WO2014135642A1 - Nickelhexaaluminathaltiger katalysator zur reformierung von kohlenwasserstoffen in gegenwart von kohlendioxid - Google Patents
Nickelhexaaluminathaltiger katalysator zur reformierung von kohlenwasserstoffen in gegenwart von kohlendioxid Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014135642A1 WO2014135642A1 PCT/EP2014/054362 EP2014054362W WO2014135642A1 WO 2014135642 A1 WO2014135642 A1 WO 2014135642A1 EP 2014054362 W EP2014054362 W EP 2014054362W WO 2014135642 A1 WO2014135642 A1 WO 2014135642A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- nickel
- mol
- reforming
- hexaaluminate
- Prior art date
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 262
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 176
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 129
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-22,24-diide Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CC(C(=C2C=CC([N-]2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(N=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=C3[N-]2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC1=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 40
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M aluminum;oxygen(2-);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[Al+3] VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MJEHGIOAOSQVCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ni].[Sr] Chemical compound [Ni].[Sr] MJEHGIOAOSQVCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910016010 BaAl2 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910002244 LaAlO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910003669 SrAl2O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000005084 Strontium aluminate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 33
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 28
- 241000877463 Lanio Species 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 7
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- -1 nickel-substituted calcium lanthanum Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 4
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 4
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001833 catalytic reforming Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 3
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000011514 reflex Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 2
- BGHCVCJVXZWKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC BGHCVCJVXZWKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZZBAGJPKGRJIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7h-purine-2-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=NC=C2NC=NC2=N1 ZZBAGJPKGRJIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000818 Catalin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000640882 Condea Species 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241001676573 Minium Species 0.000 description 1
- OKPNYGAWTYOBFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pirenoxine Chemical compound C12=NC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=CC(=O)C2=C1C(=O)C=C(C(=O)O)N2 OKPNYGAWTYOBFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXSIFGRGUVISHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ni].[Ba] Chemical compound [Ni].[Ba] PXSIFGRGUVISHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005595 acetylacetonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001680 bayerite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XFQYJNINHLZMIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cataline Natural products CN1CC(O)C2=CC(OC)=C(OC)C3=C2C1CC1=C3C=C(OC)C(OC)=C1 XFQYJNINHLZMIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001739 density measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- YCOZIPAWZNQLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptane - octane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC YCOZIPAWZNQLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- GJKFIJKSBFYMQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GJKFIJKSBFYMQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000013528 metallic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AOPCKOPZYFFEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(2+);dinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O AOPCKOPZYFFEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002429 nitrogen sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011224 oxide ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052574 oxide ceramic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002464 physical blending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/83—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/04—Alumina
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/755—Nickel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
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Definitions
- Nickel hexaaluminate-containing catalyst for reforming hydrocarbons in the presence of carbon dioxide Nickel hexaaluminate-containing catalyst for reforming hydrocarbons in the presence of carbon dioxide
- the invention relates to a nickelhexaaluminatumblen catalyst for reforming hydrocarbons, preferably CH 4 , in the presence of CO2 comprising Nickelhexaaluiminat with at least one element from the group La, Sr, Ba, preferably Sr and / or Ba, and crystalline oxidic minor phase, wherein nickel content in the catalyst ⁇ 3 mol%, preferably ⁇ 2.5 mol% and more preferably ⁇ 2 mol%, based on elements Al, Ni and intermediate side element.
- the proportion of nickel hexaaluminate is in the range of 65-95 wt.%, Preferably in the range of 70-90 wt.%, And the main component of the minor phase comprises at least one compound selected from the group LaAIO-3, SrA C and / or BaAc ,
- an aluminum source preferably an aluminum hydroxide, is preferably composed of small-particle primary particles, preferably having a primary particle size of less than or equal to 500 nm, brought into contact with a metal salt solution, dried and calcined, preferably at a temperature of> 900 ° C.
- the metal salt solution comprises nickel salt and one or more metal salts with elements of the group La, Ba, Sr.
- the reforming of methane and carbon dioxide is of great economic interest because synthesis gas can be produced by this process.
- the syngas forms a raw material for the production of basic chemicals.
- the use of carbon dioxide as a starting material in chemical syntheses is of significant importance in order to chemically bind carbon dioxide, which is a by-product of many processes, thereby avoiding emission into the atmosphere.
- the amount of nickel deposits is varied with the least amount of nickel loading being 0.5% by weight and the highest amount of nickel loading being 20% by weight.
- the lower amount of nickel loading is about 0.5 mole% and the upper amount of nickel loading is 16.7 mole%, with the indication referring respectively to the metallic elements Ni, Ba and Al.
- Ikkour et al. (Catalysis Letters, Vol. 132 (2009) pp. 213-217) report the activity of nickel-substituted calcium lanthanum hexaaluiminate catalysts in the dry reforming of methane.
- the investigations relate to hexaaluminates with high nickel contents, the molar nickel content of which is 7.69 mol%.
- the indication of the molar amount here refers to the metallic elements of the hexaaluminates, ie the La, Ni and Al or Ca instead of La and the mixtures of Ca and La.
- the synthesis of the materials takes place via the solution of the nitrate salts, which is mixed with citric acid and from which a part of the water is evaporated, so that a gel is formed.
- the gel is dried at 100 ° C, calcined at 500 ° C for 2 hours and at 1100 ° C for 8 hours.
- the nickel hexaaluminates can be present both with lanthanum and also alkaline earth elements from the group Ca, Ba, Sr.
- the reference refers to nickel hexaaluminates, the nickel content of which amounts to 7 mol%, the data referring to the metal atoms Ni, Al and the intermediate layer element.
- nickel hexaaluminates the nickel content of which amounts to 7 mol%
- the data referring to the metal atoms Ni, Al and the intermediate layer element.
- lanthanum Nickelhexaaluminate Li, 3Aln, 7 Oi9-5 states that sen a low nickel content aufwei-. Based on the metallic elements La, Ni and Al, this hexaaluminate has a nickel content of 2.14 mol% nickel.
- the nickel content refers to the elements AI, Mg, La and Ni.
- Todd H. Gardner's dissertation (entitled “Hexa- aluminate Catalysts for the Partial Oxidation of Middle Distillate Fuels” (2007) Morgantown, West Virginia, USA) also featured hexaaluminate-containing materials and thus reported nickel containing hexaaluminates with lower nickel contents. In the present case, it is 1.54 mol% nickel with respect to the elements La, Ni, Al.
- the materials are obtained by precipitation from solution of the nitrate salts, ammonium carbonate being used as the precipitating reagent.
- the preparation of the catalyst should be resource-saving.
- Catalyst for reforming hydrocarbons and CO2 comprising oxidic support material containing hexaaluminate in the form of ⁇ "-aluminate and / or magnetopium bit, and metallic nickel particles, the catalyst being characterized in that the metallic nickel particles have mostly tetragonal form
- the average particle size of the nickel particles is ⁇ 50 nm, preferably ⁇ 40 nm and especially preferably ⁇ 30 nm, preferably the catalyst additionally has the following properties: the oxidic phase of the catalyst at least 65 95% by weight, preferably 70-90% by weight of hexaaluminate and 5-35% by weight, preferably 10-30% by weight of crystalline oxidic secondary phase, the hexaaluminate-containing phase contains at least one intermediate-level cation from the group Ba, Sr and / or La with a molar intermediate-level cation-to-aluminum minium ratio in the range from 1: 6-1.1, preferably from 1: 7-10 and in particular
- the nickel content of the catalyst is ⁇ 3 mol%, preferably ⁇ 2.5 mol% and more preferably ⁇ 2 mol%, and the predominant part of the nickel particles is present on the surface of the hexaaluminate phase. (That is, more than 50%, preferably more than 70%, and more preferably more than 80%, wherein nickel is not taken into account in the hexaaluminate grating in this consideration.)
- the catalyst according to the invention is characterized in that a catalyst is provided for reforming hydrocarbons and CO.sub.2 containing at least 65-95% by weight, preferably 70-90% by weight, of nickelbarium hexaaluminate, the catalyst being characterized in that the hexaaluminate in the form of ⁇ "-aluminate with [1 14] -reflex at 35.72 2 ⁇ [°] and this contains 5-35 wt .-%, preferably 10 - 30 wt .-% crystalline oxide phase, the nickel content the catalyst ⁇ 3 mol%, preferably ⁇ 2.5 mol% and more preferably ⁇ 2 mol% and the molar Ba-to-Al ratio of the catalyst in the range of 1: 6 - 1 1, preferably 1: 7-10 and in particular preferably 1: 8-10, the crystalline oxidic minor phase comprises at least BaA C, BET surface area of the catalyst is> 5 m 2 / g, preferably> 10 m 2
- the invention relates to a catalyst for reforming hydrocarbons and CO2 containing at least 65-95 wt%, preferably 70-90 wt%, of nickel strontium hexaaluminate in the form of magnetopium bit and 5-35 wt%, preferably 10 - 30 wt .-% crystalline oxide secondary phase, wherein nickel content of the catalyst ⁇ 3 mol%, preferably ⁇ 2.5 mol% and more preferably ⁇ 2 mol% and the molar Sr-to-AI ratio of the catalyst in the range from 1: 6-1.1, preferably from 1: 7-10, and more preferably from 1: 8-10, the crystalline oxidic minor phase comprises at least SrA C, BET surface area of the catalyst is> 5 m 2 / g, preferably> 10 m 2 / g.
- One aspect of the invention also relates to a catalyst for the reforming of hydrocarbons and CO.sub.2 containing at least 65-95% by weight, preferably 70-90% by weight, of nickel hexaaluminate and 5-35% by weight, preferably 10-30 % By weight of crystalline oxidic secondary phase, wherein the catalyst can be prepared by using a nanoparticulate aluminum oxide hydroxide source for the synthesis, and wherein the nickel content of the catalyst is ⁇ 3 mol%, preferably ⁇ 2.5 mol% and more preferably ⁇ 2 mol %, the nickel hexaaluminate-containing phase comprises at least one interlevel cation from the group consisting of Ba, Sr and / or La with a molar interplanar cation to aluminum ratio in the range from 1: 6 to 11, preferably from 1: 7 to 10 and in particular preferably of 1: 8-10, the crystalline oxide minor phase comprising at least LaAlO 3, SrA 04 and / or BaA 04, BET surface area of the
- the indication of the molar nickel content refers to the consideration of the elements contained in the catalyst which form cations, ie Al, Ni and intermediate plane elements. Thus, the presence of oxygen is not considered.
- the range of molar It should be noted that ratios of intermediate level cation to aluminum mean that the amount of intermediate layer cation also includes the respective molar amount of nickel.
- the invention preferably relates to a catalyst for reforming hydrocarbons and CO.sub.2 containing at least 65-95% by weight, preferably 70-90% by weight, of nickel hexa-aluminate in the form of .beta.-aluminate with [1 14] -reflex 35.72 2 ° [°] and / or magnetopium bit and 5-35% by weight, preferably 10-30% by weight crystalline oxidic side-phase, wherein the catalyst can be prepared by using a nanoparticulate aluminum oxide hydroxide source for synthesis, and nickel content in the catalyst ⁇ 3 mol%, preferably ⁇ 2.5 mol% and more preferably ⁇ 2 mol%, the nickel hexaaluminate-containing phase has at least one interlevel cation from the group Ba and / or Sr and the catalyst is a molar intermediate-level cation-to-aluminum Ratio in the range of 1: 6-1.1, preferably in the range of 1: 7-10, and more preferably 1
- the catalyst is characterized in that the X-ray diffractogram of the catalyst comprises at most small amounts of ⁇ - and / or ⁇ - and / or ⁇ - and / or ⁇ -alumina, the amount of ⁇ - Alumina is less than 10 wt .-%, preferably less than 5 wt .-% and in particular preferably less than 2 wt .-%.
- the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the catalyst according to the invention for reforming hydrocarbons and CO2 of at least 65-95% by weight, preferably 70-90% by weight of nickel hexaaluminate-containing main phase and 5-35% by weight, preferably 10 Contains 30 wt .-% crystalline oxide secondary phase, wherein production comprises the following steps:
- catalyst in the sense of the present disclosure refers both to the hexaduminated oxide materials and to partially reduced active materials in which a part of the active metal remains oxidatively in the hexaaluminate lattice.
- catalyst also refers to active materials in which the active metal is almost completely present as metal.
- Gradientent depends very much on the reactor temperature and the temperature profile along the reactor axis. It is characteristic that the degree of reduction increases with increasing temperature and is greater in the center of the reactor than in the edge region, since the temperature is higher there than in the case of many reactors
- Suitable metal salt sources for the preparation of the catalyst are in particular those which dissolve well in aqueous solutions. Particular preference is given to nitrates, acetates, chlorides, very particular preference to nitrates.
- Complexing agents may also be used, examples of suitable complexing agents include EDTA, amines, ammoniacal aqueous solutions, tartaric acid or citric acid.
- nonaqueous organic solvents for carrying out the impregnation, examples of which are alcohols, ethers or ketones. When using such organic solvents, it is possible to use organic complexes of the metals, such as acetylacetonates, or organometallic compounds.
- promoters can either be added directly during the impregnation of the nanoparticulate aluminum source, or only after drying of the material, optionally also only after the calcination or impression.
- the promoters may be in oxidic or metallic form, they may be incorporated into the hexaaluminate phase or one of the minor phases.
- Promoters according to the invention may be, inter alia, cobalt, iron, copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, manganese, zirconium, titanium, cerium, praseodymium. Particularly preferred are platinum, iridium, cobalt and cerium. Very particular preference is given to iridium and cerium.
- Promoters can improve both the activity of the catalyst and its coke resistance. Promoters may be present after reduction, formation and / or reaction conditions in metallic or oxidic form.
- the nickel bound in the hexaaluminate lattice can sometimes only be reduced incompletely and thus only partially from the hexaaluminate lattice be removed.
- the catalysts, which are present in the partially reduced state are characterized by a lower content of metallic active metal present.
- the metallic active metal is located on the surface in exposed form.
- the retention of oxidic nickel within the hexaaluminate lattice may contribute to increasing the structural stability of the lattice and thereby improving the coke resistance of the catalyst by inherent redox activity.
- the use of catalysts which are deliberately reduced to a certain degree is also included in the invention.
- the use of structured beds employing catalysts of varying degrees of reduction in layered form is also included in the invention. Particularly preferred are embodiments in which the degree of reduction of the catalyst from the reactor inlet in the direction of the reactor outlet increases. Also included are embodiments in which the degree of reduction of the catalyst is adapted to the temperature profile and gas composition in the reactor.
- An essential aspect of the invention also relates to the presence of hexaaluminate-containing catalysts with low nickel contents of ⁇ 3 mol%, preferably ⁇ 2.5 mol% and more preferably ⁇ 2 mol% and certain secondary phases.
- the nickel-containing starting component must preferably be added to the synthesis mixture directly during the preparation of the catalyst according to the invention. The subsequent application of nickel to a hexa-aluminate or a hexaaluminatumble compound thus does not lead to the inventive catalyst.
- the nickel species are initially incorporated during the synthesis of the catalyst for the most part into the framework structure of the hexaaluminate phase.
- finely divided nickel species are formed on the outer surface of the hexaaluminate particles, which are dissolved out of the framework.
- the catalyst which is obtained directly after the calcination but which has not yet been treated by means of a reduction, forming or process gas thus represents a precursor of the catalyst according to the invention. It is to be assumed that this is also an important aspect of the invention Invention is that the nickel is largely completely absorbed in the Hexaaluminat Modell.
- the synthesis of the catalyst according to the invention is preferably also based on the use of a nanoparticulate aluminum oxide source as the starting component.
- a synergistic effect results from the combination of the catalyst according to the invention with respect to finely divided nickel particles with mostly tetragonal form, formed during the reduction and the use of a preferred alumina source in the synthesis of the catalyst.
- a structural feature of the catalyst which refers to the presence of very finely divided nickel particles, can be detected by transmission electron microscopy.
- the catalysts of the prior art In contrast to inventive catalysts with the growths of finely divided particles with the mostly tetragonal expression, the catalysts of the prior art, a larger number of more or less spherical (ie ball-like) particles whose average size is approximately in the range of 60 to 200 nm is located.
- the bead-like particles of such large diameter in the range of 60 to 200 nm are highly undesirable, since it has been found that those catalyst samples having a higher density of such particles do not have the desired catalytic properties as the catalysts of the invention.
- a semiquantitative TEM analysis of the surfaces of the hexaaluminate particles was carried out.
- the surfaces of the hexaaluminate particles examined by TEM had an area of about 450 nm ⁇ 650 nm in the plan view, which corresponds approximately to a surface area of 0.3 ⁇ m 2 (ie 0.45 ⁇ 0.65 ⁇ m 2 ).
- the catalysts of the prior art showed about 20 to 30 ball-like particles per ⁇ 2 surface cut.
- the number of bead-like particles per ⁇ 2 at surface section was ⁇ 10, preferably ⁇ 5.
- the formation of spherical-like larger particles can be greatly minimized in the case of the catalysts according to the invention, but it is also not completely excluded.
- both the growths of the finely divided particles and of the somewhat larger spherical particles are nickel or nickel oxide and nickel, which does not fall under the concept of the oxydic crystalline secondary phase, which in the sense of The invention relates mainly to the alumina-containing secondary phases with further element from the group La, Sr, Ba, or preferably from the group Sr and / or Ba.
- the nickel-poor catalysts according to the invention may be catalysts which have La, Sr and Ba as intermediate layer cation.
- the data obtained in the catalytic reforming studies indicate that the intermediate level cations Sr and / or Ba have somewhat better catalytic properties than La.
- Sr as intermediate layer cation is still more preferable than Ba
- the catalytic data obtained with strontium as intermediate layer cation are slightly better than the catalytic data based on barium-containing catalysts.
- Strontium has other benefits related to the availability and sustainability of strontium-containing precursors.
- Blends may be physical blending of different catalysts with respect to the inter-level cation, or the blends may be obtained during the synthesis by adding at least two starting components having species from the group La, Ba, Sr.
- a modification of the present invention by adding small amounts of trace elements is also within the meaning of the invention, as long as the properties are obtained, having the catalysts of the invention.
- Trace elements in this context refers to supplements that exchange a small portion of the intermediate level cations and whose concentration is low relative to the amount of intermediate level cations. Examples of such elements may include calcium, sodium or other elements known to those skilled in the art.
- the interlevel cations are present not only in the hexaaluminate-containing phase but also in the crystalline oxidic secondary phase.
- the crystalline oxide secondary phase preferably also contains the elements of the intermediate plane cations from the group La, Ba and / or Sr. Certain elements in the minor phases (such as nickel-containing spinel) and certain secondary phases (such as ⁇ -alumina) are more undesirable than minor phases. However, it is also conceivable that there could be, for example, other elements and phases which may be present in the minor phase and which do not affect the catalytic properties of the catalyst according to the invention.
- the process for the preparation of the catalyst according to the invention for the reforming of hydrocarbons and CO2 is characterized in that metal salts in the form of nitrate salts and / or aluminum source in the form of nanoparticulate aluminum oxide hydroxide are used.
- the inventive method for producing the catalyst is characterized in that mixture is prepared in the presence of water as a solvent.
- nanoparticulate alumina hydroxide source as used in the sense of the present disclosure, is explained in more detail below:
- nanoparticulate aluminum hydroxide is particularly reactive and therefore particularly advantageous as an aluminum source, since a conversion of the starting components into the target phase of hexaaluminate can already be achieved at lower temperatures in comparison with other aluminum sources.
- the high reactivity is the presence of the reactive aluminum phase attributed.
- alumnium oxides and hydroxides with a high water content are preferred, bayerite, boehmite and pseudo-boehmite are particularly preferred, boehmite is very particularly preferred. Special emphasis is also placed on the fineness of the material.
- the primary crystallites of the material are smaller than 500 nm, more preferably smaller than 300 nm, most preferably smaller than 100 nm.
- Such primary crystallites may be linked to larger aggregates, and depending on the pretreatment of the material, such aggregates of such crystallites may also be deaggregated to some extent by appropriate methods. Suitable methods of disaggregation include treatment with acids and bases, grinding of powders, or other methods known to those skilled in the art. In certain cases, pre-aggregation of the materials may also be beneficial. Suitable methods may include but are not limited to compaction, tableting, kneading, and other methods known to those skilled in the art.
- high-purity clays in particular those which are marketed under the trade names Pural, Dispal, Puralox or Catalox from Sasol. Comparable products from other manufacturers are also included in the preparation according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to a process for reforming hydrocarbons, preferably methane, in the presence of CO2.
- the process for reforming hydrocarbons, preferably methane, in the presence of CO2 comprises the following steps:
- the reforming gas contacted with the catalyst has a GHSV ranging from 500 to 20,000 hr.sup.- 1 , preferably, the GHSV is in a range of 1,500 to 10,000 hr.sup.- 1, and more preferably in a range of 2000 to 5000 hr 1 . It is preferred if the reforming gas mentioned in step (a.1) has an h O content of up to 70% by volume, preferably up to 50% by volume and particularly preferably up to 30% by volume. Furthermore, the reforming process in a preferred embodiment is characterized in that the catalyst is used in the reduced form or the reforming process is preceded by a reduction step.
- a water vapor-containing educt fluid which has a composition in which the components CH4 / CO2 / H2O are in a ratio range of the gas volumes from 25/25/50 to 50/50/0, a range of 35/35/30 to 45/45/10 is preferred.
- a synthesis gas is prepared which has a h / CO ratio in a range from 0.8 to 2.0, preferably the h / CO ratio of the synthesis gas is in a range from 0.9 to 1, 1.
- An essential aspect of the catalyst according to the invention relates to its exceptional high long-term stability, which is characterized in that the catalyst in the reforming process according to the invention -.
- the reforming of hydrocarbons, preferably methane, in the presence of CO2 - does not show high drops in activity, although the process is carried out at high pressures and temperatures.
- the catalyst according to the invention By means of the catalyst according to the invention, it is thus possible to extend the service life of a plant operation during the reforming of hydrocarbons in the presence of CO 2, which is of great industrial relevance in the development of the process.
- the catalysts can not be regenerated after use in a system, so that they must then be disposed of.
- the amount of material to be disposed of is reduced, which improves the balance of the process.
- the catalysts with the low nickel contents and the other inventive features show a high catalytic efficiency and at the same time an excellent long-term stability.
- the findings indicate that metallic nickel, which plays a central role in catalytic reforming, can be structurally different in shape and distribution within the catalyst. The differentiation between the tetragonal nickel particles and the rather globular particles is of importance. Catalysts have been developed that have barely spherical particles in the structure study, but finely dispersed nickel particles of tetragonal form. It is believed that a minimum level of these nickel species in the catalyst is required to achieve the desired effectiveness of the catalyst.
- the activity of a catalyst according to the invention having a nickel content of 0.1 mol% may be slightly lower than the activity of a catalyst according to the invention having a nickel content of 1.5 mol%, since the concentration of the structurally preferred nickel particles is low. Therefore, it can be assumed that a certain minimum content of nickel in the catalyst according to the invention is expedient.
- the nickel content should preferably be> 0.1 mol%, more preferably> 0.25 mol% and especially preferably 0.5 mol%.
- the catalyst according to the invention for catalytic processes which differ from the novel process for reforming hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide.
- the catalysts with the low nickel content and the further inventive features also have a technical and economic application potential outside the range of reforming in the presence of carbon dioxide. Therefore, the invention should not be limited only to the catalysts according to the invention with low nickel contents, but also relates to catalysts with ultralow nickel contents - if the nickel particles have the preferred tetragonal expression.
- Table 1 shows an overview of a series of sixteen exemplified samples as well as their composition and characterization data.
- the information on the chemical composition refers to the molar proportions of Al, Ni and at least one other element from the group La, Sr, Ba.
- the letters L, S or B were added to the respective samples depending on the element contained therein.
- Samples L1 to L4 were calcined at a temperature of 1600 ° C and all other samples (i.e., L5 to L8, S1 to S4 and B1 to B4) at a temperature of 1200 ° C.
- the suspension was cooled with stirring to 25 ° C and taken up by means of a pipette and dripped into it for impression in a Dewar understandinger with liquid nitrogen. During the dripping of the suspension, the liquid nitrogen in the dewar was vigorously mixed with a magnetically driven stirring core.
- the frozen suspension particles were spread on several stainless steel bowls of a freeze dryer to a 1 cm thick powder layer.
- the stainless steel dishes were introduced into the freeze-drying plant and subjected to a drying process. In the drying process, the stainless steel trays covered with the suspension particles were stored for a period of 48 or 96 hours at a pressure of 1.98 mbar, wherein the temperature in the interior of the drying plant was gradually increased from -25 ° C to -5 ° C. (As a freeze dryer the model Gamma 1 - 20 was used by the manufacturer Martin Christ.)
- the sample material obtained after freeze-drying was filled into two porcelain dishes, which were then calcined in a high-temperature oven (from Carbolite) at different temperatures.
- a high-temperature oven from Carbolite
- the sample was calcined at a temperature of 1200 ° C
- the sample was calcined at 1600 ° C.
- the calcination was chosen so that the samples were each stored for one hour at temperatures of 100 ° C, 250 ° C, 350 ° C and 450 ° C before reaching the target temperature.
- the samples were heated at a heating rate of 1 K / min, and from 450 ° C to the respective target temperature, the samples were heated at a heating rate of 5 K / min.
- air was passed through the furnace.
- the samples were cooled to room temperature over a period of 5 hours while air was also passed through the oven.
- the calcined samples were subjected in portions to a reductive treatment process. In each case about 2.5 g of the samples were filled into a quartz tube provided with a frit.
- the quartz tube had an internal diameter of 1.32 cm and the bed height of the sample stored on the frit was 1.5 cm.
- the sample stored in the quartz tube was heated to 900 ° C. under a hydrogenous gas atmosphere (ie, a forming gas containing 5% H 2 in N 2 ) and then stored at 900 ° C. for 3 hours.
- the samples were subsequently cooled to 100 ° C. while flowing through forming gas. Both during the heating process and during the cooling process, a flow rate of the gas stream at 10 mL per minute. After the samples had cooled to 100 ° C, CDA was gradually added to the gas stream to passivate the samples in the reduced state.
- Table 1 shows a summary of the sixteen samples prepared by way of example, their composition and the results of the BET analyzes.
- the elemental composition is given with regard to the molar proportions of Al, of Ni and of at least one further element from the group La, Sr, Ba.
- the amount of hexaaluminate present in each sample is also given.
- the quantification of the hexaaluminate content was carried out by means of a Rietfeld analysis of the respective diffractograms.
- samples were used in the unreduced form.
- the TEM images show brighter appearances that can be clearly assigned to the nickel particles that is present in the metallic form. It should be pointed out that the X-ray diffractograms of the samples also indicate the presence of metallic nickel particles, the small particle size and the low nickel content not allowing clear detection on the basis of the X-ray data.
- Exemplary of the invention is the sample S4 (with SrNio, 2s) whose TEM image is shown in FIG.
- the photograph in Fig. 1 shows the plan view of a platelet-shaped particle having the characteristic configuration of a hexaaluminate phase.
- On the surface of the hexaaluminate particle numerous smaller nickel particles are grown, whose size is in the range of 20 nm.
- the size of the grown metallic particles was determined on the basis of TEM images, whereby the size of the grown on the hexaaluminate nanoparticles was determined. It was not possible to have the measurements made by an automated procedure. The reason for this was the low contrast and defects on the surface of the hexaaluminate particles, which significantly disrupted the use of automated detection methods. It is noteworthy that many of the small nickel particles with a size of 10 to 30 nm have a defined texture, with the majority of the particles having angular structural features and some of the particles clearly recognizing that they are tetrahedral. One surface of these tetrahedral nickel particles is grown on the surface of the hexaaluminate plate.
- the indication of the size of the nanoparticles is of great importance.
- a cumulative consideration of the particle size or the equivalent diameter is used for this purpose. Based on the cumulative consideration of the sum distribution of the particle size of the material according to the invention, it is preferred that 30% of the particle population are below the threshold value according to the invention with respect to their particle size, more preferably that 50% of the particle population are below the threshold value according to the invention, with very particular preference that their particle size is below the threshold value according to the invention 70% of the particle population with respect to their particle size below the threshold value according to the invention.
- the number of larger nickel particles having a size of about 100 nm and above increases.
- the images on samples B3 and B2 in FIGS. 2 and 3 are shown, sample B3 having a nickel content of 3.85 mol% and sample B2 having a nickel content of 5.77 mol%.
- the larger nickel particles are very close to neighboring nickel particles.
- the individual nickel atoms have a cubic face-centered arrangement.
- Vectors [1 1 1], [-1 1 1], [-1 -1 1], and [1 -1 1] are symmetry-equivalent.
- Fig. 1 shows a recording of the inventive sample S4 (with SrNio, 2s) by means of
- TEM Transmission Electron Microscope
- Fig. 2 shows a TEM image of sample B3 (with BaNio.s) at magnification from 1: 200,000. In the center, several particles can be seen, which have a diameter of 100 nm and larger (see arrow).
- Fig. 3 shows a TEM image of sample B2 (with BaNioys) at magnification
- nickel particles from 1: 200,000.
- Several nickel particles can be seen, which have a size of 100 nm and larger. The spatial distances between the adjacent nickel particles appear small.
- FIG. 4 shows an X-ray diffractogram of the sample S4 (with SrNio, 2s) attached to the sample in FIG.
- FIG. 5 shows an X-ray diffractogram of sample B4 (with BaNioys) attached to the sample in FIG.
- the images illustrate that the number of such particles increases with the proportion of nickel in the oxidic hexaaluminate and the larger nickel particles do not grow exclusively textured strongly on the hexaaluminate platelets.
- such large nickel particles occur above a nickel content of Nio, 25 or 1, 92 mol%.
- the active compounds were tested in a circulation reactor.
- the samples to be examined were diluted with silicon carbide, with 20 mg each of a sample mixed with 80 mg silicon carbide each. In the tests, samples were used whose particle size was in the range of 500 to 750 ⁇ .
- the silicon carbide used in the investigations had the same particle fraction as the catalyst samples to be tested, ie a particle size in the range from 500 to 750 ⁇ m.
- the respective test mixture of catalyst sample and silicon carbide was introduced into a reactor tube with 6 mm inner diameter.
- the reactor tube which consisted of an aluminum oxide ceramic with wall thickness of 1 mm, was inserted into a steel reactor with an inner diameter of 8 mm. was led.
- the dimensions of the reactor tube and the steel reactor were coordinated so that no gas slip between ceramic and steel reactor wall could arise.
- nitrogen gas was passed through the sample-filled reactor, which was heated to 800 ° C at atmospheric pressure. Subsequently, the sample was subjected to a reductive pretreatment step at 800 ° C and under atmospheric pressure, which was to expose the sample to a gas atmosphere of 20% hydrogen and 80% nitrogen for two hours.
- a catalytic test reaction the synthesis of synthesis gas from methane and carbon dioxide was investigated. The test reactions were carried out at 10 bar and 850 ° C, using a reactant gas with a methane to carbon dioxide ratio of 1 was used. The educt gas 10 vol% nitrogen was added, which acted as an internal standard.
- the product gas was re-fed to the reactant gas line of the reactor with a gas pump, with the gas flow chosen such that the absolute gas flow had a flow of 100 mL / min (ie, the GHSV was about 60,000 lr 1 ).
- the composition of the product gas leaving the reactor was analyzed by a GC system.
- the activity and on the other hand the selectivity is used.
- the target reaction in the example investigations is the dry reforming of methane in the presence of carbon dioxide, the activity of the catalyst is important first.
- the activity of the catalyst relative to the other samples can be taken by comparing the conversions of methane and carbon dioxide. Also important is the selectivity of the catalysts, which is expressed here in comparison with the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio. Generally, a hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio of about 1 is desired. Lower ratios of hydrogen to carbon monoxide indicate a further reaction of these products on the catalyst.
- the test results show the sales of methane, the sales of CO2 and the h / CO-ratios.
- Table 3 shows the activity of the catalyst relative to the other samples by comparing the maximum CO concentration reached and the time after which this value is reached. Also important is the selectivity of the catalysts, which is expressed here in comparison with the carbon monoxide concentration at the end of the experiment. In general, the smallest possible difference between the maximum concentration achieved and the concentration at the end of the experiment is desirable here. Lower concentrations of carbon monoxide at the end of the experiment compared to the maximum value suggest a further reaction of the carbon monoxide on the catalyst. In general, it is desirable to achieve the maximum concentration in as short a time as possible, but this aspect is inferior to the aspect of maintaining the maximum concentration of carbon monoxide. A large decrease in the maximum carbon monoxide concentration automatically also means the formation of carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst, which are undesirable because they greatly shorten the life of the material.
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Abstract
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EP14708059.2A EP2964385A1 (de) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-03-06 | Nickelhexaaluminathaltiger katalysator zur reformierung von kohlenwasserstoffen in gegenwart von kohlendioxid |
DE112014001125.8T DE112014001125A5 (de) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-03-06 | Nickelhexaaluminathaltiger Katalysator zur Reformierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen in Gegenwart von Kohlendioxid |
CN201480012079.8A CN105050714B (zh) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-03-06 | 用于在二氧化碳存在下重整烃的含六铝酸镍的催化剂 |
US14/771,888 US9475037B2 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-03-06 | Nickel hexaaluminate-containing catalyst for reforming hydrocarbons in the presence of carbon dioxide |
RU2015142397A RU2662221C2 (ru) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-03-06 | Катализатор риформинга углеводородов в присутствии диоксида углерода, содержащий гексаалюминат никеля |
KR1020157027681A KR20150129786A (ko) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-03-06 | 이산화탄소의 존재 하에 탄화수소를 개질하기 위한 니켈 헥사알루민에이트-함유 촉매 |
JP2015560691A JP2016510687A (ja) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-03-06 | 二酸化炭素の存在下において炭化水素を改質するためのニッケルヘキサアルミネート含有触媒 |
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- 2014-03-06 WO PCT/EP2014/054362 patent/WO2014135642A1/de active Application Filing
- 2014-03-06 CN CN201480012079.8A patent/CN105050714B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-03-06 RU RU2015142397A patent/RU2662221C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2014-03-06 DE DE112014001125.8T patent/DE112014001125A5/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-03-06 EP EP14708059.2A patent/EP2964385A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-03-06 KR KR1020157027681A patent/KR20150129786A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2024003354A1 (en) | 2022-07-01 | 2024-01-04 | Basf Se | Cobalt-based catalyst for the conversion of hydrocarbons to synthesis gas |
WO2024003347A1 (en) | 2022-07-01 | 2024-01-04 | Basf Se | Cobalt- and strontium-based catalyst for the conversion of hydrocarbons to synthesis gas |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE112014001125A5 (de) | 2015-11-19 |
CN105050714A (zh) | 2015-11-11 |
JP2016510687A (ja) | 2016-04-11 |
EP2964385A1 (de) | 2016-01-13 |
KR20150129786A (ko) | 2015-11-20 |
RU2015142397A (ru) | 2017-04-17 |
US20160008791A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
RU2662221C2 (ru) | 2018-07-25 |
US9475037B2 (en) | 2016-10-25 |
CN105050714B (zh) | 2018-06-26 |
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