CN101578312A - 用于液化天然气罐绝热的水发泡硬质泡沫 - Google Patents
用于液化天然气罐绝热的水发泡硬质泡沫 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101578312A CN101578312A CNA2008800019710A CN200880001971A CN101578312A CN 101578312 A CN101578312 A CN 101578312A CN A2008800019710 A CNA2008800019710 A CN A2008800019710A CN 200880001971 A CN200880001971 A CN 200880001971A CN 101578312 A CN101578312 A CN 101578312A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- polyurethane foams
- hard polyurethane
- isocyanic ester
- viscosity
- strongthener
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
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- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- SFNALCNOMXIBKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol monododecyl ether Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCO SFNALCNOMXIBKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- RLEFZEWKMQQZOA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;octanoate Chemical compound [K+].CCCCCCCC([O-])=O RLEFZEWKMQQZOA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- MCTWTZJPVLRJOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1H-imidazole Chemical compound CN1C=CN=C1 MCTWTZJPVLRJOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004114 Ammonium polyphosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种包含增强材料的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其通过使(a)粘度在25℃下低于500mPas的异氰酸酯与(b)具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物、(c)含水发泡剂、(d)催化剂以及合适的话(e)其它添加剂混合形成反应混合物并将反应混合物施用至增强材料上而得到,其中具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)包含官能度为4或更大且粘度在25℃下为10000mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b1)和官能度为3或更小且粘度在25℃下为500mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b2)。本发明还涉及一种生产这种硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法以及所述硬质聚氨酯泡沫在液化天然气罐绝热中的用途。
Description
本发明涉及一种包含增强材料的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其可以通过使(a)粘度在25℃下低于500mPas的异氰酸酯与(b)具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物、(c)含水发泡剂、(d)催化剂以及合适的话(e)其它添加剂混合形成反应混合物并且将反应混合物施用至增强材料上而得到,其中具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)包含官能度为4或更大且粘度在25℃下为10000mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b1)和官能度为3或更小且粘度在25℃下为500mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b2)。本发明还涉及一种生产这种硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法以及该硬质聚氨酯泡沫在液化天然气罐绝热中的用途。
本发明的更多实施方案可以在权利要求、说明书和实施例中找到。不言而喻的是上述特征以及本发明主题中还将在下面予以解释的那些在每种情况下不仅可以以所示组合使用,而且可以以不超出本发明范围的其它组合使用。
除了石油,天然气是我们时代最重要的能源之一。然而,为了将气体从源头输送给顾客,通常不得不输送很长距离。例如通过管道进行输送。然而,在边远地区或经过很远距离通过管道输送天然气是很昂贵的。另外,因为某些国家的政局,所以有时不可能铺设此类管道通过那里。在这种情况下,用液化天然气运输船(LNG运输船)海运经常作为选择。为此,在陆地液化天然气并且将其供入运输船上的大型罐中。因为天然气仅能在大约-160℃的极低温度下液化并且还必须在这一温度下储存和输送,所以有必要使罐绝热,特别是在运输船上使罐绝热以尽可能地降低蒸发造成的液化气损失。
所用绝热材料主要为硬质聚氨酯泡沫,因为相比其它绝热材料如聚苯乙烯泡沫或矿棉它们具有优良的绝热性能。
天然气运输船中的整个绝热结构极其复杂。因此,罐的绝热不仅必须防止天然气蒸发,而且必须赋予罐某种程度的稳定性。因此,除了硬质聚氨酯泡沫外还使用例如多层的胶合板、玻璃纤维和不锈钢来稳定罐。
实际罐主要包括非常薄的不锈钢阻隔层,所以绝热结构提供了大部分的所需稳定性。因此,通常使用的硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有相当高的密度。此外,它优选包含增强材料,一般为玻璃纤维毡(CSM-连续原丝毡),借助它获得所需机械性能。为了能够确保最佳稳定性,这些玻璃纤维毡在泡沫整个厚度上的均匀分布是重要的参数。
此类绝热结构例如描述于韩国专利文件KR 2000010021和KR2000010022,日本专利文件JP 2003240198和JP 2001150558,美国专利文件US 20050115248、US 3319431和US 3341050以及欧洲申请EP 1698649中。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫绝热元件的生产一般在运输带上连续进行。这里,包含增强所需玻璃纤维毡的转筒位于运输带的起始处并将玻璃纤维毡连续滚至运输带上。将聚氨酯反应混合物供至这些玻璃纤维毡上。由于发泡反应,起反应的聚氨酯反应混合物必须在开始发泡之前渗透到玻璃纤维毡中。
为确保良好和快速的加工性能,反应混合物渗入玻璃纤维毡必须尽可能迅速地进行。这有如下优点:反应混合物可在玻璃纤维毡间均匀分布,这样促进了玻璃纤维毡在成品硬质聚氨酯泡沫中均匀分布。
此外,泡沫必须非常缓慢和均匀地发泡以进一步促进玻璃纤维毡在硬质聚氨酯泡沫中均匀分布。
作为发泡剂,一般使用卤代发泡剂如氯氟烃和氟烃,因为它们赋予泡沫特别低的热导率。然而,氯氟烃导致臭氧层降解并且氯氟烃和氟烃都是导致全球变暖的气体。因此,不得不寻求代替物。
发泡剂如烃(例如戊烷)由于具有易燃性而不是特别合适。
EP 1698649在实施例4和5中公开了适合于使运输船上液化天然气罐绝热的聚氨酯泡沫的生产,其中用水作发泡剂。包含60重量%粘度在20-30℃为3000-5000mPas的山梨糖醇基聚醚醇、20重量%粘度在20-30℃为200-400mPas的甘油基聚醚醇和20重量%粘度为4000-6000mPas的双官能聚酯多元醇的混合物用作多元醇组分。锡基催化剂和辛酸钾的混合物用作催化剂。根据EP 1698649的配制剂的缺点为热导率较高和在相同纤维时间下反应混合物的发泡时间快,这使玻璃纤维毡的均匀分布变得困难。
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种适用于使运输船上液化天然气罐绝热的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中使用替用发泡剂完全或部分地替代氯氟烃或氟烃用作发泡剂。本发明的另一目的是提供一种具有良好机械性能如高压缩强度、高杨氏模量和高剪切强度、所含增强材料的均匀分布、良好泡沫质量和低热导率的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
本发明的目的由一种包含增强材料的硬质聚氨酯泡沫实现,其可以通过使(a)粘度在25℃下低于500mPas的异氰酸酯与(b)具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物、(c)含水发泡剂、(d)催化剂以及合适的话(e)其它添加剂混合、将反应混合物施用至增强材料上并固化反应混合物而得到,其中具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)包含官能度为4或更大且粘度在25℃下为10000mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b1)以及官能度为3或更小且粘度在25℃下为500mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b2)。
作为异氰酸酯(a),可使用所有常用的脂族、环脂族和优选芳族的二异氰酸酯和/或在25℃下测量的粘度低于500mPas,优选低于350mPas的多异氰酸酯。特别优选的异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)以及尤其是二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯和聚合的二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(PMDI)的混合物。这些特别优选的异氰酸酯可以由二氮杂环丁二酮、氨基甲酸酯、异氰脲酸酯、碳二亚胺、脲基甲酸酯以及优选氨基甲酸酯基团充分或部分改性。
此外,预聚物可用作异氰酸酯组分。这些预聚物由上述异氰酸酯和下述聚醚或聚酯或两者制备且其NCO含量为20-30重量%,优选22-28重量%。
作为具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b),可使用具有至少两个对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团如OH-、SH-、NH-和CH-酸基团的所有化合物。通常使用具有2-8个对异氰酸酯呈反应性的氢原子的聚醚醇和/或聚酯醇。这些化合物的OH数一般为30-850mg KOH/g,优选80-600mg KOH/g。
聚醚醇由已知方法制备,例如通过环氧烷与至少一种包含2-8个,优选2-6个呈结合形式的反应性氢原子的起始剂分子在催化剂存在下加成的阴离子聚合而制备。作为催化剂,可使用碱金属氢氧化物如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾或者碱金属醇盐如甲醇钠、乙醇钠或乙醇钾或异丙醇钾,或者在阳离子聚合路易斯酸情况下,例如五氯化锑、三氟化硼醚合物或漂白土。此外,已知作为DMC催化剂的双金属氰化物化合物也可用作催化剂。
作为环氧烷,优选使用一种或多种在亚烷基中具有2-4个碳原子的化合物如四氢呋喃、1,3-环氧丙烷、1,2-或2,3-环氧丁烷,在每种情况下单独使用或者以混合物的形式使用,以及优选环氧乙烷和/或1,2-环氧丙烷。
可用的起始剂分子例如为乙二醇、二甘醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、糖衍生物如蔗糖、己糖醇衍生物如山梨糖醇、甲胺、乙胺、异丙胺、丁胺、苄胺、苯胺、甲苯胺、甲苯二胺、萘胺、乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、4,4’-亚甲基二苯胺、1,3-丙二胺、1,6-己二胺、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺以及其它二元醇或多元醇或者单官能胺或多官能胺。
所用聚酯醇一般通过具有2-12个碳原子的多官能醇与具有2-12个碳原子的多官能羧酸缩合而制备,所述醇例如为乙二醇、二甘醇、丁二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、甘油或季戊四醇,所述羧酸例如为丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、十二烷二酸、马来酸、富马酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸以及萘二甲酸的异构体或它们的酸酐。
作为聚酯制备中的其它起始原料,可以伴随使用疏水性物质。该疏水性物质为包含非极性有机基团并且还具有至少一个选自羟基、羧酸、羧酸酯或其混合物的反应性基团的水不溶性物质。疏水性材料的当量重量优选为130-1000g/mol。例如可以使用脂肪酸如硬脂酸、油酸、棕榈酸、月桂酸或亚油酸以及油脂如蓖麻油、玉米油、向日葵油、豆油、椰子油、橄榄油或妥尔油。如果聚酯包含疏水性物质,则疏水性物质的比例基于聚酯醇的总单体含量优选为1-30mol%,特别优选为4-15mol%。
所用聚酯醇优选具有1.5-5,特别优选1.8-3.5,尤其是1.9-2.2的官能度。
此外,扩链剂和/或交联剂可用作具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)。所用扩链剂和/或交联剂尤其为双官能或三官能的胺和醇,尤其是二醇、三醇或两者,在每种情况下分子量低于400,优选60-300。
这里,具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)包含官能度为4或更大且粘度在25℃下为10000mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b1)和官能度为3或更小且粘度在25℃下为500mPas或更小,优选300mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b2)。聚醚醇b2)特别优选具有低于2.5的官能度并且尤其由双官能起始剂分子制备。聚醚醇(b1)的比例基于组分(b1)和(b2)的总重量优选为30-80重量%,特别优选为40-70重量%。
在另一个实施方案中,具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)不仅包含聚醚醇(b1)和聚醚醇(b2),还包含粘度在25℃下为2000mPas或更小的聚酯醇(b3)。
聚醚醇(b1)、(b2)以及如果存在的话(b3)占具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)的比例优选为至少80重量%,特别优选为至少90重量%,尤其是100重量%,基于具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)的总重量。
作为发泡剂(c),使用含水发泡剂。这里,水可以单独使用或者与其它发泡剂组合使用。发泡剂(c)中的水含量基于发泡剂(c)的总重量优选为大于40重量%,特别优选大于60重量%,非常特别优选大于80重量%。尤其是水用作唯一的发泡剂。如果除了水还使用其它发泡剂,则例如可以使用氯氟烃、氟烃、烃、酸和液体二氧化碳或溶解的二氧化碳。发泡剂(c)基于发泡剂(c)的总重量优选包含低于50重量%,更优选低于20重量%,特别优选低于10重量%,尤其是0重量%的氯氟烃、氟烃和/或烃。在另一个实施方案中,水和甲酸和/或二氧化碳的混合物可用作发泡剂(c)。为了能够使发泡剂更容易地分散在多元醇组分中,发泡剂(c)可以与极性化合物如二丙二醇混合。
发泡剂(c)以这样的量使用:使得由组分(a)-(e)反应形成的硬质聚氨酯密度不考虑增强材料为50-200g/l,优选80-120g/l。
作为催化剂(d),使用包含至少一种加速异氰酸酯-水反应或异氰酸酯-多元醇反应的叔胺。此类催化剂例如描述于“Kunststoffhandbuch,第7卷,聚氨酯”,Carl Hanser Verlag,第三版,1993年,第3.4.1章中。这些叔胺通常为也可以带有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团如OH、NH或NH2基团的化合物。一些最常使用的催化剂为双(2-二甲氨基乙基)醚、N,N,N,N,N-五甲基二亚乙基三胺,N,N,N-三乙氨基乙氧基乙醇、二甲基环己胺、二甲基苄胺、三乙胺、三亚乙基二胺、五甲基二亚丙基三胺、二甲基乙醇胺、N-甲基咪唑、N-乙基咪唑、四甲基六亚甲基二胺、三(二甲氨基丙基)六氢三嗪、二甲氨基丙胺、N-乙基吗啉、二氮杂双环十一碳烯和二氮双环壬烯。优选使用包含至少两种不同叔胺的混合物作为催化剂(d)。催化剂混合物(d)特别优选包含二甲基环己胺(d1)和二环胺(d2)或者二甲基环己胺(d1)和单环胺(d3)。这里,二甲基环己胺(d1)与二环胺(d2)或二甲基环己胺(d1)与单环胺(d3)的比率优选为0.2-4∶1,特别优选0.5-1.5∶1。环胺d2)和d3)优选选自上述环胺。
此外,催化剂混合物(d)可以包含其它加速异氰酸酯-水反应或异氰酸酯-多元醇反应的化合物。这些例如为基于有机金属化合物如有机锡化合物的催化剂,例如有机羧酸的锡(II)盐如乙酸锡(II)、辛酸锡(II)、乙基己酸锡(II)和月桂酸锡(II),以及有机羧酸的二烷基锡(IV)盐如二乙酸二丁基锡、二月桂酸二丁锡、马来酸二丁锡和二乙酸二辛基锡,还有铋羧酸盐如新癸酸铋(III)、2-乙基己酸铋和辛酸铋,或者羧酸的碱金属盐如乙酸钾或甲酸钾。
二甲基环己胺(d1)、二环胺(d2)和单环胺(d3)在催化剂混合物(d)中的比例基于催化剂(d)的总重量优选为至少80重量%,优选至少90重量%,尤其是100重量%。
作为其它添加剂(e),可使用泡沫稳定剂、阻燃剂,其它填料和其它添加剂如抗氧化剂。
泡沫稳定剂为在发泡过程中促进规则泡孔结构形成的物质。可提及的实例为:包含聚硅氧烷的泡沫稳定剂如硅氧烷-氧化烯共聚物和其它有机聚硅氧烷,还有脂肪醇、羰基合成醇、脂肪胺、烷基酚、二烷基酚、烷基甲酚、烷基间苯二酚、萘酚、烷基萘酚、萘胺、苯胺、烷基苯胺、甲苯胺、双酚A、烷基化双酚A、聚乙烯醇的烷氧基化产物以及甲醛和烷基酚、甲醛和二烷基酚、甲醛和烷基甲酚、甲醛和烷基间苯二酚、甲醛和苯胺、甲醛和甲苯胺、甲醛和萘酚、甲醛和烷基萘酚以及甲醛和双酚A的缩合产物的烷氧基化产物,或者这些泡沫稳定剂中两种或更多种的混合物。
泡沫稳定剂的用量基于组分(b)-(e)的总重量优选为0.5-4重量%,特别优选1-3重量%。
作为阻燃剂,通常可以使用由现有技术已知的阻燃剂。合适的阻燃剂例如为溴化醚(Ixol B 251)、溴化醇如二溴新戊醇、三溴新戊醇和PHT-4-二醇以及氯化磷酸酯如磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯、磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCPP)、磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯、磷酸三(2,3-二溴丙基)酯和亚乙基二磷酸四(2-氯乙基)酯或它们的混合物。
除了上述卤代磷酸酯,还可使用无机阻燃剂如红磷、包含红磷的制剂、膨胀性石墨、水合氧化铝、三氧化锑、五氧化二砷、聚磷酸铵和硫酸钙,或氰脲酸衍生物如蜜胺,或至少两种阻燃剂如聚磷酸铵和蜜胺的混合物,以及合适的话使本发明生产的硬质聚氨酯泡沫阻燃的淀粉。
作为其它液体无卤阻燃剂,可使用乙基膦酸二乙酯(DEEP)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)、丙基膦酸二甲酯(DMPP)、磷酸甲苯基二苯基酯(DPC)等。
对本发明而言,阻燃剂优选的用量基于组分(b)-(e)的总重量优选为0-60重量%,特别优选5-50重量%,尤其是5-40重量%。
对本发明而言,其它填料,尤其是增强填料为本身已知的常用有机和无机填料、增强材料等。具体实例为:无机填料如硅质矿物,例如片状硅酸盐如叶蛇纹石、蛇纹石、角闪石、闪石、纤蛇纹石、滑石;金属氧化物如高岭土、氧化铝、二氧化钛和氧化铁,金属盐如白垩、重晶石,无机颜料如硫化镉、硫化锌以及玻璃等。优选的是使用高岭土(陶土)、硅酸铝和硫酸钡与硅酸铝的共沉淀物以及天然和合成的纤维状材料如硅灰石、金属纤维以及尤其是合适的话可涂有胶料的各种长度的玻璃纤维。还可以使用中空玻璃微球。可用的有机填料例如为:炭、蜜胺、松香、环戊二烯基树脂和接枝聚合物以及纤维素纤维、聚酰胺纤维、聚丙烯腈纤维、聚氨酯纤维、基于芳族和/或脂族二羧酸酯的聚酯纤维以及尤其是碳纤维。
无机和有机填料可单独使用或作为混合物使用并且基于组分(a)-(e)的重量以0.5-30重量%,优选1-15重量%的量有利地掺入反应混合物中。
本发明进一步提供了一种生产硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,其包括使(a)异氰酸酯与具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)、(c)含水发泡剂、(d)催化剂以及合适的话(e)其它添加剂混合形成反应混合物,将反应混合物施用至增强材料上并使其固化以得到聚氨酯泡沫,其中异氰酸酯(a)在25℃下的粘度低于500mPas,具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)包含官能度为4或更大且粘度在25℃下为10000mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b1)和官能度为3或更小且粘度在25℃下为500mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b2)。
本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫优选在运输带上连续生产。为此,混合组分(b)-(d)以及合适的话(e)以形成多元醇组分。随后将其与异氰酸酯组分(a)优选在低压混合装置、高压混合装置在低于100巴的减压下或高压机中混合。作为选择,组分(a)-(d)以及合适的话(e)可以各自单独地引入混合装置中。随后将以这种方式获得的反应混合物供至增强材料上,优选从多个转筒(例如5-10个,优选6个或7个)上连续滚送到运输带上并且在那里形成适当层数的玻璃纤维毡。所得泡沫随后优选在运输带上固化以达到可切成片而没有损坏的程度。这可在高温下进行,例如在通过烘箱的过程中进行。所得泡沫片随后优选进一步储藏一段时间以获得充分的机械强度。
所得硬质聚氨酯随后进一步加工以生产绝热板。为此,将本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫片切成合适尺寸并优选将其粘接至胶合板片和树脂浸渍的玻璃纤维毡上。然后给这些聚氨酯泡沫元件提供其它装备如铁板、螺杆和螺纹以生产随后直接用于生产液化天然气罐绝热隔障的成品绝热元件。此类绝热板生产的详细描述例如可以在Finetec和Kangrim公司(韩国)的主页上找到。
异氰酸酯(a)与具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)、含水发泡剂(c)、催化剂(d)以及合适的话其它添加剂(e)优选以使得异氰酸酯指数为100-400,优选100-180,特别优选110-160的量反应。
对本发明而言,异氰酸酯指数为异氰酸酯基团与对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化学计量比乘以100。这里,术语“对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团”是指对异氰酸酯呈反应性并且包含在含化学发泡剂的反应混合物中但不是异氰酸酯基团本身的所有基团。
特殊的优点为本发明反应混合物迅速渗透进入增强材料中并因此促进了增强材料在所得硬质聚氨酯泡沫中的均匀分布。本发明反应混合物的长发泡时间与短反应时间相结合同样是有利的。
本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫优选用于绝热目的。本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫特别优选用于液化天然气罐的绝热,尤其是用于运输船(LNG运输船)上液化天然气罐的绝热。这些具有机械稳定性、低热导率、优良泡沫性能(例如没有孔和裂缝)、良好机械性能以及均匀分布的多层增强材料。
通过下述实施例说明本发明的优点。
实施例
为了生产本发明实施例1-5和对比例C1-C4的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,如表1所示将所用多元醇与催化剂、稳定剂和发泡剂一起搅拌并且随后与异氰酸酯混合并发泡得到硬质聚氨酯泡沫。纤维时间在每种情况下通过调整催化剂的量设置为540秒。借助发泡剂将泡沫密度设为恒定值100g/l。
用于生产实施例1-5和对比例C1-C4的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物的组成如表1所示。
表1
实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
多元醇1 | 60 | ||||||||
多元醇2 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | |||
多元醇3 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | |||
多元醇4 | 38 | ||||||||
多元醇5 | 60 | 60 | |||||||
多元醇6 | 20 | 20 | |||||||
多元醇7 | 20 | 20 | |||||||
异氰酸酯1 | 140 | 140 | 140 | 140 | 150 | 140 | 140 | 150 | |
异氰酸酯2 | 140 | ||||||||
催化剂1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |
催化剂2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||
催化剂3 | 0.1 | ||||||||
催化剂4 | 0.1 | ||||||||
催化剂5 | 0.2 | ||||||||
添加剂1 | 10 | 10 | |||||||
稳定剂1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
发泡剂1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 |
此处使用了以下起始原料:
多元醇1:山梨糖醇基聚醚醇,官能度=5,OH数=500mg KOH/g,粘度=22000mPas
多元醇2:糖基共引发聚醚醇,官能度=4.4,OH数=500mg KOH/g,粘度=8000mPas
多元醇3:丙二醇基聚醚醇,官能度=2,OH数=100mg KOH/g,粘度=150mPas
多元醇4:甘油基聚醚醇,官能度=3,OH数=400mg KOH/g,粘度=370mPas
多元醇5:山梨糖醇基共引发聚醚醇,官能度=4.2,OH数=490mg KOH/g,粘度=5000mPas
多元醇6:甘油基聚醚醇,官能度=3,OH数=250mg KOH/g,粘度=300mPas
多元醇7:邻苯二甲酸酐基聚酯醇,官能度=2,OH数=240mg KOH/g,粘度=3000mPas
(粘度值在每种情况下基于25℃下的粘度)
异氰酸酯1:聚合的二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(PMDI),粘度=200mPas(来自BASF AG的Lupranat M 20 S)
异氰酸酯2:聚合的二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(PMDI),粘度=500mPas(来自BASF AG的Lupranat M 50)
(粘度值在每种情况下基于25℃下的粘度)
催化剂1:二甲基环己胺
催化剂2:二环胺(二氮杂双环十一碳烯)
催化剂3:单环胺(N-甲基咪唑)
催化剂4:无环胺(N,N,N,N,N-五甲基二亚乙基三胺)
催化剂5:二月桂酸二丁锡和辛酸钾的混合物
添加剂1:含磷阻燃剂
稳定剂1:含聚硅氧烷泡沫稳定剂
发泡剂1:包含60%水和40%二丙二醇的混合物
在模具中生产尺寸为225mm×225mm×225mm的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。固化后,从立方体中锯出用于根据所示标准测定热导率、压缩强度和杨氏模量的测试样品。
热导率根据DIN 52612在23.4℃及硬质聚氨酯泡沫生产一天后测定。压缩强度和杨氏模量根据DIN 53421/DIN EN ISO 604在垂直于发泡方向上(在x/y方向上)测定。
剪切强度根据DIN 53427在25℃及1mm/min的牵引速度下在垂直于发泡方向上(在x/y方向上)对尺寸为170mm×35mm×17mm的测试样品测定。
玻璃纤维毡在所得聚氨酯泡沫体中的分布同样对具有上述尺寸的立方体测定。反应混合物进入玻璃纤维毡的渗透时间通过在模具底部放置7个玻璃纤维毡(20×20cm,来自Saint Gobain Vetrotex的U 801,称为CSM)并将反应混合物浇在它们上面而测定。为此,在7个玻璃纤维毡的最上面标记5个点。报告的渗透时间是在施用反应混合物之后5个标记点中至少4个再次可见的所需时间。样品固化后,将其垂直于玻璃纤维毡分开并测定相邻玻璃纤维毡之间的距离。计算玻璃纤维毡的平均间距以及标准偏差。在毡均匀分布的情况下,标准偏差应该非常小。
泡沫质量由视觉测定。尤其是评价所得泡沫是否具有裂缝或孔。
发泡时间和温升起点的测定借助具有发泡用超声波传感器和热电偶的泡沫鉴定系统进行。发泡和温升记做时间的函数。发泡时间定义为达到15%最大发泡速度的时间点。
用这种方法测定的泡沫性能报告在表2中。
表2
实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
密度[g/l] | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
压缩强度[N/mm2] | 0.98 | 1.02 | - | - | 0.82 | 1.05 | - | 1.08 | 0.83 |
杨氏模量[N/mm2] | 28.8 | 28.4 | - | - | 24.5 | 27.8 | - | 28.7 | 22.7 |
热导率[mW/mK] | 27.3 | 27.3 | 27.3 | 27.4 | 29.3 | 27.5 | 27.4 | 27.8 | 30.6 |
剪切强度[MPa] | 0.9 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.7 | 0.78 | 0.65 | 0.2 | 0.73 | 0.8 |
渗透时间[s] | 64 | 82 | 100 | 120 | 120 | 150 | 105 | 215 | 126 |
相邻CSM平均间距[mm] | 32.8 | 37 | 34.5 | 36 | 40 | 35 | 34 | 34.5 | 40.3 |
CSM层距的标准偏差 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 4.3 |
泡沫质量 | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | - | - | - | + |
发泡时间[s] | 157 | 145 | |||||||
温升始点[s] | 282 | 230 |
表中可以看出本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫显示出特别高的剪切强度以及良好或很好的泡沫质量和短渗透时间。本发明硬质聚氨酯泡沫CSM层距的标准偏差也低于对比例的泡沫。实施例5和对比例C4的对比尤其显示出热导率和CSM层距标准偏差的明显改进以及发泡时间的增加并且当使用胺催化剂代替基于锡催化剂和辛酸钾的催化剂体系时温升开始的时间增加。
Claims (19)
1.一种包含增强材料的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其通过混合下述组分、将反应混合物施用至增强材料上并固化反应混合物而得到:
(a)异氰酸酯,
(b)具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物,
(c)含水发泡剂,
(d)包含叔胺的催化剂混合物以及合适的话,
(e)其它添加剂,
其中所述异氰酸酯(a)的粘度在25℃下低于500mPas,并且具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)包含官能度为4或更大且粘度在25℃下为10000mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b1)和官能度为3或更小且粘度在25℃下为500mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b2)。
2.根据权利要求1的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中所述聚醚醇(b2)的粘度在25℃下为300mPas或更小。
3.根据权利要求1或2的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中所述聚醚醇(b1)的比例基于所述组分(b1)和(b2)的总重量为30-80重量%,优选40-70重量%。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中所述聚醚醇(b2)仅由双官能起始剂分子制备。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中所述具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)还包含粘度在25℃下为2000mPas或更小的聚酯醇(b3)。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中所述聚醚醇(b1)、(b2)以及如果存在的话(b3)在所述具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)中的比例基于所述具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)的总重量为至少80重量%。
7.根据权利要求6的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中所述聚醚醇(b1)、(b2)以及如果存在的话(b3)在所述具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)中的比例基于所述具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)的总重量为100重量%。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中所述催化剂混合物(d)包含二甲基环己胺(d1)和二环胺(d2)或者二甲基环己胺(d1)和单环胺(d3)。
9.根据权利要求8的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中二甲基环己胺(d1)与二环胺(d2)或二甲基环己胺(d1)与单环胺(d3)的比率为0.2-4∶1。
10.根据权利要求9的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中二甲基环己胺(d1)与二环胺(d2)或二甲基环己胺(d1)与单环胺(d3)的比率为0.5-1.5∶1。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中所述异氰酸酯(a)的粘度在25℃下低于350mPas。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中水是唯一发泡剂。
13.根据权利要求1-12中任一项的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中所述不含增强材料的聚氨酯泡沫的平均密度为50-200g/l,优选80-120g/l。
14.根据权利要求1-13中任一项的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中所述增强材料为玻璃纤维毡。
15.根据权利要求1-14中任一项的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中异氰酸酯指数为100-400。
16.一种生产包含增强材料的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,其包括混合下述组分形成反应混合物、将反应混合物施用至增强材料上并使其固化以得到所述聚氨酯泡沫:
a)异氰酸酯,
b)具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物,
c)含水发泡剂,
d)包含叔胺的催化剂混合物以及合适的话,
e)其它添加剂,
其中所述异氰酸酯(a)的粘度在25℃下低于500mPas,并且具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)包含官能度为4或更大且粘度在25℃下为10000mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b1)和官能度为3或更小且粘度在25℃下为500mPas或更小的聚醚醇(b2)。
17.根据权利要求16的方法,其中所述包含增强材料的硬质泡沫在运输带上连续生产。
18.根据权利要求17的方法,其中首先将所述增强材料连续供至运输带上并随后将所述反应混合物连续供至所述增强材料上。
19.根据权利要求1-15中任一项的硬质聚氨酯泡沫在液化天然气罐绝热中,尤其是在船上液化天然气罐绝热中的用途。
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Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2118163A1 (de) | 2009-11-18 |
KR101454498B1 (ko) | 2014-10-24 |
KR20090116711A (ko) | 2009-11-11 |
WO2008083996A1 (de) | 2008-07-17 |
CA2674738C (en) | 2015-12-29 |
ATE475680T1 (de) | 2010-08-15 |
JP5677747B2 (ja) | 2015-02-25 |
US8530533B2 (en) | 2013-09-10 |
DE502008001038D1 (de) | 2010-09-09 |
US20100041782A1 (en) | 2010-02-18 |
EP2118163B1 (de) | 2010-07-28 |
JP2010515795A (ja) | 2010-05-13 |
CA2674738A1 (en) | 2008-07-17 |
CN101578312B (zh) | 2012-06-06 |
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