CA2253711C - Improved process for the production of enantiomerically-pure azetidine-2-carboxylic acid - Google Patents
Improved process for the production of enantiomerically-pure azetidine-2-carboxylic acid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2253711C CA2253711C CA002253711A CA2253711A CA2253711C CA 2253711 C CA2253711 C CA 2253711C CA 002253711 A CA002253711 A CA 002253711A CA 2253711 A CA2253711 A CA 2253711A CA 2253711 C CA2253711 C CA 2253711C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- azeoh
- azetidine
- carboxylic acid
- aldehyde
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- IADUEWIQBXOCDZ-VKHMYHEASA-N Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid Natural products OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCN1 IADUEWIQBXOCDZ-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- IADUEWIQBXOCDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azetidine-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1CCN1 IADUEWIQBXOCDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000012456 homogeneous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 229960001367 tartaric acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 17
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyraldehyde Chemical group CCCC=O ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229960001270 d- tartaric acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- JARKCYVAAOWBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanal Chemical compound CCCCCC=O JARKCYVAAOWBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-LWMBPPNESA-N levotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-LWMBPPNESA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- IADUEWIQBXOCDZ-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H]1CCN1 IADUEWIQBXOCDZ-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- SNDOLFMVVAVRAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N azetidine-2-carboxylic acid;2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1CCN1.OC(=O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O SNDOLFMVVAVRAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- MWIXENPCUPDSOS-QMMMGPOBSA-N (2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanehydrazide Chemical compound NNC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 MWIXENPCUPDSOS-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010511 deprotection reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- OGNSCSPNOLGXSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-DABA Natural products NCCC(N)C(O)=O OGNSCSPNOLGXSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[3-(1-cyclopropylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-methyl-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one Chemical class C1(CC1)N1N=CC(=C1)C1=NNC2=C1N=C(N=C2)N1C2C(N(CC1CC2)C)=O HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OGNSCSPNOLGXSM-VKHMYHEASA-N L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid Chemical compound NCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O OGNSCSPNOLGXSM-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N L-Methionine Natural products CSCCC(N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJPWUUJVYOJNMH-VKHMYHEASA-N L-homoserine lactone Chemical compound N[C@H]1CCOC1=O QJPWUUJVYOJNMH-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195722 L-methionine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proline Natural products OC(=O)C1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010533 azeotropic distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960004452 methionine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000016337 monopotassium tartrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 1
- XULSCZPZVQIMFM-IPZQJPLYSA-N odevixibat Chemical compound C12=CC(SC)=C(OCC(=O)N[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC)C(O)=O)C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C=C2S(=O)(=O)NC(CCCC)(CCCC)CN1C1=CC=CC=C1 XULSCZPZVQIMFM-IPZQJPLYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960003975 potassium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- KYKNRZGSIGMXFH-ZVGUSBNCSA-M potassium bitartrate Chemical compound [K+].OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O KYKNRZGSIGMXFH-ZVGUSBNCSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940086065 potassium hydrogentartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pristane Chemical compound CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 125000006239 protecting group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- UQDJGEHQDNVPGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N serine phosphoethanolamine Chemical compound [NH3+]CCOP([O-])(=O)OCC([NH3+])C([O-])=O UQDJGEHQDNVPGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B57/00—Separation of optically-active compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D205/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D205/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D205/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE9601600A SE9601600D0 (sv) | 1996-04-26 | 1996-04-26 | Improved process |
| SE9601600-1 | 1996-04-26 | ||
| PCT/SE1997/000675 WO1997041084A1 (en) | 1996-04-26 | 1997-04-22 | Improved process for the production of enantiomerically-pure azetidine-2-carboxylic acid |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2253711A1 CA2253711A1 (en) | 1997-11-06 |
| CA2253711C true CA2253711C (en) | 2005-08-23 |
Family
ID=20402360
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002253711A Expired - Fee Related CA2253711C (en) | 1996-04-26 | 1997-04-22 | Improved process for the production of enantiomerically-pure azetidine-2-carboxylic acid |
Country Status (32)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6143903A (h) |
| EP (1) | EP0906255B1 (h) |
| JP (2) | JP2000509068A (h) |
| KR (1) | KR100447072B1 (h) |
| CN (1) | CN1071292C (h) |
| AR (1) | AR006639A1 (h) |
| AT (1) | ATE200889T1 (h) |
| AU (1) | AU713519B2 (h) |
| BR (1) | BR9708872A (h) |
| CA (1) | CA2253711C (h) |
| CZ (1) | CZ339998A3 (h) |
| DE (1) | DE69704708T2 (h) |
| DK (1) | DK0906255T3 (h) |
| EE (1) | EE9800365A (h) |
| EG (1) | EG20975A (h) |
| ES (1) | ES2158557T3 (h) |
| GR (1) | GR3036303T3 (h) |
| HU (1) | HUP9901665A3 (h) |
| ID (1) | ID16840A (h) |
| IL (1) | IL126717A (h) |
| IN (1) | IN186439B (h) |
| IS (1) | IS4860A (h) |
| MY (1) | MY132450A (h) |
| NO (1) | NO310404B1 (h) |
| NZ (1) | NZ332155A (h) |
| PL (1) | PL329685A1 (h) |
| PT (1) | PT906255E (h) |
| SE (1) | SE9601600D0 (h) |
| SK (1) | SK140898A3 (h) |
| TR (1) | TR199802146T2 (h) |
| WO (1) | WO1997041084A1 (h) |
| ZA (1) | ZA973156B (h) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE69834276T2 (de) * | 1997-01-24 | 2007-04-12 | Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. | Verfahren zur Verbesserung der optischen Reinheit von Azetidin-2-carbonsäure |
| SE9802939D0 (sv) | 1998-09-01 | 1998-09-01 | Astra Ab | New process |
| SE9901712D0 (sv) | 1999-05-11 | 1999-05-11 | Astra Ab | New process |
| WO2005103005A1 (ja) * | 2004-04-26 | 2005-11-03 | Astellas Pharma Inc. | β－ピリジルアラニンの光学活性体の選択的製造方法 |
| US8992783B2 (en) | 2008-09-05 | 2015-03-31 | Max-Planck-Gessellschaft zur förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | Process for enantioseparation of chiral systems with compound formation using two subsequent crystallization steps |
| JP2013241339A (ja) * | 2010-09-09 | 2013-12-05 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co Inc | 光学活性アミノ酸の製造方法 |
| JP2013241338A (ja) * | 2010-09-09 | 2013-12-05 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co Inc | 光学活性２−アミノ酪酸の製造方法 |
| CN103204783B (zh) * | 2013-04-18 | 2015-09-02 | 张家港市华昌药业有限公司 | 一种d-赖氨酸盐酸盐的制备方法 |
| JPWO2016021711A1 (ja) * | 2014-08-07 | 2017-06-01 | 株式会社エーピーアイ コーポレーション | アミノ酸誘導体の製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE795874A (fr) * | 1972-02-25 | 1973-08-23 | Glaxo Lab Ltd | Procede de preparation d'esters optiquement actifs d'alpha-amino-acides |
| JPS5139219B2 (h) * | 1972-06-08 | 1976-10-26 | ||
| US4072698A (en) * | 1976-12-02 | 1978-02-07 | The Upjohn Company | Resolution of aminonitriles |
| JPS56104866A (en) * | 1980-01-24 | 1981-08-20 | Mitsubishi Chem Ind Ltd | Production of (2r,4r)-4-alkyl-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid or its l-tartarate salt |
| DE3303112A1 (de) * | 1983-01-31 | 1984-08-09 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur racemattrennung optisch aktiver bicyclischer imino-(alpha)-carbonsaeuren |
| US4923983A (en) * | 1989-07-31 | 1990-05-08 | Eli Lilly And Company | Method of resolving cis 3-amino-4-[2-(2-furyl)eth-1-yl]-1-methoxycarbonylmethyl-azetidin-2-one |
| EP0499376A1 (en) * | 1991-01-31 | 1992-08-19 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Precipitation-induced asymmetric transformation of chiral alpha-amino acids and salts thereof |
| GB9420246D0 (en) * | 1994-10-07 | 1994-11-23 | Chiroscience Ltd | Asymmetric crystallisation |
| IN187238B (h) * | 1995-06-30 | 2002-03-09 | Astra Ab | |
| DE69722538T2 (de) * | 1996-09-06 | 2004-04-29 | Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. | Verfahren zur Herstellung von optisch aktiver Azetidin-2-Carbonsäure |
-
1996
- 1996-04-26 SE SE9601600A patent/SE9601600D0/xx unknown
-
1997
- 1997-04-14 AR ARP970101487A patent/AR006639A1/es unknown
- 1997-04-14 ZA ZA9703156A patent/ZA973156B/xx unknown
- 1997-04-22 JP JP9538797A patent/JP2000509068A/ja active Pending
- 1997-04-22 BR BR9708872A patent/BR9708872A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-04-22 EP EP97921046A patent/EP0906255B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-22 KR KR10-1998-0708557A patent/KR100447072B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-04-22 PT PT97921046T patent/PT906255E/pt unknown
- 1997-04-22 TR TR1998/02146T patent/TR199802146T2/xx unknown
- 1997-04-22 ES ES97921046T patent/ES2158557T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-22 US US08/913,016 patent/US6143903A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-04-22 CZ CZ983399A patent/CZ339998A3/cs unknown
- 1997-04-22 IL IL12671797A patent/IL126717A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-04-22 CA CA002253711A patent/CA2253711C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-04-22 DK DK97921046T patent/DK0906255T3/da active
- 1997-04-22 AT AT97921046T patent/ATE200889T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-04-22 CN CN97194111A patent/CN1071292C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-04-22 EE EE9800365A patent/EE9800365A/xx unknown
- 1997-04-22 PL PL97329685A patent/PL329685A1/xx unknown
- 1997-04-22 WO PCT/SE1997/000675 patent/WO1997041084A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-04-22 AU AU27194/97A patent/AU713519B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-04-22 NZ NZ332155A patent/NZ332155A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-04-22 DE DE69704708T patent/DE69704708T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-22 HU HU9901665A patent/HUP9901665A3/hu unknown
- 1997-04-22 SK SK1408-98A patent/SK140898A3/sk unknown
- 1997-04-23 MY MYPI97001747A patent/MY132450A/en unknown
- 1997-04-23 EG EG32897A patent/EG20975A/xx active
- 1997-04-24 IN IN1060DE1997 patent/IN186439B/en unknown
- 1997-04-25 ID IDP971396A patent/ID16840A/id unknown
-
1998
- 1998-10-06 IS IS4860A patent/IS4860A/is unknown
- 1998-10-07 NO NO19984681A patent/NO310404B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-07-31 GR GR20010401153T patent/GR3036303T3/el unknown
-
2008
- 2008-11-13 JP JP2008290436A patent/JP2009120611A/ja active Pending
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |