CA2759166A1 - Process for producing a particulate nanocomposite material - Google Patents
Process for producing a particulate nanocomposite material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2759166A1 CA2759166A1 CA2759166A CA2759166A CA2759166A1 CA 2759166 A1 CA2759166 A1 CA 2759166A1 CA 2759166 A CA2759166 A CA 2759166A CA 2759166 A CA2759166 A CA 2759166A CA 2759166 A1 CA2759166 A1 CA 2759166A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- polymerization
- process according
- nanocomposite material
- metal
- phase
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 131
- 239000002114 nanocomposite Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 110
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 166
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000010538 cationic polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- -1 poly(alkylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 claims description 72
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 37
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 34
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 33
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 33
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003586 protic polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000005913 (C3-C6) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004191 (C1-C6) alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001860 alkaline earth metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical class [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 121
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 96
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 36
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 34
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 30
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 27
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 25
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 12
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 10
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 10
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical group OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 125000001165 hydrophobic group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 8
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 8
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 7
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 7
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 7
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- ODLMAHJVESYWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylmethylbenzene Natural products CCCC1=CC=CC=C1 ODLMAHJVESYWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-] QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfobutanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000008051 alkyl sulfates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cumene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007046 ethoxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 4
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- YTZKOQUCBOVLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 YTZKOQUCBOVLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000002941 2-furyl group Chemical group O1C([*])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101001059930 Drosophila melanogaster Transcription factor kayak, isoforms A/B/F Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101001059931 Drosophila melanogaster Transcription factor kayak, isoforms D/sro Proteins 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 3
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000007529 inorganic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 3
- 229910052615 phyllosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 3
- CQRYARSYNCAZFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1O CQRYARSYNCAZFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000235 small-angle X-ray scattering Methods 0.000 description 3
- LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)OC LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- GWHJZXXIDMPWGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C)C(C)=C1 GWHJZXXIDMPWGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YENKRZXDJWBUIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phosphonooxypropan-2-yl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound OP(=O)(O)OCC(C)OC(=O)C(C)=C YENKRZXDJWBUIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZTADSGAMBXVFBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phosphonooxypropan-2-yl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound OP(=O)(O)OCC(C)OC(=O)C=C ZTADSGAMBXVFBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FBKXAAKPCYUMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrol-3-yl)ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CCC1=CC(=O)NC1=O FBKXAAKPCYUMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VMDOLHKOJSQCFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methyloctadecyl)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxasiline Chemical compound CC(C[SiH]1OC2=C(CO1)C=CC=C2)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC VMDOLHKOJSQCFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PRAMZQXXPOLCIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCS(O)(=O)=O PRAMZQXXPOLCIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SEILKFZTLVMHRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phosphonooxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOP(O)(O)=O SEILKFZTLVMHRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UDXXYUDJOHIIDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phosphonooxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OCCOC(=O)C=C UDXXYUDJOHIIDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GQTFHSAAODFMHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-2-enoyloxyethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CCOC(=O)C=C GQTFHSAAODFMHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFNGWPXYNSJXOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCCS(O)(=O)=O KFNGWPXYNSJXOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NYUTUWAFOUJLKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-prop-2-enoyloxypropane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CCCOC(=O)C=C NYUTUWAFOUJLKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002012 Aerosil® Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007848 Bronsted acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) Chemical compound CCN(C(C)C)C(C)C JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000368 omega-hydroxypoly(furan-2,5-diylmethylene) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003009 phosphonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- SSOLNOMRVKKSON-UHFFFAOYSA-N proguanil Chemical compound CC(C)\N=C(/N)N=C(N)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 SSOLNOMRVKKSON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002098 pyridazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZSKGQVFRTSEPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CN1 ZSKGQVFRTSEPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940083575 sodium dodecyl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- YBBRCQOCSYXUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuryl dichloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)(=O)=O YBBRCQOCSYXUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 125000005389 trialkylsiloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004665 trialkylsilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005199 ultracentrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/12—Polymerisation in non-solvents
- C08F2/14—Organic medium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/44—Polymerisation in the presence of compounding ingredients, e.g. plasticisers, dyestuffs, fillers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/005—Reinforced macromolecular compounds with nanosized materials, e.g. nanoparticles, nanofibres, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods or nanolayered materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
- C08K3/36—Silica
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2361/00—Characterised by the use of condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2361/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
- C08J2361/06—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes with phenols
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Graft Or Block Polymers (AREA)
- Polyethers (AREA)
- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
- Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP09159814.4 | 2009-05-08 | ||
| EP09159814 | 2009-05-08 | ||
| PCT/EP2010/056265 WO2010128144A1 (de) | 2009-05-08 | 2010-05-07 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines partikelförmigen nanokompositmaterials |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2759166A1 true CA2759166A1 (en) | 2010-11-11 |
Family
ID=42357407
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2759166A Abandoned CA2759166A1 (en) | 2009-05-08 | 2010-05-07 | Process for producing a particulate nanocomposite material |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8680203B2 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP2427466A1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP5602837B2 (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR20120044934A (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN102459285A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2759166A1 (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2010128144A1 (enExample) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103459312A (zh) * | 2011-03-31 | 2013-12-18 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 颗粒状多孔碳材料及其在锂电池中的应用 |
Families Citing this family (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2754711A1 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-10-07 | Basf Se | Electroactive material, and use thereof in anodes for lithium-ion cells |
| JP2011184503A (ja) * | 2010-03-05 | 2011-09-22 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | 熱可塑性エラストマー組成物 |
| US8536264B2 (en) * | 2010-04-02 | 2013-09-17 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Pneumatic tire and rubber composition containing twin polymerization structures |
| GB2487142B (en) * | 2010-05-26 | 2012-12-12 | Hiok Nam Tay | Auto-focus image system |
| EP2665764A2 (de) | 2011-01-19 | 2013-11-27 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung eines kompositmaterials |
| US9099744B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2015-08-04 | Basf Se | Particulate porous carbon material and use thereof in lithium cells |
| EP2807209A4 (de) * | 2012-01-23 | 2015-09-02 | Basf Se | Kompositmaterial, dessen herstellung und dessen verwendung in separatoren für elektrochemische zellen |
| US8865858B2 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2014-10-21 | Basf Se | Process for producing a composite material |
| WO2014001273A1 (de) | 2012-06-26 | 2014-01-03 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung eines kompositmaterials |
| WO2014009451A1 (de) | 2012-07-12 | 2014-01-16 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von kompositmaterialien |
| WO2014049103A1 (de) | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-03 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von kompositmaterialien |
| WO2015086461A1 (de) | 2013-12-13 | 2015-06-18 | Basf Se | Stickstoff-haltige kompositmaterialien, deren herstellung und verwendung |
| JP6468021B2 (ja) * | 2015-03-20 | 2019-02-13 | 株式会社リコー | 立体造形用粉末材料、及び立体造形用材料セット、並びに、立体造形物、立体造形物の製造方法及び製造装置 |
| WO2017066757A1 (en) * | 2015-10-15 | 2017-04-20 | William Marsh Rice University | Microwave induced curing of nanomaterials for geological formation reinforcement |
| CN114026102A (zh) | 2019-07-18 | 2022-02-08 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 孪生单体组合物及其介电膜 |
| CN111333853A (zh) * | 2020-03-17 | 2020-06-26 | 北京科技大学 | 基于mof@金属纳米颗粒@cof复合材料的制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3230289A1 (de) | 1982-08-14 | 1984-02-16 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Herstellung von pharmazeutischen oder kosmetischen dispersionen |
| CA1339436C (en) | 1987-10-02 | 1997-09-02 | Rohm And Haas Company | Non-aqueous dispersion for alkyd formulations and method of manufacture |
| WO2001012678A1 (en) | 1999-08-13 | 2001-02-22 | Solutia Inc. | Methods for the preparation of polyamide nanocomposite compositions by in situ polymerization |
| EP1403332A1 (en) | 2002-09-30 | 2004-03-31 | Rohm And Haas Company | Nonaqueous compositions comprising polymernanoparticles (PNP) |
| DE10261289A1 (de) | 2002-12-27 | 2004-07-15 | Sustech Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyalkyl(halb)metallaten |
| DE102005042138A1 (de) | 2005-09-05 | 2007-03-08 | Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut An Der Rwth Aachen E.V. | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Verbundwerkstoffen |
| DE102006025848A1 (de) * | 2006-03-29 | 2007-10-04 | Byk-Chemie Gmbh | Herstellung von Nanopartikeln, insbesondere Nanopartikelkompositen, ausgehend von Pulveragglomeraten |
| DE102007063297A1 (de) * | 2007-12-27 | 2009-07-02 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Poröse monolithische Materialien |
| DE102007063284A1 (de) * | 2007-12-27 | 2009-07-02 | Basf Se | Spiroverbindungen |
| CN101423639B (zh) * | 2008-12-09 | 2011-02-02 | 中山大学 | 一种PPR/SiO2纳米复合材料及其制备方法 |
| KR20110136889A (ko) * | 2009-04-03 | 2011-12-21 | 바스프 에스이 | 복합 물질의 제조 방법 |
-
2010
- 2010-05-07 CA CA2759166A patent/CA2759166A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-05-07 US US13/319,414 patent/US8680203B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-05-07 WO PCT/EP2010/056265 patent/WO2010128144A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2010-05-07 EP EP10717172A patent/EP2427466A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-05-07 CN CN2010800308578A patent/CN102459285A/zh active Pending
- 2010-05-07 JP JP2012509051A patent/JP5602837B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-05-07 KR KR1020117029268A patent/KR20120044934A/ko not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103459312A (zh) * | 2011-03-31 | 2013-12-18 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 颗粒状多孔碳材料及其在锂电池中的应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20120052300A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
| EP2427466A1 (de) | 2012-03-14 |
| KR20120044934A (ko) | 2012-05-08 |
| JP5602837B2 (ja) | 2014-10-08 |
| WO2010128144A1 (de) | 2010-11-11 |
| CN102459285A (zh) | 2012-05-16 |
| JP2012526168A (ja) | 2012-10-25 |
| US8680203B2 (en) | 2014-03-25 |
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