CN100500283C - 含有钴化合物和载体的催化剂的活化方法 - Google Patents
含有钴化合物和载体的催化剂的活化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100500283C CN100500283C CNB028129636A CN02812963A CN100500283C CN 100500283 C CN100500283 C CN 100500283C CN B028129636 A CNB028129636 A CN B028129636A CN 02812963 A CN02812963 A CN 02812963A CN 100500283 C CN100500283 C CN 100500283C
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- hydrocarbon
- cobalt
- gas
- carrier
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 138
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 title claims description 23
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 64
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 β-aluminate Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- MULYSYXKGICWJF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O MULYSYXKGICWJF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000003426 co-catalyst Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 8
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 7
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical group O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910000873 Beta-alumina solid electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- IWOUKMZUPDVPGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium nitrate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O IWOUKMZUPDVPGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfur monoxide Inorganic materials O=S=S TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- DHEQXMRUPNDRPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium nitrate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O DHEQXMRUPNDRPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical compound S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GAYAMOAYBXKUII-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);dibenzoate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1.[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GAYAMOAYBXKUII-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- SAXCKUIOAKKRAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Co] SAXCKUIOAKKRAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZKXDURZBIICCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt;pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Co].CC(=O)CC(C)=O SZKXDURZBIICCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- JLRJWBUSTKIQQH-UHFFFAOYSA-K lanthanum(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [La+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O JLRJWBUSTKIQQH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
- C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G2/331—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals
- C10G2/332—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/75—Cobalt
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/78—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with alkali- or alkaline earth metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/83—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/12—Oxidising
- B01J37/14—Oxidising with gases containing free oxygen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
- B01J37/18—Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/386—Catalytic partial combustion
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/40—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts characterised by the catalyst
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/025—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step
- C01B2203/0261—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step containing a catalytic partial oxidation step [CPO]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于制备催化剂的方法,所述方法包括用含有至少5摩尔%的烃的气体活化含有钴化合物和载体的催化剂前体的步骤。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种催化剂和用来制备催化剂的方法,特别涉及用于将如甲烷等烃部分氧化为合成气的催化剂,或用于费-托(Fischer-Tropsch)合成反应或其他反应的催化剂。
背景技术
众所周知,催化剂在一些反应中是有用的。特别地它们可被用来促进特定的反应,这些反应在没有催化剂时通常是不会发生的。
使用催化剂的反应的一个例子是合成气的生产,所述合成气是不定比例的一氧化碳和氢的混合物。已知通过蒸汽转化反应来生产合成气,在该反应中蒸汽和甲烷通过催化剂。该反应是吸热的。
近来,合成气也通过甲烷的部分氧化(POM)来生产。在这个方法中,甲烷通过以下反应被氧部分地氧化:
CH4+1/2O2→CO+2H2
POM反应的巨大优势在于该反应是放热的,因此不需要大量的能量输入。在例如“Choudhary等,燃料(Fuel),vol.77,No.15,第1803-1807页,1998年”、“Slagtern等,当代催化(Catalysis Today),46,107-115,1998”和WO 01/36,323”中较详细地描述了该方法。在这种方法的改进方法中,其他的烃也可以与甲烷结合使用或用于代替甲烷。在本说明书中,所用术语“POM”的意思不仅包括甲烷的部分氧化,而且包括任何烃的部分氧化。
POM反应通常用含有镍或钴的催化剂或贵金属催化剂。例如Choudhary等公开了多种所述催化剂的使用。例如含钴的催化剂的制备方法可以是,混合硝酸钴、载体如硅胶和去离子水,形成稠浆,搅拌该稠浆,并将其在600℃的空气中干燥并分解4小时,然后在900℃下将该催化剂煅烧4小时。该文献还指出,使用该催化剂前也可用氢将其还原,然而还原后的和未经还原的催化剂的性能是相当的。也已经发现,最佳的催化剂是含镍的催化剂,如NiO-ThO2、Ni-ZrO2和Ni-UO2。
另一个使用催化剂的方法的例子是费-托合成反应,在该反应中,由一氧化碳和氢生成烃的混合物。
现在我们已经发现了另一种催化剂,其可用在各种不同的反应中,如POM或费-托反应中。我们已经惊奇地发现,与已知的催化剂相比,这种催化剂具有一个优点或多个优点。
发明内容
本发明提供一种含有0.02重量%-10重量%碳的活化的催化剂的制备方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:在300-1000℃的温度范围内,用含有至少5摩尔%的烃的气体来活化含有钴化合物和载体的催化剂前体,所述烃选自甲烷、乙烷、乙炔、丙烷、丙烯或丁烷,其中所述催化剂是烃部分氧化的催化剂、用于费-托反应的催化剂、氢化异构化或氢化催化剂,并含有0.05重量%-30重量%的钴。
本发明还提供了由费-托反应制备烃混合物的方法,所述方法包括使一氧化碳和H2的混合物通过由如上所述的方法得到的催化剂。
此外本发明还提供了用于烃的部分氧化反应的方法,所述方法包括使所述烃和氧通过由如上所述的方法得到的催化剂或如上所述的催化剂的步骤。
此处所用的术语“催化剂”包括活性形式的催化剂和前体形式的催化剂,因为所述催化剂可能在反应环境中发生变化。术语“催化剂前体”应作广义的解释,它不仅包括新制备的催化剂前体、未被还原的催化剂前体或在其所催化的反应中尚未使用的催化剂前体,而且包括活化后可用作催化剂的任何前体,如已在其所催化的反应中用过的催化剂。类似地,术语“活化”应理解为,它不仅包括活化未用过的或未还原的催化剂前体,而且还包括活化用过的或经还原的催化剂。所以该术语的范围包括任何活化过程,所述活化过程包括用过的催化剂的再生。
本发明的方法所用的活化步骤使用了烃而不是如Choudhary等所公开的氢。本发明人惊奇地发现,所述催化剂具有有利的特性,例如更好的活性和长时间不易失活。
具体实施方式
所述催化剂的制备是通过以烃来活化催化剂前体。所述催化剂前体含有钴化合物和载体。所述催化剂前体是公知的,并已在现有技术如Choudhary等的文献中公开。
所述载体可以是在目标反应中能够负载所述催化剂的任何载体。这些载体在本领域内是众所周知的。所述载体可以是惰性载体或可以是活性载体。合适的所述载体的例子是氧化铝、改性氧化铝、尖晶石氧化物、二氧化硅、改性二氧化硅、氧化镁、二氧化钛、氧化锆、沸石、β-铝酸盐和碳的多种形式。所述氧化铝或改性氧化铝可以是例如α-氧化铝、β-氧化铝或γ-氧化铝。从其稳定性来看,β-氧化铝和尖晶石氧化物如六铝酸钡被认为是特别有用的。所述的碳可以是例如活性炭或碳纳米管的形式。根据所需的最终产物也可选择沸石。由此,例如,所述载体可具有孔或孔道。
所述载体优选是多孔的。根据用途的不同,其粒径优选是0.2μm-0.4mm。其表面积优选大于5m2/g。可以用单独一种载体,或使用二种或多种载体的混合物。
所述催化剂前体还含有钴化合物。可以用任何的钴化合物,但是优选采用盐形式,特别是水溶性盐的形式,或者是氧化物的形式。合适的钴盐的例子有硝酸钴、乙酸钴、苯甲酸钴、草酸钴和乙酰丙酮钴。优选避免使用钴的卤化物,因为其卤化物可能干扰载体。合适的钴氧化物的一个例子是Co3O4。可以使用单独一种钴盐和/或氧化物,或使用二种或多种钴盐和/或氧化物的混合物。
所述催化剂前体负载在所述载体上。根据待催化的反应的特性,所述催化剂前体可以任意所期望的方式分布在载体上或载体内。所以它可以例如主要分布在整个载体中或仅仅只分布在载体的外表面。
例如,所述催化剂前体可以通过用钴盐如硝酸钴、乙酸钴或草酸钴溶液浸渍所述载体。
可以采用任何已知的方式负载所述催化剂前体。于是,可以采用例如将所述催化剂前体溶于溶剂而以溶液的形式负载到载体上,随后除去溶剂,所述溶剂是例如水或有机溶剂例如醇,例如甲醇或乙醇等含有1-4个碳原子的醇。溶剂的除去方法可以是,例如在室温下(20℃)或更高的温度如50-250℃下干燥1-24小时。可以结合使用多个干燥步骤。所以,例如所负载的催化剂前体可以在室温下干燥2-10个小时,随后在提高了的温度下,例如100-200℃下,特别是在约120℃下干燥2-8个小时。
如果需要的话,含有所述催化剂前体的溶液可含有其他的组分。由此,例如它也可含有助催化剂或改性剂。合适的助催化剂是碱土金属盐,如硝酸镁、硝酸钙、硝酸钡和/或硝酸锶。
合适的助催化剂也包括碱金属的、碱土金属的或过渡金属的氧化物,这些氧化物从这些金属的可溶性化合物而得到,所述可溶性化合物有例如它们的盐,这些盐有例如LiNO3、KNO3、RbNO3、Ba(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2、Ca(NO3)2、Sr(NO3)2、Zr(NO3)2·xH2O、Ce(NO3)3·xH2O和UO(NO3)2。所述助催化剂可以通过任何方式加载到载体上,例如通过浸渍,特别是与钴化合物连续浸渍或共浸渍。
合适的改性剂是稀土改性剂,如过渡金属或稀土的盐类或氧化物,例如硝酸镧和/或铈,或乙酸镧和/或铈,或d-区过渡金属如Mn、W、Nb和Vn的氧化物。所述改性剂通常从它们的水溶性化合物如盐类得到,然后可将该改性剂浸渍进入催化剂载体,随后在例如300-1000℃下的空气中煅烧1-24小时。所述助催化剂和改性剂可以单独使用,或者二种或多种联合使用。被负载的催化剂前体优选不含有催化剂毒物如磷的氧化物、氮的氧化物或硫的氧化物或化合物,而且不含有具有附加功能的组分,如吸收剂,特别是对于氮的氧化物和/或硫的氧化物的吸收剂。然而被负载的催化剂前体最好含有助催化剂和/或改性剂。
如果需要,可以煅烧被负载的催化剂前体。在本发明的方法中煅烧不是必需的步骤。煅烧可以在空气中、另一种含氧的气体中或在惰性气氛中进行。合适的煅烧温度为例如300℃-1000℃,优选350-800℃,特别为400-600℃,煅烧1-10小时。虽然我们没被以下理论所约束,但可以假定,该煅烧步骤可将钴盐转变成氧化物形式或氧化物形式的混合物。如果存在催化剂和/或改性剂的话,煅烧步骤也可以将该助催化剂和/或改性剂转变成氧化物形式。
所述被负载的催化剂前体最好含有0.05重量%-30重量%的钴,特别是0.5重量%-15重量%的钴。以被负载的催化剂前体的总重量计,例如,所述被负载的催化剂前体通常含有0.5重量%-50重量%的钴化合物、0-10重量%的助催化剂和0-20重量%的改性剂,特别是0.01重量%-5重量%的改性剂。对于POM反应,所述被负载的催化剂前体优选含有0.5重量%-10重量%的钴化合物、0-5重量%的助催化剂和0-3重量%的改性剂。对于费-托反应,所述被负载的催化剂前体优选含有5重量%-40重量%的钴化合物、0-3重量%的助催化剂和0-3重量%的改性剂。所述的钴化合物的百分数是基于化合物,或者是基于在化合物中的钴金属。
然后被负载的催化剂前体用含有烃的气体活化,所述烃选自甲烷、乙烷、乙炔、丙烷、丙烯和丁烷。可以使用单独一种烃,或者使用二种或多种烃的混合物。
所述气体含有至少5摩尔%的所述烃,优选至少10摩尔%,更优选至少20摩尔%,再优选至少40摩尔%。所述烃是气态的形式。
所述含有烃的气体可以只由烃组成,或者可以含有例如至多10摩尔%、至多20摩尔%或至多40摩尔%的烃。如需要的话,该气体可以含有惰性气体,如氮气和/或氩气。它也可以含有反应性组分,如另一种也可活化所述催化剂前体的组分。因此,例如,所述气体也可以含有氢气。特别有用的组合是甲烷和/或乙烷与氢的组合。如果使用氢气,可以用烃与氢的任何比例,但是优选的摩尔比是0.04或0.05到100:1,更优选为0.1或0.5到10:1。
通过将所述被负载的催化剂前体放在活化气体的气氛中而进行所述活化。优选使所述活化气体通过所述被负载的催化剂前体。活化温度为,例如400-1000℃,特别是400-800℃。所述活化持续的时间通常为至少30分钟,优选至少为1小时,例如1-20小时,特别是2-5小时。根据所述催化剂前体和/或烃的性质的不同,所述活化温度可以变化。尽管在需要的情况下,所述活化步骤可以在减压或增压下进行,但通常在常压下进行。
可以在采用经活化的催化剂进行目标反应的反应容器内进行所述催化剂前体的活化,或者可以在另外的容器中进行催化剂前体的活化。经活化的催化剂当暴露于空气中时会发生显著的氧化。为了稳定催化剂,可以在含有少量氧气的气氛中处理催化剂,例如在含有约1%的氧气的惰性气体如氮气或氩气中处理。或者也可简单地将催化剂留在活化反应器中,同时吹入少量的氧气。所以,例如通过在含有少量氧气的气氛中处理至少30分钟,特别是至少1小时,可以稳定经活化的催化剂,所述含有少量氧气的气氛含有例如小于20摩尔%的氧气、小于10摩尔%的氧气、小于5摩尔%的氧气或小于2摩尔%的氧气。得到的经稳定的催化剂现在可以在空气中被处理或可贮存较短的一段时间而不会发生进一步的明显氧化。
也可通过溶胶凝胶法形成所述被负载的催化剂前体。例如在“Gonzalez等,当代催化(Catalysis Today),35(1997),293-317”和“J.Livage,当代催化(Catalysis Today),41(1998),3-19”中描述了所述方法。例如在起始的“预凝胶”步骤,醇盐或醇和金属前体例如在水的存在下水解并缩合形成凝胶。然后在后续的“后凝胶”步骤中加入钴化合物,然后干燥和煅烧凝胶。
例如用1,3-丁二醇处理三仲丁基铝(ASB)的2-丁醇溶液。发生水解反应。然后加入Co(H2O)6(NO3)2(水合硝酸钴),在85℃下搅拌得到的凝胶1小时。在40-100℃下,以空气流或N2流除溶剂2-3小时。在400-1000℃下煅烧固体产物2-5小时而生成被负载的催化剂前体。
尽管我们不被以下理论所约束,但可以假设,催化剂前体的活化在载体上形成由金属钴和例如Co2C和/或Co3C等碳化钴组成的混合物。XRD分析显示,当用氢活化相同的催化剂前体时,Co金属峰强度比用烃时强得多,这表明所述烃导致生成比用氢时颗粒更小的钴金属。这有利地增加了钴金属的表面积,从而也就增加了催化剂效率。所以经活化的催化剂可以含有任何形式的碳,包括单质碳和碳化物,如碳化钴,其含量可为0.02重量%-10重量%。
由本发明的方法制备的催化剂可以用在可采用钴催化剂的任何一种工艺中,特别是当采用固定床或淤浆床反应器时。由此,例如它可以用在POM反应、费-托反应、氢化异构化反应或氢化反应中。
在POM反应中,烃和氧通过该催化剂而生成合成气。所述烃优选含有1-16个碳原子,更优选含有1-5个碳原子。最优选所述烃是甲烷或天然气。所述烃可以是饱和的或不饱和的,例如具有1、2、3或更多个双键和/或三键。它可以是直链的、环状的或支化链的。所述烃也可以是脂肪族的和芳族的,或所述烃同时具有脂族基和芳族基。可以使用一种烃或多种烃的混合物。
在POM反应中,氧化剂通常是O2。它可以是纯O2。然而,所述氧化剂也可以例如通过在原料中加入H2O(蒸汽)或CO2来提供。所以可以用O2和H2O;O2和CO2;或O2、H2O和CO2。这分别导致甲烷的氧化-蒸汽转化或氧化-干法转化。通过这种方法,可以根据需要来控制放热性和产率。可以采用纯净的O2和可选择的H2O和CO2,或者用惰性气体如空气、N2、Ar或He将其稀释后使用。
所述反应最好在至少500℃例如在700-1000℃下发生。压力最好是常压(101kPa)或更高,例如1-60个大气压(101kPa-6080kPa),特别是1-30个大气压(101kPa-3060kPa)。反应物的空速可以是例如1000-1,000,000h-1(小时-1),优选为10,000-600,000h-1。被氧化的烃和氧的摩尔比率的选择最好是能由其得到化学计量比的一氧化碳和氢的混合物。所以例如在原料中,如甲烷中的碳与氧的原子比率最好是0.9-5:1或更高,特别是1.0或1.8-3.5:1,更优选是1-3:1,特别是1-2:1,特别是约为1:1,虽然如果需要也可以用更低的或更高的比率。
已经发现,由本发明的方法所生成的催化剂通常具有优于用氢活化的钴催化剂的许多优点。例如,本发明的催化剂在长时间里是稳定的,并且不减小活性。此外本发明的催化剂具有更大的活性,例如虽然其活性接近钌催化剂的活性,但是具有比钌催化剂更便宜的显著优点。此外还已经发现,由本发明的方法制备的催化剂不促使碳的沉积,而碳的沉积在工业过程中是非常不受欢迎的。用氢活化的钴催化剂通常在使用约200小时后会受到碳沉积的不利影响。由本发明的方法制备的催化剂通常即使在使用约1000小时后也不会受到碳沉积的不利影响。
由本发明的方法生成的催化剂例如也可用于费-托合成反应中。这种反应是由氢和一氧化碳的混合物生成烃和/或氧化烃,例如气态的、液态的和/或固态的烃和/或氧化烃如醇。像例如WO 01/36,323所公开的,例如采用在直接连接的反应器中通过POM法制备的合成气,可以直接进行反应。
在费-托反应中,在例如150-300℃、1个大气压(101kPa)或更高如1个大气压(101kPa)至20个大气压(2030kPa)下,氢和一氧化碳在经活化的钴催化剂上反应。与由纯氢作为活化气体而制备的催化剂相比,此处由本发明的方法制备的催化剂具有与上述POM反应所用的催化剂类似的优点。例如本发明的催化剂更稳定和/或活性更大。同样地,本发明的催化剂不会促使碳沉积,并且它对目标烃混合物更有选择性,特别是对具有至少5个碳原子的烃。本发明的催化剂也可生成具有高不饱和度的烃混合物。
实施例
现在用下列的实施例进一步描述本发明。
实施例1
用1.0ml0.2M的Ba(NO3)2溶液浸渍1.0g Al2O3载体(粒径>250μm,在120℃下干燥2小时)。将该混合物在120℃下干燥4小时,接着在600℃下煅烧4小时而得到经BaO改性的载体。然后用1ml 24M的Co(NO3)2溶液浸渍这种改性载体(1.05g)2小时。将所得固体在600℃下煅烧而得到钴催化剂的氧化物前体。然后在800℃下以30ml/min(毫升/分钟)的50%CH4/H2处理所述前体2小时,然后在50%CH4/H2的气流中冷却到室温。用1.0%O2/N2在室温下处理该经活化的催化剂6小时,将0.1g该经活化的催化剂放入石英管中,在N2中加热到所选择的反应温度,然后在100kPa(1bar)下将CH4和空气的混合物导入到反应器中。反应条件和产物列于表1。
表1
在用50% CH4/H2在800℃下活化2小时的12.5重量%Co/Al2O3-Ba催化剂上,甲烷部分氧化(POM)的CH4转化率和产物分布
反应条件:P:100kPa(1bar),GHSV(气体时空速度):36000h-1,用空气作为氧化剂。
实施例2
用1.0ml 0.2M的Ba(NO3)2溶液浸渍1.0g Al2O3载体(粒径>250μm)。将所得固体在120℃下干燥4小时,然后在600℃下煅烧4小时。将得到的经BaO改性的载体(Al2O3-BaO)(1.05g)用1ml 2.4M的Co(NO3)2溶液浸渍2小时。然后在600℃下煅烧该混合物而得到催化剂的氧化物前体。在630℃下以30ml/min的20%C2H6/H2气流处理这种前体,并保持在630℃下2小时。关闭气流,在不暴露于空气下将反应器冷却至室温。用1.0% O2/N2处理所得催化剂3小时。将0.1g这种可直接使用的钴催化剂放入石英管中,在N2中加热到所选择的反应温度。在100kPa(1bar)下将CH4和空气的反应物混合物(CH4/O2比率为2.01)通入反应器。反应条件和结果列于表2。
表2
在用20% C2H6/H2在630℃下活化2小时的12.5重量%Co/Al2O3-BaO催化剂上,POM的CH4转化率和产物分布
反应条件:P:100kPa(1bar),GHSV:36,200h-1,用空气作为氧化剂。
实施例3
用1.0ml 0.15M的La(NO3)2溶液浸渍1.0g Al2O3载体(粒径>250μm)。将该混合物在120℃下干燥4小时,接着在700℃下煅烧2小时。得到的经La2O3改性的载体(Al2O3-La2O3)(1.05g)用1ml 1.0M的Co(NO3)2溶液浸渍5小时,在700℃下煅烧。然后在700℃下用CH4流处理经浸渍的载体,并保持在700℃下1小时,然后在不暴露于空气下冷却到室温。然后用1.0% O2/N2在室温下处理10小时。将该可直接使用的催化剂(0.1g)放入石英管中,在10ml/min的CH4中加热到所选择的反应温度。在100kPa(1bar)下将CH4和纯氧(CH4/O2比率为2.01)的混合物导入反应器中。反应条件和产物分布列于表3。
表3
在用纯CH4在700℃下活化2小时的5.6重量%Co/Al2O3-La2O3催化剂上,POM的CH4转化率和产物分布
反应条件:P:100kPa(1bar),GHSV:18600h-1,用纯氧作为氧化剂。
实施例4
用1.0ml 0.12M的Pr(NO3)3溶液将1.0g α-Al2O3载体(粒径>250μm)在搅拌下浸渍10小时。在650℃下煅烧2小时。得到的经Pr2O3改性的载体(Al2O3-Pr2O3)(1.05g)用1ml 1.0M的Co(NO3)2溶液浸渍5小时。将该固体在700℃下煅烧并且保持2小时,然后冷却至室温。然后将所得氧化物前体在700℃下以30ml/min的CH4处理5小时,然后冷却到室温。用1.0% O2/N2处理经活化的催化剂10小时。将这种可直接使用的催化剂(0.1g)放入石英管中,在N2中加热到860℃,然后在100kPa(1bar)下以几种不同的流速将CH4和空气(CH4/O2比率为2.01)的混合物导入到反应器中。反应条件和产物分布列于表4。
表4
在用纯CH4在700℃下活化1小时的5.6重量%Co/Al2O3-Pr2O3催化剂上,空速对POM的CH4转化率和产物分布的影响
反应条件:P:100kPa(1bar),反应温度:860℃,用空气作为氧化剂。
实施例5
将1.0g经BaO改性的载体(Al2O3-BaO)用1ml 0.75M的Co(NO3)2溶液浸渍5小时。将该固体在750℃下煅烧,然后冷却到室温。然后在600℃下用14ml/min的C2H6处理,然后冷却到室温。用1.0% O2/N2处理该经活化的催化剂3小时。将这种可直接使用的催化剂(0.1g)放入石英管中,在N2中加热到所选择的反应温度。在100kPa(1bar)下将C2H6和空气的混合物(C/O比率为1.0)通入反应器。产物分布列于表5。
表5
在用纯乙烷在600℃下活化2小时的4.0重量%Co/Al2O3-BaO催化剂上,POM的C2H6转化率和产物分布
反应温度(℃) | C<sub>C2H6</sub>(%) | S<sub>CH4</sub>(%) | S<sub>CO</sub>(%) | S<sub>CO2</sub>(%) | H<sub>2</sub>/CO比率 |
750 | 80.49 | 0.8 | 90.36 | 8.84 | 1.96 |
800 | 93.40 | 1.1 | 96.75 | 2.15 | 2.02 |
900 | 95.82 | 1.2 | 97.61 | 3.19 | 1.99 |
反应条件:P:100kPa(1bar),GHSV:25,000h-1,用空气作为氧化剂。
实施例6
将1.0g经BaO改性的载体(Al2O3-BaO)用1ml 1.0M的CoC2O4溶液浸渍4小时。将该固体在100℃下干燥3小时,在700℃下煅烧并保持2小时,然后冷却至室温。在750℃下以30ml/min的20%C2H6/H2混合物处理所得氧化物前体,并且保持在750℃下2小时。然后将其冷却至室温,用1.0% O2/N2处理2小时。将这种可直接使用的催化剂(0.1g)放入石英管中,在静止的20% C2H6/H2中加热到所选择的反应温度并保持0.5小时。在100kPa(1bar)下将CH4和空气的混合物(含有水蒸汽)(C/O比率为1.0;H2O/CH4比率为1.0)导入反应器中。反应条件和产物分布列于表6。
表6
在用乙烷和氢的混合物在750℃下活化2小时的5.6重量%的Co/Al2O3-BaO催化剂上,由甲烷的氧化-蒸汽混合转化得到的CH4转化率和产物分布
反应条件:P:100kPa(1bar),GHSV:25,000h-1,用空气作为氧化剂。
实施例7
将1.0g经BaO改性的载体(Al2O3-BaO)用1ml 1.0M的Co(NO3)2溶液浸渍5小时。将该固体混合物在100℃下干燥3小时,在650℃下煅烧2小时。将得到的催化剂的氧化物前体(0.1g)放入石英管中,在800℃下以20ml/min的10% CH4/H2混合物或H2处理2小时。然后将该反应物气体导入CH4和空气的混合物(C/O比率1.0)中,并且将温度提高到850℃。运行200小时后测量碳沉积,继续反应直到CH4转化率降至小于90%。反应条件和结果列于表7。
表7
在800℃下用CH4/H2和纯H2活化2小时的5.6重量%Co/Al2O3-BaO催化剂的碳沉积量*和寿命
反应条件:P:10kPa(1bar),温度:850℃,GHSV:25,000h-1,空气用作氧化剂。
*.200小时运转时间后测得的碳量。
**.寿命是指当催化剂活性减小到小于90%时的时间。
实施例8
将0.2g SiO2(>250μm,在200℃下干燥4小时)用0.4ml水溶液(含有2.5M的Co(NO3)2和0.2M的ZrO(NO3)2)在室温下浸渍10小时。将该体系在450℃下在空气中煅烧4小时,冷却至室温,然后在以2K/min的温度梯度升至500℃的条件下,用10% CH4/H2活化并保持1小时。然后将其冷却至230℃,并且将气体换成9ml/min的合成气(2H2+CO)和1ml/min的N2的混合物,同时将压力提高到600kPa(6bar)。质量平衡和产物分布列于表8中。
实施例9
在搅拌条件下,将1.0g γ-氧化铝(在120℃下干燥4小时)用0.8ml0.5M的La(NO3)3溶液在室温下浸渍2小时。将该混合物在空气中静置20小时,之后在600℃下煅烧4小时,然后冷却至室温。然后将经La改性的氧化铝用1ml 0.8M的Co(NO3)3·6H2O溶液浸渍,在室温下搅拌4小时,在空气中静置6小时。然后在600℃下煅烧4小时而得到用于甲烷部分氧化成合成气的Co3O4/Al2O3-La催化剂前体。
将0.01g所述的催化剂前体装入具有6mm(外径)的二氧化硅管内衬的不锈钢反应器,在900℃下用4ml/min的纯CH4处理,并在900℃下保持30分钟。然后使该混合物流(6.1ml/min CH4+2.5ml/min O2(纯))通过催化剂床,并将压力提高到800 kPa(8bar)。催化剂性能列于表9。
表9
K<sub>CH4</sub> | 对CO的选择性 | H<sub>2</sub>/CO比率 | 测试时间(小时) | |
催化剂性能 | 80.5% | 98.7% | 1.99 | 800 |
反应温度:950℃;压力800kPa(8bar)
原料组分:2.5CH4/O2,用纯O2作为氧化剂;加入过量的甲烷来消除热力学效应、增加收率和增加对CO2和H2的选择性。用空气作为氧化剂时CH4转化率和CO2的选择性更好。
GHSV:516,000h-1。
这使得能够直接进行费-托合成。
Claims (21)
1.一种含有0.02重量%-10重量%碳的活化的催化剂的制备方法,所述方法包括:在300-1000℃的温度范围内,用含有至少5摩尔%的烃的气体活化负载有钴化合物的载体的步骤,所述烃选自甲烷、乙烷、乙炔、丙烷、丙烯或丁烷,其中所述催化剂是烃部分氧化的催化剂、用于费-托反应的催化剂、氢化异构化或氢化催化剂,并含有0.05重量%-30重量%的钴。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述载体是氧化铝、二氧化硅、β-铝酸盐、氧化镁、二氧化钛、尖晶石氧化物、氧化锆、沸石或碳。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述的烃是甲烷或乙烷。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述气体含有至少10摩尔%的烃。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述气体含有至少20摩尔%的烃。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述气体还含有H2、N2、氩、氦或它们的混合物。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述气体含有所述烃,还含有一种惰性气体或氢气。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述气体含有氢气,而且烃与氢气的摩尔比是0.04-10:1。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述气体仅由所述烃组成。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,通过用钴盐溶液浸渍所述载体而在所述载体上负载所述钴化合物。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述钴盐是硝酸钴、乙酸钴或草酸钴。
12.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中通过溶胶凝胶法将钴化合物负载于所述载体上。
13.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,在活化前煅烧负载有钴化合物的载体。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述负载有钴化合物的载体是在300-1000℃的温度范围内煅烧。
15.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中通过在减压的氧气氛中处理所述经活化的催化剂至少30分钟而使其稳定。
16.一种用于烃的部分氧化的方法,所述方法包括将所述烃和氧通过如权利要求1-15中任一项所述的方法得到的催化剂。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述的烃是甲烷,所述的部分氧化生成了合成气。
18.根据权利要求16或17所述的方法,其中,原料中的碳与氧的原子比是0.9-5:1。
19.根据权利要求16或17所述的方法,其中所述氧是以O2和H2O的混合物形式;O2和CO2的混合物形式;或O2、H2O和CO2的混合物形式存在。
20.根据权利要求16或17所述的方法,其中所述氧是用N2、Ar或He稀释的。
21.一种用于由费-托反应制备烃混合物的方法,所述方法包括将一氧化碳和H2的混合物通过由权利要求1-15中任一项所述的方法得到的催化剂。
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US7183329B2 (en) | 2007-02-27 |
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CN1541139A (zh) | 2004-10-27 |
US20040242941A1 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
EP1399256B1 (en) | 2006-03-01 |
DK1399256T3 (da) | 2006-07-10 |
US7511080B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 |
ATE318651T1 (de) | 2006-03-15 |
AU2002304467B2 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
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