器场对称地布置在接收器周围,并且反射器枢转地安装并被驱动通过接近90°的角度,以在连续的白昼周期期间内跟踪太阳的东-西向运动(即,视在运动)。这种构造要求相邻的反射器排间隔开,以避免一个反射器被另一反射器遮挡或阻挡,从而最优化入射辐射的反射。这将地面利用率限制在大约70%,并且由于在来自远反射器的辐射的接收器处的加剧溢漏而降低了系统性能。
作为备选方案,一个1979年的项目设计研究(Ref Di Canio等;最终报告1977-79DOE/ET/20426-1)提出了东-西向延伸的LFR系统。然而,在大多数纬度,通常预期具有南-北定向的LFR系统优于具有东-西定向的LFR系统。
发明内容
本文公开了太阳能收集器系统的实例和变型,该太阳能收集器系统包括高位的线性接收器以及位于接收器的相对侧上并被设置和驱动成将太阳辐射反射至该接收器的第一和第二反射器场。本文还公开了接收器和反射器的实例和变型,其在一些变型中可用于所公开的太阳能收集器系统中。
在第一方面,一种太阳能收集器系统包括大体沿东-西方向延伸的高位的线性接收器、位于接收器的极侧上的极反射器场以及位于接收器的赤道侧上的赤道反射器场。各反射器场包括定位在大致沿东-西方向延伸的一个或多个平行相邻的排中的反射器。各场中的反射器设置成在太阳的白昼东-西向运动期间将入射的太阳辐射反射至接收器并被枢转地驱动以在太阳的循环性白昼南-北向运动期间保持将入射的太阳辐射向接收器的反射。极反射器场包括比赤道反射器场多的反射器排。
在第二方面,另一种太阳能收集器系统包括大体沿东-西方向延伸的高位的线性接收器、位于接收器的极侧上的极反射器场以及位于接收器的赤道侧上的赤道反射器场。各反射器场包括定位在大体沿东-西方向延伸的一个或多个平行相邻的排中的反射器。各场中的反射器设置成在太阳的白昼东-西向运动期间将入射的太阳辐射反射至接收器并被枢转地驱动以在太阳的循环性白昼南-北向运动期间保持入射的太阳辐射向接收器的反射。赤道反射器场的一个或多个外侧排中的反射器的焦距大于它们与接收器中的太阳辐射吸收器的相应距离。
在第三方面,另一种太阳能收集器系统包括大体沿东-西方向延伸的高位的线性接收器、位于接收器的极侧上的极反射器场以及位于接收器的赤道侧上的赤道反射器场。各反射器场包括定位在大体沿东-西方向延伸的一个或多个平行相邻的排中的反射器。各场中的反射器设置成在太阳的白昼东-西向运动期间将入射的太阳辐射反射至接收器并被枢转地驱动以在太阳的循环性白昼南-北向运动期间保持入射的太阳辐射向接收器的反射。接收器在极反射器场的方向上倾斜。
在第四方面,一种太阳能收集器系统包括高位的线性接收器,该接收器包括太阳辐射吸收器和对太阳辐射基本上透明的窗,以及位于接收器的相对侧上的第一和第二反射器场。各反射器场包括定位在大体平行于接收器延伸的一个或多个平行相邻的排中的反射器。各场中的反射器被设置和驱动成在太阳的白昼运动期间保持入射的太阳辐射透过该窗反射至吸收器。该窗包括防反射涂层,该涂层在不同于垂直入射、并选择成最大化太阳能收集器系统的年度太阳辐射收集效率的入射角度下具有最大的太阳辐射传输量。
当结合首先被简要地描述的附图参照以下对本发明的更详细的描述时,本发明的这些和其它实施例、特征和优点对本领域技术人员来说将变得更加明显。
附图说明
图1示意性地显示了按照本发明的一个变型的线性菲涅尔反射器(“LFR”)太阳能收集器系统的一部分,该系统具有单个接收器和位于接收器的北向和南向的反射器场。
图2显示了图1的LFR系统当在如图1所示的箭头3的方向上观察时的示意表示。
图3示出了反射器的有效面积、反射器的宽度与太阳辐射入射在反射器上的入射角之间的关系。
图4示意性地显示了与图1中相同的LFR系统的一部分,但接收器在极反射器场的方向上从水平倾斜。
图5显示了前述图中所示类型的示例性LFR系统的更详细的表示,但具有两个基本上平行的接收器。
图6显示了由撑杆支承并由不对称的拉线稳定的示例性接收器结构的示意表示。
图7显示了用于三个东-西向LFR阵列构造的年度反射器面积效率与接收器倾斜角度的关系的图示。
图8A和8B显示了示例性接收器结构的示意表示,其中图8B显示了由图8A中的圆圈A围绕的接收器结构的一部分。
图9A-9F显示了另一示例性接收器结构的示意表示,其中图9A-9C显示了局部透视图,图9D显示了横截面图,图9E显示了窗结构的细节,而图9F示出了接收器结构的不对称孔口。
图10显示了接收器中的吸收器管之间的间隔的示例性构造的示意图。
图11A-11E显示了通过接收器的示例性流体流动设置。
图12显示了根据一个变型的反射器的透视图。
图13显示了根据另一变型的反射器的透视图。
图14以放大的比例显示了用于反射器的底座设置的一部分。
图15以放大的比例显示了根据一个变型的反射器和用于该反射器的驱动系统的一部分。
具体实施方式
以下详细描述应当参照附图阅读,其中在全部不同的图中相同的参考标号指代相同/相似的元件。不一定按比例绘制的附图示出了选择的实施例且并非意图限制本发明的范围。详细描述以举例而非以限制的方式说明了本发明的原理。本说明书显然将使本领域技术人员能够制造和利用本发明,并且描述了包括目前认为是执行本发明的最佳模式在内的本发明的若干实施例、改型、变型、备选方案和用途。
另外,必须注意的是,如本说明书和所附权利要求中所用的单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该”包括多个指称对象,除非上下文清楚地另外指出。同样,术语“平行”意指“基本上平行”并且包含与平行的几何形状稍稍偏离,而不要求例如平行的反射器排或文中所述的任何其它平行装置精确地平行。如文中所用的用语“大体沿东-西方向”意在表示在+/-45°的容差内垂直于地球旋转轴线的方向。例如,在提及大体沿东-西方向延伸的一排反射器时,意思是该反射器排在+/-45°的容差内垂直于地球的旋转轴线定位。
本文公开了不对称的东-西向LFR太阳能阵列/太阳能模块、用于接收和捕获LFR太阳能阵列所收集的太阳辐射的接收器以及可用于LFR太阳能阵列中的反射器的实例和变型。为了方便和清楚,以下在三个单独标题的部分中详细描述不对称的东-西向LFR阵列、接收器和反射器。然而,这种详细描述的组织方式并不意味着进行限制。本文公开、本领域普通技术人员公知或以后开发的任何合适的接收器或反射器都可用于本文公开的不对称阵列中。此外,在合适的情况下,本文公开的接收器和反射器可用于本领域普通技术人员公知或以后开发的其它东-西向LFR太阳能阵列中,以及本领域普通技术人员公知或以后开发的南-北向LFR太阳能阵列中。不对称的东-西向LFR阵列
其中包括接收器和大体沿东-西方向定向的反射器排的LFR太阳能阵列可具有不对称构造,这种不对称构造是由于例如接收器的极侧和赤道侧上的反射器的不对称(即,不同)排数和/或接收器的相对侧上的排之间的不对称间隔造成的。如下所述,在一些变型中,与对称的东-西向LFR阵列或南-北向LFR阵列相比,此类不对称性可提高不对称的东-西向阵列的性能。接下来在三个子部分中描述不对称的排数、不对称的排间隔以及不对称的东-西向LFR构造的实例。
不对称的排数
参照图1和2,示例性东-西向LFR太阳能阵列包括大体沿东-西方向延伸并定位在两个地面反射器场10P和10E之间的高位的接收器5。反射器场10P位于接收器的极侧(即,在北半球系统的情形中为北侧N),而反射器场10E位于接收器的赤道侧(即,在北半球系统的情形中为南侧S)。反射器场10P和10E分别包括平行相邻的反射器排12P1-12Pm和平行相邻的反射器排12E1-12EN,它们也大体沿东-西方向延伸。极反射器排以间隔15Px,x+1隔开,其中x表示具体的排。例如,图中标出了间隔15P1,2。类似地,赤道排以间隔15Ex,x+1隔开,图中标出了间隔15E1,2。
场10P和10E中的反射器设置和定位成在太阳沿箭头20(图2)所示方向的白昼东-西向运动期间将入射的太阳辐射(例如,射线13)反射至接收器5。另外,反射器被枢转地驱动以在太阳沿箭头21(图1)所示的(上倾和下倾)方向的周期性白昼南-北向运动期间保持入射的太阳辐射反射至接收器5。
本发明人已发现,在一些情形中,用于具有基本上相同的反射器总排数M+N的东-西向LFR阵列的最佳年度太阳辐射收集效率出现在其中极场10P中的总排数M大于赤道场10E中的总排数N的构造中。本发明人目前认为,这种情况的出现是因为,与赤道场10E中的放置成与接收器相距相似(或甚至更短)的反射器相比,极场10P中的反射器在一些情形中可提供显著更大的有效反射器面积并在接收器产生更好地聚焦的图像。
参照图1和3,具有宽度D并以在入射的射线13与垂直于反射器的轴线Z之间的入射角度θ定向的反射器(例如,反射器12EN)所提供的有效反射器宽度d为d=Dcos(θ)。因而,反射器的有效面积随着入射角度增加而减少。另外,例如诸如是像散的光学像差随着入射角度增加而增加。此类光学像差使反射器反射至接收器的太阳辐射的聚焦模糊,并因而降低了收集效率。
与沿东-西方向接近180°的角度相比,白昼太阳沿南-北方向移动经过小于90°的角度。因此,与南-北向LFR阵列形成对比,在每个白昼周期期间分配给反射器场10P和10E(图1)中的各反射器的总枢转运动小于45°。结果,用于极场10P中的反射器的入射角度总是大于用于赤道场10E中的反射器的入射角度。本发明人已经意识到,进一步的结果是,极场中的反射器与定位成距离接收器相同距离处的赤道场中的相同反射器相比将具有更大的有效面积并在接收器产生更好的聚焦。本发明人已发现,可利用这些效果通过在极场中放置比赤道场中更多的反射器排来增加东-西向LFR太阳能阵列中的光线收集效率。
由于在东-西向LFR阵列中在接收器的极侧上比在赤道侧上放置更多反射器总排数而引起的收集效率的提高可在一定程度上由于因此形成的与接收器相距更长距离的反射器数量的增加和由于赤道排间隔靠近的可能性而被抵消(以下在“不对称的间隔”部分中描述)。随着反射器与接收器之间的距离增加,反射器所需的焦距以及因此在接收器处的聚焦图像的尺寸也增加。例如如果聚焦光斑大于接收器,则这可降低收集效率。另外,反射器之一反射至接收器的光线形成的在水平定向的接收器表面(例如,透明窗)上的入射角度随着反射器与接收器之间的距离的增加而增加。这可增加由于在接收器处的反射所引起的收集的光线的损失。从而,赤道场中的反射器的最佳排数通常(但不一定)大于零。
由于在东-西向LFR阵列中在接收器的极侧上比在赤道侧上放置更多反射器的总排数而引起的收集效率的提高还可受接收器定位的高度、接收器从水平方向的定向(倾斜)和阵列所处的纬度(从赤道向北或向南的角向距离)的影响。一般而言,因此形成的收集效率的提高预期随纬度而增加并且对于较矮的接收器比对于较高的接收器更加明显。可通过使接收器从水平方向以角度(图4)倾斜以面向极反射器场而进一步增加收集效率。沿极方向倾斜接收器可进一步增加极场中的反射器的最佳排数。
不对称的排间隔
再次参照图1,本发明人已另外意识到,由于阵列的大体东-西定向,赤道反射器场10E中的反射器将总是布置成与水平方向成一定角度,该角度比极反射器场10P中的反射器的该角度更尖锐。因此,遮挡赤道场10E中的反射器的可能性将比可应用于极场10P中的反射器的可能性小。
这允许赤道排的间隔比极排小,因而致使总场面积相对于其中反射器排以对称间隔设置在接收器周围的阵列——如在典型的南-北向LFR系统中——所需的总场面积减小。同时,由于在赤道场10E中反射器的接近水平布置及其容许的反射器排的密排,赤道反射器排可定位成比南-北向LFR阵列中的相应排或极场10P中的相应排更靠近接收器,因而减小了聚焦的图像尺寸并且减少了在接收器处的辐射溢漏。本发明人已发现,可利用这些效果通过不对称地间隔开接收器的相对侧上的反射器排来增加东-西向LFR太阳能阵列中的年度太阳辐射收集效率。
在一些变型中,接收器的相对侧上的排可有利地不对称地间隔开,例如:通过保持恒定的极排间隔15Px,x+1和恒定的赤道排间隔15Ex,x+1,其中15Px,x+1>15Ex,x+1;通过保持小于所有极间隔15Px,x+1的恒定赤道间隔15Ex,x+1,其中极间隔15Px,x+1随着与接收器相距的距离而增加;或通过使极排间隔15Px,x+1和赤道排间隔15Ex,x+1都随着与接收器相距的距离而增加,其中赤道排间隔15Ex,x+1小于相应的(即,在相应的排数之间)极排间隔15Px,x+1。更一般而言,如文中所用的不对称排间隔意图包括其中接收器的相对侧上的部分或全部相应的排未被对称地间隔开的所有变型。在一些变型中,不对称的间隔可致使部分或全部赤道排定位成比相应的极排更靠近接收器。
由于不对称地间隔开接收器的相对侧上的反射器排引起的收集效率的提高可受接收器定位的高度、接收器从水平方向的定向(倾斜)和阵列所处的纬度(从赤道向北或向南的角向距离)影响。一般而言,因此形成的收集效率的提高预期随着纬度增加并且对于较矮的接收器比对于较高的接收器更加明显。
在一些变型中,本文公开的东-西向LFR阵列——其中接收器的相对侧上的反射器排如上所述不对称地间隔开——可实现大于约70%、大于约75%或大于约80%的反射器与地面面积比率。
受让人为Solar Heat and Power Pty有限公司的在2007年8月27日提交的题为“具有东-西向延伸的线性反射器的能量收集系统(EnergyCollection System Having East-West Extending Linear Reflectors)”的国际专利申请No.PCT______中进一步描述了不对称的排间隔,其中David Mills和Peter Le Lievre为发明人,通过引用将其全文结合于本文中。
示例性阵列构造
现参照图5,前图所示类型的另一示例性LFR系统包括极反射器场10P和赤道反射器场10E,这些反射器场包括大体沿东-西方向延伸的在平行的排中对齐(以及,例如互相连接)的反射器12a。另外,该示例性LFR系统包括两个平行的接收器5,各接收器由对齐的(以及,例如互相连接的)接收器结构5a构成。反射器12a可成排或单独地被全部或部分驱动以跟踪太阳的运动。反射器12a定向成以参照前图所述的方式将入射的辐射反射至各个接收器5。
完整的LFR系统可占据例如约5×10m2至约25×106m2的地面面积。可将图5所示的系统视为具有相邻和彼此平行设置的多个接收器的更大的LFR系统的仅一部分。
反射器12a可为本文所述(例如,在下文“反射器”部分中)、本领域普通技术人员公知或以后开发的任何合适的反射器。合适的反射器可包括例如国际专利申请号为PCT/AU2004/000883和PCT/AU2004/000884中公开的那些,通过引用将二者全文结合于本文中。
合适的反射器可具有例如提供大致直线聚焦的圆形或抛物线形截面,并且可具有例如约10至约25米的焦距(即,对于具有圆形截面的反射器而言为约20米至约50米的曲率半径)。在一些变型中,反射器的焦距大致与从反射器至接收器的距离匹配。在其它变型中,反射器的焦距比从反射器至接收器的距离长约5%至约20%,或约5%至15%,或约10%至约15%。本发明人已发现,东-西向LFR太阳能阵列的太阳辐射收集效率可通过利用具有此类大于与接收器相距的距离的焦距的反射器来提高,特别是对于距离接收器最远的赤道排而言是这样。采用此方式可提高外面的赤道排的收集效率例如超过5%。
反射器12a可具有例如约10米至约20米的长度和约1米至约3米的宽度。然而,可使用任何合适的反射器尺寸。在一个变型中,反射器12a具有约12米的长度和约2米的宽度。在另一变型中,反射器12a具有约16米的长度和约2米的宽度。
各反射器排12P、12E和各接收器5可具有例如约200至约600米的总体长度。然而,可使用任何合适的排和/或接收器长度。在一些变型中,一排中相邻的反射器的组互相连接以形成由一个或多个马达共同驱动的排段。此类排段可包括例如2、4、6个或任何合适数量的反射器。
接收器5可为本文所述(例如,在下文“接收器”部分中)、本领域普通技术人员公知或以后开发的任何合适的接收器。适当的接收器可包括例如国际专利申请号为PCT/AU2005/000208中公开的那些,通过引用将其全文结合于本文中。接收器5可为例如吸收入射的太阳辐射并将其转换成电能的光电接收器,或吸收入射的太阳辐射以加热通过接收器的工作流体或热交换流体的热接收器。接收器5可具有例如如图1和5中所示的水平定向(例如,水平定向的孔口和/或吸收器),或例如如图4中所示的倾斜定向(例如,向极反射器场或赤道反射器场倾斜的孔口和/或吸收器)。适当的接收器可具有例如具有约0.3米至约1米的宽度(即,垂直于接收器的长轴线)或任何其它合适的宽度的吸收器(例如,管或平板的组)。
接收器5可任选地由例如如图5中所示的互相连接的接收器结构5a形成。接收器结构5a可具有例如约8米至约20米的长度和约0.5米至约1.5米的总体宽度。
接收器5通常可间隔开例如20至35米,但可使用任何合适的接收器间隔。接收器可由例如如图5和图6中所示的撑杆22支承,使得例如将它们的吸收器定位在反射器上方约10米至约20米的高度处。此类撑杆可由例如如图5中所示的锚固在地面上的拉线23保持。本发明人已发现,使用不对称的拉线(即,至少两个不同长度的拉线)——诸如例如图6中所示的拉线23P、23E——可有利地克服摆动而稳定撑杆22和接收器15。此类稳定归因于不同长度的拉线向撑杆/接收器结构提供了不同的共振频率。不同的共振彼此耦合和抑制。
尽管图5所示的示例性阵列在各极反射器场10P和赤道反射器场10E中具有相等的反射器排数(即,6排),其它变型可在极反射器场和赤道反射器场中包括不同的排数,并且可包括比所示的每个接收器总计12排多或少的排数。在一个实例中,每个接收器具有10个相关的反射器排,其中极场中为6排而赤道场中为4排。在另一实例中,每个接收器具有10个相关的反射器排,其中极场中为7排而赤道场中为3排。在另一实例中,每个接收器具有12个相关的反射器排,其中极场中为8排而赤道场中为4排。在另一实例中,每个接收器具有14个相关的反射器排,其中极场中为9排而赤道中场为5排。在再一实例中,每个接收器具有14个相关的反射器排,其中极场中为10排而赤道场中为4排。一般而言,可使用任何合适的总排数以及在极场与赤道场之间的排的任何合适的分布。
虽然图5所示的示例性阵列中的反射器排在极场10P和赤道场10E中隔开均匀的间隔,但在其它变型中,间隔可以以任何上述的方式不对称。一般而言,极反射器场和赤道反射器场中不对称的排数的任何合适的组合可与任何合适的不对称的排间隔相结合地使用。另外,极反射器场和赤道反射器场中任何合适的不对称的排数可与对称的排间隔一起使用。同样,极反射器场和赤道反射器场中任何合适的对称的(即,相等)排数可与任何合适的不对称的排间隔一起使用。
如以上指出的,在一些变型中,使接收器向极反射器场倾斜进一步增加了太阳辐射收集效率。在一些变型中,接收器向极场倾斜成例如与水平方向成约5°至约35°、约10°至约30°、约15°至约30°或约15°至约20°的角度。
图7显示了通过三个不同的阵列构造的射线跟踪计算产生的年度太阳辐射收集效率与接收器倾斜角度的关系的三条曲线。曲线C10显示了对于具有总计10排反射器的阵列的结果,曲线C12显示了对于具有12排反射器的阵列的结果,而曲线C14显示了对于具有14排反射器的阵列的结果。对每个倾斜角度确定反射器排的最佳分布。例如,在15°,C10阵列具有3个赤道排,C12阵列具有4个赤道排,而C14阵列具有5个赤道排。例如,在20°,C10阵列具有3个赤道排,C12阵列具有4个赤道排,而C14阵列具有4个赤道排。在计算中,所有反射器排约宽2.3米,吸收器具有约0.60米的宽度且位于反射器上方约15米处,并且C10、C12和C14阵列中的相同排相对于接收器具有相同位置。极排之间的间隔随着与接收器相距的距离而从对于前两排中的镜中心线之间的约为2.7米的间隔增加至与接收器相距第九排与第十排之间的约5.2米。赤道排中的镜中心线之间的间隔具有约2.6米的恒定值。
如以上指出的,赤道反射器场与极反射器场之间的反射器排的最佳分布可随着纬度和其它因素变化。因此,此前所述的倾斜的接收器实例的意图是进行说明而不是进行限制。
接收器
在一些变型中,本部分中所述的接收器5和接收器结构5a和5b可适合用于本文所述的东-西向LFR太阳能阵列、本领域普通技术人员公知的东-西向和/或南-北向LFR太阳能阵列和/或以后开发的东-西向或南-北向LFR太阳能阵列中。
参照图6、8A和8B,在一些变型中,接收器结构5a包括倒置的槽24,其通常可由不锈钢板形成,且其如图8最佳地示出具有纵向延伸的沟槽部分26和扩口式侧壁27,所述侧壁在它们的边缘处限定了该倒置的槽的孔口的横向宽度,从反射器入射的太阳辐射可经该孔口进入槽。在所示的变型中,槽24由侧轨28和横向跨接部件29支承并提供结构完整性,并且槽在顶部具有瓦楞状的钢顶蓬30,该顶蓬30由弓形结构部件31承载。
在所示的变型中,槽24与顶蓬30之间的空隙填充有隔热材料32,通常为玻璃绒材料,并且理想地填充有覆有反射性金属层的隔热材料。隔热材料和反射性金属层的作用是阻止热量从槽内向上传导和辐射。然而,可使用其它绝热形式和构造。
设置有纵向延伸的窗25以将槽的侧壁27互相连接。该窗由对太阳辐射基本上透明的板材形成,且其用来在槽内限定封闭的(保持热的)纵向延伸的空腔33。窗25例如可由玻璃形成。尽管窗25在图6和图8中被示为具有凸起的弯曲形状,但这并不是必需的并且在其它变型中窗25例如可以是平直的。
在图6、8和9中所示的接收器结构中,设置纵向延伸的(例如,不锈钢或碳钢)吸收器管34以输送工作或热交换流体(通常为水,或在吸热后为水蒸汽或蒸汽)。吸收器管的实际数量可变化以满足特定的系统需求——假如各吸收器管具有比槽的侧壁28之间的槽孔口的尺寸小的直径,并且接收器结构通常可具有约6个与约30个之间的被并排支承在槽内的吸收器管34。
吸收器管直径与槽孔口尺寸的实际比率可变化以满足系统需求,但为了表示该比率的数量级,其通常可在约0.01∶1.00至约0.1∶1.00的范围内。各吸收器管34可具有例如约25毫米至约160毫米的外径。在一个变型中,吸收器管具有约33mm的外径。在另一变型中,吸收器管具有约60mm的外径。
在上述设置下,与聚集槽中的单管吸收器相比,多个吸收器管34可有效地模拟平板式吸收器。就从吸收器管的上部未被辐照的圆周部分的降低的散热水平而言,这提供了增加的操作效率。此外,通过以上述方式将吸收器管定位在倒置的槽中,各吸收器管仅下侧部分被入射的辐射辐照,这保证了在水上方输送蒸汽的吸收器管中的有效的热吸收。
在所示的变型中,吸收器管34由在倒置的槽的沟槽部分26的侧壁36之间垂直地延伸的一系列平行的支承管35自由支承,并且支承管35可由套管(spigot)37承载以旋转移动。这种设置适应了吸收器管的膨胀和单独的管的相对膨胀。盘形间隔件38由支承管35支承并用来保持吸收器管34成间隔开的关系。也可使用其它用于将吸收器管支承在倒置的槽中的设置。
在一些变型中,各吸收器管34可被覆涂有吸收太阳能的涂层。该涂层可包括例如在大气中的高温条件下保持稳定的太阳光谱选择性表面涂层,或例如在高温条件下在空气中稳定的黑色涂料。在一些变型中,太阳光谱选择性涂层为美国专利No.6,632,542或美国专利No.6,783,653中公开的涂层,通过引用将二者全文结合于本文中。
在一个变型中,接收器结构5a具有约12米的长度和约1.4米的总体宽度。在其它变型中,该长度可为例如约10米至约20米,而该宽度可为例如约1米至约3米。
现参照图9A-9E,另一示例性接收器结构5b包括倒置的槽24,其例如由不锈钢板形成并具有与上述接收器结构5a中的那些相似的纵向沟槽部分26和侧壁27。在接收器结构5b中,槽24由纵向部件60a-60c和弓形件62支承并提供结构完整性。纵向部件60a-60c和弓形件62可例如由管钢形成并例如焊接在一起以形成大致半圆柱形框架64。槽24进一步由跨接框架24的横向跨接部件66支承并提供结构完整性。使用例如胶水将例如镀锌钢的平滑外壳68附装在框架64上。平滑外壳68提供了低的风廓线(wind profile)并不沾水和雪,并因而可降低接收器结构5b的结构要求(例如,强度、刚度)并减少湿气进入接收器的机会。
槽24与外壳68之间的空隙可填充有隔热材料32,其可为与以上关于接收器结构5a所述相同或相似的材料且其提供在那里所述的功能。
纵向延伸的窗25由槽隙70和横档72支承,以使槽24的侧壁27互相连接并在槽内形成封闭的保持热的空腔33。窗25例如可由玻璃形成。槽隙70和横档72限定了从LFR阵列的反射器入射的太阳辐射可经其进入槽24的孔口的横向宽度。
随未被过滤的流入空气进入空腔33的灰尘可沉积在窗25上并降低其对太阳辐射的透明度。为了减少这种危险,在一些变型中,例如将诸如玻璃纤维绳的衬垫材料设置在槽隙70与窗25之间以及横档72与窗25之间,以改善窗密封性并从而减少在窗的边缘周围流入槽中的空气和灰尘。任选地或另外,可选的层流空气管74可提供跨窗25的内侧的空气层流,以保持其免受灰尘而不会在空腔33中形成可能增加从空腔33的热损失的显著的对流气流。同时,外壳66或接收器结构5b的端盖(未示出)中可设有通气孔,以通过从流入空腔33中的空气过滤灰尘的材料(例如,隔热材料32)提供从接收器结构5b外侧向空腔33的阻力相对较低的空气流动路径。此类低阻力路径可抑制未被过滤的空气经其它开口进入空腔33中。
现特别参照图9C和9E,窗25可包括沿接收器结构5b的长度以重叠方式定位的多个透明(例如,玻璃)窗格25a。这种设置提供了对空气流入的比较有效的密封,同时还吸纳了窗格的热膨胀。重叠的窗格25a可在它们的重叠部分被例如作用在它们的外缘的夹持件(未示出)夹持在一起。任选地或另外,窗25可包括沿横向(即,垂直于接收器的长轴线)以重叠方式定位的多个板。
与接收器结构5a相似,提供有纵向延伸的(例如,不锈钢或碳钢)吸收器管34以输送要被所吸收的太阳辐射加热的工作流体或热交换流体。吸收器管34可被滚转的支承管35自由支承在槽24内,以在使用期间吸纳吸收器管的膨胀。也可使用其它用于支承吸收器管的设置。吸收器管的直径和它们的直径与槽孔口的比率例如可与以上关于接收器结构5a所述的相同。吸收器管34例如可如上所述覆涂有太阳光谱选择性涂层。
可使用例如凸缘76将两个或更多接收器结构5b端对端对齐和联接以形成随后被如上所述地利用的延长的接收器结构5。可在接合的接收器结构5b之间提供衬垫以在接合处减少空气和相关灰尘的流入。在一些变型中,接收器结构5b(或5a)被接合在(例如3个)接收器结构的组中,这些组然后被彼此接合以在相邻组中的吸收器管之间利用柔性联接件形成延长的接收器5。此类设置可在使用期间吸纳吸收器管的热膨胀。
再次参照图9D以及图9F,槽24的孔口如以上指出的由槽隙70和横档72限定。在所示的变型中,这样限定的孔口沿极反射器场的方向相对于槽偏离中心定位,并从而容纳LFR阵列构造,其中极反射器场比赤道反射器场更远离接收器延伸。在此类变型中,接收器和反射器场通常被设置成使得最远离接收器的赤道反射器排12EN的外缘所反射的射线以最大角度αE入射,该射线可由此入射在最靠近反射器排12EN的吸收器管上,并且使得最远离接收器的极反射器排12PM的外缘所反射的射线以最大角度αP入射,该射线可由此入射在最靠近反射器排12PM的吸收器管上。
图9D和9F中所示的不对称孔口还可提供这样的优点,即,允许通过经孔口从极侧插入窗25而将窗25(例如,窗格25a)装载在接收器结构5b中。
现参照图10,可有利地在吸收器结构(例如,吸收器结构5a、5b)中的吸收器管34之间提供空间(例如,空间A1-A3)以吸纳吸收器管的热膨胀和移动。然而,此类空间可允许从LFR阵列反射至吸收器管的太阳辐射经过吸收器管之间并因此降低太阳辐射收集效率。在一些变型中,通过将吸收器管之间的空间设定成使得从最靠近接收器的反射器排的最靠近边缘(例如,从镜12P1的内缘)反射的太阳射线与相邻的吸收器管相切而将吸收器管间隔开却不会降低收集效率。如果接收器各侧上的最靠近的反射器排定位在与接收器相距相同的距离处,则这种方法将形成吸收器管之间的变化的空间,其中外侧的吸收器管之间的空间小于内侧的吸收器管之间的空间。可通过使用均匀间隔来简化吸收器管的间隔,该均匀间隔等于通过这种方法为所有吸收器管对所确定的最小的此类空间。
再次参照图8A和9D,例如,在一些变型中,接收器结构5a或5b的窗25被覆涂有防反射涂层以减少由于窗反射入射的太阳辐射而引起的损失。防反射涂层一般被选择成最优化以特定入射角度左右的角度入射的光线的传输。在一些变型中,最优化窗25上的防反射涂层的入射角度被选择成最大化接收器结构为其一部分的LFR阵列的年度太阳能收集器效率。可使用例如LFR阵列的射线跟踪模型完成此类选择。
在一些变型中,通过反射器结构5a或5b中的吸收器管34的流体流可为平行的单向流。然而,也可使用其它流动设置。附图的图11A以图表方式显示了用于控制进入和通过接收器的四个成一线的接收器结构15a的热交换流体的流动的一个示例性流动控制设置。如图所示,各流体管线34A、34B、34C和34D代表如前图中所示的吸收器管34中的四个。
在图11A所示的控制状态下,流入的热交换流体首先沿着前进管线34A被引导、沿着返回管线34B被引导、沿着前进管线34C被引导且最后沿着返回管线34D被引导并从其离开。这使得温度较低的流体被引导通过沿着倒置的槽的边缘定位的管,并且当辐射被集中在倒置的槽的中心区域上时减少了相应形成的散射。在一些变型中,可设有控制装置39以便能够对热交换流体的引导进行选择性的控制。
可建立任选的流体流动条件以满足负荷要求和/或主导的环境条件,并且可通过封闭选定的吸收器管来有效地提供可变孔口的接收器结构。因而,可通过以图11B至11D中所示的任选方式控制热交换流体的引导来实现各接收器结构以及从而整个接收器的有效吸收孔口的变化。
图11E显示了通过接收器5的示例性流体流动设置,其中10个平行的吸收器管34通过集管82在接收器的一端流体连通。在本例中,低温热交换或工作流体经外侧吸收器管34E和34P流入至集管82,并且然后由集管82在内侧吸收器管34G-34N之间进行分配,流体沿着所述内侧吸收器管在回流路径中回流至接收器5以在更高的温度下离开。如图11A中所示,这种构造可减少由于从吸收器管的辐射而引起的热损失。另外,这种向下-返回构造允许在集管端部吸纳吸收器管的热膨胀——例如通过允许集管在吸收器管随着温度改变而改变长度时随它们一起移动。
反射器
在一些变型中,本部分中所述的反射器12a和12b可适合用于本文公开的东-西向LFR太阳能阵列、本领域普通技术人员公知的东-西向和/或南-北向LFR太阳能阵列和/或以后开发的东-西向或南-北向太阳能阵列中。
参照图12,在一些变型中,反射器12a包括反射器元件41安装在其上的承载结构40。该承载结构本身包括细长板状平台42,其由骨架结构43支承。该框架结构包括两个箍状端部部件44。
部件44在大致与反射器元件41的中心纵向延伸轴线重合的旋转轴线上缓动并绕着该旋转轴线延伸。该旋转轴线不必与反射器元件的纵向轴线精确地重合,但两个轴线理想地至少彼此邻近。
就反射器的整体尺寸而言,平台42例如长约10米至约20米,且端部部件14的直径大致为两米。在一些变型中,平台42长约12米。在一些其它变型中,平台42长约16米。
平台42包括瓦楞状金属面板,反射器元件41被支承在瓦楞部的顶点。瓦楞部平行于反射器元件41的纵向轴线的方向延伸,平台42由例如骨架结构43的六个横向框架部件45承载。端部的横向框架部件45有效地包括箍状端部部件44的直径部件。
横向框架部件45包括矩形中空截面钢部件,且它们都形成有弯曲部,使得当平台42被固定在框架部件45上时致使平台沿垂直于反射器元件41的纵向轴线的方向凹陷地(当在图12中从上方观察时)弯曲。当反射器元件41被固定在平台42上时被分配相同的曲率。横向框架部件45的曲率半径为例如约20至约50米。
承载结构40的骨架结构43还包括矩形中空截面钢脊部部件46,其与端部部件44互相连接,由管钢撑杆47制成的空间框架将各横向框架部件45的相对端部区域连接至脊部部件46。这种骨架设置连同平台42的瓦楞状结构为组合的承载结构41提供了高度的抗扭刚度。
现参照图13,在另一变型中,反射器12b具有与反射器12a基本上相似的结构,但另外包括位于箍状端部部件44内的径向辐条(spoke)84。辐条84附装并在箍状端部部件与端部的一个横向框架部件45之间延伸,并且还附装在脊部46的一端上。
反射器12a、12b的箍状端部部件44由例如槽型截面钢形成,使得各端部部件设有U形圆周部分,并且如图14中所示,各部件44被支承以在包括两个间隔开的辊子48的安装结构上旋转。辊子48定位成在相应端部部件44的槽型截面内循路而行,并且辊子48使得承载结构40能绕着与反射器元件41的纵向轴线大致重合的旋转轴线的转动(即,旋转)。
还如图8中所示,压制辊子48a位于支承辊子48附近并定位在相关的端部部件44内以在不利的天气条件下防止反射器升高。
提供有驱动系统——其一个变型在图15中示出——以向承载结构40并从而向反射器元件41提供驱动。驱动系统包括例如电马达49,其具有通过减速传动装置51耦合至链轮齿50的输出轴。链轮齿50与链条52啮合,通过该链条将驱动引导至承载结构40。链条52在端部部件44之一的槽型截面的外壁53的周边周围延伸并固定在其上。也就是说,附贴在端部部件上的链条52有效地形成链轮齿50与其啮合的传动轮类型。
在另一变型中,驱动链条在端部部件的槽型截面内在彼此相邻的部位处将其端部固定在端部部件44上。链条的其余部分形成通过槽型结构在端部部件44的一部分周围、并从此处延伸至链轮齿——诸如在图15中示出的链轮齿50——且在其周围延伸的环。链轮齿被电马达通过合适的减速传动装置双向驱动。这种设置允许反射器的大约270°的双向旋转,并从而有利于LFR阵列中的反射器进行太阳跟踪。
再次参照图12和13,反射器元件41例如通过将多个玻璃镜41a抵接在一起而形成。可采用硅胶密封剂来密封镜周围及其间的间隙并最小化大气损坏镜的后镀银面的可能性。可通过例如聚氨酯粘合剂将镜固定在平台12的峰部上。在一些变型中,镜具有0.003m的厚度,并且因而它们可容易地在原位被弯曲以匹配支承平台42的曲率。
根据需要,可将两个或多个上述反射器线性地定位在一排中并且通过箍状端部部件44彼此连接。在此类设置中,可采用单个驱动系统来向多个反射器提供驱动。
本公开内容是说明性的而不是限制性的。根据本公开内容,对于本领域技术人员来说,更多改型将变得显而易见,并且这些改型将落入所附权利要求的范围内。通过引用将本说明书中引用的所有公开文献和专利申请全文结合于本文中,视同各单独的公开文献或专利申请被明确地和单独地在本文中提出。
Claims (7)
1.一种太阳能收集器系统,包括:
大体沿东-西方向延伸的高位的线性接收器;
位于所述接收器的极侧上的极反射器场;以及
位于所述接收器的赤道侧上的赤道反射器场;
其中,每个所述反射器场包括定位在大体沿东-西方向延伸的一个或多个平行相邻的排中的反射器,每个所述场中的所述反射器被设置成在太阳的白昼东-西向运动期间将入射的太阳辐射反射至所述接收器并被枢转地驱动以在太阳的循环性的白昼南-北向运动期间保持所述入射的太阳辐射向所述接收器的反射,所述赤道反射器场的一个或多个外侧排中的所述反射器的焦距大于它们与所述接收器中的太阳辐射吸收器的相应距离。
2.根据权利要求1的太阳能收集器系统,其特征在于,所述接收器包括光电装置,所述光电装置吸收由所述反射器反射至该光电装置的太阳辐射并将所述太阳辐射转换成电能。
3.根据权利要求1的太阳能收集器系统,其特征在于,所述吸收器吸收由所述反射器反射至该吸收器的太阳辐射以加热工作流体或热交换流体。
4.根据权利要求1的太阳能收集器系统,其特征在于,所述接收器的相对侧上的反射器排不对称地间隔开。
5.根据权利要求4的太阳能收集器系统,其特征在于,所述吸收器吸收由所述反射器反射至该吸收器的太阳辐射以加热工作流体或热交换流体。
6.根据权利要求5的太阳能收集器系统,其特征在于,所述接收器在所述极反射器场的方向上倾斜。
7.根据权利要求5的太阳能收集器系统,其特征在于,所述接收器包括窗,所述反射器所反射的太阳辐射透过所述窗被引导至所述接收器,所述窗包括防反射涂层,所述涂层在最大化所述太阳能收集器系统的年度太阳辐射收集效率的入射角度下具有最大的太阳辐射传输量。
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- 2008-02-05 US US12/012,829 patent/US20090056699A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-08-27 CN CN2012102988469A patent/CN103062915A/zh active Pending
- 2008-08-27 ES ES08795682T patent/ES2401042T3/es active Active
- 2008-08-27 WO PCT/US2008/010230 patent/WO2009029277A2/en active Application Filing
- 2008-08-27 MX MX2010002251A patent/MX2010002251A/es active IP Right Grant
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- 2008-08-27 EP EP08795682A patent/EP2193314B1/en not_active Not-in-force
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- 2008-08-27 MX MX2010002250A patent/MX2010002250A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 2008-08-27 EP EP13170511.3A patent/EP2700887A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-08-27 CN CN2008801127676A patent/CN101836054B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-08-27 US US12/675,753 patent/US8807128B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-08-27 PT PT87956827T patent/PT2193314E/pt unknown
- 2008-08-27 CN CN2008801127888A patent/CN101836055B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-08-27 EP EP13170515.4A patent/EP2711651A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-08-27 AU AU2008293906A patent/AU2008293906B2/en not_active Ceased
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CN101836054B (zh) | 2012-10-10 |
WO2009029275A2 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
AU2008293906A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
US20090056699A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
EP2193314B1 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
WO2009029277A3 (en) | 2009-08-13 |
EP2700888A1 (en) | 2014-02-26 |
WO2009029277A2 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
EP2307817A2 (en) | 2011-04-13 |
US20110005513A1 (en) | 2011-01-13 |
EP2700887A3 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
WO2009029275A3 (en) | 2009-08-06 |
US8807128B2 (en) | 2014-08-19 |
CN101836054A (zh) | 2010-09-15 |
CN101836055A (zh) | 2010-09-15 |
CY1113839T1 (el) | 2016-07-27 |
EP2711651A3 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
EP2700887A2 (en) | 2014-02-26 |
EP2711651A2 (en) | 2014-03-26 |
MX2010002251A (es) | 2010-06-01 |
CN103062915A (zh) | 2013-04-24 |
AU2008293906B2 (en) | 2014-07-31 |
PT2193314E (pt) | 2013-03-14 |
MX2010002250A (es) | 2010-06-01 |
EP2193314A2 (en) | 2010-06-09 |
AU2014210668A1 (en) | 2014-09-04 |
AU2008293904A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
ES2401042T3 (es) | 2013-04-16 |
US20090056703A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
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