CN101374762A - 合成碳纳米管的方法 - Google Patents
合成碳纳米管的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101374762A CN101374762A CNA2006800529911A CN200680052991A CN101374762A CN 101374762 A CN101374762 A CN 101374762A CN A2006800529911 A CNA2006800529911 A CN A2006800529911A CN 200680052991 A CN200680052991 A CN 200680052991A CN 101374762 A CN101374762 A CN 101374762A
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种通过气相化学沉积方法合成最高碳纯度的碳纳米管的方法。所制造的纳米管可有利地用于碳纳米管所有已知的应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明的主题是一种使用流化催化剂床通过化学气相沉积合成碳纳米管(CNT)的方法。
背景技术
碳纳米管由于它们的力学性能、它们非常高的形状因数(长径比)和它们的电学性能而在目前被认为是具有巨大优势的材料。
它们由卷起并以由五边形和六边形构成的结构类似于富勒烯的半球封端的石墨片制成。
已知碳纳米管由单层片(称为单壁纳米管(SWNT))或若干层同心片(称为多壁纳米管(MWNT))组成。通常,SWNT比MWNT更难制备。
碳纳米管可通过各种方法如放电、激光烧蚀或化学气相沉积(CVD)制备。
在这些技术中,化学气相沉积似乎是仅有的一种能够大量制备碳纳米管的方法,这是实现容许它们在各种工业(如汽车、电子、光电子以及热或电保护工业)中大量用于聚合物和/或树脂应用的成本价的基本条件。
在该方法中,将碳源在相对高的温度下注射到催化剂上,所述催化剂可能包括负载于无机固体上的金属。优选的金属是铁(Fe)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)和钼(Mo),且载体(在下文中称为基底)通常是氧化铝、二氧化硅或氧化镁。
可展望的碳源为甲烷、乙烷、乙烯、乙炔、乙醇、甲醇、丙酮、或者甚至是CO/H2合成气体(HIPCO方法)。
在公开碳纳米管的合成的文献中,可提到相应于EP225556B1的来自Hyperion Catalysis International Inc.的WO 86/03455A1,其可认为是关于CNT的合成的基础专利之一,其要求保护直径为3.5~70nm、形状因数等于100或更高的几乎为圆柱形的碳纤维(carbon fibril,CNT的旧称)及制备它们的方法。
所述合成是通过有利地在能与碳反应以产生气体产物(例如CO、H2或H2O)的化合物的存在下,使含铁的催化剂(例如,在碳基底上的Fe3O4、Fe,在氧化铝基底上的Fe、或在碳纤维基底上的Fe)与含碳的气体化合物(优选CO或一种或多种碳氢化合物)接触而实施的。在实施例中,催化剂通过干法浸渍、沉淀或湿法浸渍而制备。
同样的申请人的相应于文献EP 270 666B1的文献WO 87/07559要求保护由同样的反应物和催化剂制备直径为3.5~70nm但长径比L/D为5~100的纤维的方法。
没有给出关于生产率(其可表示成在单位时间内每克催化剂所形成的纤维的质量)的信息,只是给出了如下事实的信息:如果含碳气体化合物是苯,则需要在800℃以上进行。
其它文献要求保护方法的改进,如允许控制催化剂的聚集状态和所形成的碳材料的状态的连续流化床(参见以清华大学名义的WO 02/94713A1)、或要求保护产品的改进,如描述于以Trustees of Boston College名义的WO02/095097 A1中的产品的改进,该文献通过改变催化剂的性质和反应条件制备不同形态的非定向纳米管。
Hyperion Catalysis International Inc.的文献US 2001/0036549A1公开了一种通过与多价过渡金属或者优选金属的混合物(如Fe和Mo、Cr、Mn和/或Ce)接触的碳源的降解而制备CNT的改进的方法,其中的改进在于所述过渡金属由尺寸小于400微米的无机基底负载的事实,所述过渡金属形成了大量尺寸在3.5nm至70nm之间变化的催化位点。
在该实施例中,碳源为氢气/乙烯混合物,其各自的分压为0.66和0.33,在650℃下的反应时间为30分钟,且催化剂通过将热解氧化铝(未给出铁含量,但估计为15%)与硝酸铁浸渍作为甲醇浆料而制备。生产率为在30分钟内6.9g/g,而当加入钼盐时,对于约9%~10%的铁含量和1%~2%的钼含量,生产率达到10.9~11.8。当共金属为铈、铬或锰时,纳米管的生产率分别为8.3、9.7和11。
已发现乙酰丙酮铁不及硝酸铁有效。
在实施例16中,通过同时加入硝酸铁和碳酸氢钠溶液而在约6的pH值下沉淀而在水相中实施浸渍。该催化剂导致对15%的铁含量的10.5的选择性以及半连续引入到反应器中。
另一个实施例,通过在铁和钼的水相中的浸渍,给出与使用甲醇一样好的结果。
该文献还显示以大于2.5%的Mo含量的钼代替铁是有些不利的,因为对于含有相等比例的Fe和Mo的混合物(总计=16.7%),在30分钟内获得了8.8的生产率。
而且,在该文献US 2001/0036549 A1中,当使用无孔的基底,如具有100m2/g的比表面积的Degussa热解氧化铝时,发现难以浸渍大量的铁,因为气体可到达的仅是外层,而下层将呈现不足的催化活性。
而且,使用这种类型的载体的技术是复杂的,因为粒度是20nm且本体密度是0.06,这增加了工业上实施的难度。
通常,使用CVD技术的CNT合成方法包括将碳源在500~1500℃的温度下与催化剂(通常以覆盖有金属的基底颗粒的形式,这些颗粒置于流化床中)接触。合成的CNT以缠结的三维网络的形式“附着”在催化剂基底颗粒上,形成具有大于约100微米,典型地为约300~600微米的d50的聚集体。d50表示聚集体总数的50%的表观直径。这样获得的CNT可同样地用于多数应用,但是也有可能使它们经受随后的额外的纯化步骤,以将CNT从催化剂基底颗粒分离且还将CNT聚集体的尺寸减小。
无论使用什么催化剂,已发现通过CVD合成CNT导致有限的催化剂生产率,这可通过所形成的CNT与有关的催化剂之比表示。例如,当所有可用的催化位点均已反应时和/或当载体周围的CNT的缠结使反应性气体(来自碳源)向催化位点的扩散减少且使可反应的催化剂面积减小时,则达到该极限。
形成本发明主题的用于合成CNT的方法使得有可能获得更高纯度的CNT同时显著地提高所使用的催化剂的生产率,并有可能限制尺寸大于200微米的CNT聚集体的形成和/或减少它们的数量、以及有可能这样做而不需要额外的纯化步骤。
根据本发明,术语“纯度”是指(所形成的CNT的量)/(所形成的CNT的量+所引入的催化剂的量)的比,所述催化剂包括负载在有机固体上的金属。由于根据本发明的方法,获得了含有超过93%的碳的CNT。
发明内容
根据本发明的合成CNT的方法包括:
a)将第一碳源在500~1500℃的温度下与包含至少一种(一种或多种)优选覆盖多孔基底颗粒如氧化铝的多价过渡金属的新鲜催化剂(优选作为流化床)接触,用以通过化学气相沉积(或CVD)获得具有位于300与600微米之间的d50的在催化剂颗粒周围的缠结的三维网络形式的CNT或CNT聚集体;
b)粉碎得自步骤a)的所述CNT聚集体(在催化剂颗粒周围的缠结的CNT三维网络)中的至少一些,使得由该粉碎操作获得的聚集体的d50位于10与200微米之间,优选为50与150微米之间,优选接近100微米,或者甚至更优选接近约50微米;
c)为了获得CNT聚集体(缠结的(CNT)三维网络),在位于500与1500℃之间的温度下,在第二碳源的存在下,任选在新鲜催化剂的存在下,使得自步骤b)的经粉碎的产物流化;
d)任选地,在步骤b)的操作条件下,粉碎在步骤c)中形成的CNT中的至少一些;和
e)回收得自步骤c)或d)的CNT。
根据本发明,表达“位于......之间”也包含端值。
术语“新鲜催化剂”应理解为是指首次使用的催化剂,换句话说,是未再生过的催化剂。
根据本发明,所述第一和第二碳源可以在化学性质和/或流速方面相同或不同。
所述一种或多种碳源可选自任何类型的含碳材料,如以下物质自身或作为混合物:甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、己烷、环己烷或含有超过4个碳原子的任何其它更高级的脂肪族烷烃、乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、异丁烯、或含有超过4个碳原子的任何其它更高级的脂肪族烯烃、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、异丙苯、乙苯、萘、菲、蒽、乙炔和含有超过4个碳原子的任何其它更高级的炔烃、甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、甲醇、乙醇、一氧化碳等。
粉碎步骤b)的目的是使催化剂上的缠结的CNT三维网络解聚集,以减小其粒度并使在所述催化剂上的活性催化位点是可到达的。
粉碎步骤b)可以热或冷方式进行,并使用已知技术在例如以下的设备中进行:球磨机、锤磨机、磨碎机、切碎机、气体射流粉碎机、或任何其它能减小缠结的CNT网络的尺寸,同时仍允许其使用流化床CVD技术的后续加工(步骤c))的粉碎系统。因此,在该粉碎步骤b)之后,CNT聚集体具有大于10微米,位于10与200微米之间,优选位于50与150微米之间且甚至更优选接近100微米的d50。如果在粉碎步骤b)之后的CNT的d50小于10微米,则流化是不可能的。
优选地,粉碎步骤b)通过气体射流粉碎进行,其中用于提供能量的气体可有利地为用于合成CNT的反应性气体。
现在将参考附图用具体的实施方式实例来说明本发明,其目的绝不在于限制本发明的范围,在附图中:
-图1为根据现有技术获得的CNT的扫描电子显微镜照片;和
-图2为根据本发明由步骤b)获得的经粉碎的CNT的扫描电子显微镜照片;和
-图3说明了根据本发明的粉碎装置,其可安装在通过CVD合成CNT的实际合成反应器(6)内(原位粉碎)或在允许所有或部分经粉碎的CNT在反应器内的可能循环的外部回路中(离位粉碎(ex situ milling))。
示于图3中的粉碎装置包括穿过喷嘴(2)产生的高速气体射流系统,其将CNT粉末夹带到一个或多个由支撑体(4)把持的靶(5)上,靶(5)必须经受CNT聚集体的轰击由此通过冲击将粒度减小。流化可通过仅这些喷嘴(2)和/或与由在这些喷嘴(2)周围的分配器(3)扩散的气流组合而实施。取决于催化剂基底的硬度和密度,粉碎系统的尺寸和使用的进气(1)和(2a)的流速适合用于获得良好的流化和所需的粒度。
设计分配器(3)用于负载催化剂,所述催化剂在合成的时间T0时为粉末状。
粉碎装置的形式将根据所使用的材料和/或流化床的行为而有利地进行调整。
根据本发明的方法可半连续地或以间歇模式实施,但优选连续地实施。
得自步骤a)的缠结的CNT/催化剂网络的至少一部分可从合成反应器提取到连续、半连续或以间歇模式运行的粉碎装置中,然后将(步骤c))注入到步骤a)的相同合成反应器中或通过流化床CVD(finishing reactor(修整反应器))注入到第二CNT合成反应器中。
也可在步骤a)的合成反应器中实施粉碎(步骤b)),提供有如图3中的装置所显示的粉碎设备,其避免了不得不将粉末从反应器取出并因此减少了压头损失(head loss)和粉末飞走的风险。
因此,根据本发明的一个实施方式,步骤b)通过将一种或多种反应气体和/或额外气体中的一些注射穿过分布在分配器(3)表面上的注射喷嘴(2)而在CNT合成反应器(6)内实施,一股或多股垂直气体射流夹带颗粒朝向靶(5)。颗粒由CNT聚集体和/或催化剂组成。靶(5)为圆锥体的形状,由不锈钢制成,防止颗粒在靶(5)的顶部沉积。
该粉碎使得催化CNT生长位点是可以到达的,由此使得有可能在步骤c)的过程中在这些现在可以到达的位点上生长更多的CNT,而且在步骤a)的过程中所形成的CNT聚集体上生长更多的CNT,所述CNT聚集体的尺寸和/或数目已由于粉碎而减小。使用相同的气体源(其为在涉及原位粉碎的方法过程中的情况)或在性质和流速两方面均不同的源(其特别是在涉及离位粉碎的方法过程中的情况),可发生在步骤a)和步骤c)过程中的CNT的生长。
在步骤c)的过程中,在引入合成气体和新鲜催化剂的过程中合成的CNT可在上述条件下经受进一步的粉碎步骤d)。
在步骤c)或d)后由此获得的CNT最终被回收。
这些CNT具有改进的性能,特别是它们在材料中,特别是在聚合物中的分散性。因此与现有技术相比,有可能引入较高量的CNT,并具有更好的分散和/或均匀性,由此改善含有CNT的材料的最终性能。
这些CNT可用于其中使用CNT的所有应用,特别是在其中期望它们的电性能(取决于温度和它们的结构,它们可以是导体、半导体或绝缘体)的领域中,和/或在其中期望它们的力学性能的领域中,例如用于复合材料的增强(CNT是钢的一百倍强且是钢的六倍轻)和机电应用(它们可通过电荷注入而伸长或缩小)。例如,可提到CNT在以下中的应用:大分子组合物,该大分子组合物例如用于电子元件的封装、用于燃料管线(汽油或柴油)的制造;抗静电涂层;热敏电阻;电极,特别是在能量部分中用于超级电容器的电极等。
实施例
实施例1(比较例-根据现有技术通过CVD制备CNT:仅步骤a))
通过用硝酸铁溶液浸渍中值直径为约85微米的Puralox SCCA5-150 γ-氧化铝来制备包括35%的铁的催化剂。浸渍在流化床中实施,其中用100℃的空气流以在整个操作中保持粉末干燥。将300g该催化剂作为层引入到具有1m的有效高度的25cm直径的反应器中,该反应器安装有用于防止颗粒细粒(细催化剂颗粒)被顺流夹带走的分离装置。反应器在氮气下在300℃下加热40分钟,然后在氢气/氮气(20体积%/80体积%)下加热,将温度在75分钟内升到650℃。在该温度下,引入3000N1/h的乙烯气流和1000N1/h的氢气气流,这对应于0.75的乙烯分压。
当乙烯不再被消耗时,不再产生CNT:乙烯和氢气随后被氮气驱气所代替。
1g的催化剂制造了15g的CNT。因此CNT的生产率为15,即,93%的碳纯度(15/(15+1))。
对CNT聚集体的粒度分析给出了420微米的d50(即,在催化剂表面上的具有约150微米厚度的CNT层,催化剂(氧化铝基底+Fe)的中值直径为约85微米)。
在图1中,可看到若干尺寸基本上大于200微米的聚集体。
实施例2(根据本发明-离位粉碎)
将在实施例1中获得的产物在由Alpine以Spiral jet mill 50AS的名称出售的装置中进行切向空气射流粉碎。
设定气体流速和喷射时间以将根据实施例1获得的聚集体减小至具有40微米的d50。
在根据实施例1的具有3:1的乙烯/氢气体积比的CNT合成条件下,将5g该经粉碎的产物的样品引入到5cm直径的反应器中。
通过将图2和图1进行比较,可清楚地看到根据本发明的方法导致非常少量的具有大于200微米的直径的CNT。因此,由此形成的最终产物更易于分散在材料,特别是聚合物之中。
在合成的末期,回收6.4g的最终产物,即相对于所引入的产品的量,增加了28%(100×(6.4-5)/5)。因此,CNT的生产率为19.2(1g的催化剂得到19.2g的CNT),即,95%(19.2/(19.2+1))的碳纯度。
实施例3(根据本发明-原位粉碎)
将在实施例1中获得的产物在根据附图3的合成反应器中直接进行空气射流粉碎。
该粉碎在室温下在CNT合成反应器(6)中实施,所述合成反应器(6)是装配有多孔分配器(3)的直径为5cm的垂直管,所述分配器(3)装备有用于引入高速气体的喷嘴(2)。介质(7)用流过分配器的氮气流(1)和通过喷嘴(1)的第二气流(2a)进行流化。
设定气体流速和喷射时间以将根据实施例1获得的聚集体减小至具有40微米的d50。
由此获得的最终产物可容易和均匀地分散在聚合物材料中,用于改进其力学、电学和/或热性能。
Claims (13)
1.一种合成碳纳米管的方法,包括:
a)在500~1500℃的温度下,将第一碳源与包含至少一种多价过渡金属的新鲜催化剂接触,以通过化学气相沉积(CVD)获得具有位于300与600微米之间的d50的在催化剂颗粒周围的缠结的三维网络或聚集体形式的CNT;
b)粉碎得自步骤a)的聚集体中的至少一些,使得由该粉碎操作获得的聚集体的d50位于10与200微米之间;
c)为了获得聚集体,在位于500与1500℃之间的温度下,在第二碳源的存在下,任选在新鲜催化剂的存在下,将得自步骤b)的经粉碎的产物流化;
d)任选地,在步骤b)的操作条件下,粉碎在步骤c)中形成的CNT中的至少一些;和
e)回收得自步骤c)或d)的CNT。
2.权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述各碳源具有相同的化学性质且具有相同的流速。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于所述催化剂是流化床形式的。
4.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其特征在于所述过渡金属覆盖多孔基底颗粒。
5.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其特征在于该方法连续地运行。
6.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其特征在于步骤b)在CNT合成反应器内部实施(原位粉碎)。
7.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其特征在于通过将一种或多种反应气体和/或额外气体中的一些注射穿过分布在分配器(3)的表面上的注射喷嘴(2),垂直的气体射流(1)夹带所述颗粒朝向靶(5),步骤b)在CNT合成反应器(6)内部实施。
8.一种用于实施前述权利要求中任一项的方法的用于粉碎CNT聚集体的装置,其包括用于将气体注射穿过喷嘴(2)的气体射流系统、至少一个必须经受所述聚集体的轰击的靶(5)。
9.权利要求8的装置,其中所述靶在形状上是圆锥形的。
10.权利要求1到5中任一项的方法,其特征在于步骤b)在所述合成反应器外部进行(离位粉碎)。
11.能够通过前述权利要求中任一项所限定的方法而获得的CNT。
12.权利要求8的CNT在用作改善力学和/或导电性能的试剂特别是在基于聚合物的组合物中用作改善力学和/或导电性能的试剂的用途。
13.根据权利要求7的CNT在燃料管线、抗静电涂层、热敏电阻以及超级电容器的电极中的用途。
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FR0513230A FR2895393B1 (fr) | 2005-12-23 | 2005-12-23 | Procede de synthese de nanotubes de carbone |
US76405106P | 2006-02-01 | 2006-02-01 | |
US60/764,051 | 2006-02-01 | ||
PCT/FR2006/051423 WO2007074312A1 (fr) | 2005-12-23 | 2006-12-22 | Procédé de synthèse de nanotubes de carbone. |
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CN (1) | CN101374762B (zh) |
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103201214A (zh) * | 2010-11-05 | 2013-07-10 | 独立行政法人产业技术综合研究所 | Cnt分散液、cnt成型体、cnt组合物、cnt集合体及它们的制造方法 |
US20130316160A1 (en) | 2010-11-05 | 2013-11-28 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | Cnt dispersion liquid, cnt compact, cnt composition, cnt aggregate, and method of producing each |
CN103201214B (zh) * | 2010-11-05 | 2016-01-13 | 独立行政法人产业技术综合研究所 | Cnt分散液、cnt成型体、cnt组合物、cnt集合体及它们的制造方法 |
US10040686B2 (en) | 2010-11-05 | 2018-08-07 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | CNT dispersion solution, CNT compact, CNT composition, CNT aggregate, and method of producing each |
WO2023156821A1 (en) * | 2022-02-18 | 2023-08-24 | Ptt Lng Company Limited | A process for producing carbon nanotubes and a carbon nanotube product resulting thereform |
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JP2009520673A (ja) | 2009-05-28 |
US20090134363A1 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
KR101008244B1 (ko) | 2011-01-17 |
CN101374762B (zh) | 2011-06-29 |
EP1968889B1 (fr) | 2011-08-10 |
EP1968889A1 (fr) | 2008-09-17 |
KR20080071187A (ko) | 2008-08-01 |
FR2895393B1 (fr) | 2008-03-07 |
FR2895393A1 (fr) | 2007-06-29 |
ATE519713T1 (de) | 2011-08-15 |
US7622059B2 (en) | 2009-11-24 |
BRPI0619636A2 (pt) | 2011-10-04 |
WO2007074312A1 (fr) | 2007-07-05 |
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