WO2022199399A1 - 三元正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池 - Google Patents

三元正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池 Download PDF

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WO2022199399A1
WO2022199399A1 PCT/CN2022/080330 CN2022080330W WO2022199399A1 WO 2022199399 A1 WO2022199399 A1 WO 2022199399A1 CN 2022080330 W CN2022080330 W CN 2022080330W WO 2022199399 A1 WO2022199399 A1 WO 2022199399A1
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positive electrode
electrode material
ternary
lithium
source
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PCT/CN2022/080330
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English (en)
French (fr)
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尹亚
郑玉
严武渭
杨顺毅
黄友元
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深圳市贝特瑞纳米科技有限公司
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • H01M4/366Composites as layered products
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028Positive electrodes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of battery materials, in particular to a ternary positive electrode material, a preparation method thereof, and a lithium ion battery.
  • Ternary cathode materials have been widely used in the field of power batteries due to their high energy density and long cycle life. energy density and lower cost.
  • the high-nickel ternary cathode material is mainly a polycrystalline structure of secondary spherical particles. Due to its poor mechanical strength, the particles will crack during the rolling process of the pole piece, and the agglomerated particles will crack along the grain boundary due to stress release during the cycle. , the combined action of the two will cause the cycle performance to deteriorate, the side reactions will increase, and a large amount of gas will be generated, which will cause safety hazards.
  • the purpose of the present application is to provide a ternary positive electrode material with few residual lithium compounds on the surface and high mechanical strength, a preparation method thereof, and a lithium ion battery.
  • a ternary positive electrode material includes single crystal particles, the single crystal particles are doped with boron element, and the particle hardness of the ternary positive electrode material is not less than 150MPa.
  • the ternary cathode material is doped with boron. Since boron (B) has a tetrahedral crystal structure, the covalent bond between B-O is higher than that of the transition metal Me-O covalent bond, which can effectively improve the lithium ion
  • the volume change during insertion/extraction can greatly reduce the grain boundary energy, effectively improve the mechanical strength and stability of the single crystal particles of the ternary cathode material, and at the same time, it can effectively reduce the mixing of lithium and nickel in the ternary cathode material, and effectively improve its first coulomb. Efficiency and cycle performance.
  • the chemical formula of the ternary cathode material is Li a Ni x Co y M 1-xy O 2 , wherein M is selected from at least one of Mn and Al, 0.95 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.05, 0.80 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.20.
  • the particle size D50 of the ternary cathode material is 2 ⁇ m-4 ⁇ m.
  • the specific surface area of the ternary cathode material is 0.3 m 2 /g-0.9 m 2 /g.
  • the pH value of the ternary cathode material is greater than or equal to 11.0 and less than or equal to 11.8.
  • the particle hardness of the ternary cathode material is 200MPa-400MPa.
  • the mass percentage content of the boron element is 0.008%-0.3%.
  • the ratio of the total molar amount of Ni element, Co element and M element to the molar amount of Li element in the ternary positive electrode material is 1: (0.95-1.05).
  • the ternary positive electrode material further includes a dopant coating element, and the surface of the single crystal particle has a coating layer.
  • the dopant coating element is distributed in the inner portion of the single crystal particle and the coating layer on the surface thereof.
  • the content of the dopant cladding element inside the single crystal particle is smaller than the content of the dopant cladding element in the cladding layer.
  • the content of the dopant cladding element decreases from the surface layer to the center of the single crystal particle.
  • the content of the dopant coating element gradually decreases from the surface layer to the center of the single crystal particle.
  • the dopant cladding element includes at least one of Zr, Ti, Al, Mg, Sr, W, Mo, and Nb.
  • the cladding layer comprises lithium zirconate, zirconia, lithium titanate, titanium oxide, lithium aluminate, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, strontium oxide, lithium tungstate, tungsten oxide, lithium molybdate, At least one of molybdenum oxide, lithium niobate, and niobium oxide.
  • the mass percentage content of the doping coating element is 0.004%-0.6%.
  • a preparation method of the above-mentioned ternary positive electrode material comprises:
  • the preparation method of the present application can effectively promote the directional growth of the single crystal particles of the ternary cathode material, and the anisotropy of the polycrystalline primary particles formed during the primary sintering is reduced, thereby facilitating the formation of the single crystal during the secondary sintering.
  • the process of mixing the first set of raw materials including the boron-containing solution, the ternary precursor and the first lithium source includes:
  • the mixture is mixed with the first lithium source.
  • the chemical formula of the ternary precursor is Ni x Co y M 1-xy (OH) 2 , wherein M is selected from at least one of Mn and Al, 0.80 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.20.
  • the concentration of the boron-containing solution is 0.05mol/L-0.5mol/L.
  • the solute in the boron-containing solution includes at least one of boric acid, boron trioxide, boron carbide, boron trifluoride, and monofluoroboric acid.
  • the content of boron element in the boron-containing solution is 0.01%-0.3% of the mass of the ternary precursor.
  • the drying further includes evaporating the solvent after mixing the boron-containing solution and the ternary precursor.
  • the temperature of the evaporation is 70°C-100°C.
  • the drying adopts vacuum drying.
  • the drying adopts a vacuum drying method, and the temperature of the vacuum drying is 105°C-115°C.
  • the drying adopts vacuum drying, and the vacuum drying time is 8h-10h.
  • the sintering atmospheres of the first sintering and the second sintering both include an air atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere.
  • the temperature of the first sintering is 450°C-650°C.
  • the time of the first sintering is 2h-10h.
  • the heating rate of the first sintering is 1°C/min-5°C/min.
  • the first lithium source and the second lithium source each include at least one of lithium hydroxide and lithium nitrate.
  • the molar ratio of the sum of the lithium element in the first lithium source and the lithium element in the second lithium source to the total metal element in the ternary precursor is (0.98-1.05): 1.
  • the mass ratio of the first lithium source and the second lithium source is (2-8):(2-8).
  • the temperature of the second sintering is 650°C-850°C.
  • the time of the second sintering is 8h-15h.
  • the heating rate of the second sintering is 1°C/min-5°C/min.
  • the second set of raw materials further includes a dopant capping agent
  • the doping capping agent includes a zirconium source, a titanium source, an aluminum source, a magnesium source, a strontium source, a tungsten source, a molybdenum source, a niobium source source, at least one of a lanthanum source, a barium source, and a calcium source.
  • the dopant capping agent includes a zirconium source and/or a titanium source.
  • the dopant capping agent is nanoscale.
  • the amount of the doping capping agent is 0.05%-0.6% of the mass of the ternary precursor.
  • the zirconium source includes at least one of zirconium hydroxide, zirconium oxide, and zirconium salts.
  • the titanium source includes at least one of titanium hydroxide, titanium oxide, and titanium salts.
  • the aluminum source includes at least one of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide, and aluminum salts.
  • the magnesium source includes at least one of magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, or a magnesium salt.
  • the strontium source includes at least one of strontium hydroxide, strontium oxide, and strontium salts.
  • the molybdenum source includes at least one of molybdenum hydroxide, molybdenum oxide, and molybdenum salts.
  • the tungsten source includes at least one of tungsten oxide and tungsten salt.
  • the niobium source includes at least one of niobium hydroxide, niobium oxide, or a niobium salt.
  • the lanthanum source includes at least one of lanthanum hydroxide, lanthanum oxide, and lanthanum salts.
  • the barium source includes at least one of barium hydroxide, barium oxide, and barium salts.
  • the calcium source includes at least one of calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, or calcium salts.
  • the preparation method further includes: pulverizing the ternary cathode material after the second sintering.
  • a lithium ion battery comprising the above-mentioned ternary positive electrode material or the ternary positive electrode material prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method.
  • the ternary cathode material of the present application includes single crystal particles, and the single crystal particles are doped with boron element. Since boron (B) has a tetrahedral crystal structure, the covalent bond between B-O is higher than that of the transition metal Me-O covalent bond. The valence bond energy is higher, which can effectively improve the volume change during the insertion/extraction of lithium ions, and greatly reduce the grain boundary energy; and the particle hardness of the ternary cathode material is not less than 150MPa, which effectively ensures the ternary cathode material. High mechanical strength and stability, at the same time, it can effectively reduce the mixing of lithium and nickel in the ternary cathode material, and effectively improve its first Coulomb efficiency and cycle performance.
  • the ternary precursor, the boron-containing solution and the first lithium source are sintered for the first time, so that the ternary precursor is doped with boron element, and the polycrystalline primary particles formed during the primary sintering are each
  • the anisotropy is reduced, which is conducive to the formation of single crystals during the secondary sintering process; due to the tetrahedral crystal structure of B, the covalent bond between B-O is higher than that of the transition metal Me-O covalent bond, which can effectively improve the
  • the volume changes during the insertion/extraction of lithium ions, and the grain boundaries that have to be grown and arranged to form a single crystal can be greatly reduced, which effectively improves the mechanical strength and stability of the single crystal particles of the ternary cathode material.
  • Fig. 1 is the preparation flow chart of the ternary positive electrode material of the application
  • Fig. 2 is the SEM topography of the single crystal ternary positive electrode material obtained in Example 1;
  • Fig. 3 is the SEM topography of the single crystal ternary positive electrode material obtained in Example 2;
  • Fig. 4 is the SEM topography of the single crystal ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 1;
  • Figure 5 is the SEM topography of the single crystal ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 2;
  • FIG. 6 is the SEM topography of the single crystal ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 3;
  • Fig. 7 is the SEM topography of the single crystal ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 4.
  • Fig. 8 is the SEM topography of the single crystal ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 5;
  • Fig. 9 is the SEM topography of the single crystal ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 6;
  • Example 10 is a line scan diagram 1 of EDS performed on the cut surface of Example 1;
  • Example 11 is a line scan diagram 2 of EDS performed on the cut surface of Example 1;
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing the line scan result of the cut surface of Example 1.
  • compositions, step, method, article or device comprising the listed elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, step, method, article or device elements.
  • Part by mass refers to the basic unit of measurement that represents the mass ratio relationship of multiple components, and 1 part can represent any unit mass, such as 1 g, 2.689 g, and the like. If we say that the mass part of the A component is a part, and the mass part of the B component is b part, it means the ratio of the mass of the A component to the mass of the B component a:b. Or, the mass of the A component is aK, and the mass of the B component is bK (K is an arbitrary number, representing a multiplier factor). Unmistakably, unlike parts by mass, the sum of parts by mass of all components is not limited to 100 parts by mass.
  • a and/or B includes (A and B) and (A or B).
  • a ternary positive electrode material comprises single crystal particles, the single crystal particles are doped with boron element; the particle hardness of the ternary positive electrode material is not less than 150MPa.
  • the ternary cathode material of the present application includes single crystal particles, and the single crystal particles are doped with boron element. Since boron (B) has a tetrahedral crystal structure, the covalent bond between B-O is higher than that of the transition metal Me-O covalent bond. It can effectively improve the volume change during the insertion/extraction of lithium ions, and greatly reduce the grain boundary energy; and the particle hardness of the ternary cathode material is not less than 150MPa, which ensures the high mechanical strength of the single crystal particles of the ternary cathode material. At the same time, it can effectively reduce the mixing of lithium and nickel in the ternary cathode material, and effectively improve its first Coulomb efficiency and cycle performance.
  • the particle size D50 of the ternary cathode material is 2 ⁇ m-4 ⁇ m; in specific examples, the particle size may be 2 ⁇ m, 2.5 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 3.5 ⁇ m or 4 ⁇ m. If the particle size D50 is too small, the micropowder will increase. On the one hand, it will increase the specific surface area of the material, resulting in an increase in side reactions and increased gas production, which will affect the safety performance. On the other hand, a small particle size will reduce the compaction density and reduce the battery capacity. The diffusion path of lithium ions is increased, which affects the capacity and rate performance of the material.
  • the specific surface area of the ternary cathode material is 0.3 m 2 /g-0.9 m 2 /g.
  • the specific surface area may be 0.3 m 2 /g, 0.4 m 2 /g, 0.5 m 2 /g, 0.6 m 2 /g or 0.9 m 2 /g.
  • the pH value of the above-mentioned ternary cathode material is greater than or equal to 11.0 and less than or equal to 11.8; too low or too high pH value will affect the slurry stability after homogenization of the material, and too low pH value will affect the slurry sedimentation and Viscosity changes and too high pH will lead to gelation during homogenization, both of which will affect processability, so pH needs to be kept within a certain range.
  • the pH value of the ternary positive electrode material is obtained by the following method: Weigh 5.000 ⁇ 0.010 g of the ternary positive electrode material sample, disperse it in 45.000 g ⁇ 0.100 g of deionized water, ultrasonically treat it for 5 minutes, and let it stand for 10 minutes , use a pH meter to test the pH value of the clear liquid, which is the pH value of the ternary positive electrode material.
  • the particle hardness of the above-mentioned ternary positive electrode material is 200MPa-400MPa, and the particle hardness of the ternary positive electrode material can be 200MPa, 220MPa, 250MPa, 280MPa, 300MPa, 350MPa, 380MPa, 400MPa, etc.; Crushing, too high will reduce the toughness. On the one hand, it will affect the processing of subsequent materials, and on the other hand, it will affect the stress release during the material cycle. Once the stress accumulates to the limit, the particles will be directly pulverized.
  • the above-mentioned ternary positive electrode material includes at least one of nickel cobalt lithium manganate and nickel cobalt lithium aluminate, and the chemical formula of the ternary positive electrode material is Li a Ni x Co y M 1-xy O 2 , wherein , M is selected from at least one of Mn and Al, 0.95 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.05, 0.80 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.20.
  • the single crystal particles include at least one of nickel cobalt lithium manganate and nickel cobalt aluminate
  • the chemical formula of the single crystal particles is Li a Ni x Co y M 1-xy O 2 , wherein M is selected from Mn and At least one of Al, 0.95 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.05, 0.80 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.20.
  • the mass percentage content of boron element is 0.008%-0.3%. And the above-mentioned boron element is uniformly distributed in the single crystal particles.
  • the ratio of the total molar amount of Ni element, Co element and M element to the molar amount of Li element in the above-mentioned ternary positive electrode material is 1: (0.95-1.05).
  • the above-mentioned ternary positive electrode material further includes a doping coating element, and the surface of the single crystal particle has a coating layer.
  • the dopant cladding elements are distributed in the interior of the single crystal particles and in the cladding layer on the surface thereof. Doping the cladding element is beneficial to stabilize the single crystal phase structure and the stability of the surface structure.
  • the content of the dopant cladding element inside the single crystal grain is less than the content of the dopant cladding element in the cladding layer. Fewer doped coating elements inside the single crystal particles will not have a negative impact on the performance of the capacity, and more doped coating elements in the coating layer can produce a more complete and uniform coating effect on the surface, and more It is good to avoid the corrosion of the material by the electrolyte.
  • the content of the dopant cladding element decreases from the surface layer to the center of the single crystal particle. This change in the content of doping and coating elements can effectively alleviate the stress accumulation caused by lithium ion deintercalation and improve the stability of the cycling process.
  • the content of the dopant coating element gradually decreases from the surface layer to the center of the single crystal particle; the dopant coating element is rich in the surface layer of the single crystal particle (a region with a thickness of 10-30 nm from the surface of the single crystal particle)
  • the content gradually decreases from the surface layer to the center of the single crystal particles, forming a gradient doping coating structure; this gradient doping coating structure can effectively protect the ternary cathode material from the corrosion of the electrolyte, while reducing the lithium
  • the resistance of ion deintercalation further improves the stability of the ternary cathode material.
  • the uniform distribution of B element helps to stabilize the structural change of the material during the charging and discharging process, ensure the consistency of the internal structure, and suppress the internal stress caused by the uneven change of the structure;
  • the migration of the surface to the bulk phase acts like a transition bridge and reduces the resistance of lithium ion migration. When the two are satisfied at the same time, the cycle performance can be improved while the rate performance can be effectively improved.
  • dopant cladding elements include, but are not limited to, Zr (zirconium), Ti (titanium), Al (aluminum), Mg (magnesium), Sr (strontium), W (tungsten), Mo (molybdenum), and At least one of Nb (niobium); the coating layer includes lithium zirconate, zirconium oxide, lithium titanate, titanium oxide, lithium aluminate, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, strontium oxide, lithium tungstate, tungsten oxide, molybdic acid At least one of lithium, molybdenum oxide, lithium niobate, and niobium oxide.
  • the above-mentioned doping and coating elements are Zr and/or Ti, which can better form a gradient doping coating structure from the interior of the ternary positive electrode material near the surface to the surface, and more effectively protect the ternary positive electrode material from avoiding Corroded by electrolyte.
  • the mass percentage content of the doping coating element is 0.004%-0.6%, and the mass percentage content of the doping coating element may be 0.004% , 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6%, etc., which can better protect the ternary cathode material from electrolyte corrosion and reduce lithium ion deintercalation. resistance, improve the stability of the ternary cathode material, and will not affect the structure and electrochemical performance of the ternary cathode material.
  • the mass percentage of doping and coating elements is 0.004% to 0.6%, on the one hand, it can effectively inhibit the erosion of the electrolyte on the ternary cathode material and improve the surface stability; on the other hand, it can reduce the lithium
  • the de-intercalation resistance on the surface of the ionic material reduces the impedance and improves the electrochemical performance of the ternary cathode material.
  • FIG. 1 Another embodiment of a preparation method of the above-mentioned ternary positive electrode material, as shown in FIG. 1 , is a flow chart of the preparation of the ternary positive electrode material, and the preparation method includes:
  • step S100 is specifically performed as follows: mixing the boron-containing solution with the ternary precursor and drying it, then mixing the dried mixture with the first lithium source, and performing first sintering to obtain a pre-sintered material .
  • the concentration of the boron-containing solution is 0.05mol/L-0.5mol/L.
  • the solvent in the mixed solution of the boron-containing solution and the ternary precursor can be evaporated to become a paste, and the subsequent drying time can be shortened; preferably, the evaporation is stirred and evaporated in a vacuum environment, and the evaporation temperature is 70 °C- 100 °C, can avoid the mixing of impurities.
  • the above drying method is preferably vacuum drying, optionally, the vacuum drying temperature is 105°C-115°C, and the time is 8h-10h.
  • the solute in the boron-containing solution includes, but is not limited to, at least one of boric acid, boron oxide, boron carbide, boron trifluoride, and monofluoroboric acid.
  • the content of boron element in the boron-containing solution is 0.01%-0.3% of the mass of the ternary precursor, which can better promote the directional arrangement and growth of the primary particles of the ternary precursor and reduce the anisotropy of the crystal grains , more effectively improve the mechanical strength and stability of the single crystal particles of the ternary cathode material. It should be noted that if the content of boron is too low (less than 0.01%), the purpose of promoting the directional growth of the primary particles of the precursor cannot be achieved, and single crystal particles cannot be formed during secondary sintering; the content of boron is too high (high When the content of boron is too high, the electrochemical performance of the material will decrease.
  • the ternary precursor includes at least one of nickel cobalt manganese hydroxide and nickel cobalt aluminum hydroxide; the chemical formula of the ternary precursor is Ni x Co y M 1-xy (OH) 2 , Wherein, M is selected from at least one of Mn and Al, 0.80 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.20, which can be used for synthesizing single crystal high nickel ternary positive electrode material.
  • the first sintering is performed in an air atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere, preferably in an oxygen atmosphere, to ensure sufficient oxygen content to accelerate the reaction of the boron-containing solution, the ternary precursor and the first lithium source.
  • the first sintering process includes: raising the temperature to 450°C-650°C for 2h-10h at a heating rate of 1°C/min-5°C/min, so as to make the reaction faster and more complete; If the sintering temperature is lower than 450°C, the primary particles of the ternary precursor cannot be directionally grown, resulting in the failure to form single crystals in the second sintering; if the first sintering temperature is higher than 650°C, the primary particles will grow excessively and the material structure will occur transformation, resulting in poor performance of the final ternary cathode material.
  • the second sintering is performed in an air atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere, preferably in an oxygen atmosphere.
  • the second sintering process includes: raising the temperature to 650°C-850°C for 8h-15h at a heating rate of 1°C/min-5°C/min to make the reaction more sufficient; If the temperature is lower than 650°C, a single crystal cannot be formed. If the temperature is higher than 850°C, the mixing of lithium and nickel will be accelerated, and the electrochemical performance will be deteriorated due to structural changes.
  • the first lithium source and the second lithium source both include lithium hydroxide; the sum of the lithium element in the first lithium source and the lithium element in the second lithium source (ie total lithium element) and the ternary precursor
  • the molar ratio of the total metal elements in the body is (0.98-1.05): 1; the mass ratio of the first lithium source and the second lithium source is (2-8): (2-8), ensuring sufficient lithium and making the lithium content Not excessive. It should be noted that if the amount of the first lithium source is too low, the growth of the primary particles of the ternary precursor cannot be promoted, and if the amount of the first lithium source is too high, the amount of the second lithium source will be too low during the second sintering. The growth of primary particles after calcination to form single crystals cannot be promoted.
  • total metal elements in the ternary precursor refers to: the sum of the metal elements in the ternary precursor; for example, the ternary precursor is nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide, and the total metal elements refer to nickel, cobalt and manganese. The sum of elements.
  • the above-mentioned ternary precursor, boron-containing solution and the first lithium source are sintered for the first time, so that the ternary precursor is doped with boron element. Since B has a tetrahedral crystal structure, the relationship between B-O Covalent bonds have higher energy than transition metal Me-O covalent bonds, and can effectively improve the volume change during insertion/extraction of lithium ions.
  • the boundary energy is greatly reduced, which can effectively improve the mechanical strength and stability of the single crystal particles of the ternary cathode material, and at the same time, it can effectively reduce the mixing of lithium and nickel in the ternary cathode material, and effectively improve its first Coulomb efficiency and cycle performance; at the same time, the second time In the sintering process, there is a second lithium source as a sintering aid, so there is no need to add additional sintering aid, which can effectively improve the specific capacity of the ternary cathode material; and the batches of lithium sources in the preparation method of the present application will not Excessive lithium source is generated, so as to effectively avoid excessive residual lithium compounds on the surface of the ternary positive electrode material due to excessive lithium source, without washing, coating or other post-treatment.
  • the second set of feedstocks further includes a dopant capping agent including, but not limited to, a zirconium source, a titanium source, an aluminum source, a magnesium source, a strontium source, a tungsten source, a molybdenum source, and a niobium source at least one of the sources.
  • a dopant capping agent including, but not limited to, a zirconium source, a titanium source, an aluminum source, a magnesium source, a strontium source, a tungsten source, a molybdenum source, and a niobium source at least one of the sources.
  • the above-mentioned zirconium source includes at least one of zirconium hydroxide, zirconium oxide and zirconium salt (including but not limited to zirconium nitrate, zirconium chloride, zirconium fluoride, zirconium dihydrogen phosphate);
  • the titanium source includes titanium hydroxide, titanium oxide and At least one of titanium salts (including but not limited to titanium tetrachloride, titanium dichloride, titanium tetrafluoride);
  • aluminum sources include aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide and aluminum salts (including but not limited to aluminum nitrate, fluoride At least one of aluminum, aluminum dihydrogen phosphate, aluminum metaphosphate);
  • the magnesium source includes at least one of magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide and magnesium salts (including but not limited to magnesium chloride, magnesium fluoride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium phosphate)
  • strontium source includes at least one of strontium hydroxide, strontium oxide and strontium salt (including but
  • the above-mentioned doping coating agent is nano-scale.
  • the dopant capping agent described above includes a zirconium source and/or a titanium source.
  • the dosage of the doping coating agent is 0.05%-0.6% of the mass of the ternary precursor.
  • the second lithium source By adding the dopant coating agent in the second sintering process, because the single crystal primary particles have been pre-lithiated and oriented in the first sintering process, the second lithium source will take precedence over the dopant coating agent.
  • the material diffuses inside, so the doping coating agent will form doping in the ternary positive electrode material particles near the surface and form a coating on the surface, forming a gradient doping coating structure, which protects the ternary positive electrode.
  • the material is not corroded by the electrolyte, but also reduces the resistance of lithium ion deintercalation and improves the stability of the material; and the new interface generated after the particle is broken also has a coating layer, which further improves the cycle stability of the ternary cathode material. .
  • the above preparation method further includes: pulverizing the ternary cathode material obtained by the second sintering; at least one of mechanical crushing and airflow crushing can be used for pulverization;
  • the diameter D50 is 2 ⁇ m-4 ⁇ m.
  • a lithium ion battery includes the above-mentioned ternary positive electrode material or the ternary positive electrode material prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method.
  • the ternary positive electrode material prepared in this example includes single crystal particles, the single crystal particles are doped with boron element, the surface of the single crystal particles has a coating layer, and the zirconium element is distributed in the interior of the single crystal particles and the coating on the surface In the layer, the content of the zirconium element in the single crystal grain is smaller than that in the cladding layer.
  • the difference between the present embodiment 2 and the embodiment 1 is: the nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide precursor Ni 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 (OH) 2 is replaced with Ni 0.88 Co 0.10 Mn 0.02 (OH) 2 , and in step (3) : the temperature was raised to 820°C and replaced with a temperature of 790°C; otherwise, the temperature was the same as in Example 1; the LiNi 0.88 Co 0.10 Mn 0.02 O 2 ternary positive electrode material was obtained.
  • the difference between the present embodiment 3 and the embodiment 1 is: the nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide precursor Ni 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 (OH) 2 is replaced with Ni 0.92 Co 0.05 Mn 0.03 (OH) 2 , and in step (3) : the temperature was raised to 760°C and replaced with the temperature of 790°C; otherwise, the temperature was the same as in Example 1; the LiNi 0.92 Co 0.05 Mn 0.03 O 2 ternary positive electrode material was obtained.
  • step (1) the mass ratio of M1 and M2 is 4:6 and replaced by 6:4: the others are the same as in embodiment 1; LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 is obtained Ternary cathode material.
  • step (1) the content of boron element in the boric acid is 0.05% of the nickel cobalt manganese hydroxide precursor Ni 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 (OH) 2 is replaced by 0.15% %; others are the same as in Example 1; LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 ternary positive electrode material was obtained.
  • Example 8 The difference between Example 8 and Example 1 is that: lithium hydroxide is replaced with lithium nitrate; otherwise, it is the same as Example 1; LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 ternary positive electrode material is obtained.
  • the difference between the present embodiment 9 and the embodiment 1 is that the content of boron element in the boric acid is 0.02% of the nickel cobalt manganese hydroxide precursor Ni 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 (OH) 2 , and the amount of nano-zirconia is the ternary precursor. 0.1% of the mass of 0.1%; others are the same as in Example 1; LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 ternary positive electrode material is obtained.
  • Example 10 The difference between Example 10 and Example 1 is that boric acid is replaced with boron oxide, zirconium oxide is replaced with zirconium hydroxide, and the content of zirconium hydroxide is 0.038% of the mass of the ternary precursor;
  • the ternary positive electrode material prepared in this example includes single crystal particles, and the single crystal particles are doped with boron element.
  • Example 12 The difference between Example 12 and Example 1 is that the nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide precursor Ni 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 (OH) 2 is replaced by the nickel-cobalt aluminum hydroxide precursor Ni 0.88 Co 0.09 Al 0.03 (OH) 2.
  • step (3) the temperature was raised to 820° C. instead of the temperature of 830° C.; the others were the same as in Example 1; the LiNi 0.88 Co 0.09 Al 0.03 O 2 ternary positive electrode material was obtained.
  • Example 13 The difference between Example 13 and Example 1 is that the nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide precursor Ni 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 (OH) 2 is replaced by the nickel-cobalt aluminum hydroxide precursor Ni 0.92 Co 0.06 Al 0.02 (OH) 2.
  • step (3) the temperature is increased to 820° C. instead of the temperature of 800° C.; the other is the same as in Example 1; the LiNi 0.92 Co 0.06 Al 0.02 O 2 ternary positive electrode material is obtained.
  • the temperature was raised to 820°C for 10h at a heating rate of 1.5°C/min in the atmosphere; then the sintered product was subjected to mechanical crushing and airflow pulverization to obtain LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 ternary cathode material.
  • Example 1 The difference between this comparative example 5 and Example 1 is that lithium hydroxide is replaced with lithium carbonate; the others are the same as in Example 1; LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 ternary positive electrode material is obtained.
  • Example 1 The difference between this comparative example 6 and Example 1 is: the boric acid is replaced with ammonium metatungstate; the others are the same as in Example 1; LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 ternary positive electrode material is obtained.
  • Example 7 The difference between this comparative example 7 and Example 1 is that: the boric acid is replaced with tantalum pentachloride; the others are the same as in Example 1; LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 ternary positive electrode material is obtained.
  • the morphology and particle size of the ternary cathode material were observed with a Hitachi S4800 scanning electron microscope, and the distribution and content of dopant coating elements in the ternary material were characterized by EDS.
  • Figure 2 shows the SEM topography of the ternary cathode material obtained in Example 1;
  • Figure 3 shows the SEM topography of the ternary cathode material obtained in Example 2;
  • Figure 4 shows the results obtained in Comparative Example 1
  • Figure 5 shows the SEM morphology of the ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 2
  • Figure 6 shows the SEM morphology of the single crystal ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 3.
  • Figure 7 shows the SEM morphology of the single crystal ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 4;
  • Figure 8 shows the SEM morphology of the single crystal ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 5;
  • Figure 9 shows the SEM morphology. Shown as the SEM topography of the single crystal ternary positive electrode material obtained in Comparative Example 6,
  • Figures 10 and 11 are the line scan diagrams of the cut surface of Example 1 performing EDS, and
  • Figure 12 is the line scan result of the cut surface of Example 1
  • the SEM morphology of the ternary positive electrode material obtained in Examples 3-12 of the present application is basically the same as the SEM morphology of the ternary positive electrode material obtained in Example 1; the SEM morphology of the ternary positive electrode material obtained in Comparative Example 7 The morphology is basically the same as the SEM morphology of the ternary cathode material obtained in Comparative Example 6.
  • the pH of the ternary cathode material was measured by a METTLER FE28 pH meter, and the test method was carried out according to the method described above.
  • the dynamic hardness of the ternary cathode material was tested by Shimadzu dynamic ultra-micro hardness tester DUH-211S; the specific method is as follows: take 0.2g of the ternary cathode material and disperse it on the sample plate, adjust the particles to In the center of the field of view, test the horizontal and vertical lengths of the particles to obtain the particle size, then move the sample stage to align with the indenter, set parameters such as compression ratio, test force, speed coefficient, etc., start the test, and delete the test results after the test is completed The outliers in the material are compared using a box plot to compare the hardness of the material particles, and the hardness value of the material is obtained after processing.
  • the compression ratio refers to the state when the particles are compressed to a certain proportion of the particle size, and the compression ratio mainly affects the relative hardness of the particles (that is, the hardness suffered by the particles when they are compressed to a certain compression ratio; the particles near the single crystal D50 (Dia.
  • the compression ratio between 3 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m) is set to 20%.
  • Test force During the test, the force gradually increases at a certain speed. When the set test force is too small, the particles have not reached the breaking point, and the test has ended. Therefore, the test force should be appropriately large to ensure that the particles can be broken. point. The size of the test force also affects the test speed to a certain extent. If the test speed is too slow, the test efficiency is low; if the test speed is too fast, it is difficult for the instrument to sense the rupture point. Therefore, combining two points, the test force is optimized by controlling the compression ratio and speed coefficient.
  • Speed coefficient The value range of the speed coefficient is 1-100. When the test force is constant, the speed coefficient and the speed have a linear relationship; the test speed affects the test efficiency and the difficulty of the instrument inducing the rupture point. Especially for irregular single crystals, the speed coefficient should be appropriately increased to slow down the test speed and reduce the occurrence of external force displacement due to irregularities, so that the instrument can better sense the rupture point; The speed factor is optimized by controlling to optimize the compression ratio and test force.
  • Agilent 5110 was used to test the content of doping and coating elements in the ternary material.
  • the test method was as follows: Weigh 0.3-0.35g of the ternary material powder, add 8mL of aqua regia, heat it for 30min to digest, and set the volume to 100mL. 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 mg/L standard curve for calibration.
  • the electrochemical performance was tested by the following method: the ternary positive electrode material was used as the positive electrode active material, the metal lithium sheet was used as the negative electrode electrode, the diaphragm was Celgard2400, and the electrolyte was a LiPF6 solution with a concentration of 1M (the solvent was carbonic acid with a volume ratio of 1:1). A mixture of ethyl methyl ester and dimethyl carbonate), assembled into a CR2016 button battery.
  • the preparation process of the positive electrode sheet includes: the positive electrode active material, the conductive agent acetylene black and the binder PVDF are mixed in a mass percentage of 93:5:2 with N-methylpyrrolidone as a solvent to make a slurry and then coated on aluminum foil.
  • the positive pole pieces were prepared after vacuum drying; on the LAND battery test system of Wuhan Jinnuo Electronics Co., Ltd., the charging and discharging were carried out under the voltage window of 3.0V-4.3V at 0.1C/0.1C and 0.5C/1C rate. Test, obtain the first discharge specific capacity, and conduct 100 cycle tests at 0.5C/1C.
  • the ternary cathode materials obtained in the examples of this application all have good morphology, the particles are uniformly dispersed without agglomeration and relatively round, and the particle size is 2 ⁇ m-4 ⁇ m, and the products with this morphology are single crystal ternary cathode materials. , not only has high mechanical strength, but also has excellent electrochemical performance (high first coulomb efficiency and discharge specific capacity and good cycle stability), and the dopant coating elements inside the particles are distributed in a gradient from the surface layer to the center.
  • the ternary cathode material of Comparative Example 3 was not doped with boron in the preparation process, and the lithium source was added at one time without the first sintering.
  • the particles agglomerate to form a polycrystalline structure of secondary particles, which have worse electrochemical performance and mechanical strength.
  • Lithium carbonate is used to replace the lithium hydroxide in Example 1 in the preparation process of the ternary positive electrode material of Comparative Example 5, because the melting point of lithium carbonate is higher than that of lithium hydroxide, and the reactivity is lower than that of lithium hydroxide, which is not conducive to the formation of single Crystal morphology products, and the carbon dioxide generated by the decomposition of lithium carbonate will increase the amount of by-products on the surface of the ternary positive electrode material, which makes the electrochemical performance and mechanical strength of the resulting ternary positive electrode material poor.

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Abstract

本申请提供一种三元正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池;该所述三元正极材料包括单晶颗粒,所述单晶颗粒内掺杂有硼元素,所述三元正极材料的颗粒的硬度不低于150MPa。本申请的三元正极材料中由于掺杂有硼元素,由于硼(B)具有四面体晶体结构,B-O之间的共价键比过渡金属Me-O共价键键能更高,可以有效改善锂离子的嵌入/脱出时的体积变化,大幅降低晶界能,有效提升三元正极材料单晶颗粒的机械强度及稳定性,同时可以有效减少三元正极材料中的锂镍混排,有效提升其首次库伦效率及循环性能。

Description

三元正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池
本申请要求于2021年03月23日提交中国专利局,申请号为202110310040.6,申请名称为“三元正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池”的中国专利申请的优先权,其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电池材料领域,尤其涉及一种三元正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池。
背景技术
三元正极材料由于其高能量密度、长循环寿命等优点已经被广泛应用在动力电池领域,为了满足电动汽车续航里程逐渐增加的需求,通过不断提高三元材料中的镍含量来获得更高的能量密度和更低的成本。目前高镍三元正极材料主要是二次球形颗粒多晶结构,由于其机械强度差导致极片辊压过程中颗粒会发生破裂,而且在循环过程中由于应力释放导致团聚颗粒沿晶界处破裂,二者共同作用会引起循环性能变差,副反应增多、产生大量气体进而造成安全隐患。由于三元材料中镍含量增加以及烧结过程为补充挥发的锂而加入过量锂盐,会造成严重的锂镍混排和材料表面残游离锂偏高。材料中的严重的锂镍混排会导致材料的电化学性能变差,材料表面的游离锂会与空气中的H 2O和CO 2进一步反应生成LiOH和Li 2CO 3等物质(即残锂化合物),这些物质会在匀浆过程中造成浆料凝胶化,并在电池循环过程中与电解液发生副反应,从而导致电化学性能恶化,限制了高镍三元正极材料的发展应用。
申请内容
有鉴于此,本申请的目的在于提供一种表面残锂化合物少及机械强度高的三元正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池。
为实现以上目的,本申请提供技术方案如下:
一种三元正极材料,包括单晶颗粒,所述单晶颗粒内掺杂有硼元素,所述三元正极材料的颗粒硬度不低于150MPa。
该三元正极材料中掺杂有硼元素,由于硼(B)具有四面体晶体结构,B-O之间的共价键比过渡金属Me-O共价键键能更高,可以有效改善锂离子的嵌入/脱出时的体积变化,大幅降低晶界能,有效提升三元正极材料单晶颗粒的机械强度及稳定性, 同时可以有效减少三元正极材料中的锂镍混排,有效提升其首次库伦效率及循环性能。
在一些实施方式中,所述三元正极材料的化学式为Li aNi xCo yM 1-x-yO 2,其中,M选自Mn和Al中的至少一种,0.95≤a≤1.05,0.80≤x<1,0<y<0.20。
在一些实施方式中,所述三元正极材料的粒径D50为2μm-4μm。
在一些实施方式中,所述三元正极材料的比表面积为0.3m 2/g-0.9m 2/g。
在一些实施方式中,所述三元正极材料的pH值大于等于11.0且小于等于11.8。
在一些实施方式中,所述三元正极材料的颗粒硬度为200MPa-400MPa。
在一些实施方式中,以所述三元正极材料的质量为100%计,所述硼元素的质量百分含量为0.008%-0.3%。
在一些实施方式中,所述三元正极材料中Ni元素、Co元素及M元素的总摩尔量与Li元素的摩尔量的比值为1:(0.95-1.05)。
在一些实施方式中,所述三元正极材料中还包括掺杂包覆元素,所述单晶颗粒的表面具有包覆层。
在一些实施方式中,所述掺杂包覆元素分布于所述单晶颗粒的内部及其表面的包覆层内。
在一些实施方式中,所述掺杂包覆元素在所述单晶颗粒内部的含量小于所述掺杂包覆元素在所述包覆层内的含量。
在一些实施方式中,所述掺杂包覆元素由所述单晶颗粒的表层至中心的含量减少。
在一些实施方式中,所述掺杂包覆元素由所述单晶颗粒的表层至中心的含量逐渐递减。
在一些实施方式中,所述掺杂包覆元素包括Zr、Ti、Al、Mg、Sr、W、Mo和Nb中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述包覆层包括锆酸锂、氧化锆、钛酸锂、氧化钛、铝酸锂、氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化锶、钨酸锂、氧化钨、钼酸锂、氧化钼、铌酸锂和氧化铌中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,以所述三元正极材料的质量为100%计,所述掺杂包覆元素的质量百分含量为0.004%-0.6%。
一种上述的三元正极材料的制备方法,所述制备方法包括:
将包括含硼溶液、三元前驱体及第一锂源的第一组原料混合,进行第一次烧结,得到预烧料;
将包括所述预烧料和第二锂源的第二组原料混合,进行第二次烧结,得到所述三元正极材料。
本申请的制备方法可有效促进三元正极材料单晶颗粒的定向生长,一次烧结时形成的多晶一次粒子各向异性减少,进而有利于二次烧结过程中单晶的形成。
在一些实施方式中,所述将包括含硼溶液、三元前驱体及第一锂源在内的第一组原料混合的过程包括:
将所述含硼溶液与所述三元前驱体混合,干燥,得到混合物;
将所述混合物与所述第一锂源混合。
在一些实施方式中,所述三元前驱体的化学式为Ni xCo yM 1-x-y(OH) 2,其中,M选自Mn和Al中的至少一种,0.80≤x<1,0<y<0.20。
在一些实施方式中,所述含硼溶液的浓度为0.05mol/L-0.5mol/L。
在一些实施方式中,所述含硼溶液中的溶质包括硼酸、三氧化硼、碳化硼、三氟化硼和一氟硼酸中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述含硼溶液中硼元素的含量为所述三元前驱体的质量的0.01%-0.3%。
在一些实施方式中,所述干燥前还包括先将所述含硼溶液与所述三元前驱体混合后的溶剂蒸发。
在一些实施方式中,所述蒸发的温度为70℃-100℃。
在一些实施方式中,所述干燥采用真空干燥方式。
在一些实施方式中,所述干燥采用真空干燥方式,所述真空干燥的温度为105℃-115℃。
在一些实施方式中,所述干燥采用真空干燥方式,所述真空干燥的时间为8h-10h。
在一些实施方式中,所述第一次烧结和所述第二次烧结的烧结气氛均包括空气气氛或氧气气氛。
在一些实施方式中,所述第一次烧结的温度为450℃-650℃。
在一些实施方式中,所述第一次烧结的时间为2h-10h。
在一些实施方式中,所述第一次烧结的升温速率为1℃/min-5℃/min。
在一些实施方式中,所述第一锂源和所述第二锂源均包括氢氧化锂和硝酸锂中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述第一锂源中的锂元素和所述第二锂源中的锂元素之和与所述三元前驱体中总金属元素的摩尔比为(0.98-1.05):1。
在一些实施方式中,所述第一锂源和所述第二锂源的质量比为(2-8):(2-8)。
在一些实施方式中,所述第二次烧结的温度为650℃-850℃。
在一些实施方式中,所述第二次烧结的时间为8h-15h。
在一些实施方式中,所述第二次烧结的升温速率为1℃/min-5℃/min。
在一些实施方式中,所述第二组原料还包括掺杂包覆剂,所述掺杂包覆剂包括锆源、钛源、铝源、镁源、锶源、钨源、钼源、铌源、镧源、钡源和钙源中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述掺杂包覆剂包括锆源和/或钛源。
在一些实施方式中,所述掺杂包覆剂为纳米级。
在一些实施方式中,所述掺杂包覆剂的用量为所述三元前驱体的质量的0.05%- 0.6%。
在一些实施方式中,所述锆源包括氢氧化锆、氧化锆和锆盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述钛源包括氢氧化钛、氧化钛和钛盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述铝源包括氢氧化铝、氧化铝和铝盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述镁源包括氢氧化镁、氧化镁或镁盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述锶源包括氢氧化锶、氧化锶和锶盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述钼源包括氢氧化钼、氧化钼和钼盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述钨源包括氧化钨和钨盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述铌源包括氢氧化铌、氧化铌或铌盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述镧源包括氢氧化镧、氧化镧和镧盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述钡源包括氢氧化钡、氧化钡和钡盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述钙源包括氢氧化钙、氧化钙或钙盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,所述制备方法还包括:对经所述第二次烧结后的三元正极材料进行粉碎。
一种锂离子电池,包含上述的三元正极材料或上述制备方法制备得到的三元正极材料。
本申请的有益效果:
(1)本申请的三元正极材料包括单晶颗粒,单晶颗粒中掺杂有硼元素,由于硼(B)具有四面体晶体结构,B-O之间的共价键比过渡金属Me-O共价键键能更高,可以有效改善锂离子的嵌入/脱出时的体积变化,大幅降低晶界能;且三元正极材料的颗粒硬度不低于150MPa,有效保证三元正极材料单晶颗粒的高机械强度及稳定性,同时可以有效减少三元正极材料中的锂镍混排,有效提升其首次库伦效率及循环性能。
(2)本申请的制备方法通过将三元前驱体、含硼溶液和第一锂源进行第一次烧结,使得三元前驱体中掺杂硼元素,一次烧结时形成的多晶一次粒子各向异性减少,进而有利于二次烧结过程中单晶的形成;由于B具有四面体晶体结构,B-O之间的共价键比过渡金属Me-O共价键键能更高,又可以有效改善锂离子的嵌入/脱出时的体积变化,而已经定向生长排列的晶粒在形成单晶时所需要克服的晶界能大幅降低,有效提升三元正极材料单晶颗粒的机械强度及稳定性,同时可以有效减少三元正极材料中的锂镍混排,有效提升其首次库伦效率及循环性能;同时第二次烧结过程中又有第二锂源作为烧结助剂,因此不需再加入额外的烧结助剂,可有效提升三元正极材料的比容量;而且本申请制备方法中锂源的分批,不会产生锂源过量,从而有效避免因锂源过量而导致三元正极材料表面产生过多残锂化合物,无需进行水洗、包覆或其他后处理。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案,下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,应当理解,以下附图仅示出了本申请的某些实施例,因此不应被看作是对本申请范围的限定。
图1为本申请三元正极材料的制备流程图;
图2为实施例1得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;
图3为实施例2得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;
图4为对比例1得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;
图5为对比例2得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;
图6为对比例3得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;
图7为对比例4得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;
图8为对比例5得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;
图9为对比例6得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;
图10为实施例1的切面进行EDS的线扫描图一;
图11为实施例1的切面进行EDS的线扫描图二;
图12为实施例1的切面的线扫描结果图。
具体实施方式
如本文所用之术语:
“由……制备”与“包含”同义。本文中所用的术语“包含”、“包括”、“具有”、“含有”或其任何其它变形,意在覆盖非排它性的包括。例如,包含所列要素的组合物、步骤、方法、制品或装置不必仅限于那些要素,而是可以包括未明确列出的其它要素或此种组合物、步骤、方法、制品或装置所固有的要素。
连接词“由……组成”排除任何未指出的要素、步骤或组分。如果用于权利要求中,此短语将使权利要求为封闭式,使其不包含除那些描述的材料以外的材料,但与其相关的常规杂质除外。当短语“由……组成”出现在权利要求主体的子句中而不是紧接在主题之后时,其仅限定在该子句中描述的要素;其它要素并不被排除在作为整体的所述权利要求之外。
当量、浓度、或者其它值或参数以范围、优选范围、或一系列上限优选值和下限优选值限定的范围表示时,这应当被理解为具体公开了由任何范围上限或优选值与任何范围下限或优选值的任一配对所形成的所有范围,而不论该范围是否单独公开了。例如,当公开了范围“1~5”时,所描述的范围应被解释为包括范围“1~4”、“1~3”、“1~2”、“1~2和4~5”、“1~3和5”等。当数值范围在本文中被描述时,除非另外说明,否则该范围意图包括其端值和在该范围内的所有整数和分数。
在这些实施例中,除非另有指明,所述的份和百分比均按质量计。
“质量份”指表示多个组分的质量比例关系的基本计量单位,1份可表示任意的单 位质量,如可以表示为1g,也可表示2.689g等。假如我们说A组分的质量份为a份,B组分的质量份为b份,则表示A组分的质量和B组分的质量之比a:b。或者,表示A组分的质量为aK,B组分的质量为bK(K为任意数,表示倍数因子)。不可误解的是,与质量份数不同的是,所有组分的质量份之和并不受限于100份之限制。
“和/或”用于表示所说明的情况的一者或两者均可能发生,例如,A和/或B包括(A和B)和(A或B)。
一种三元正极材料,该三元正极材料包括单晶颗粒,单晶颗粒内掺杂有硼元素;三元正极材料的颗粒硬度不低于150MPa。
本申请的三元正极材料包括单晶颗粒,单晶颗粒内掺杂有硼元素,由于硼(B)具有四面体晶体结构,B-O之间的共价键比过渡金属Me-O共价键键能更高,可以有效改善锂离子的嵌入/脱出时的体积变化,大幅降低晶界能;且三元正极材料的颗粒硬度不低于150MPa,保证三元正极材料单晶颗粒的高机械强度及稳定性,同时可以有效减少三元正极材料中的锂镍混排,有效提升其首次库伦效率及循环性能。
在一些实施方式中,三元正极材料的粒径D50为2μm-4μm;具体的示例中,粒径可以为2μm、2.5μm、3μm、3.5μm或4μm。粒度D50过小会使微粉增多,一方面会使材料比表面积增加,导致副反应增多、产气增加影响安全性能,另一方面粒度小会导致压实密度降低,降低电池容量;而粒度过大会使锂离子的扩散路径增加,影响材料的容量和倍率性能。
在一些实施方式中,三元正极材料的比表面积为0.3m 2/g-0.9m 2/g。具体的示例中,比表面积可以为0.3m 2/g、0.4m 2/g、0.5m 2/g、0.6m 2/g或0.9m 2/g。
在一些实施方式中,上述三元正极材料的pH值大于等于11.0且小于等于11.8;pH值过低或过高都会影响材料匀浆后浆料稳定性,pH值过低会影响浆料沉降及粘度变化,pH值过高会导致匀浆过程的凝胶化,二者都会影响加工性能,所以pH需要保持在一定的范围。需要说明的是,该三元正极材料的pH值通过如下方法得到:称取5.000±0.010g三元正极材料样品,将其分散于45.000g±0.100g去离子水中,超声处理5min后静置10min,使用pH计测试清液的pH值,即为该三元正极材料的pH值。
在一些实施方式中,上述三元正极材料的颗粒硬度为200MPa-400MPa,三元正极材料的颗粒硬度可以是200MPa、220MPa、250MPa、280MPa、300MPa、350MPa、380MPa和400MPa等;硬度太低颗粒容易压碎,太高会使韧性降低,一方面影响后续材料的加工,另一方面会影响材料循环过程中的应力释放,一旦应力积累到极限颗粒就会直接粉化。
在一些实施方式中,上述三元正极材料包括镍钴锰酸锂和镍钴铝酸锂中的至少一种,三元正极材料的化学式为Li aNi xCo yM 1-x-yO 2,其中,M选自Mn和Al至少一种,0.95≤a≤1.05,0.80≤x<1,0<y<0.20。可以理解,单晶颗粒包括镍钴锰酸锂和镍钴铝酸锂中的至少一种,单晶颗粒的化学式为Li aNi xCo yM 1-x-yO 2,其中,M选自Mn 和Al至少一种,0.95≤a≤1.05,0.80≤x<1,0<y<0.20。
进一步地,以上述三元正极材料的质量为100%计,硼元素的质量百分含量为0.008%-0.3%。且上述硼元素在单晶颗粒内均匀分布。
进一步地,上述三元正极材料中Ni元素、Co元素及M元素的总摩尔量与Li元素的摩尔量的比值为1:(0.95-1.05)。
在一些实施方式中,上述三元正极材料中还包括掺杂包覆元素,单晶颗粒的表面具有包覆层。
在一些实施方式中,掺杂包覆元素分布于单晶颗粒的内部及其表面的包覆层内。掺杂包覆元素有利于稳定单晶体相结构和表面结构的稳定性。
在一些实施方式中,掺杂包覆元素在单晶颗粒内部的含量小于掺杂包覆元素在包覆层内的含量。较少的掺杂包覆元素在单晶颗粒内部不会对容量的发挥产生负面影响,较多的掺杂包覆元素在包覆层内可以在表面产生更完整、均一的包覆效果,更好的避免材料受电解液的侵蚀。
在一些实施方式中,掺杂包覆元素自单晶颗粒的表层至中心的含量减少。这种掺杂包覆元素的含量变化能有效缓解锂离子脱嵌造成的应力积累,提升了循环过程的稳定性。
在一些实施方式中,掺杂包覆元素由单晶颗粒的表层至中心的含量逐渐递减;该掺杂包覆元素在单晶颗粒的表层(距离单晶颗粒表面10-30nm厚度的区域)富集且由单晶颗粒的表层至中心的含量逐渐递减,形成梯度掺杂包覆结构;这种梯度掺杂包覆结构可有效保护三元正极材料免受电解液侵蚀的同时也减小了锂离子脱嵌的阻力,进一步提升了三元正极材料的稳定性。
B元素的均匀分布有助于稳定材料在充放电过程中的结构变化,保证内部结构一致性,抑制由于结构不均匀变化产生的内应力;掺杂包覆元素的梯度分布则有利于锂离子从表面向体相的迁移,起到类似过渡桥梁的作用,降低锂离子迁移的阻力,二者同时满足时可以在提升循环性能的同时有效提升倍率性能。
在一些实施方式中,掺杂包覆元素包括但不限于Zr(锆)、Ti(钛)、Al(铝)、Mg(镁)、Sr(锶)、W(钨)、Mo(钼)和Nb(铌)中的至少一种;包覆层包括锆酸锂、氧化锆、钛酸锂、氧化钛、铝酸锂、氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化锶、钨酸锂、氧化钨、钼酸锂、氧化钼、铌酸锂和氧化铌中的至少一种。优选地,上述掺杂包覆元素为Zr和/或Ti,能够更好地在三元正极材料的内部靠近表面部分至表面形成梯度掺杂包覆结构,及更有效的保护三元正极材料免受电解液侵蚀。
在一些实施方式中,以上述三元正极材料的质量为100%计,掺杂包覆元素的质量百分含量为0.004%-0.6%,掺杂包覆元素的质量百分含量可以是0.004%、0.01%、0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%和0.6%等,既能够较好地保护三元正极材料免受电解液侵蚀及减小了锂离子脱嵌的阻力,提升三元正极材料的稳定性,又不会影响三元正极材料的结构和电化学性能。需要说明的是掺杂包覆元素的质量百分含 量在0.004%~0.6%时,可一方面可以有效抑制电解液对三元正极材料的侵蚀,提升表面稳定性;另一方面又可以降低锂离子材料表面的脱嵌阻力,降低阻抗,提升三元正极材料的电化学性能。
另一实施方式的一种上述三元正极材料的制备方法,如图1所示,为该三元正极材料的制备流程图,该制备方法包括:
S100、将包括含硼溶液、三元前驱体及第一锂源的第一组原料混合,进行第一次烧结,得到预烧料。
在一些实施方式中,步骤S100具体按如下步骤进行:将含硼溶液与三元前驱体混合后干燥,再将干燥后的混合物与第一锂源混合,进行第一次烧结,得到预烧料。
在一些实施方式中,上述含硼溶液的浓度为0.05mol/L-0.5mol/L。
进一步地,上述干燥前可先将含硼溶液与三元前驱体的混合液中的溶剂蒸发至变成糊状,缩短后续干燥时间;优选在真空环境中搅拌蒸发,蒸发的温度为70℃-100℃,可避免杂质混入。
上述干燥的方法优选为真空干燥,可选地,真空干燥温度为105℃-115℃,时间为8h-10h。
在具体的示例中,含硼溶液中的溶质包括但不限于硼酸、氧化硼、碳化硼、三氟化硼和一氟硼酸中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,含硼溶液中硼元素的含量为三元前驱体的质量的0.01%-0.3%,能够更好促进三元前驱体一次粒子的定向排列生长,减少晶粒的各向异性,更有效提升三元正极材料单晶颗粒的机械强度及稳定性。需要说明的是,硼元素的含量过低(低于0.01%)则不能达到促进前驱体的一次颗粒的定向生长的目的,二次烧结时无法形成单晶颗粒;硼元素的含量过高(高于0.3%)时则会由于硼元素含量过高导致材料电化学性能下降。
在一些实施方式中,三元前驱体包括镍钴锰氢氧化物和镍钴铝氢氧化物中的至少一种;三元前驱体的化学式为Ni xCo yM 1-x-y(OH) 2,其中,M选自Mn和Al的至少一种,0.80≤x<1,0<y<0.20,可用于合成单晶高镍三元正极材料。
在一些实施方式中,第一次烧结在空气氛围或氧气氛围中进行,优选在氧气氛围中进行,保证充足的氧含量,加速含硼溶液、三元前驱体和第一锂源的反应。
在一些实施方式中,第一次烧结的过程包括:以1℃/min-5℃/min的升温速率升温至450℃-650℃保温2h-10h,使反应更快更充分;若第一次烧结的温度低于450℃则无法使三元前驱体一次粒子定向生长,导致第二次烧结无法形成单晶;若第一次烧结的温度高于650℃则导致一次粒子生长过度,材料结构发生转变,导致最终得到的三元正极材料的性能较差。
S200、将包括预烧料和第二锂源的第二组原料混合,进行第二次烧结,得到所述三元正极材料。
在一些实施方式中,第二次烧结在空气氛围或氧气氛围中进行,优选在氧气氛围 中进行。
在一些实施方式中,第二次烧结的过程包括:以1℃/min-5℃/min的升温速率升温至650℃-850℃保温8h-15h,使反应更充分;若第二次烧结的温度低于650℃则无法形成单晶,若温度高于850℃则会导致锂镍混排加急,结构发生变化导致电化学性能变差。
在一些实施方式中,第一锂源和第二锂源均包括氢氧化锂;第一锂源中的锂元素和第二锂源中的锂元素之和(即总锂元素)与三元前驱体中总金属元素的摩尔比为(0.98-1.05):1;第一锂源和第二锂源的质量比为(2-8):(2-8),保证足够的锂同时使锂含量不过量。需要说明的是,第一锂源的用量太低则无法促进三元前驱体一次粒子生长,而第一锂源的用量太高则会使第二次烧结时第二锂源用量太低,又无法促进预烧之后的一次粒子生长形成单晶。
上述“三元前驱体中总金属元素”是指:三元前驱体中金属元素的总和;例如,三元前驱体为镍钴锰氢氧化物,总金属元素是指镍元素、钴元素和锰元素的总和。
需要说明的是,上述通过将三元前驱体、含硼溶液和第一锂源进行第一次烧结,使得三元前驱体中掺杂硼元素,由于B具有四面体晶体结构,B-O之间的共价键比过渡金属Me-O共价键键能更高,又可以有效改善锂离子的嵌入/脱出时的体积变化,而已经定向生长排列的晶粒在形成单晶时所需要克服的晶界能大幅降低,有效提升三元正极材料单晶颗粒的机械强度及稳定性,同时可以有效减少三元正极材料中的锂镍混排,有效提升其首次库伦效率及循环性能;同时第二次烧结过程中又有第二锂源作为烧结助剂,因此不需再加入额外的烧结助剂,可有效提升三元正极材料的比容量;而且本申请制备方法中锂源的分批,不会产生锂源过量,从而有效避免因锂源过量而导致三元正极材料表面产生过多残锂化合物,无需进行水洗、包覆或其他后处理。
在一些实施方式中,第二组原料还包括掺杂包覆剂,该掺杂包覆剂包括但不限于锆源、钛源、铝源、镁源、锶源、钨源、钼源和铌源中的至少一种。
上述锆源包括氢氧化锆、氧化锆和锆盐(包括但不限于硝酸锆、氯化锆、氟化锆、磷酸二氢锆)中的至少一种;钛源包括氢氧化钛、氧化钛和钛盐(包括但不限于四氯化钛、二氯化钛、四氟化钛)中的至少一种;铝源包括氢氧化铝、氧化铝和铝盐(包括但不限于硝酸铝、氟化铝、磷酸二氢铝、偏磷酸铝)中的至少一种;镁源包括氢氧化镁、氧化镁和镁盐(包括但不限于氯化镁、氟化镁、硝酸镁、磷酸镁)中的至少一种;锶源包括氢氧化锶、氧化锶和锶盐(包括但不限于氯化锶、氟化锶、磷酸氢锶、硝酸锶)中的至少一种;钼源包括氢氧化钼、氧化钼和钼盐(包括但不限于硫化钼、氯化钼、氟化钼、钼酸铵中的至少一种;钨源包括氧化钨和钨盐(包括但不限于偏钨酸铵、氯化钨、氟化钨、硫化钨)中的至少一种;铌源包括氢氧化铌、氧化铌或铌盐(包括但不限于草酸铌、乙酸铌、硝酸铌)中的至少一种;镧源包括氢氧化镧、氧化镧和镧盐(包括但不限于氯化镧、硝酸镧、氟化镧)中的至少一种;钡源包括氢氧化 钡、氧化钡和钡盐(包括但不限于硝酸钡、氯化钡、氟化钡、锆酸钡、钛酸钡)中的至少一种;钙源包括氢氧化钙、氧化钙或钙盐(包括但不限于氯化钙、硝酸钙、磷酸钙)中的至少一种。
优选地,上述掺杂包覆剂为纳米级。
在一些实施方式中,上述掺杂包覆剂包括锆源和/或钛源。
进一步地,掺杂包覆剂的用量为三元前驱体的质量的0.05%-0.6%。
上述通过在第二次烧结的过程中加入掺杂包覆剂,由于第一次烧结的过程中单晶一次粒子已经预锂化且定向生长,第二锂源会优先于掺杂包覆剂向材料内部扩散,所以掺杂包覆剂会在三元正极材料颗粒内部靠近表面部分形成掺杂并在表面形成包覆,形成一种梯度掺杂包覆结构,这种梯度结构在保护三元正极材料免受电解液侵蚀的同时也减小了锂离子脱嵌的阻力,提升了材料的稳定性;而且颗粒破碎后产生的新界面也具有包覆层,进一步提升三元正极材料的循环稳定性。
在一些实施方式中,上述制备方法还包括:对经第二次烧结得到的三元正极材料进行粉碎;粉碎可采用机械破碎和气流破碎中的至少一种;粉碎后的三元正极材料的粒径D50为2μm-4μm。
另一实施方式的一种锂离子电池,包含上述的三元正极材料或上述制备方法制备得到的三元正极材料。
下面将结合具体实施例对本申请的实施方案进行详细描述,但是本领域技术人员将会理解,下列实施例仅用于说明本申请,而不应视为限制本申请的范围。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
实施例1
(1)取镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2、硼酸和纳米氧化锆,其中,硼酸中硼元素的含量为镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2的0.05%,纳米氧化锆的用量为三元前驱体的质量的0.3%;按锂元素与镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2中总金属元素的摩尔比为1.01:1取氢氧化锂,然后将该氢氧化锂分成两份,分别记作M1和M2(M1与M2的质量比为4:6)。
(2)将硼酸溶于水中配置成硼酸浓度为0.2mol/L的溶液;然后将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2添加到配置好的溶液中进行搅拌混合,混合后的混合液先在真空环境中搅拌蒸干至糊状,再转移至100℃的真空干燥箱中干燥8h;最后将M1与干燥后的混合物混合,在氧气氛围中以2℃/min的升温速率升温至550℃保温5h,得到预烧料。
(3)将预烧料与纳米氧化锆和M2进行混合,在氧气氛围中以1.5℃/min的升温速率升温至820℃保温10h;然后将烧结后的产品进行机械破碎和气流粉碎,得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
本实施例制备的三元正极材料,包括单晶颗粒,单晶颗粒内掺杂有硼元素,单晶 颗粒的表面具有包覆层,锆元素分布于单晶颗粒的内部及其表面的包覆层内,锆元素在单晶颗粒内部的含量小于在包覆层内的含量。
实施例2
本实施例2与实施例1的区别在于:将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2替换为Ni 0.88Co 0.10Mn 0.02(OH) 2,将步骤(3)中:升温至820℃替换为升温至790℃;其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.88Co 0.10Mn 0.02O 2三元正极材料。
实施例3
本实施例3与实施例1的区别在于:将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2替换为Ni 0.92Co 0.05Mn 0.03(OH) 2,将步骤(3)中:升温至760℃替换为升温至790℃;其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.92Co 0.05Mn 0.03O 2三元正极材料。
实施例4
本实施例4与实施例1的区别在于:将步骤(1)中:M1与M2的质量比为4:6替换为6:4:其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
实施例5
本实施例5与实施例1的区别在于:将步骤(1)中:硼酸中硼元素的含量为镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2的0.05%替换为0.15%;其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
实施例6
(1)取镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2、硼酸和纳米氧化锆,其中,硼酸中硼元素的含量为镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2的0.3%,纳米氧化锆的用量为三元前驱体的质量的0.05%;按锂元素与镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2中总金属元素的摩尔比为1.05:1取氢氧化锂,然后将该氢氧化锂分成两份,分别记作M1和M2(M1与M2的质量比为2:8)。
(2)将硼酸溶于水中配置成硼酸浓度为0.05mol/L的溶液;然后将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2添加到配置好的溶液中进行搅拌混合,混合后的混合液先在真空环境中搅拌蒸干至糊状,再转移至100℃的真空干燥箱中干燥8h;最后将M1与干燥后的混合物混合,在氧气氛围中以5℃/min的升温速率升温至450℃保温10h,得到预烧料。
(3)将预烧料与纳米氧化锆和M2进行混合,在氧气氛围中以7℃/min的升温速率升温至650℃保温11h;然后将烧结后的产品进行机械破碎和气流粉碎,得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
实施例7
(1)取镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2、硼酸和纳米氧化锆,其中,硼酸中硼元素的含量为镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2的0.15%,纳米氧化锆的用量为三元前驱体的质量的0.6%;按锂元素与镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2中总金属元素的摩尔比为0.98:1取氢氧化锂,然后将该氢氧化锂分成两份,分别记作M1和M2(M1与M2的质量比为8:2)。
(2)将硼酸溶于水中配置成硼酸浓度为0.5mol/L的溶液;然后将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2添加到配置好的溶液中进行搅拌混合,混合后的混合液先在真空环境中搅拌蒸干至糊状,再转移至100℃的真空干燥箱中干燥8h;最后将M1与干燥后的混合物混合,在氧气氛围中以1℃/min的升温速率升温至650℃保温2h,得到预烧料。
(3)将预烧料与纳米氧化锆和M2进行混合,在氧气氛围中以3℃/min的升温速率升温至750℃保温12h;然后将烧结后的产品进行机械破碎和气流粉碎,得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
实施例8
本实施例8与实施例1的区别在于:将氢氧化锂替换为硝酸锂:其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
实施例9
本实施例9与实施例1区别在于,硼酸中硼元素的含量为镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2的0.02%,纳米氧化锆的用量为三元前驱体的质量的0.1%;其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
实施例10
本实施例10与实施例1区别在于,硼酸替换为氧化硼,氧化锆替换为氢氧化锆,氢氧化锆的含量为三元前驱体质量的0.038%;其它同实施例1。
实施例11
(1)取镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2和硼酸,其中,硼酸中硼元素的含量为镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2的0.05%;按锂元素与镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2中总金属元素的摩尔比为1.01:1取氢氧化锂,然后将该氢氧化锂分成两份,分别记作M1和M2(M1与M2的质量比为4:6)。
(2)将硼酸溶于水中配置成硼酸浓度为0.2mol/L的溶液;然后将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2添加到配置好的溶液中进行搅拌混合,混合后的混合液先在真空环境中搅拌蒸干至糊状,再转移至100℃的真空干燥箱中干燥8h;最后将M1与干燥后的混合物混合,在空气氛围中以2℃/min的升温速率升温至550℃保温5h,得到预烧料。
(3)将预烧料和M2进行混合,在空气氛围中以1.5℃/min的升温速率升温至820℃保温10h;然后将烧结后的产品进行机械破碎和气流粉碎,得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
本实施例制备的三元正极材料,包括单晶颗粒,单晶颗粒内掺杂有硼元素。
实施例12
本实施例12与实施例1的区别在于:将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2替换为镍钴铝氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.88Co 0.09Al 0.03(OH) 2,将步骤(3)中:升温至820℃替换为升温至830℃;其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.88Co 0.09Al 0.03O 2三元正极材料。
实施例13
本实施例13与实施例1的区别在于:将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2替换为镍钴铝氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.92Co 0.06Al 0.02(OH) 2,将步骤(3)中:升温至820℃替换为升温至800℃;其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.92Co 0.06Al 0.02O 2三元正极材料。
对比例1
(1)取镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2和纳米氧化锆,纳米氧化锆的用量为三元前驱体的质量的0.3%;按锂元素与镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2中总金属元素的摩尔比为1.01:1取氢氧化锂,然后将该氢氧化锂分成两份,分别记作M1和M2(M1与M2的质量比为4:6)。
(2)将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2与M1混合,在氧气氛围中以2℃/min的升温速率升温至550℃保温5h,得到预烧料。
(3)将预烧料与纳米氧化锆和M2进行混合,在氧气氛围中以1.5℃/min的升温速率升温至820℃保温10h;然后将烧结后的产品进行机械破碎和气流粉碎,得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
对比例2
(1)取镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2、硼酸和纳米氧化锆,其中,硼酸中硼元素的含量为镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2的0.05%,纳米氧化锆的用量为三元前驱体的质量的0.3%;按锂元素与镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2中总金属元素的摩尔比为1.01:1取氢氧化锂。
(2)将硼酸溶于水中配置成硼酸浓度为0.2mol/L的溶液;然后将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2添加到配置好的溶液中进行搅拌混合,混合后的混合液先在真空环境中搅拌蒸干至糊状,再转移至100℃的真空干燥箱中干燥8h;最后将氢氧化锂、纳米氧化锆与干燥后的混合物进行混合,在氧气氛围中以1.5℃/min的升温速率升温至820℃保温10h;然后将烧结后的产品进行机械破碎和气流粉碎, 得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
对比例3
(1)取镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2和纳米氧化锆,纳米氧化锆的用量为三元前驱体的质量的0.3%;按锂元素与镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2中总金属元素的摩尔比为1.01:1取氢氧化锂。
(2)将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2、氢氧化锂和纳米氧化锆混合,在氧气氛围中以1.5℃/min的升温速率升温至820℃保温10h;然后将烧结后的产品进行机械破碎和气流粉碎,得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
对比例4
(1)取镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2、纳米氧化锆和助溶剂Sr(OH) 2·8H 2O,其中,纳米氧化锆的用量为三元前驱体的质量的0.3%,助溶剂Sr(OH) 2·8H 2O的用量为三元前驱体的质量的0.15%;按锂元素与镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2中总金属元素的摩尔比为1.01:1取氢氧化锂。
(2)将镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06(OH) 2、氢氧化锂、纳米氧化锆和助溶剂Sr(OH) 2·8H 2O混合,在氧气氛围中以1.5℃/min的升温速率升温至850℃保温10h;然后将烧结后的产品进行机械破碎和气流粉碎,得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
对比例5
本对比例5与实施例1的区别在于:将氢氧化锂替换为碳酸锂;其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
对比例6
本对比例6与实施例1的区别在于:将硼酸替换为偏钨酸铵;其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
对比例7
本对比例7与实施例1的区别在于:将硼酸替换为五氯化钽;其它同实施例1;得到LiNi 0.83Co 0.11Mn 0.06O 2三元正极材料。
对上述实施例和对比例得到的三元正极材料产品进行性能测试,具体包括如下:
一、采用日立公司S4800扫描电子显微镜观察三元正极材料的形貌及颗粒大小,并通过EDS表征三元材料中掺杂包覆元素的分布及含量。
如图2所示为实施例1得到的三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;图3所示为实施例2得到的三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;图4所示为对比例1得到的三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;图5所示为对比例2得到的三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;图6所示为对比例3得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;图7所示为对比例4得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图;图8所示为对比例5得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM 形貌图;图9所示为对比例6得到的单晶三元正极材料的SEM形貌图,图10和11所示为实施例1的切面进行EDS的线扫描图,图12为实施例1的切面的线扫描结果。
需要说明的是,本申请实施例3-12得到的三元正极材料的SEM形貌基本同实施例1得到的三元正极材料的SEM形貌;对比例7得到的三元正极材料的SEM形貌基本同对比例6得到的三元正极材料的SEM形貌。
二、采用马尔文激光粒度测试仪MS 2000测试三元正极材料的粒径。
采用梅特勒FE28pH计测试三元正极材料的pH,测试方法按前述描述的方法进行。
采用岛津动态超显微硬度计DUH-211S测试三元正极材料的动态硬度;具体方法如下:取0.2g三元正极材料分散在样品盘上,通过移动载物台和调节物镜将颗粒调节至视野中央,测试颗粒的水平和竖直长度获得粒径,然后将样品台移动至与压头对齐,设定压缩比、测试力、速度系数等参数后,开始进行测试,测试完成后删除测试结果中的异常值,利用箱型图对材料颗粒硬度进行比较,处理后得到材料的硬度值。
其中,压缩比是指颗粒压缩至粒径的一定比例时的状态,压缩比主要影响颗粒的相对硬度(即颗粒压缩至一定压缩比时所承受的硬度;将单晶D50附近的颗粒(Dia.在3μm-5μm之间)的压缩比设置为20%。
测试力:在测试的过程中,力以一定的速度逐渐增大,当设置的测试力过小时,颗粒未达到破裂点,测试已结束,因此测试力应适当大一点,以保证颗粒可以达到破裂点。测试力的大小在一定程度上同样影响着测试速度,测试速度过慢,测试效率较低;测试速度过快,仪器难以感应到破裂点。因此结合两点,通过控制压缩比和速度系数,来优化测试力。
速度系数:速度系数的取值范围为1-100,当测试力一定,速度系数和速度成线性关系;测试速度影响着测试效率和仪器感应破裂点的难易程度。尤其是对于不规则的单晶来说,应适当的增大速度系数,从而减慢测试速度,减少颗粒因不规则而受到外力偏移的发生,使仪器可以较好的感应到破裂点;最终通过控制以优化好的压缩比和测试力,来优化速度系数。
需要说明的是,三元正极材料的颗粒硬度越高,则三元正极材料的机械强度越高,在极片辊压过程中的耐压性越强,辊压后该三元正极材料保留的原始形貌越完整,其循环性能越稳定。
采用Agilent 5110测试三元材料中掺杂包覆元素的含量,测试方法如下:称取0.3-0.35g的三元材料粉末,加入8mL王水加热微沸30min消解,定容至100mL,采用0、0.25、0.50、1.00mg/L标准曲线进行标定。
采用如下方法测试电化学性能:将三元正极材料作为正极活性物质,金属锂片为 负极极片,隔膜是Celgard2400,电解液为浓度为1M的LiPF6溶液(溶剂为体积比为1:1的碳酸乙基甲酯和碳酸二甲酯的混合液),组装成CR2016扣式电池。正极极片的制备过程包括:将正极活性物质、导电剂乙炔黑和粘结剂PVDF按质量百分比为93:5:2,以N-甲基吡咯烷酮作溶剂混合制成浆料后涂覆在铝箔上,真空烘干后制得正极极片;在武汉金诺电子有限公司LAND电池测试系统上,以0.1C/0.1C和0.5C/1C倍率在3.0V-4.3V的电压窗口下进行充放电测试,获取首次放电比容量,及以0.5C/1C进行100次循环测试。
上述测试结果如表1所示。
表1
Figure PCTCN2022080330-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2022080330-appb-000002
由图2至图12及表1结果可得出结论如下:
(1)本申请实施例得到的三元正极材料均具有较好的形貌,颗粒分散均匀无团聚且较圆润,颗粒大小为2μm-4μm,此形貌的产品即为单晶三元正极材料,不仅具有较高的机械强度,且具有优异的电化学性能(高首次库伦效率和放电比容量及良好的循环稳定性),颗粒内部掺杂包覆元素从表层至中心呈梯度分布。
(2)对比例1的三元正极材料制备过程中未掺杂硼元素,对比例2的三元正极材料制备过程中锂源一次加入且未经第一次烧结,从图4和图5可以看出均无法形成单晶形貌,最终产品都是由一次颗粒相互团聚形成类单晶结构,一次颗粒大小不均一,在电化学循环过程中团聚的颗粒会发生解聚,导致循环性能急剧恶化,具有较差的电化学性能。
(3)对比例3的三元正极材料制备过程中既没有掺杂硼元素,锂源一次加入且未经第一次烧结,最终产品的一次颗粒相比对比例1和2更小,为一次颗粒团聚形成二次颗粒的多晶结构,其电化学性能和机械强度更差。
(4)对比例4的三元正极材料制备过程采用常规固相烧结法,加入助熔剂,在与本申请第二次烧结温度相同情况下合成的材料为类单晶形貌,具有较差的电化学性能和机械强度。
(5)对比例5的三元正极材料制备过程中采用碳酸锂替换实施例1中的氢氧化锂,由于碳酸锂的熔点较氢氧化锂高,反应活性较氢氧化锂低,不利于形成单晶形貌产品,且碳酸锂分解产生的二氧化碳会使三元正极材料表面的副产物量增加,使得到 的三元正极材料的电化学性能及机械强度较差。
(6)对比例6的三元正极材料制备过程中将实施例1中的硼元素替换为钨元素,对比例7的三元正极材料制备过程中将实施例1中的硼元素替换为钽元素,最终产品形貌中颗粒团聚较为严重,且一次颗粒大小不均一,此形貌的样品颗粒强度较低,使得到的三元正极材料的电化学性能及机械强度较差。
最后应说明的是:以上各实施例仅用以说明本申请的技术方案,而非对其限制;尽管参照前述各实施例对本申请进行了详细的说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本申请各实施例技术方案的范围。
此外,本领域的技术人员能够理解,尽管在此的一些实施例包括其它实施例中所包括的某些特征而不是其它特征,但是不同实施例的特征的组合意味着处于本申请的范围之内并且形成不同的实施例。例如,在上面的权利要求书中,所要求保护的实施例的任意之一都可以以任意的组合方式来使用。公开于该背景技术部分的信息仅仅旨在加深对本申请的总体背景技术的理解,而不应当被视为承认或以任何形式暗示该信息构成已为本领域技术人员所公知的现有技术。

Claims (20)

  1. 一种三元正极材料,其特征在于,所述三元正极材料包括单晶颗粒,所述单晶颗粒内掺杂有硼元素,所述三元正极材料的颗粒硬度不低于150MPa。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的三元正极材料,其特征在于,所述三元正极材料的化学式为Li aNi xCo yM 1-x-yO 2,其中,M选自Mn和Al中的至少一种,0.95≤a≤1.05,0.80≤x<1,0<y<0.20。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的三元正极材料,其特征在于,所述三元正极材料包括如下特征(1)~(6)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述三元正极材料的粒径D50为2μm-4μm;
    (2)所述三元正极材料的比表面积为0.3m 2/g-0.9m 2/g;
    (3)所述三元正极材料的pH值大于等于11.0且小于等于11.8;
    (4)所述三元正极材料的颗粒硬度为200MPa-400MPa;
    (5)以所述三元正极材料的质量为100%计,所述硼元素的质量百分含量为0.008%-0.3%;
    (6)所述三元正极材料中Ni元素、Co元素及M元素的总摩尔量与Li元素的摩尔量的比值为1:(0.95-1.05)。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的三元正极材料,其特征在于,所述三元正极材料还包括掺杂包覆元素,所述单晶颗粒的表面具有包覆层。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的三元正极材料,其特征在于,所述三元正极材料包括如下特征(1)~(2)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述掺杂包覆元素分布于所述单晶颗粒的内部及其表面的包覆层内;
    (2)所述掺杂包覆元素在所述单晶颗粒内部的含量小于所述掺杂包覆元素在所述包覆层内的含量。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的三元正极材料,其特征在于,所述三元正极材料包括如下特征(1)~(2)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述掺杂包覆元素自所述单晶颗粒的表层至中心的含量减少;
    (2)所述掺杂包覆元素由所述单晶颗粒的表层至中心的含量逐渐递减。
  7. 根据权利要求5或6所述的三元正极材料,其特征在于,所述三元正极材料包括如下特征(1)~(3)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述掺杂包覆元素包括Zr、Ti、Al、Mg、Sr、W、Mo和Nb中的至少一种;
    (2)所述包覆层包括锆酸锂、氧化锆、钛酸锂、氧化钛、铝酸锂、氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化锶、钨酸锂、氧化钨、钼酸锂、氧化钼、铌酸锂和氧化铌中的至少一种;
    (3)以所述三元正极材料的质量为100%计,所述掺杂包覆元素的质量百分含量为0.004%-0.6%。
  8. 一种三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括:
    将包括含硼溶液、三元前驱体及第一锂源的第一组原料混合,进行第一次烧结,得到预烧料;
    将包括所述预烧料和第二锂源的第二组原料混合,进行第二次烧结,得到所述三元正极材料。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述将包括含硼溶液、三元前驱体及第一锂源的第一组原料混合的过程包括:
    将所述含硼溶液与所述三元前驱体混合,干燥,得到混合物;
    将所述混合物与所述第一锂源混合。
  10. 根据权利要求8或9所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述三元前驱体的化学式为Ni xCo yM 1-x-y(OH) 2,其中,M选自Mn和Al中的至少一种,0.80≤x<1,0<y<0.20。
  11. 根据权利要求9所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括如下特征(1)~(3)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述含硼溶液的浓度为0.05mol/L-0.5mol/L;
    (2)所述含硼溶液中的溶质包括硼酸、三氧化硼、碳化硼、三氟化硼和一氟硼酸中的至少一种;
    (3)所述含硼溶液中硼的含量为所述三元前驱体的质量的0.01%-0.3%。
  12. 根据权利要求9所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括如下特征(1)~(5)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述干燥前还包括先将所述含硼溶液与所述三元前驱体混合后的溶剂蒸发;
    (2)所述干燥前还包括先将所述含硼溶液与所述三元前驱体混合后的溶剂蒸发,所述蒸发的温度为70℃-100℃;
    (3)所述干燥采用真空干燥方式;
    (4)所述干燥采用真空干燥方式,所述真空干燥的温度为105℃-115℃;
    (5)所述干燥采用真空干燥方式,所述真空干燥的时间为8h-10h。
  13. 根据权利要求8所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括如下特征(1)~(4)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述第一次烧结和所述第二次烧结的烧结气氛均包括空气气氛和氧气气氛中的任意一种;
    (2)所述第一次烧结的温度为450℃-650℃;
    (3)所述第一次烧结的时间为2h-10h;
    (4)所述第一次烧结的升温速率为1℃/min-5℃/min。
  14. 根据权利要求8所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括如下特征(1)~(3)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述第一锂源和所述第二锂源均包括氢氧化锂和硝酸锂中的至少一种;
    (2)所述第一锂源中的锂元素和所述第二锂源中的锂元素之和与所述三元前驱 体中总金属元素的摩尔比为(0.98-1.05):1;
    (3)所述第一锂源和所述第二锂源的质量比为(2-8):(2-8)。
  15. 根据权利要求8所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括如下特征(1)~(3)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述第二次烧结的温度为650℃-850℃;
    (2)所述第二次烧结的时间为8h-15h;
    (3)所述第二次烧结的升温速率为1℃/min-5℃/min。
  16. 根据权利要求8所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述第二组原料还包括掺杂包覆剂,所述掺杂包覆剂包括锆源、钛源、铝源、镁源、锶源、钨源、钼源、铌源、镧源、钡源和钙源中的至少一种。
  17. 根据权利要求16所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述掺杂包覆剂包括如下特征(1)~(3)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述掺杂包覆剂包括锆源和/或钛源;
    (2)所述掺杂包覆剂为纳米级;
    (3)所述掺杂包覆剂的用量为所述三元前驱体的质量的0.05%-0.6%。
  18. 根据权利要求16或17所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述掺杂包覆剂包括如下特征(1)~(11)中的至少一种:
    (1)所述锆源包括氢氧化锆、氧化锆和锆盐中的至少一种;
    (2)所述钛源包括氢氧化钛、氧化钛和钛盐中的至少一种;
    (3)所述铝源包括氢氧化铝、氧化铝和铝盐中的至少一种;
    (4)所述镁源包括氢氧化镁、氧化镁和镁盐中的至少一种;
    (5)所述锶源包括氢氧化锶、氧化锶和锶盐中的至少一种;
    (6)所述钼源包括氢氧化钼、氧化钼和钼盐中的至少一种;
    (7)所述钨源包括氧化钨和钨盐中的至少一种;
    (8)所述铌源包括氢氧化铌、氧化铌和铌盐中的至少一种;
    (9)所述镧源包括氢氧化镧、氧化镧和镧盐中的至少一种;
    (10)所述钡源包括氢氧化钡、氧化钡和钡盐中的至少一种;
    (11)所述钙源包括氢氧化钙、氧化钙和钙盐中的至少一种。
  19. 根据权利要求8~17任一项所述的三元正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法还包括:对经所述第二次烧结后的三元正极材料进行粉碎。
  20. 一种锂离子电池,其特征在于,所述锂离子电池包含权利要求1-7任一项所述的三元正极材料或权利要求8-19任一项所述的制备方法制备得到的三元正极材料。
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