CN101288370B - Pinellia ternate good quality and high output culture technique - Google Patents
Pinellia ternate good quality and high output culture technique Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high quality and yield culture technology of pinellia ternate, which comprises the following steps: land selection and preparation, seeds preparation, sowing, field management, harvesting and prevention and cure of plant diseases and insect pests. The technology of the invention is characterized in that: the loosening, fertile, neutral or subacid soil with convenient irrigation and relatively light texture, such as red oil sandy soil, hilly oil sandy soil, tide sandy mud, purple sandy mud, hilly sandy mud or ash pack soil, and the like, is chosen; before sowing, plough is carried out as per depth of 0.2m, and the suitable time for sowing is from February 20 to March 10, bottom fertilizer application is carried out according to the dosage of 180-220kg per mu, and soil is covered; before sowing, the medium-sized or small healthy stems which have the diameter of 0.5-1.5cm, regular shape and no plant diseases and insect pests are selected as the seeds (seed stems), and the stems are soaked into the 500-1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim for 10-20 minutes. The effect of the method is to improve the yield of pinellia ternate by 18%-22%, improve the water-soluble extracts by 10%-15%, increase the content of total alkaloid of by 18%-24%, and increase the benefit by 15%-20%.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of tuber of pinellia high-yield culture technique, comprise the technologies such as pest control measure of choosing ground, whole ground, seed selection, sowing, fertilising, meticulous field management, rational cropping pattern and science.
Background technology
The tuber of pinellia is the underground stem tuber of the aroid tuber of pinellia, long medicinal history is arranged, in the whole nation most places all produce with look white traditionally, matter is solid, the sufficient person of mealiness is for good, only there are the concocting method of the tuber of pinellia and thin layer to differentiate on 2005 editions pharmacopeia, still do not have corresponding quality control index, the present invention is quality evaluation index (alkaloid is the tuber of pinellia clinical efficacy material base of generally acknowledging clinically now) with water-soluble extractives and alkaloid.Mainly there is following problem in the tuber of pinellia at present: (1) is succeedd by man kind of wild change from the twentieth century tuber of pinellia seventies, and through years of development, its cultivation does not have significant progress, and tuber of pinellia plantation remains demand production more in short supply atrophy more.(2) the unusual disunity of different place of production tuber of pinellia thickness of sowing, the thickness of sowing that peasant household generally all arranges the tuber of pinellia by the own long-term planting habit that forms.(3) tuber of pinellia sowing time is divided winter sowing and spring sowing, and span is bigger.(4) after tuber of pinellia man plants, find leaf spot, virus disease and, the stem tuber rot is bigger to yield effect; Insect pest mainly contains Tiane larva, aphid, thrips, taro two-wire hornworm and flea beetle etc.The effective method of preventing and treating of the damage by disease and insect famine of the tuber of pinellia.(5) processing method of the tuber of pinellia is very big to the quality influence of the tuber of pinellia, especially during sulphuring, causes that easily medicinal material sulphur dioxide exceeds standard, and total alkaloid content descends.The stove drying problem of the tuber of pinellia is the key issue of puzzlement tuber of pinellia medicinal material and prepared slice quality and safety always.(6) in addition fertilizer, field management and the key factor that all become to influence the tuber of pinellia quality picking time.
Tuber of pinellia wild resource is demanded protection urgently, has defective and deficiency on key technology and the understanding during especially its tradition plantation is produced, and these problems also are the common problems that exists in the current Chinese medicine plantation.Therefore, advanced technology and the management method of being badly in need of introducing modern agriculture produced in the plantation of the tuber of pinellia, realizes scientific, the standardization of production and management, thereby alleviates predation and destruction to wild resource, and improves the output and the quality of tuber of pinellia traditional Chinese medicine.
Document record tuber of pinellia culture technique is many, but that its planting type is subjected to the such environmental effects of different regions is bigger, and the planting type that is difficult to system is in addition unified the cultivation of the tuber of pinellia, and in one aspect research focuses mostly on.
There is following shortcoming in existing tuber of pinellia culture technique: can't scale, standardized planting, and planting type can not reach the requirement of GAP; Yield poorly, of poor quality, quality is degenerated easily, sowing time of the tuber of pinellia is divided winter sowing and spring sowing, this is land occupation resource but also the quality of the tuber of pinellia is impacted not only.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to change in the tuber of pinellia traditional cultivation method not science, irrational place, absorb its elite, make the planting technology of the tuber of pinellia have science, standardization and reasonability,, and then improve and the assurance economic benefit so that improve and guarantee the output and the quality of medicinal material that the tuber of pinellia produces.
Particular content of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of pinellia ternate good quality and high output culture technique, may further comprise the steps: choosing ground with whole ground, seed preparation, sowing, field management, gather, the extermination of disease and insect pest, it is characterized in that: select loose, fertile, neutrality or subacidity, irrigation and drainage chilli oil sand, mountain region oil-sand soil, damp sand mud, purple burning into sand mud, mountain region burning into sand mud or the grey lighter soil of quality such as soil that wrap easily; The sowing before plough according to degree of depth 0.2m, suitable sowing time be February 20 to March 10, every mu of 180～220kg applies fertilizer to the subsoil, earthing; Select before the sowing 0.5～1.5 centimetre of transverse diameter, stalwartness, no damage by disease and insect, form regular in, tubercle makes kind of (a kind stem), and soaked seed 10～20 minutes with 500～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim.
Choosing of the present invention ground be meant wholely select that choosing is loose, fertile, neutrality or subacidity, irrigation and drainage chilli oil sand, mountain region oil-sand soil, damp sand mud, purple burning into sand mud, mountain region burning into sand mud or the grey lighter soil of quality such as soil that wrap easily, preferably shine the hillside fields of the sun morning, perhaps select half cloudy half light, moistening foggy mountain region, gentle slope, should avoid the soil that is exposed to the sun afternoon; In Pingba cultivation, preferably and between corn, the contour stalk crop of jowar plant, or draw the sunshade net, for the tuber of pinellia shades; Require to select suitable soil to carry out farming to the difference of soil and to the arrangement in soil, 20～25cm ploughs spring according to plant strain growth.
Seed of the present invention prepares to be meant the process of handling as the tuber of pinellia of germplasm, comprise the selection of germplasm, the processing procedure before the i.e. sowing of preservation, select before the sowing 0.5～1.5 centimetre of transverse diameter, stalwartness, no damage by disease and insect, form regular in, tubercle makes kind of (a kind stem), and with 500～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim seed soaking 10～20 minutes, kill germ worm's ovum on kind of the stem, to reduce the generation of disease such as root rot and insect pest.
Sowing of the present invention is meant as requested the tuber of pinellia at field cultivation, and tuber of pinellia sowing time is that every mu of 180kg～220kg of planting density applies fertilizer to the subsoil earthing between 20～March 10 February in nature time.
Field management of the present invention is to comprise weeding, topdress and irrigation and draining.
Wherein: after weeding is meant that the tuber of pinellia is emerged, prevent and reduce the measure of other weed growths.The tuber of pinellia topdresses 4 times vegetative period.
Topdressing is meant plant strain growth to certain phase, to the demand of soil fertility increase and this moment soil fertility consume when grow by the front, increase soil fertility to adapt to the process of plant strain growth at this moment, the tuber of pinellia topdresses 4 times vegetative period.First inferior to behind the early April neat seedling, and every mu applies clearly 1000 kilograms of liquid dungs; For the second time in 5 months, the last ten-days period bulbil form the phase, use 2000 kilograms of the liquid dungs of becoming thoroughly decomposed for every mu; For the third time after first generation bulbil lands, can impose 50 kilograms of cake fertilizer or 500 kilograms of stalks and fecaluria and macerate the compost of system jointly, cover fertilizer and bulbil in conjunction with ridging; The 4th inferior to early September, and when the tuber of pinellia was turned green the neat seedling of full stand, every mu applied 50 kilograms in the cake fertilizer of becoming thoroughly decomposed, 20 kilograms of superphosphate, and 10 kilograms in urea is puddled evenly with slag fertilizer, ditch mud, is spread on the soil table, plays the effect that promotes sub-tuber of pinellia growth and favourable grouting.Require balance to use nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer and trace element.During spraying fertilizer in conjunction with artificial weeding and ridging.
Irrigate and to be meant according to weather condition with draining and to be watered in the field and need the process in time got rid of when ponding occurring, in order to avoid because hypohydration or too much plant strain growth is impacted, the tuber of pinellia generally should keep ground moistening vegetative period, plant both be afraid of drought also be afraid of the waterlogging.Note dredging the drain ditch rainy season and in time get rid of field ponding.
The principle of the extermination of disease and insect pest of the present invention is that the employing integrated control is main, preferentially adopts cultural control method, measure of biotic control and physico mechanical control method, and the chemical control method is as last measure.The more incidental disease of the tuber of pinellia is leaf spot, virus disease and rot etc.
Wherein: leaf spot claims the tikka gray mold again, and cause of disease is a kind of fungi, survives the winter with invalid body or in soil with sclerotium, sprout at the beginning of 4 months, and the leaf blade of Pinellia that causes harm, take place early summer.Blade initial stage of catching an illness shows as the water stain shape patch that fades, and what have is canescence point-like or strip pathology spot, after expand as the large-scale patch of difform puce, profile is unclear, a plurality of scabs can be fused into bigger scab, and many pores are arranged on the later stage scab.When serious, scab is covered with full leaf, makes leaf rolling shrivelled and dead.The high temperature and rainy of being everlasting takes place season.During high humidity, leaf back forms the mould layer of grey cause of disease spore.Prevent and treat method: the cultural control method: 1. select disease-resistant plant stem tuber to reserve seed for planting; 2. pulling out diseased plant burns; 3. thoroughly clear after autumn garden is concentrated residual leaf, sick leaf and is burnt.Biological control: squeezing the juice for 1 kilogram with garlic adds 20～25 kilograms of sprinklings of water.Chemical control: 1: 1: 120 bordeaux mixture of their early stage spray, or 500 times of liquid of 65% zineb, or 800～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim, or 1000 times of liquid of 70% topsin, per 7～10 days 1 time, continuous 2～3 times.
Wherein: virus disease claims leaf-curl, mosaic disease again, is caused by infective virus, how the complete stool of causing harm is taken place in summer.After catching an illness, irregular shape chlorisis takes place on the blade and yellow streak occurs, make blade show as the floral leaf shape, blade becomes the distortion deformity, the shrinkage injustice, thickens, has the trend of curling downwards, until withered.The plant strain growth of being injured is bad, underground stem tuber deformity slight of stature, and quality descends.When medium insects such as aphid or thrips are taken place in a large number, take place easily and popular should disease.This disease can make the tuber of pinellia at duration of storage and cause the bright stem of planting to rot in a large number in transit, and after the tuber of pinellia stem tuber of being injured was processed into commodity, often of poor quality, grade was low.Prevent and treat method: cultural control: 1. select anosis plant to reserve seed for planting, avoid introducing a fine variety from the area of falling ill and reserving seed for planting with falling ill; 2. find diseased plant, pull out immediately and concentrate and burn or buried; 3. use sufficient organic manure, suitably impose phosphorus, potash fertilizer, strengthen the plant premunition.Biological control: 1. 200～300 times of liquid sprayings of 2% Ningnanmycin, or 500～600 times of liquid seed soaking of mushroom proteoglycan or spraying; 2. use method for tissue culture, cultivate the nontoxic seedling of detoxification.Chemical control: 1. in time spray medicine and eliminate insects such as the aphid of transmitted virus, thrips, leafhopper, plant hopper, 2000 times of liquid of 40% Rogor are sprayed in the back of emerging on seedling ground, every 5～7 days 1 time, and continuous 2～3 times; 2. their early stage cooperates 500ppm gibberellin spraying control with 1000 times of liquid of 1.5% ZhiBingLing(SIC).
Wherein: rot claims root rot again, is caused by fungi and bacterium, and the underground stem tuber of causing harm is the modal disease of the tuber of pinellia.Situation at high temperature many rainy seasons, spread fine rain first and impeded drainage is descended easily to take place.Morbidity back stem tuber rots, and acrial part is withered and yellow immediately, the death of falling the seedling.Prevent and treat method: cultural control: 1. select for use anosis stem tuber to plant; 2. in time dredge ditch water discharge behind the heavy rain in rainy season, prevent field ponding; 3. pull out diseased plant early, drench the cave sterilization, prevent something from spreading with 5% milk of lime; Chemical control: when 1. broadcasting preplanting treatment, 3～5 kilograms of fenaminosulf of every mu of usefulness spread fertilizer over the fields soil disinfection; 2. soaked seed 20 minutes with 1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim before the sowing; 3. in time prevent and treat soil insect, reduce the soil insect tuber of pinellia that bites and catch an illness, can alleviate harm; 4. their early stage is irritated the nest sterilization in conjunction with 5% limewash, with tpn or carbendazim spraying control.
The technical scheme that adopts of the present invention is by each link in the tuber of pinellia culture technique is investigated, analyzed and sums up, and adopt single factor randomized block experiment to design corresponding field cultivation engineering test research, comprise date test, sowing quantity (density) test, fertilizer test and experimental study picking time, each sub-district area is 10m
2The concrete technical scheme that draws is: select loose, fertile, neutrality or subacidity, the irrigation and drainage lighter soil of quality such as chilli oil sand, mountain region oil-sand soil, damp sand mud, purple burning into sand mud, mountain region burning into sand mud or ash bag soil easily.Selection can only be shone the hillside fields of the sun morning.Also can select half cloudy half light, moistening foggy mountain region, gentle slope.Avoid the soil that is exposed to the sun afternoon.If in Pingba cultivation, preferably and between corn, the contour stalk crop of jowar plant, or draw the sunshade net, for the tuber of pinellia shades.Plough according to degree of depth 0.2m before the sowing, be late Febuary to arrive early March, every mu of 180～220kg suitable sowing time.Select before the sowing 0.5～1.5 centimetre of transverse diameter, stalwartness, no damage by disease and insect, form regular in, tubercle makes kind of (a kind stem), and with 500～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim seed soaking 10～20 minutes, kill germ worm's ovum on kind of the stem, to reduce the generation of disease such as root rot and insect pest.
Should noting after the tuber of pinellia is emerged shades (refers to according to demand of plant growth, do not hindering minimizing suitable under its photosynthetic situation the measure of the plant phenomena of mortality to occur because of the overstimulation of sunlight), prevent and reduce other weed growths that weeding and fertilising are in conjunction with carrying out.The tuber of pinellia should keep ground moistening vegetative period, carries out and irrigates and drainage measure.The principle of the extermination of disease and insect pest is that the employing integrated control is main, preferentially adopts cultural control method, measure of biotic control and physico mechanical control method, and the chemical control method is as last measure.
The present invention has following characteristics mutually: 1. the elaboration of system the key technology that in cultivation, should note of the tuber of pinellia, make the planting type of the tuber of pinellia reach the requirement of GAP; 2. planting density is the key technology of restriction tuber of pinellia output and quality, and the tuber of pinellia thickness of sowing of the present invention's regulation is every mu of sowing quantity 180kg～220kg, and this density is the planting density of tuber of pinellia the best just, no matter is that output or quality can both be guaranteed fully; 3. also have the sowing time of the bibliographical information tuber of pinellia to divide winter sowing and spring sowing, this is land occupation resource but also the quality of the tuber of pinellia is impacted not only; 4. the tuber of pinellia mostly is vegetative propagation because of the procreation of self, contacts between population (referring in the particular space and the groups of individuals of the same race nature or artificial of living in the time) are less, this has just caused the degeneration of tuber of pinellia germplasm, the mode that the present invention takes down seedling both to gather can prevent effectively that a tuber of pinellia population is for a long time in same local growth, the artificial increase probability of evolution procreation for germplasm guarantees that the good biological of germplasm is learned characteristic; 5. the tuber of pinellia is found multiple sick worm harm again in cultivation now, and document is short of relatively in the research to this respect.
Effect of the present invention is to make tuber of pinellia medicinal material output improve 18%～22%, and water-soluble extractives improves 10%～15%, and total alkaloid content improves 18%～24%, and economic benefit increases by 15%～20%.
Embodiment:
Embodiment 1
Each sub-district of table 1 density, picking time and manuring field trial data of gathering
Annotate: (1) CK in the fertilizer experiment: do not use fertilizer; (2) fertilizer 1: microorganism organic fertilizer 300kg/ mu (0.45kg/m2); (3) fertilizer 2: composite fertilizer 100kg/ mu (0.15kg/m2), and 40kg/ mu topdresses respectively when twice seedling is emerged; (4) fertilizer 3: base fertilizer farmyard manure 1000kg/ mu (1.50kg/m2)+oil cake 50kg/ mu (0.075kg/m2)+superphosphate 20kg/ mu (0.030kg/m2), fall for twice and impose urea 20kg/ mu (0.030kg/m2) respectively when seedling is emerged, waiting to emerge imposes potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.0kg/ mu after neat and sprays as foliar fertilizer.
Table 2 sowing time, interplanting field test results
Each field trial Determination of Total Alkaloid result of table 3
| Numbering | Content % |
| Interplanting corn | 0.04189 |
| The interplanting ginkgo | 0.05002 |
| The interplanting loquat | 0.04103 |
| Density 1 | 0.04548 |
| Density 2 | 0.04373 |
| Density 3 | 0.04507 |
| Density 4 | 0.04775 |
| Density 5 | 0.04884 |
| Fertilizer 1 | 0.04638 |
| Fertilizer 2 | 0.04311 |
| Fertilizer 3 | 0.04170 |
| Broadcast 1 | 0.04505 |
| Broadcast 2 | 0.03677 |
| Broadcast 3 | 0.04514 |
Brief summary: drawing the cultivation scheme according to the amount of gathering and total alkaloid contents measurement result is: be 20～March 10 February sowing time, interplanting corn, and thickness of sowing is 3kg/m
2, fertilizer adopts microorganism organic fertilizer 300kg/ mu (0.45kg/m
2), stay little picking time greatly for gathering immediately behind the seedling for the first time, adopting; Fall for the second time and gather equally immediately behind the seedling, adopt stay greatly little; All gathered the note gross yield for the third time behind the seedling.
Embodiment 2
1. select ground and whole ground
The tuber of pinellia is perennial weeds in field plant, require not tight to soil, accommodation to soil is wider, and various types of soil all have wild, but moistening, loose, fertile, soil acidity or alkalinity be neutral to subacidity (pH value 5.5～6.8), sand loam and the light clay well-grown.Should select low mountain and the knob of height above sea level below 2000 meters, select loose, fertile, neutrality or subacidity, the irrigation and drainage lighter soil of quality such as chilli oil sand, mountain region oil-sand soil, damp sand mud, purple burning into sand mud, mountain region burning into sand mud or ash bag soil easily.Selection can only be shone the hillside fields of the sun morning.Also can select half cloudy half light, moistening foggy mountain region, gentle slope.Avoid the soil that is exposed to the sun afternoon.If in Pingba cultivation, preferably and between corn, the contour stalk crop of jowar plant, or draw the sunshade net, for the tuber of pinellia shades.Saline-alkali soil, gravel soil, soil property cross the sand of sand, sticking excessively rich clay, when the wind ridge and the waterlogged lowland of ponding easily, all should not plant.
The cultivation tuber of pinellia requires soil whole thin, and is loose.In between 10～November, 20 centimetres of soil deeptillages make its weathering slaking, remove chad, weeds, grass roots, guarantee loosing soil in the coming year.Apply the farm organic fertilizer of making base manure before digging.Plough once before the sowing beginning of spring again, accomplishes that soil is in small, broken bits.The whole railway carriage or compartment of carefully raking out, the railway carriage or compartment is wide 0.8～1.2 meter, mainly uses hand-lifting because of tuber of pinellia weeding, and opening the railway carriage or compartment should not be wide, otherwise is awkward.35 centimetres of railway carriage or compartment furrow widths are held the drain ditch successfully around 15～20 centimetres of the railway carriage or compartment ditch depths, ground.
2. sowing
Need before the sowing kill germ worm's ovum on kind of the stem, with the generation of disease such as minimizing root rot and insect pest with 500～1000 times of liquid seed soaking of 50% carbendazim 10～20 minutes.Simultaneously, use the seed soaking of nutrient solution and plant growing mediator agent that tuber of pinellia output is had certain effect.
Tuber of pinellia stem tuber sowing to be to sow in spring to well, and by the end of February at the beginning of 3 months, rainwater is between the Waking of Insects (3rd solar term), about 10 ℃ of daily mean temperatures, or the following 5 centimetres of ground temperature in the face of land are sowed when reaching 8～10 ℃.It is urgent to sow in spring, and can not surpass early April at the latest, because of tuber of pinellia kind stem just begins to sprout March, as influencing tuber of pinellia growth later.Early sowing in good time helps the tuber of pinellia and prolongs growth and development stage, prolongs photosynthesis time, increases substance accumulation.Alleviating the later stage falls the adverse effect of seedling.Early sowing in good time can make the cross growth and grow bulbil in soil of tuber of pinellia petiole ahead of time, forms new plant, improves reproduction coefficient.
3. planting stem prepares
Select 0.5～1.5 centimetre of transverse diameter, stalwartness, no damage by disease and insect, form regular in, tubercle makes kind of (a kind stem).After the kind stem was chosen, planted in fall with selecting with broadcasting; The sowing in spring, need properly storage, treat to sow again 1 year beginning of spring.Tuber of pinellia kind stem can be in indoor storage, also can be in outdoor storage.
Need before the storage kind of a stem moisture is controlled.The big appropriate to the occasion cool place that is placed on of the kind stem of choosing from the field, humidity is located to spread out to dry surface moisture, the dehumidifying of can not being exposed to the sun in the sun.
3.1 indoor storage
When planting the stem negligible amounts, generally adopt indoor storage.
Tuber of pinellia kind stem is mixed into slightly with in the moistening fine sand soil, covers completely in pack into ventilative wooden case, wooden barrel or large bamboo or wicker basket, the gunnysack, place room ventilation, the storage of shady and cool place, make regular check on, find the sand overdrying, an amount of water spray mixes the tuber of pinellia and sand again.Indoor storage key is to prevent tuber of pinellia dehydration, notes again going mouldy.Therefore holding conditions should be dry slightly, and is unsuitable moist, in case go mouldy.Take out sieve during sowing in 1 year and get tuber of pinellia kind stem, and note not hindering the bud mouth.Indoor preservative is fit to the situation of tuber of pinellia kind stem negligible amounts.
Also can adopt in the following method during indoor storage: will plant stem and classify by size, the macrospecies stem is packed into 5 kilograms of dress woven bags, and the microspecies stem is packed into 10 kilograms of dress woven bags, lies in indoor corner and locates, and mound is covered and preserved moisture, and thickeies the mound layer with the reduction of temperature.The advantage of this method is not need sieve to get kind of a stem when getting kind.
3.2 outdoor heatable adobe sleeping platform storage
The outdoor heatable adobe sleeping platform storage tuber of pinellia is not easy drying and dehydrating, is fit to kind of the big storage of stem quantity.
Outdoor selection physical features is higher, the dry not place of ponding, the hole of cutting the earth is mixed into slightly tuber of pinellia kind stem with in the moistening fine sand soil, imbed in the heatable adobe sleeping platform, above earthing, pile steamed bun shape.Take out sieve during sowing in 1 year and get tuber of pinellia kind stem.Begun to germinate if plant stem, therefore the bud mouth of damaging easily that sieves will be careful the variation of temperature, takes out kind of a stem before kind of a stem begins to germinate.
Can adopt following outdoor hole to hide method: tuber of pinellia kind stem does not mix with damp sand yet, adorn in the woven bag but pack into 10 kilograms, the end, hole, is good with the hay pad, and woven bag is deposited in the hole, bag all around with stalk at interval, the near coal-mine rod wood of using supports, and covers straw mulch soil above, stays ventilation hole, put thermometer in the hole, keep 2～7 ℃, the running check temperature is checked the situations such as freeze injury or germination that do not take place.
Notice that heatable adobe sleeping platform will preferably approach the farmland or the storage of directly digging pit away from pollution source such as house refuses in the soil, farmland.
4. fertilizer
Tuber of pinellia happiness is fertile, the happiness fertilizer.The amount of application of farm organic fertilizer is advisable with 2500～4000 kilograms every mu, too much very fewly all can influence tuber of pinellia output.In conjunction with soil deeptillage before the winter, every mu applies 2000～3000 kilograms on decomposed dung or compost, and superphosphate is made base manure for 50 kilograms.If the barnyard manure deficiency, every mu can be affixed by 100 kilograms of cake fertilizer such as colza cake.The tuber of pinellia topdresses 4 times vegetative period.First inferior to behind the early April neat seedling, and every mu applies clearly 1000 kilograms of liquid dungs; For the second time in 5 months, the last ten-days period bulbil form the phase, use 2000 kilograms of the liquid dungs of becoming thoroughly decomposed for every mu; For the third time after first generation bulbil lands, can impose 50 kilograms of cake fertilizer or 500 kilograms of stalks and fecaluria and macerate the compost of system jointly, cover fertilizer and bulbil in conjunction with ridging; The 4th inferior to early September, and when the tuber of pinellia was turned green the neat seedling of full stand, every mu applied 50 kilograms in the cake fertilizer of becoming thoroughly decomposed, 20 kilograms of superphosphate, and 10 kilograms in urea is puddled evenly with slag fertilizer, ditch mud, is spread on the soil table, plays the effect that promotes sub-tuber of pinellia growth and favourable grouting.Require balance to use nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer and trace element.During spraying fertilizer in conjunction with artificial weeding and ridging.
5. shade
Shading is the important measures of tuber of pinellia volume increase, the tuber of pinellia is an ombrophyte, and midsummer, high temperature season can hang sunshade net (black net) or puggaree on the ground at the tuber of pinellia, weaken solar radiation, reduce the field temperature, reduce the field water evaporates, the trickle measure cooperates with pouring water, alleviate lunch break phenomenon (being high-temperature time photosynthesis break at noon), prevent that the tuber of pinellia from falling seedling, grow continuously, obtain high yield in order to the tuber of pinellia.According to the research of many tests of shading, the land for growing field crops outdoor cropping tuber of pinellia, the effect of increasing production of shading is more than 20%～30%.
Can be that suitable farmland ecological environment condition is created in tuber of pinellia growth according to illumination temperature, intensity of illumination, soil water regime flexible modulation shade time and degree of shading.
6. the extermination of disease and insect pest
The principle of the extermination of disease and insect pest is that the employing integrated control is main, preferentially adopts cultural control method, measure of biotic control and physico mechanical control method, and the chemical control method is as last measure.The more incidental disease of the tuber of pinellia is leaf spot, virus disease and rot etc.
6.1 leaf spot
Claim the tikka gray mold again, cause of disease is a kind of fungi, survives the winter with invalid body or in soil with sclerotium, sprout at the beginning of 4 months, and the leaf blade of Pinellia that causes harm, take place early summer.Blade initial stage of catching an illness shows as the water stain shape patch that fades, and what have is canescence point-like or strip pathology spot, after expand as the large-scale patch of difform puce, profile is unclear, a plurality of scabs can be fused into bigger scab, and many pores are arranged on the later stage scab.When serious, scab is covered with full leaf, makes leaf rolling shrivelled and dead.The high temperature and rainy of being everlasting takes place season.During high humidity, leaf back forms the mould layer of grey cause of disease spore.
Prevent and treat method:
Cultural control method: 1. select disease-resistant plant stem tuber to reserve seed for planting; 2. pulling out diseased plant burns; 3. thoroughly clear after autumn garden is concentrated residual leaf, sick leaf and is burnt.
Biological control: squeezing the juice for 1 kilogram with garlic adds 20～25 kilograms of sprinklings of water.
Chemical control: 1: 1: 120 bordeaux mixture of their early stage spray, or 500 times of liquid of 65% zineb, or 800～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim, or 1000 times of liquid of 70% topsin, per 7～10 days 1 time, continuous 2～3 times.
6.2 virus disease
Claim leaf-curl, mosaic disease again, cause how the complete stool of causing harm was taken place in summer by infective virus.After catching an illness, irregular shape chlorisis takes place on the blade and yellow streak occurs, make blade show as the floral leaf shape, blade becomes the distortion deformity, the shrinkage injustice, thickens, has the trend of curling downwards, until withered.The plant strain growth of being injured is bad, underground stem tuber deformity slight of stature, and quality descends.When medium insects such as aphid or thrips are taken place in a large number, take place easily and popular should disease.This disease can make the tuber of pinellia at duration of storage and cause the bright stem of planting to rot in a large number in transit, and after the tuber of pinellia stem tuber of being injured was processed into commodity, often of poor quality, grade was low.
Prevent and treat method:
Cultural control: 1. select anosis plant to reserve seed for planting, avoid introducing a fine variety from the area of falling ill and reserving seed for planting with falling ill; 2. find diseased plant, pull out immediately and concentrate and burn or buried; 3. use sufficient organic manure, suitably impose phosphorus, potash fertilizer, strengthen the plant premunition.
Biological control: 1. 200～300 times of liquid sprayings of 2% Ningnanmycin, or 500～600 times of liquid seed soaking of mushroom proteoglycan or spraying; 2. use method for tissue culture, cultivate the nontoxic seedling of detoxification.
Chemical control: 1. in time spray medicine and eliminate insects such as the aphid of transmitted virus, thrips, leafhopper, plant hopper, 2000 times of liquid of 40% Rogor are sprayed in the back of emerging on seedling ground, every 5～7 days 1 time, and continuous 2～3 times; 2. their early stage cooperates 500ppm gibberellin spraying control with 1000 times of liquid of 1.5% ZhiBingLing(SIC).
6.3 rot
Claim root rot again, cause that the underground stem tuber of causing harm is the modal disease of the tuber of pinellia by fungi and bacterium.Situation at high temperature many rainy seasons, spread fine rain first and impeded drainage is descended easily to take place.Morbidity back stem tuber rots, and acrial part is withered and yellow immediately, the death of falling the seedling.
Prevent and treat method:
Cultural control: 1. select for use anosis stem tuber to plant; 2. in time dredge ditch water discharge behind the heavy rain in rainy season, prevent field ponding; 3. pull out diseased plant early, drench the cave sterilization, prevent something from spreading with 5% milk of lime;
Chemical control: when 1. broadcasting preplanting treatment, 3～5 kilograms of fenaminosulf of every mu of usefulness spread fertilizer over the fields soil disinfection; 2. soaked seed 20 minutes with 1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim before the sowing; 3. in time prevent and treat soil insect, reduce the soil insect tuber of pinellia that bites and catch an illness, can alleviate harm; 4. their early stage is irritated the nest sterilization in conjunction with 5% limewash, with tpn or carbendazim spraying control.
Embodiment 3
Select loose, fertile, neutrality or subacidity, irrigation and drainage chilli oil sand easily, the 20～25cm that ploughs spring selects 0.5 centimetre of transverse diameter, stalwartness, no damage by disease and insect, the regular stem tuber of form and makes kind of (a kind stem).Sow with kind of a 180kg February 20 and according to every mu, sprinkle microbial organic fertilizer, earthing.The tuber of pinellia topdresses 4 times vegetative period.First inferior to behind the early April neat seedling, and every mu applies clearly 1000 kilograms of liquid dungs; For the second time in 5 months, the last ten-days period bulbil form the phase, use 2000 kilograms of the liquid dungs of becoming thoroughly decomposed for every mu; For the third time after first generation bulbil lands, impose 50 kilograms of cake fertilizer or 500 kilograms of stalks and fecaluria and macerate the compost of system jointly, cover fertilizer and bulbil in conjunction with ridging; The 4th inferior to early September, and when the tuber of pinellia was turned green the neat seedling of full stand, every mu applied 50 kilograms in the cake fertilizer of becoming thoroughly decomposed, 20 kilograms of superphosphate, and 10 kilograms in urea is puddled evenly with slag fertilizer, ditch mud, is spread on the soil table, plays the effect that promotes sub-tuber of pinellia growth and favourable grouting.Require balance to use nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer and trace element.During spraying fertilizer in conjunction with artificial weeding and ridging.According to the difference time of falling seedling timely collecting under ground portion.Output has more on average improved 19.5%, and sampling and testing composition, water-soluble extractives content are more generally planted and improved 13.4%, and total alkaloid content has improved 18.9%, and economic benefit improves 17%.
Embodiment 4
Select loose, fertile, neutrality or subacidity, the damp easily sand mud of irrigation and drainage, the 20～25cm that ploughs spring selects 1 centimetre of transverse diameter, stalwartness, no damage by disease and insect, the regular stem tuber of form and makes kind of (a kind stem).Sow with kind of a 195kg March 10 and according to every mu, sprinkle microbial organic fertilizer, earthing.The tuber of pinellia topdresses 4 times vegetative period.First inferior to behind the early April neat seedling, and every mu applies clearly 1000 kilograms of liquid dungs; For the second time in 5 months, the last ten-days period bulbil form the phase, use 2000 kilograms of the liquid dungs of becoming thoroughly decomposed for every mu; For the third time after first generation bulbil lands, impose 50 kilograms of cake fertilizer or 500 kilograms of stalks and fecaluria and macerate the compost of system jointly, cover fertilizer and bulbil in conjunction with ridging; The 4th inferior to early September, and when the tuber of pinellia was turned green the neat seedling of full stand, every mu applied 50 kilograms in the cake fertilizer of becoming thoroughly decomposed, 20 kilograms of superphosphate, and 10 kilograms in urea is puddled evenly with slag fertilizer, ditch mud, is spread on the soil table, plays the effect that promotes sub-tuber of pinellia growth and favourable grouting.Require balance to use nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer and trace element.During spraying fertilizer in conjunction with artificial weeding and ridging.According to the difference time of falling seedling timely collecting under ground portion.Output has more on average improved 20.3%, and sampling and testing composition, water-soluble extractives content are more generally planted and improved 12.8%, and total alkaloid content has improved 20.9%, and economic benefit improves 18.1%.
Embodiment 5
Select loose, fertile, neutrality or subacidity, irrigation and drainage ash bag soil easily, the 20～25cm that ploughs spring selects 1.5 centimetres of transverse diameters, stalwartness, no damage by disease and insect, the regular stem tuber work of form and plants (a kind stem).Sow with kind of a 210kg March 4 and according to every mu, sprinkle microbial organic fertilizer, earthing.The tuber of pinellia topdresses 4 times vegetative period.First inferior to behind the early April neat seedling, and every mu applies clearly 1000 kilograms of liquid dungs; For the second time in 5 months, the last ten-days period bulbil form the phase, use 2000 kilograms of the liquid dungs of becoming thoroughly decomposed for every mu; For the third time after first generation bulbil lands, impose 50 kilograms of cake fertilizer or 500 kilograms of stalks and fecaluria and macerate the compost of system jointly, cover fertilizer and bulbil in conjunction with ridging; The 4th inferior to early September, and when the tuber of pinellia was turned green the neat seedling of full stand, every mu applied 50 kilograms in the cake fertilizer of becoming thoroughly decomposed, 20 kilograms of superphosphate, and 10 kilograms in urea is puddled evenly with slag fertilizer, ditch mud, is spread on the soil table, plays the effect that promotes sub-tuber of pinellia growth and favourable grouting.Require balance to use nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer and trace element.During spraying fertilizer in conjunction with artificial weeding and ridging.According to the difference time of falling seedling timely collecting under ground portion.Output has more on average improved 21%, and sampling and testing composition, water-soluble extractives content are more generally planted and improved 12.7%, and total alkaloid content has improved 19.6%, and economic benefit improves 18.8%.
As a same reason, in the other technologies claimed range, can both realize the object of the invention and reach the corresponding techniques effect.
Claims (4)
1. pinellia ternate good quality and high output cultivation method may further comprise the steps: choosing ground with whole ground, seed preparation, sowing, field management, gather, the extermination of disease and insect pest, it is characterized in that:
A, loose, fertile, the neutrality of choosing or subacidity, irrigation and drainage are the lighter soil of quality easily; The sowing before plough according to degree of depth 0.2m, sowing time be February 20 to March 10, every mu of 180～220kg applies fertilizer to the subsoil, earthing; Select before the sowing 0.5～1.5 centimetre of transverse diameter, stalwartness, no damage by disease and insect, form regular in, tubercle plants, and with 500～1000 times of liquid seed soaking of 50% carbendazim 10～20 minutes;
Wherein: described choosing ground and the hillside fields that is meant that wholely the sun is shone in selection the morning, perhaps select half cloudy half light, moistening foggy mountain region, gentle slope: cultivate at Pingba, and plant between long-stalked crops, or draw the sunshade net, for the tuber of pinellia shades: require to select suitable soil to carry out farming to the difference of soil and to the arrangement in soil, 20～25cm ploughs spring according to plant strain growth;
B, described field management comprise weeding, topdress and irrigation and draining;
Wherein: the tuber of pinellia topdresses 4 times vegetative period, and first inferior to behind the early April neat seedling, and every mu applies clearly 1000 kilograms of liquid dungs: for the second time in 5 months, the last ten-days period bulbil form the phase, use 2000 kilograms of the liquid dungs of becoming thoroughly decomposed for every mu; For the third time after first generation bulbil lands, impose 50 kilograms of cake fertilizer or 500 kilograms of stalks and fecaluria and macerate the compost of system jointly, cover fertilizer and bulbil in conjunction with ridging; The 4th inferior to early September, and when the tuber of pinellia was turned green the neat seedling of full stand, every mu applied 50 kilograms in the cake fertilizer of becoming thoroughly decomposed, 20 kilograms of superphosphate, 10 kilograms in urea is puddled evenly with slag fertilizer, ditch mud, is spread on the soil table, during spraying fertilizer in conjunction with artificial weeding and ridging;
C, irrigation and draining are meant the process of being watered in the field and the timely eliminating of ponding need ought occur according to weather condition, note dredging the drain ditch rainy season and in time get rid of field ponding;
The principle of D, the described extermination of disease and insect pest is that the employing integrated control is main, preferentially adopts cultural control method, measure of biotic control and physico mechanical control method, and the chemical control method is as last measure.
2. a kind of pinellia ternate good quality and high output cultivation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the method for preventing and treating of leaf spot: cultural control method: 1. select disease-resistant plant stem tuber to reserve seed for planting; 2. pulling out diseased plant burns; 3. thoroughly clear after autumn garden is concentrated residual leaf, sick leaf and is burnt;
Biological control: squeezing the juice for 1 kilogram with garlic adds 20～25 kilograms of sprinklings of water;
Chemical control: 1: 1: 120 bordeaux mixture of their early stage spray, or 500 times of liquid of 65% zineb, or 800～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim, or 1000 times of liquid of 70% topsin, per 7～10 days 1 time, continuous 2～3 times.
3. a kind of pinellia ternate good quality and high output cultivation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the method for preventing and treating of virus disease: cultural control: 1. select anosis plant to reserve seed for planting, avoid introducing a fine variety from the area of falling ill and reserving seed for planting with falling ill; 2. find diseased plant, pull out immediately and concentrate and burn or buried; 3. use sufficient organic manure, suitably impose phosphorus, potash fertilizer, strengthen the plant premunition;
Biological control: 1. 200～300 times of liquid sprayings of 2% Ningnanmycin, or 500～600 times of liquid seed soaking of mushroom proteoglycan or spraying; 2. use method for tissue culture, cultivate the nontoxic seedling of detoxification;
Chemical control; 1. in time spray medicine and eliminate the insect of transmitted virus, 2000 times of liquid of 40% Rogor are sprayed in the back of emerging on seedling ground, every 5～7 days 1 time, and continuous 2～3 times; 2. their early stage cooperates 500ppm gibberellin spraying control with 1000 times of liquid of 1.5% ZhiBingLing(SIC).
4. a kind of pinellia ternate good quality and high output cultivation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the method for preventing and treating of rot: cultural control: 1. select for use anosis stem tuber to plant: 2. in time dredge ditch water discharge behind the heavy rain in rainy season, prevent field ponding; 3. pull out diseased plant early, drench the cave sterilization, prevent something from spreading with 5% milk of lime;
Chemical control: when 1. broadcasting preplanting treatment, 3～5 kilograms of fenaminosulf of every mu of usefulness spread fertilizer over the fields soil disinfection; 2. use 50% carbendazim before the sowing, 1000 times of liquid were soaked seed 20 minutes; 3. in time prevent and treat soil insect; 4. their early stage is irritated the nest sterilization in conjunction with 5% limewash, with tpn or carbendazim spraying control.
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