WO2022079985A1 - 塗工液、多孔質フィルム、およびリチウムイオン電池 - Google Patents
塗工液、多孔質フィルム、およびリチウムイオン電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022079985A1 WO2022079985A1 PCT/JP2021/029033 JP2021029033W WO2022079985A1 WO 2022079985 A1 WO2022079985 A1 WO 2022079985A1 JP 2021029033 W JP2021029033 W JP 2021029033W WO 2022079985 A1 WO2022079985 A1 WO 2022079985A1
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- Prior art keywords
- porous film
- filler
- coating liquid
- coating
- inorganic particles
- Prior art date
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- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a coating liquid for a porous film used for a battery separator or the like, and can be used for a coating liquid, a porous film, and a lithium ion battery.
- secondary batteries which are compact and lightweight and have high energy density, are attracting attention. ing.
- Patent Document 1 describes a non-aqueous binder in an electrode for a lithium ion battery in which a cellulose nanofiber and a thermoplastic fluororesin are composited, wherein the cellulose nanofiber has a fiber diameter (diameter) of 0.
- binders of cellulose having a fiber length of 002 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less, a fiber length of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 10 mm or less, and an aspect ratio (fiber length of cellulose nanofibers / fiber diameter of cellulose nanofibers) of 2 or more and 100,000 or less. ..
- the present inventor is engaged in research and development of a porous film used for a battery separator and the like, and is diligently studying a porous film having good characteristics.
- the separator provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery has a plurality of micropores through which lithium ions pass, and the lithium ions move between the positive electrode and the negative electrode through these pores. By doing so, charging and discharging can be repeated.
- This separator has a role of separating the positive electrode and the negative electrode to prevent a short circuit.
- the micropores of the separator are closed to stop the movement of lithium ions and stop the battery function (shutdown function).
- the separator plays the role of a battery safety device, and in order to improve safety, it is indispensable to improve the mechanical strength and heat resistance of the separator.
- the coating liquid for a porous film disclosed in one embodiment of the present application contains inorganic particles and an alkali silicate of 0.05% by weight or more with respect to the inorganic particles.
- the porous film disclosed in one embodiment of the present application has a porous base material and a coating film provided on the surface of the porous base material, and the coating film includes inorganic particles and the above-mentioned coating film. It contains 0.05% by weight or more of an alkali silicate with respect to the inorganic particles.
- the lithium ion battery disclosed in one embodiment of the present application is a lithium ion battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolytic solution, and has the porous film as the separator.
- the characteristics of the porous film can be improved.
- the characteristics of the porous film can be improved.
- the characteristics of the lithium ion battery can be improved.
- FIG. It is sectional drawing which shows the structure of the porous film of Embodiment 1.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows typically the internal structure of the lithium ion battery using the porous film of Embodiment 1.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows typically the structural example of the lithium ion battery of Embodiment 1.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows the adjustment process of the dispersion liquid of a hydrophobic cellulose nanofiber (CeNF). It is a figure which shows the hydrophobicity of cellulose.
- the porous film of the present embodiment can be used as a so-called battery separator.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of the porous film of the present embodiment.
- the porous film of the present embodiment is used as a battery separator SP, and is a coating film (coating) formed on the surface of the base material (porous base material) S and the base material S. It has a film) CF.
- the coating film CF has inorganic particles as a first filler, cellulose treated with SA as a second filler (sometimes referred to as SA-modified Ce or SACE), and an alkaline silicate.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing an internal configuration of a lithium ion battery using the porous film of the present embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing a configuration example of the lithium ion battery of the present embodiment. It is a figure. 2A shows the configuration of the positive electrode, FIG. 2B shows the configuration of the negative electrode, and FIG. 2C shows the configuration of the electrode group.
- the battery of FIG. 3 is called a coin-type battery.
- the positive electrode 1 is composed of a current collector 1S and a positive electrode mixture layer 1M provided on the current collector 1S
- the negative electrode 2 is a current collector. It is composed of 2S and a negative electrode mixture layer 2M provided on the upper portion thereof.
- the lithium ion battery has a positive electrode 1, a negative electrode 2, and a separator SP arranged between them, and the positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2 are each a positive electrode mixture.
- the layer 1M and the negative electrode mixture layer 2M are arranged so as to face each other so as to be in contact with the separator SP.
- the laminated body (also referred to as an electrode group) of the positive electrode 1, the negative electrode 2, and the separator SP is housed in a battery container (a bag made of a laminated film, a battery can, etc.) together with an electrolytic solution, and is housed in a positive electrode terminal (for example, a current collector 1S).
- a positive electrode terminal for example, a current collector 1S.
- a negative electrode terminal for example, a part of the current collector 2S or a conductive part electrically connected to the current collector 2S
- the battery (coin-type battery) shown in FIG. 3 has a can 6, and the can 6 contains an electrode group in which the positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2 described above are laminated via a separator SP.
- the current collector 1S of the positive electrode 1 on the lower end surface of the electrode group is mounted on the can (battery can) 6.
- the current collector 2S of the negative electrode 2 on the upper end surface of the electrode group is arranged on the back surface side of the lid (battery cap) 7.
- a washer 8 is provided between the lid (battery cap) 7 and the current collector 2S of the negative electrode 2, and these are electrically connected.
- a heat-resistant gasket (sealing material for fixing) is provided at the overlapping portion between the can 6 and the lid 7, and the electrolytic solution (not shown) or the like injected into the inside of the can 6 is sealed. ..
- the configuration of the battery is not limited, and for example, a cylindrical battery or a laminated battery can be used.
- the lithium ion battery has a positive electrode 1, a negative electrode 2, a separator SP and an electrolytic solution, and the separator SP is arranged between the positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2.
- the separator SP has a large number of micropores.
- the lithium ions inserted in the positive electrode active material are desorbed and contained in the electrolytic solution. Is released to. Lithium ions released into the electrolytic solution move in the electrolytic solution, pass through the micropores of the separator, and reach the negative electrode. The lithium ions that reach the negative electrode are inserted into the negative electrode active material that constitutes the negative electrode.
- lithium ions move back and forth between the positive electrode and the negative electrode through the micropores (not shown) provided in the base material S shown in FIG. 1, so that charging and discharging can be repeated.
- a coating film CF is provided on the surface of the base material S provided with a large number of micropores.
- This coating film CF has inorganic particles as a first filler, cellulose treated with SA as a second filler (sometimes referred to as SA-modified Ce), and an alkaline silicate.
- the SA conversion treatment is a treatment for hydrophobizing a part of the hydrophilic groups of cellulose.
- the mechanical strength and heat resistance of the porous film (separator) can be improved.
- the coating film CF is not formed so as to cover all the fine pores of the base material S, and the galley value (air permeability, air permeability) of the base material S (porous film, separator) on which the coating film CF is formed is formed. [sec / 100cc]) is 200 or more and 3000 or less, and the air permeability is ensured.
- the mechanical strength and heat resistance of the porous film (separator) are improved while improving the electrical characteristics (output characteristics, cycle characteristics (life)) of the battery. Can be made to.
- the manufacturing process of the porous film of the present embodiment has the following steps.
- the base material S can be used without particular limitation, and in particular, a base material usually used for a porous film for a lithium ion battery is preferable, and a microporous film can be used.
- a commercially available polyethylene microporous membrane can be used.
- the inorganic particles are not particularly limited.
- alumina, boehmite, aluminum hydroxide, nanosilica, microsilica, carbon nanotubes, talc, glass fiber and the like can be used.
- alumina from the viewpoint that a chemical reaction with an electrolytic solution is unlikely to occur and the physical characteristics and manufacturing technique are stable.
- the particle shape of alumina is not limited, and for example, a spherical or flat shape can be used.
- the average particle size (diameter) of alumina is preferably 500 nm or more and 1000 nm or less. The average particle size can be determined by the laser diffraction scattering method.
- alumina particles alumina having different average particle sizes may be mixed and used.
- high-purity one is used, and even when impurity elements (for example, Si, Fe, Na, Mg, Cu) are contained, Si is 400 ppm or less, Fe is 300 ppm or less, and Na is 200 ppm.
- impurity elements for example, Si, Fe, Na, Mg, Cu
- Si is 400 ppm or less
- Fe is 300 ppm or less
- Na 200 ppm.
- Mg 100 ppm or less
- Cu is 100 ppm or less.
- hydrophobic (SA-ized) cellulose (sometimes referred to as SA-ized Ce) is used as the second filler.
- Cellulose (Cellulose, Cell-OH, Ce) is a carbohydrate represented by (C 12 H 20 O 10 ) n .
- n indicating the average number of repetitions is a number of 1 or more, preferably 10 to 10000, and more preferably 50 to 2000.
- a group for example, -CH 2 OH in which a part of a plurality of hydroxyl groups of a carbohydrate represented by (C 12 H 20 O 10 ) n has a hydroxyl group has a hydroxyl group.
- Cellulosyl substituted with such -R-OH R represents a divalent hydrocarbon group
- cellulose has a hydroxyl group (hydrophilic group).
- a hydrophobic agent for example, a carboxylic acid compound. That is, the hydroxyl group ( ⁇ OH) portion of cellulose is replaced with a hydrophobic group.
- a part of the hydroxyl group of cellulose is esterified with a carboxylic acid compound (R-CO-OH).
- the hydroxyl group (-OH) portion of cellulose is an ester bond (-O-CO-R, carboxyl group).
- Hydrophobicized cellulose may be referred to as SA-ized Ce.
- the hydrophobic agent is not particularly limited as long as it has a composition capable of imparting a hydrophobic group to the hydrophilic group of cellulose, but for example, a carboxylic acid compound can be used. Among them, it is preferable to use an acid anhydride of a compound having two or more carboxyl groups and a compound having two or more carboxyl groups. Among the compounds having two or more carboxyl groups, it is preferable to use a compound having two carboxyl groups (dicarboxylic acid compound).
- Examples of compounds having two carboxy groups include propanedioic acid (malonic acid), butanedioic acid (succinic acid), pentanedioic acid (glutaric acid), hexanedioic acid (adipic acid), and 2-methylpropanediacid, 2.
- Examples of the acid anhydride of the compound having two carboxy groups include maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, glutaric acid anhydride, adipic acid anhydride, itaconic acid anhydride, pyromellitic acid anhydride, and 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid anhydride.
- Examples thereof include dicarboxylic acid compounds such as acids and acid anhydrides of compounds containing a plurality of carboxy groups.
- the derivative of the acid anhydride of the compound having two carboxy groups at least a part of the acid anhydride of the compound having a carboxy group such as dimethylmaleic acid anhydride, diethylmaleic acid anhydride, diphenylmaleic acid anhydride and the like.
- the acid anhydride of the compound having a carboxy group such as dimethylmaleic acid anhydride, diethylmaleic acid anhydride, diphenylmaleic acid anhydride and the like.
- a hydrogen atom for example, an alkyl group, a phenyl group, etc.
- maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, and phthalic anhydride are preferable because they are easy to apply industrially and easily gasified.
- the cellulose may be finely divided (nano-sized) by performing a defibration treatment.
- the defibration treatment includes a chemical treatment method and a mechanical treatment method. A method combining these may be used.
- a defibration treatment miniaturization treatment
- Such finely divided cellulose fibers to nanometer size are called cellulose nanofibers (CeNF).
- Cellulose miniaturization (nano-ization) as described above may be performed before the hydrophobization treatment or after the hydrophobization treatment.
- the hydrophobized CeNF is preferably used in a state of being dispersed in a solvent in order to prevent aggregation and enhance dispersibility in the coating liquid.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a step of preparing a dispersion liquid of hydrophobized CeNF.
- cellulose solid, for example, powder
- succinic anhydride solid, for example, tablet
- the weight of cellulose and succinic anhydride is, for example, 90 wt% (% by weight, mass%) and 10 wt%.
- the produced hydrophobic cellulose is dispersed in an aqueous solvent (water and / or alcohols, etc., in this case, water ( H2O )).
- an aqueous solvent water and / or alcohols, etc., in this case, water ( H2O )
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the hydrophobization of cellulose (hydrophobication Ce). As shown in FIG. 5, the hydroxyl group (-OH) of cellulose is replaced with a hydrophobic group (-COOH) by hydrophobization.
- FIG. 5 shows how 8 out of 10 hydroxyl groups (-OH) of cellulose are replaced with hydrophobic groups (-COOH).
- the amount of the hydrophobic group (—COOH) in SA-ized Ce can be calculated from the acid value.
- the acid value refers to the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acidic component contained in 1 g of the sample, and the measurement thereof is "JIS-K0070 chemical product acid value, saponification value, ester value, etc.” It can be carried out based on "test method for raw material value, hydroxyl value and unsaponifiable matter".
- a SA-formed Ce having an acid value of 76.5 mg / g contains 1.36 ⁇ 10 -3 mol of hydrophobic group ( ⁇ COOH).
- miniaturization processing (defibration processing, nano-ization) is performed.
- a treatment using a miniaturization device is performed to nanonize the cellulose in the dispersion liquid of cerium SA.
- a dispersion liquid of SA-ized CeNF can be obtained.
- the hydrophobically treated cellulose may be defibrated (refined), or the cellulose may be defibrated (refined) and then hydrophobized.
- Water glass is preferably used as the alkaline silicate.
- Water glass is an aqueous silicate solution of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.
- silicate containing Li, K, Rb, Ba, Ca, Mg, Sr, etc. instead of Na, etc. Can be used, and one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- alumina added can be reduced, for example, 90 wt% or less with respect to the total amount of solid components of the coating liquid, and the cost can be reduced.
- N which means the number of SiO 2
- N is preferably 1 or more and 5 or less because it is inferior in binding property when it is less than 1 or more than 5.
- 2 or more and 4 or less are preferable. If the binding property is not sufficient, peeling and cracking are likely to occur remarkably due to external factors such as a change in the volume of the electrode during charging and discharging and a nail piercing test.
- sodium silicates and potassium silicates are particularly excellent in binding properties, so that they can be 80 wt% or less with respect to the total amount of solid components in the coating liquid.
- lithium silicate is not sufficient in binding properties as compared with sodium silicate and potassium silicate, but it is possible to obtain a battery having a small resistance. From the viewpoint of excellent binding property and low resistance, it is preferable to use a mixture of sodium silicate or potassium silicate and lithium silicate. If the binding property is important, the amount of sodium silicate or potassium silicate should be increased, and if the resistance should be reduced, the amount of lithium silicate should be increased.
- thickeners eg, carboxymethyl cellulose, xanthan gum, guar gum, alginic acid
- binders eg, acrylic resin, acrylic binder, fluororesin
- Agents eg, surfactants, alcohols and the like may be added.
- Carboxymethyl cellulose is a water-soluble cellulose salt, and when added to the coating liquid, the viscosity increases and the coating property improves. Further, by adding the acrylic resin, the adhesiveness of the material in the coating liquid is improved.
- Specific examples of the water-soluble cellulose salt include carboxymethyl cellulose-lithium, carboxymethyl cellulose-sodium, carboxymethyl cellulose-potassium, and carboxymethyl cellulose-ammonium.
- carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) when it is simply described as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in the present application, it means carboxymethyl cellulose-sodium.
- the wettability to the base material S is improved.
- a dispersant surfactant, alcohols
- the amount of the surfactant added is preferably 0.001 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less of the solid components of the coating liquid.
- surfactants such as anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, and nonionic surfactants, all of which can be used, but since there is little foaming, nonionic surfactants can be used. Is preferable.
- the solid component of the above-mentioned coating liquid is the SA-ized CeNF (second filler), inorganic particles (first filler), thickener, binder, and dispersant contained in the coating liquid. Is the total amount of.
- the amount of SA-ized CeNF (second filler) added is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of coatability, cost, and battery performance, 0.05 wt% or more is added to the inorganic particles (first filler). Is preferable. Further, the SA-ized CeNF is preferably 0.2 wt% or more and 10 wt% or less, and more preferably 0.5 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less with respect to the total amount of solid components of the coating liquid.
- the amount of the alkaline silicate to be added is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to add 0.05 wt% or more to the inorganic particles (first filler) from the viewpoint of coatability, cost and battery performance.
- the alkaline silicate is preferably 0.3 wt% or more and 20 wt% or less with respect to the total amount of solid components of the coating liquid, and is 0.5 wt% or more from the viewpoint of coatability, cost and battery performance. , 15 wt% or less is more preferable.
- the stirring method for example, a method of rotating the wings attached to the shaft with a motor or the like, a vibration method using ultrasonic waves, or the like can be used.
- the coating liquid may be prepared (mixed, stirred) under reduced pressure.
- an antifoaming agent may be added to the coating liquid.
- the defoaming agent is added, it is preferably 0.001 wt% or more and 1 wt% or less with respect to the total amount of solid components of the coating liquid.
- the defoaming agent known ones such as a silicone-based defoaming agent (for example, polydimethylsiloxane), a surfactant-based defoaming agent (for example, polyethylene glycol fatty acid), and alcohols (for example, acetylene diol) can be applied.
- a silicone-based defoaming agent is preferable from the viewpoint that it is unlikely to adversely affect the battery.
- the shape of the defoaming agent is not particularly limited, and any type such as an oil type, a compound type, an emulsion type, and a powder type can be used.
- ⁇ 3 Coating process on the base material >> The above coating liquid is applied to the surface of the base material S described in ⁇ 1: Preparation step of the base material (porous film before coating) >>.
- the coating method is not limited, but for example, a bar coater, a lip coater, a gravure coater, a die coater, a spray coater, a screen coater and the like can be used. After coating, the coating liquid can be dried to form a coating film on the surface of the base material S.
- Drying of the coating liquid is not particularly limited as long as it can remove the solvent or dispersion medium contained in the coating liquid, and examples thereof include a method of performing heat treatment at a temperature of 50 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower. ..
- the time of the above heat treatment can be carried out by holding for 0.1 to 50 hours.
- Examples of the dry environment include an air atmosphere, a vacuum atmosphere, a rare gas atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere, a carbon dioxide atmosphere, and a hydrogen atmosphere. However, when the environment contains carbon dioxide, the alkali silicate and carbon dioxide react with each other.
- a 2 CO 3 or AH CO 3 are characterized by low solubility in water and decomposition at a voltage exceeding 4.6 V to release carbon dioxide. That is, when the coating film contains these A 2 CO 3 or AHCO 3 , the coating film is less likely to absorb moisture, and it is possible to impart a function of releasing carbon dioxide by overcharging.
- these A 2 CO 3 or AHCO 3 are contained in an amount of 1 wt% or more and 50 wt% or less with respect to the coating film.
- the environmental pressure is preferably 0.001 to 100 MPa and the carbon dioxide concentration is 400 ppm or more, although it depends on the heat treatment temperature and the heat treatment time. More preferably, the environmental pressure is 0.01 to 50 MPa and the concentration of carbon dioxide is 1000 ppm or more, and more preferably the environmental pressure is 0.1 to 10 MPa and the concentration of carbon dioxide is 2000 ppm or more.
- the step of heat treatment in an environment containing carbon dioxide can be eliminated, but the hygroscopicity of the coating film can be improved. It is preferable to allow the alkaline silicate to absorb carbon dioxide to produce A2CO 3 or AHCO 3 because it can be significantly reduced. If the coating film has high hygroscopicity, it may absorb moisture in the atmosphere and deteriorate the battery characteristics.
- A2CO 3 or AHCO 3 can be uniformly produced.
- the uniformity is further improved.
- the electrical characteristics (output characteristics, cycle characteristics (life)) of the battery are improved and the porosity is increased.
- the mechanical strength and heat resistance of the film (separator) can be improved.
- Example A Preparation step of the base material (porous film before coating)
- the base material S for example, a commercially available polyethylene microporous membrane (manufactured by CS TECH, average pore diameter 0.06, thickness 16 ⁇ m) is used. Using.
- the coating liquid was obtained by stirring at 25 m / s for 1 min.
- the ratio of solid components cellulose, CMC, binder, surfactant, alumina, water glass (sodium silicate)
- Table 1 shows the solid component ratio of each coating liquid.
- the surfactant a solution having a solid content of 10 wt% was added so as to have the above ratio.
- Comparative Example A a coating liquid (commercial product simulation) to which a dispersion liquid of water glass (sodium silicate) and SA-ized CeNF was not added was also formed.
- the ratio (concentration) of the solid component (cellulose, CMC, binder, surfactant, alumina, water glass) to the solvent is 40 wt%, and this ratio (concentration) is 25 wt% or more. It can be adjusted at about 50 wt%.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a coating process of a coating liquid using a bar coater. The coating liquid was applied to the back surface in the same manner. D is the groove depth of the bar coater BC, and the coating direction is the MD direction.
- porous films (separators) 1, 2 and A on which the coating layer was formed were formed (see Table 1).
- Comparative Example B a battery B described later was produced using a porous film (separator) which is only a base material on which a coating layer is not formed.
- Heat shrinkage test 1 The porous films (separators) 1 and A were left in a vacuum dryer at 180 to 220 ° C. for 1 to 72 hours. The state of the film before and after applying the heat load was observed. In addition, the heat shrinkage was calculated from the dimensional changes of the film before and after applying the heat load. Since the base material (porous film made of PE) used for coating is a dry separator manufactured by uniaxial stretching, the heat shrinkage rate is determined based on the dimensional change in the mechanical direction (MD direction). Calculated. Further, the heat shrinkage rate when the film was melted and the dimensions could not be measured was set to 100%.
- Heat shrinkage test 2 The porous films (separators) 2 and A were left in a vacuum dryer at 300 ° C. for 1 hour. The state of the film before and after applying the heat load was observed. In addition, the heat shrinkage was calculated from the dimensional changes of the film before and after applying the heat load. Since the base material (porous film made of PE) used for coating is a dry separator manufactured by uniaxial stretching, the heat shrinkage rate is determined based on the dimensional change in the mechanical direction (MD direction). Calculated. Further, the heat shrinkage rate when the film was melted and the dimensions could not be measured was set to 100%.
- the positive electrode active material (lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, nickel-cobalt-lithium manganate (Li (Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 ) O 2 ) )
- Conductive agent acetylene black
- binder polyfluorinated vinylidene (PVdF)
- This slurry was applied onto a current collector (aluminum foil with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m) using an applicator, temporarily dried at 80 ° C., rolled by a roll press, and depressurized.
- a positive electrode (positive electrode mixture layer) was formed by drying (160 ° C., 10 hours). The volume density was 3.10 mAh / cm 2 .
- a negative electrode active material artificial graphite (graphite)
- a conductive agent acetylene black
- a thickener carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- This slurry is applied onto a current collector (copper foil with a thickness of 10 ⁇ m) using an applicator, temporarily dried at 80 ° C., rolled by a roll press, and dried under reduced pressure (140 ° C., 10 hours) to obtain a negative electrode. (Negative electrode mixture layer) was formed.
- the capacitance density was 3.36 mAh / cm 2 .
- R2032 coin-type batteries (batteries 1, 2, A) were manufactured (see FIG. 3).
- Battery resistance Under the condition of 30 ° C. and cutoff voltage of 4.2 to 2.5V, the battery is charged with a current of 0.1C for 10 cycles, discharged at a predetermined rate (high rate charge / discharge test), and then discharged at a predetermined current value for 10 seconds.
- the battery resistance was calculated from the relationship between the battery voltage and the current value after 10 seconds of discharge.
- FIGS. 7 to 10 are views showing the results of the heat shrinkage test 1.
- the upper part is a photograph showing the state of the separator A and the separator 1
- the lower part is a diagram replicating the outer shape of the separator A and the separator 1.
- FIG. 7 shows a change of 1 hour at room temperature
- FIG. 8 shows a change of 1 hour at 180 ° C.
- FIG. 9 shows a change of 3 hours at 200 ° C.
- FIG. 10 shows a change of 72 hours at 220 ° C. ..
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the results of the heat shrinkage test 2. Here, the state of the separator A and the separator 2 is shown.
- the separator A using the coating liquid A simulating a commercially available product has heat resistance because the film is completely melted only by applying a heat load at 180 ° C. for 1 hour. It turned out to be low (Fig. 8).
- the heat shrinkage rate after applying a heat load at 220 ° C. for 72 hours was 0.5%, and the heat resistance was high. It turned out to be high (Fig. 10).
- the heat shrinkage rate after applying a heat load at 300 ° C. for 1 hour was 0. It was 5%, and it was found that the heat resistance was high.
- the separator A was completely melted at 180 ° C. and could not be measured.
- FIGS. 12 to 17 are diagrams showing SEM observation results. 12 and 13 show an SEM photograph of the separator A, FIGS. 14 and 15 show an SEM photograph of the separator 2, and FIGS. 16 and 17 show an SEM photograph of the separator 1.
- the separator A (FIG. 13) using the coating liquid A simulating a commercially available product is relatively uniform over the entire surface. Alumina particles are confirmed, whereas agglomeration of alumina particles is confirmed for separators 1 and 2 (FIGS. 15 and 17) using the coating liquids 1 and 2 to which water glass is added.
- the particle size of the agglomerated grains is about 1 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the state of cellulose could not be confirmed by SEM observation.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the puncture test results of the porous films (separators) 1, 2, and A
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing the galley values of the porous films (separators) 1, 2, and A. ..
- the strengths of the porous films (separators) 1 and 2 are higher than those of the separator A using the coating liquid A simulating a commercially available product, and it was found that there is no problem. That is, it was found that there is no problem in strength even if water glass or the like is added to the coating liquid.
- the increase in the galley value was less than 2% as compared with the separator A using the coating liquid A simulating a commercially available product, and it was found that there was no problem. That is, it was found that even if water glass or the like was added to the coating liquid, the air permeability was maintained without closing the gaps (micropores) between the base material and the alumina particles. It was also found that the addition of SA-ized CeNF improved the galley value.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing cycle characteristics at 30 ° C.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing cycle characteristics at 60 ° C.
- the horizontal axis is the number of cycles (times)
- the vertical axis is the battery capacity retention rate (%).
- the battery 1 showed a better battery capacity retention rate than the battery A (Comparative Example A, simulated coating liquid on the market). Further, the battery 2 also showed a better battery capacity retention rate than the battery A (Comparative Example A, simulated coating liquid on the market) in the cycle characteristics at 60 ° C.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram (graph) showing the battery resistances of the batteries 1, 2, A, and B.
- the vertical axis is the DC resistance ( ⁇ ) of the battery.
- the battery resistance of the batteries 1 and 2 is larger than the battery resistance of the battery B using the porous film (separator) which is only the base material on which the coating layer is not formed, but the rate of increase thereof. was within 10%, and it was found that the battery resistance was within the allowable range even if water glass or the like was added to the coating liquid.
- the causes of such an increase in battery resistance are: 1) the fine pores of the separator are blocked by the addition of water glass or the like, and the movement of Li ions is hindered.
- Factor 2) The components in the coating liquid are electrolytic solutions. It is mentioned that the effective electrode area is reduced by elution into the inside and hindering the contact between the electrode and the electrolytic solution.
- the increase in battery resistance is slight, and it is considered that the problems such as the above factors 1) and 2) do not occur.
- Ce SA is used as the second filler of the coating liquid, but cellulose oxide having a structure in which a primary hydroxyl group such as TEMPO oxidized cellulose is oxidized to a carboxyl group may be used. ..
- TEMPO-oxidized cellulose will be described as an example.
- the porous film of the present embodiment and a method for producing the same will be described below.
- the porous film of the present embodiment can be used as a so-called battery separator.
- the porous film of the present embodiment has a base material (porous base material) S and a coating film (coating film) CF formed on the surface of the base material S.
- a base material porous base material
- a coating film coating film
- CF coating film
- the manufacturing process of the porous film of the present embodiment has the following steps.
- the base material S can be used without particular limitation, and in particular, a base material usually used for a porous film for a lithium ion battery is preferable, and a microporous film can be used.
- a commercially available polyethylene microporous membrane can be used.
- the inorganic particles are not particularly limited.
- alumina, boehmite, aluminum hydroxide, nanosilica, microsilica, carbon nanotubes, talc, glass fiber and the like which are the same as those described in the first embodiment, can be used.
- TEMPO-treated cellulose is used as the second filler.
- TEMPO treatment TEMPO oxidation treatment
- TEMPO is a treatment by an oxidation reaction using TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine1-oxyl) as a catalyst. be. Therefore, the TEMPO-treated cellulose may be referred to as "TEMPO-oxidized cellulose".
- Cellulose is a carbohydrate represented by (C 12 H 20 O 10 ) n, and is represented by, for example, the above-mentioned chemical structural formula (Chemical Formula 1).
- -OH which is the primary hydroxyl group of cellulose
- C6-carboxyl group via C6-aldehyde group
- alkali treatment When an alkali treatment is performed with a salt of a C6-carboxyl group (carboxylate), for example, a sodium hydroxide solution, it is converted to a Na salt of a C6-carboxyl group as follows.
- TEMPO TEMPO
- hypochlorous acid is used as an oxidizing agent
- a basic solution capable of maintaining an arbitrary pH for example, sodium hydroxide
- TEMPO oxidation treatment the above (formulation 5)
- both glucose residues have a structure in which a primary hydroxyl group is oxidized to a carboxyl group, or both glucose residues have a primary hydroxyl group as a carboxyl group. Also included if it does not have an oxidized structure. As the whole of cellulose oxide, it is sufficient that a part of the primary hydroxyl group has a structure oxidized to a carboxyl group. Further, it is not necessary that all of the carboxyl groups are Na salts, and some of them are Na salts.
- the TEMPO-oxidized cellulose may be subjected to a defibration treatment to make the cellulose finer (nano-sized).
- the defibration treatment includes a chemical treatment method and a mechanical treatment method. A method combining these may be used.
- the width (minor diameter, shorter length) W is 1000 nm or less
- the length L is 500 ⁇ m or less
- more preferably the width W in the liquid it becomes fine cellulose having a length of 500 nm or less and a length L of 3 ⁇ m or less. It has also been confirmed that the width W is about 4 nm and the length L is about 2 ⁇ m.
- the miniaturization (nano-miniaturization) of cellulose as described above may be performed before the TEMPO oxidation treatment or after the TEMPO oxidation treatment.
- a thickener for example, carboxymethyl cellulose, xanthan gum, guar gum, alginic acid
- a binder for example, acrylic resin
- acrylic binder, fluororesin), dispersant for example, surfactant, alcohols
- the TEMPO oxidized cellulose (second filler) is preferably added in an amount of 0.05 wt% or more with respect to the inorganic particles (first filler).
- the TEMPO-oxidized cellulose is preferably 0.3 wt% or more and 8 wt% or less, and more preferably 0.5 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less with respect to the total amount of solid components of the coating liquid.
- the alkaline silicate is preferably 0.3 wt% or more and 12.5 wt% or less, and more preferably 0.5 wt% or more and 10 wt% or less with respect to the total amount of solid components of the coating liquid. ..
- the stirring method for example, a method of rotating the wings attached to the shaft with a motor or the like, a vibration method using ultrasonic waves, or the like can be used.
- the coating liquid may be prepared (mixed, stirred) under reduced pressure.
- ⁇ 3 Coating process on the base material >> The above coating liquid is applied to the surface of the base material S described in ⁇ 1: Preparation step of the base material (porous film before coating) >>.
- the coating method is not limited, but for example, a bar coater, a lip coater, a gravure coater, a die coater, a spray coater, a screen coater and the like can be used. After coating, the coating liquid can be dried to form a coating film on the surface of the base material S.
- Drying of the coating liquid is not particularly limited as long as it can remove the solvent or dispersion medium contained in the coating liquid, and examples thereof include a method of performing heat treatment at a temperature of 50 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower. ..
- the time of the above heat treatment can be carried out by holding for 0.1 to 50 hours.
- Examples of the dry environment include an air atmosphere, a vacuum atmosphere, a rare gas atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere, a carbon dioxide atmosphere, and a hydrogen atmosphere. However, when the environment contains carbon dioxide, the alkali silicate and carbon dioxide react with each other.
- a 2 CO 3 or AH CO 3 are characterized by low solubility in water and decomposition at a voltage exceeding 4.6 V to release carbon dioxide. That is, when the coating film contains these A 2 CO 3 or AHCO 3 , the coating film is less likely to absorb moisture, and it is possible to impart a function of releasing carbon dioxide by overcharging.
- these A 2 CO 3 or AHCO 3 are contained in an amount of 1 wt% or more and 50 wt% or less with respect to the coating film.
- the environmental pressure is preferably 0.001 to 100 MPa and the carbon dioxide concentration is 400 ppm or more, although it depends on the heat treatment temperature and the heat treatment time. More preferably, the environmental pressure is 0.01 to 50 MPa and the concentration of carbon dioxide is 1000 ppm or more, and more preferably the environmental pressure is 0.1 to 10 MPa and the concentration of carbon dioxide is 2000 ppm or more.
- the step of heat treatment in an environment containing carbon dioxide can be eliminated, but the hygroscopicity of the coating film can be improved. It is preferable to allow the alkaline silicate to absorb carbon dioxide to produce A2CO 3 or AHCO 3 because it can be significantly reduced. If the coating film has high hygroscopicity, it may absorb moisture in the atmosphere and deteriorate the battery characteristics.
- A2CO 3 or AHCO 3 can be uniformly produced.
- the hydrophilic group is replaced with a hydrophobic group or treated with TEMPO, the uniformity is further improved.
- By uniformly presenting A 2 CO 3 or AH CO 3 in the coating film it is possible to improve the hygroscopicity and impart the function of releasing carbon dioxide by overcharging evenly.
- the electrical characteristics (output characteristics, cycle characteristics (life)) of the battery are improved and the porosity is increased.
- the mechanical strength and heat resistance of the film (separator) can be improved.
- Example B] 1 Preparation step of the base material (porous film before coating)
- the base material S for example, a commercially available polyethylene microporous membrane (manufactured by CS TECH, average pore diameter 0.06 ⁇ m, thickness 16 ⁇ m) is used. Using.
- TEMPO-oxidized cellulose (Na salt) was prepared.
- This TEMPO-oxidized cellulose was in the form of a powder having an average particle size of about 10 ⁇ m, and was produced using pulp derived from hardwood as a raw material.
- C Stirring treatment After adding carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), acrylic resin (binder), and octylphenol ethoxylate (Triton X) as a surfactant to the dispersion of TEMPO oxidized cellulose, further high-purity alumina (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Average particle size (670 nm) was added. An aqueous solvent was further added as a solvent to prepare a mixed solution.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- acrylic resin binder
- Triton X octylphenol ethoxylate
- This mixture is stirred with a rotating and revolving stirrer (Sinky, ARE310) at 2000 rpm for 30 minutes, and finally, water glass (sodium silicate) is added, and a thin film swirling stirrer (Primix, FILMIX) is used.
- the coating liquid was obtained by stirring at 25 m / s for 1 min.
- the ratio of solid components cellulose, CMC, binder, surfactant, alumina, water glass (sodium silicate)
- Table 2 shows the solid component ratio of each coating liquid.
- the surfactant a solution having a solid content of 10 wt% was added so as to have the above ratio.
- Comparative Example A a coating liquid (simulated on a commercial product) to which a dispersion liquid of water glass (sodium silicate) and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose was not added was also formed.
- the ratio (concentration) of the solid component (cellulose, CMC, binder, surfactant, alumina, water glass) to the solvent is 45 wt%, and this ratio (concentration) is 20 wt% or more. It can be adjusted at about 60 wt%.
- Heat shrinkage test 2 The porous film (separator) 3 was left in a vacuum dryer at 300 ° C. for 1 hour. The state of the film before and after applying the heat load was observed. Since the base material (porous film made of PE) used for coating is a dry separator manufactured by uniaxial stretching, the heat shrinkage rate is determined based on the dimensional change in the mechanical direction (MD direction). Calculated. Further, the heat shrinkage rate when the film was melted and the dimensions could not be measured was set to 100%.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing the results of the heat shrinkage test 2. As shown in FIG. 23, it was found that the separator 3 using the coating liquid 3 to which water glass and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose was added had a heat shrinkage rate of 0.5% and high heat resistance. Further, it was found that the separator 3 has heat resistance comparable to that of the heat shrink test 2 of the separator 1 described above.
- FIG. 24 is a diagram showing cycle characteristics at 30 ° C.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram showing cycle characteristics at 60 ° C.
- the horizontal axis is the number of cycles (times)
- the vertical axis is the battery capacity retention rate (%).
- the battery 3 showed a better battery capacity retention rate than the battery A (Comparative Example A, simulated coating liquid on the market). Further, the battery 3 showed a better battery capacity retention rate than the battery 6 to which water glass was not added (FIG. 25).
- FIG. 26 is a diagram (graph) showing the battery resistance of the batteries 3 and B.
- the vertical axis is the direct current resistance ( ⁇ ) of the battery.
- the battery resistance of the battery 3 is larger than the battery resistance of the battery B using the porous film (separator) which is only the base material on which the coating layer is not formed, but the rate of increase is higher. It was found to be within 10%, and the battery resistance was within an allowable range even if water glass or the like was added to the coating liquid.
- the factors for such an increase in battery resistance are: 1) the addition of water glass or the like closes the fine pores of the separator and hinders the movement of Li ions, and 2) in the coating liquid.
- the components of the above are eluted in the electrolytic solution, and the effective electrode area is reduced by hindering the contact between the electrode and the electrolytic solution.
- the increase in battery resistance is slight, and it is considered that the problems such as the above factors 1) and 2) do not occur.
- the coating liquid 3 as the coating liquid for the separator in this way, battery characteristics such as heat resistance and cycle characteristics can be improved.
- the amount of water glass added needs to be less than 15.5 wt% with respect to the total amount of solid components of the coating liquid and the coating film from the viewpoint of coatability, and is 10.5 wt. % Or less is more preferable. Further, the amount of water glass added must be less than 19.4 wt% with respect to the amount of inorganic particles in the coating liquid or coating film from the viewpoint of coatability and cost, and is 12.4 wt% or less. Is more preferable. It is considered that the amount of water glass added hardly changes depending on the presence or absence of addition of cellulose and the type of cellulose added.
- the amount of cellulose added is 0.1 wt% to 5 wt% with respect to the total amount of solid components of the coating liquid or the coating film.
- the heat shrinkage rate can be suppressed to 5% or less, more preferably 3% or less by using the coating liquid.
- the addition of water glass improves the viscosity of the coating liquid and can reduce the amount of CMC added, which plays a role as a thickener.
- the total amount of solid components in the coating liquid or coating film can be reduced. It can be 3 wt% or less.
- CMC is water-soluble and contains Na ions, it is preferable to reduce the amount of CMC added from the viewpoint of suppressing deterioration of battery performance.
- FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the manufacturing apparatus of the present embodiment. In the present embodiment, the manufacturing process of the separator using the above manufacturing apparatus will be described.
- a plasticizer liquid paraffin
- a polyolefin for example, polyethylene
- S1 twin-screw kneading extruder
- the kneaded product (molten resin) is conveyed from the discharge portion to the T-die S2, and the molten resin is cooled in the raw fabric cooling device S3 while being extruded from the slit of the T-die S2 to form a thin-film resin molded body. ..
- the thin-film resin molded body is stretched in the vertical direction by the first longitudinal stretching device S4, and further stretched in the horizontal direction by the first transverse stretching device S5.
- the stretched thin film is immersed in an organic solvent (for example, methylene chloride) in the extraction tank S6.
- an organic solvent for example, methylene chloride
- the polyolefin for example, polyethylene
- the plasticizer (paraffin) are in a phase-separated state.
- the plasticizer (paraffin) becomes a nano-sized island.
- This nano-sized plasticizer (paraffin) is removed (defatted) with an organic solvent (for example, methylene chloride) in the extraction tank S6. This makes it possible to form a porous thin film.
- the thin film is further dried and heat-fixed while being stretched in the lateral direction by the second transverse stretching device S7 to relieve the internal stress during stretching.
- the take-up device S8 winds up the thin film conveyed from the second transverse stretching device S7.
- FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the gravure coating apparatus.
- This gravure coating device has two gravure rolls R.
- This gravure roll R has, for example, a plurality of diagonal recesses, and a part of the gravure roll R is arranged so as to be immersed in the coating liquid CL, and by rotating the gravure roll R, the coating liquid is held in the diagonal recesses. In this state, the coating liquid CL is applied to the base material S.
- the coating liquid CL described in the first embodiment As the coating liquid CL, it is possible to form a coating film on both sides of the base material. If necessary, a drying device for the coating liquid or the like can be incorporated as appropriate.
- the polyolefin (resin) and the plasticizer are melt-kneaded using a kneader, extruded into a sheet using an extruder, and then the kneaded product is stretched using a press or a stretching machine. Form a film (thin film).
- polyolefin one that can be processed by ordinary extrusion, injection, inflation, blow molding, etc. is used.
- polyolefin one that can be processed by ordinary extrusion, injection, inflation, blow molding, etc.
- homopolymers and copolymers such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene, copolymers, and multistage polymers can be used.
- polyolefins selected from the group of these homopolymers, copolymers and multistage polymers can be used alone or in combination.
- Typical examples of the polymer are low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, atactic polypropylene, ethylene-propylene random copolymer, and polybutene. , Polyethylene propylene rubber and the like.
- the base material S it is particularly preferable to use a resin containing polyethylene as a main component because of its high melting point and high strength required performance. Further, from the viewpoint of shutdown performance and the like, it is preferable that polyethylene occupies 50 wt% or more of the resin component. Further, when an ultra-high molecular weight polyolefin having a molecular weight of 1 million or more is used, it becomes difficult to uniformly knead the ultra-high molecular weight polyolefin in an amount of more than 50 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the kneaded product (resin and dispersion). Therefore, it is preferably 50 parts by mass or less.
- the plasticizer improves flexibility and weather resistance in addition to the thermoplastic resin. Further, in the present embodiment, holes can be provided in the resin molded body (membrane) by removing the plasticizer by the degreasing step described later.
- an organic solvent having a molecular weight of 100 to 1500 and a boiling point of 50 ° C to 300 ° C can be used.
- one or a mixture of liquid phthalates can be used.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- dimethylacetamide ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone
- esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate.
- the polyolefin and the plasticizer are in a phase-separated state. Specifically, the plasticizer becomes a nano-sized island. By removing this nano-sized plasticizer in the organic solvent treatment step described later, the island-shaped plasticizer portion becomes pores and a porous thin film is formed.
- the process of forming a separator that forms a large number of fine holes in the resin molded product by the process of removing the plasticizer is called a "wet method".
- the plasticizer in the film is extracted into the organic solvent and removed from the film (thin film).
- methylene chloride hexane, octane, cyclohexane or the like can be used. Above all, it is preferable to use methylene chloride from the viewpoint of productivity.
- the organic solvent on the surface of the film (thin film) is volatilized and heat-treated (heat-fixed) as necessary to obtain the base material (microporous film) S.
- the Na salt of the C6-carboxyl group shown in (Chemical Formula 4) has been exemplified, but the following compounds having other counterions (X + ) may be used as cellulose.
- the counterion is preferably an alkali metal ion, and examples thereof include K + and the like.
- raw material of cellulose those derived from plant fibers such as pulp and those derived from animal fibers such as sea squirts may be used.
- the second filler is used, but if the drying step is an environment containing carbon dioxide, the second filler is not always required.
- the porous film of the present embodiment and a method for producing the same will be described below.
- the porous film of the present embodiment can be used as a so-called battery separator.
- the porous film of the present embodiment has a base material (porous base material) S and a coating film (coating film) CF formed on the surface of the base material S.
- the manufacturing process of the porous film of the present embodiment has the following steps.
- the base material S can be used without particular limitation, and in particular, a base material usually used for a porous film for a lithium ion battery is preferable, and a microporous film can be used.
- a commercially available polyethylene microporous membrane or polypropylene microporous membrane can be used.
- the inorganic particles are not particularly limited.
- alumina, boehmite, aluminum hydroxide, nanosilica, microsilica, carbon nanotubes, talc, glass fiber and the like which are the same as those described in the first embodiment, can be used.
- a thickener for example, carboxymethyl cellulose, xanthan gum, guar gum, alginic acid
- a binder for example, acrylic resin
- acrylic binder, fluororesin), dispersant for example, surfactant, alcohols
- a coating liquid is prepared by adding the above-mentioned inorganic particles (first filler) and, if necessary, an additive such as a surfactant and an acrylic binder, further adding an alkaline silicate, and stirring the mixture.
- the alkaline silicate is preferably 0.3 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less, and more preferably 0.5 wt% or more and 1.5 wt% or less with respect to the total amount of solid components of the coating liquid. ..
- the stirring method for example, a method of rotating the wings attached to the shaft with a motor or the like, a vibration method using ultrasonic waves, or the like can be used.
- the coating liquid may be prepared (mixed, stirred) under reduced pressure.
- ⁇ 3 Coating process on the base material >> The above coating liquid is applied to the surface of the base material S described in ⁇ 1: Preparation step of the base material (porous film before coating) >>.
- the coating method is not limited, but for example, a bar coater, a lip coater, a gravure coater, a die coater, a spray coater, a screen coater and the like can be used. After coating, the coating liquid can be dried in an environment containing carbon dioxide to form a coating film on the surface of the base material S.
- the coating film CF closes the fine pores of the base material S when dried in an environment containing no carbon dioxide.
- the galley value (air permeability, [sec / 100cc]) of the base material S (porous film, separator) on which the coating film CF is formed tends to be 3500 or more, and the air permeability is poor (for example, in an argon environment).
- the galley value was 3504 sec / 100 cc). Therefore, it is necessary to make the dry environment an environment containing carbon dioxide.
- the galley value (air permeability, [sec / 100cc]) of S (porous film, separator) is 200 or more and 3000 or less, and air permeability can be ensured.
- the first filler and the alkaline silicate are added to the coating liquid without using the second filler. It is possible to improve the mechanical strength and heat resistance of the porous film (separator) while improving the electrical characteristics (output characteristics, cycle characteristics (life)) of the battery.
- Example C] 1 Preparation step of the base material (porous film before coating)
- the base material S for example, a commercially available polyethylene microporous membrane (manufactured by CS TECH, average pore diameter 0.06 ⁇ m, thickness 16 ⁇ m) is used. Using.
- water glass is an aqueous solution of alkaline silicate, and in this embodiment, Li 2O ⁇ 3.5SiO 2 (manufactured by Nippon Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., A mixture of lithium silicate 35) and Na 2O ⁇ 3SiO 2 (made by ADEKA, ESX-2) in a solid mass ratio of 1: 1 was used.
- This mixed solution is stirred with a rotating and revolving stirrer (ARE310 manufactured by Shinky Co., Ltd.) at 2000 rpm for 30 minutes, and finally, water glass (a mixed solution of lithium silicate and sodium silicate) is added to form a thin film swirling stirrer (Primix Co., Ltd.).
- ARE310 manufactured by Shinky Co., Ltd.
- water glass a mixed solution of lithium silicate and sodium silicate
- FILMIX Thiniol silicate + sodium silicate
- the coating liquid the ratio of solid components (CMC, binder, surfactant, alumina, water glass (lithium silicate + sodium silicate)) is 100 wt%, CMC is 0.9 wt%, binder is 3 wt%, and surface activity.
- the agent was 0.1 wt%, alumina was 85 wt%, and water glass (lithium silicate + sodium silicate) was 11 wt%.
- As the surfactant a solution having a solid content of 10 wt% was added so as to have the above ratio.
- the ratio (concentration) of the solid component (CMC, binder, surfactant, alumina, water glass) to the solvent is 45 wt%, and this ratio (concentration) is about 15 to 65 wt%. It is possible to adjust with.
- Gale value of separator The time required for 100 ml of air to pass through the porous film (separator) was measured and used as the Gale value. As for the galley value, the number of N (number of test pieces) was set to 5, and the average value of the values was calculated.
- the galley value can be set to 200 or more and 3000 or less by drying (heat treating) the separator in an environment containing carbon dioxide. It is considered that this is because the alkaline silicate and carbon dioxide react with each other to form A2CO 3 or AHCO 3 and SiO 2 by drying in an environment containing carbon dioxide. It is considered that the coating film CF is not formed so as to cover all the micropores of the base material S due to the generated A 2 CO 3 or AHCO 3 and SiO 2. Further, in the above, lithium.
- the ion battery may be a metal lithium battery, a lithium polymer battery, an air lithium ion battery, or the like. Further, it may be used as a separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery such as a sodium ion battery, a potassium ion battery, a calcium ion battery, a magnesium ion battery, and an aluminum ion battery.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery such as a sodium ion battery, a potassium ion battery, a calcium ion battery, a magnesium ion battery, and an aluminum ion battery.
- These batteries mean a battery system in which ions (carriers) responsible for electrical conduction are replaced with cations such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum from lithium.
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Abstract
Description
以下に、本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムおよびその製造方法について説明する。本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムは、いわゆる電池のセパレータとして用いることができる。
図1は、本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムの構成を示す断面図である。図1に示すように、本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムは、電池のセパレータSPとして用いられ、基材(多孔質基材)Sと基材Sの表面に形成された塗工膜(被覆膜)CFとを有する。塗工膜CFは、後述するように、第1フィラーとして無機粒子と、第2フィラーとしてSA化処理されたセルロース(SA化Ce、SACeと示す場合がある)と、アルカリ珪酸塩とを有する。
以下に本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムの製造工程を説明するとともに、多孔質フィルムや塗工膜の構成をより明確にする。
基材Sとしては、特に限定されずに使用でき、特に、通常、リチウムイオン電池用の多孔質フィルムに用いられる基材が好ましく、微多孔質膜を用いることができる。例えば、市販のポリエチレン製微多孔質膜を用いることができる。
2-1)第1フィラーの準備
本実施の形態においては、第1フィラーとして、無機粒子(無機フィラー)を用いる。
本実施の形態においては、第2フィラーとして、疎水化(SA化)されたセルロース(SA化Ceと示す場合がある)を用いる。
セルロース(Cellulose、Cell-OH、Ce)は、(C12H20O10)nで表される炭水化物である。例えば、以下の化学構造式(化1)で示される。この化学構造式中、平均繰返し数を示すnは1以上の数であり、好ましくは10~10000、より好ましくは50~2000である。
また、解繊処理を行い、セルロースを微細化(ナノ化)してもよい。解繊処理(微細化処理)には、化学処理法や機械処理法などがある。これらを組み合わせた方法を用いてもよい。このような解繊処理(微細化処理)により、繊維長さ(L)が3nm以上、10μm以下、アスペクト比(長さL/直径D)が0.01以上、5000以下のセルロースを得ることができる。このようにセルロース繊維をナノメートルサイズまで微細化したものをセルロースナノファイバー(CeNF)という。
疎水化CeNFは、凝集を防止し、塗工液中への分散性を高めるため、溶媒に分散させた状態で用いることが好ましい。
アルカリ珪酸塩としては、水ガラスを用いることが好ましい。水ガラスとは、アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属の珪酸塩水溶液である。例えば、ナトリウム珪酸塩(珪酸ナトリウム、Na2O・nSiO2(n=2~4))の他、Naに変えて、Li、K、Rb、Ba、Ca、Mg、Srなどを含む珪酸塩などを用いることができ、1種単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用して用いてもよい。
その他の添加物として、増粘剤(例えば、カルボキシメチルセルロース、キサンタンガム、グァーガム、アルギン酸)、結着剤(例えば、アクリル樹脂、アクリル系バインダ、フッ素樹脂)、分散剤(例えば、界面活性剤、アルコール類)などを添加してもよい。
前述したSA化CeNF(第2フィラー)の分散液に、無機粒子(第1フィラー)やその他の添加剤を添加し、さらにアルカリ珪酸塩を加え、攪拌することにより、塗工液を調製する。
消泡剤としては、シリコーン系消泡剤(例えば、ポリジメチルシロキサン)、界面活性剤系消泡剤(例えば、ポリエチレングリコール脂肪酸)、アルコール類(例えば、アセチレンジオール)などの公知のものが適用可能であるが、このうち、電池に悪影響を与えにくいという観点からシリコーン系消泡剤であることが好ましい。また、消泡剤の形状は特に限定されず、オイル型、コンパウンド型、エマルジョン型、粉末型など任意のものが使用可能である。
<<1:基材(塗工前の多孔質フィルム)の準備工程>>で説明した基材Sの表面に、上記塗工液を塗工する。塗工方法に制限はないが、例えば、バーコーター、リップコーター、グラビアコーター、ダイコーター、スプレーコーター、スクリーンコーターなどを用いることができる。塗工後、塗工液を乾燥させることにより、基材Sの表面に塗工膜を形成することができる。
1:基材(塗工前の多孔質フィルム)の準備工程
基材Sとしては、例えば、市販のポリエチレン製微多孔質膜(CS TECH社製、平均細孔径0.06、厚さ16μm)を用いた。
A)水ガラスの調整
水ガラスとは、前述したようにアルカリ珪酸塩の水溶液であり、本実施例においては、ナトリウム珪酸塩(Na2O・3SiO2(ADEKA製、ESX-2))を用いた。
図4の工程に準じ、無水コハク酸によりセルロースを疎水化した(-OHの一部を-COOHとした)。次いで、分散液中の疎水化セルロースの解繊処理を行い、セルロースをナノ化した。
SA化CeNFの分散液に、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、アクリル樹脂(バインダ)、界面活性剤としてオクチルフェノールエトキシレート(トリトンX)を添加した後、さらに高純度アルミナ(住友化学社製、平均粒径700nm)を投入した。なお、溶媒として、さらに水系溶媒を添加し、混合液を調整した。この混合液を自転公転式攪拌機(シンキー社製、ARE310)で、2000rpmで、30min攪拌した後、最後に、水ガラス(珪酸ナトリウム)を添加し、薄膜旋回攪拌機(プライミクス社製、FILMIX)で、25m/sで、1min攪拌して、塗工液を得た。塗工液においては、固形成分(セルロース、CMC、バインダ、界面活性剤、アルミナ、水ガラス(珪酸ナトリウム))の割合を100wt%として、表1に、各塗工液の固形成分比率を示す。なお、界面活性剤は、固形分が10wt%の溶液を上記比率となるように添加した。また、比較例Aとして水ガラス(珪酸ナトリウム)およびSA化CeNFの分散液を未添加の塗工液(市販品模擬)も形成した。
「1.基材(塗工前の多孔質フィルム)の準備工程」で説明した基材(PE製多孔質フィルム)を50mm角に切り出し、基材(試験片)Sとした。この基材Sの表面に、上記塗工液(塗工液1、2、Aのいずれか)をバーコーターBCで両面に塗工し、塗工したフィルムは、ドライヤーの冷風で5分程度乾燥させた(図6)。図6は、バーコーターを用いた塗工液の塗布工程を示す斜視図である。裏面についても同様に塗工液を塗布した。Dは、バーコーターBCの溝深さであり、塗布方向は、MD方向である。
(塗布性)
塗工液1、2において、ダマや基材のはじき等の不具合はなく、塗布性は良好であった。
上記多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)1、2、Aについて、100mlの空気が通過するまでの時間を測定し、これをガーレ値とした。ガーレ値については、N数(試験片数)を5とし、その値の平均値を求めた。
上記多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)1、Aを、180~220℃の真空乾燥機内に1~72時間放置した。熱負荷を加える前および後のフィルムの状態を観察した。また、熱負荷を加える前および後のフィルムの寸法変化より、熱収縮率を算出した。なお、塗工に使用した基材(PE製多孔質フィルム)は、一軸延伸により製造した乾式セパレータであるため、熱収縮率においては、機械方向(MD方向)の寸法変化に基づき熱収縮率を算出した。また、フィルムが溶融して寸法を測定できなかった場合の熱収縮率は100%とした。
上記多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)2、Aを、300℃の真空乾燥機内に1時間放置した。熱負荷を加える前および後のフィルムの状態を観察した。また、熱負荷を加える前および後のフィルムの寸法変化より、熱収縮率を算出した。なお、塗工に使用した基材(PE製多孔質フィルム)は、一軸延伸により製造した乾式セパレータであるため、熱収縮率においては、機械方向(MD方向)の寸法変化に基づき熱収縮率を算出した。また、フィルムが溶融して寸法を測定できなかった場合の熱収縮率は100%とした。
上記多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)1、2、Aの表面をSEM(走査型電子顕微鏡)により観察した。
上記多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)1、2、Aについて、ジグで固定し、直径1mmの針を試験速度10mm/minで突き刺し、針が貫通するまでの最大力(N)を測定した。
正極用のスラリーとして、正極活物質(NCM(リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン系酸化物、ニッケル-コバルト-マンガン酸リチウム(Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2))、導電剤(アセチレンブラック)、バインダ(ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF))を固形比率で94:3:3wt%となるよう配合し、自公転式ミキサー(シンキー製、あわとり練太郎、2000rpm、15分間)を用いて混練しスラリー化した。このスラリーを集電体(厚み15μmのアルミニウム箔)上にアプリケーターを用いて塗工し、80℃で仮乾燥した後、ロールプレスにより圧延し、減圧乾燥(160℃、10時間)することで正極(正極合剤層)を形成した。なお、容量密度は、3.10mAh/cm2とした。
(サイクル特性)
30℃、カットオフ電圧4.2~2.5Vの条件下において、0.1Cの電流で10サイクル充電した後、0.5Cの充放電を繰り返すことにより、コイン型電池(電池1、2、A)のサイクル特性を調べた。また、60℃の条件下においても同様にサイクル特性を調べた。
30℃、カットオフ電圧4.2~2.5Vの条件下において、0.1Cの電流で10サイクル充電した後、所定レートで放電(高率充放電試験)した後、所定電流値で10秒間放電し、10秒後の電池電圧と電流値の関係から、電池抵抗を算出した。
図7~図10は、熱収縮試験1の結果を示す図である。各図において、上部は、セパレータAおよびセパレータ1の様子を示す写真であり、下部は、セパレータAおよびセパレータ1の外形を模写した図である。図7は常温で1時間の変化を示し、図8は180℃で1時間の変化を示し、図9は200℃で3時間の変化を示し、図10は220℃で72時間の変化を示す。
実施の形態1においては、塗工液の第2フィラーとして、SA化Ceを用いたが、TEMPO酸化セルロースなどの第1級水酸基がカルボキシル基に酸化された構造を有する酸化セルロースを用いてもよい。以下、TEMPO酸化セルロースを例に説明する。
本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムは、基材(多孔質基材)Sと基材Sの表面に形成された塗工膜(被覆膜)CFとを有する。ここで、本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムの構成(図1)や、この多孔質フィルムを用いたリチウムイオン電池の構成(図2、図3)は、実施の形態1の場合のSA化Ceが、TEMPO酸化セルロースとなる以外は、実施の形態1と同様であるため、その詳細な説明を省略する。
以下に本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムの製造工程を説明するとともに、多孔質フィルムや塗工膜の構成をより明確にする。
基材Sとしては、特に限定されずに使用でき、特に、通常、リチウムイオン電池用の多孔質フィルムに用いられる基材が好ましく、微多孔質膜を用いることができる。例えば、市販のポリエチレン製微多孔質膜を用いることができる。
2-1)第1フィラーの準備
本実施の形態においては、第1フィラーとして、無機粒子(無機フィラー)を用いる。
本実施の形態においては、第2フィラーとして、TEMPO処理されたセルロースを用いる。TEMPO処理(TEMPO酸化処理)とは、TEMPO(2,2,6,6-テトラメチルピペリジン1-オキシル(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine1-oxyl))を触媒として用いた酸化反応による処理である。このため、TEMPO処理されたセルロースを“TEMPO酸化セルロース”という場合がある。
また、上記TEMPO酸化セルロースに対し、解繊処理を行い、セルロースを微細化(ナノ化)してもよい。解繊処理(微細化処理)には、化学処理法や機械処理法などがある。これらを組み合わせた方法を用いてもよい。このような解繊処理(微細化処理)により、液体中において、例えば、幅(短径、短い方の長さ)Wが、1000nm以下、長さLが、500μm以下、より好ましくは、幅Wが、500nm以下、長さLが、3μm以下の微細なセルロースとなる。なお、幅Wが、4nm程度、長さLが、2μm程度のものも確認されている。
アルカリ珪酸塩としては、実施の形態1の場合と同様に、水ガラスを用いることが好ましい。
その他の添加物として、実施の形態1の場合と同様に、増粘剤(例えば、カルボキシメチルセルロース、キサンタンガム、グァーガム、アルギン酸)、結着剤(例えば、アクリル樹脂、アクリル系バインダ、フッ素樹脂)、分散剤(例えば、界面活性剤、アルコール類)などを用いることができる。
前述したTEMPO酸化セルロース(第2フィラー)の分散液に、無機粒子(第1フィラー)やその他の添加剤を添加し、さらにアルカリ珪酸塩を加え、攪拌することにより、塗工液を調製する。
<<1:基材(塗工前の多孔質フィルム)の準備工程>>で説明した基材Sの表面に、上記塗工液を塗工する。塗工方法に制限はないが、例えば、バーコーター、リップコーター、グラビアコーター、ダイコーター、スプレーコーター、スクリーンコーターなどを用いることができる。塗工後、塗工液を乾燥させることにより、基材Sの表面に塗工膜を形成することができる。
1:基材(塗工前の多孔質フィルム)の準備工程
基材Sとしては、例えば、市販のポリエチレン製微多孔質膜(CS TECH社製、平均細孔径0.06μm、厚さ16μm)を用いた。
A)水ガラスの調整
水ガラスとは、前述したようにアルカリ珪酸塩の水溶液あり、本実施例においては、Na2O・3SiO2(ADEKA製、ESX-2)を用いた。
TEMPO酸化セルロース(Na塩)を準備した。このTEMPO酸化セルロースは、平均粒径10μm程度の粉状であり、原材料として広葉樹由来のパルプを用いて製造されたものを用いた。
TEMPO酸化セルロースの分散液に、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、アクリル樹脂(バインダ)、界面活性剤としてオクチルフェノールエトキシレート(トリトンX)を添加した後、さらに高純度アルミナ(住友化学社製、平均粒径670nm)を投入した。なお、溶媒として、さらに水系溶媒を添加し、混合液を調整した。この混合液を自転公転式攪拌機(シンキー社製、ARE310)で、2000rpmで、30min攪拌した後、最後に、水ガラス(珪酸ナトリウム)を添加し、薄膜旋回攪拌機(プライミクス社製、FILMIX)で、25m/sで、1min攪拌して、塗工液を得た。塗工液においては、固形成分(セルロース、CMC、バインダ、界面活性剤、アルミナ、水ガラス(珪酸ナトリウム))の割合を100wt%として、表2に、各塗工液の固形成分比率を示す。なお、界面活性剤は、固形分が10wt%の溶液を上記比率となるように添加した。また、比較例Aとして水ガラス(珪酸ナトリウム)およびTEMPO酸化セルロースの分散液を未添加の塗工液(市販品模擬)も形成した。
「1.基材(塗工前の多孔質フィルム)の準備工程」で説明した基材(PE製多孔質フィルム)の表面に、上記塗工液(塗工液3、4、5、6、7、8のいずれか)をバーコーターで両面に塗工し、80℃で1時間乾燥した。なお、塗工厚みは片面4μm(両面で8μm)とした。このようにして、塗工層が形成された多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)3、4、5、6、7、8を形成した(表2参照)。
(塗布性)
塗工液4においては、塗工液が固化しバーコーターが動かなくなったため、多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)および電池の作製を断念した。また、塗工液7、8においては、塗工液が基材の表面に濡れ広がらなかったため(ハジキが生じたため)、多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)および電池の作製を断念した。他の塗工液は、塗工液の固化や基材のハジキ等の不具合はなく、塗布性は良好であった。なお、比較例A、Bは、実施の形態1(実施例A)で説明したものと同じである。
上記多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)3を、300℃の真空乾燥機内に1時間放置した。熱負荷を加える前および後のフィルムの状態を観察した。なお、塗工に使用した基材(PE製多孔質フィルム)は、一軸延伸により製造した乾式セパレータであるため、熱収縮率においては、機械方向(MD方向)の寸法変化に基づき熱収縮率を算出した。また、フィルムが溶融して寸法を測定できなかった場合の熱収縮率は100%とした。
実施の形態1の実施例Aの場合と同様に、電池(電池3、5、6)を作製し、サイクル特性および電池抵抗を評価した。
図23は、熱収縮試験2の結果を示す図である。図23に示すように、水ガラスおよびTEMPO酸化セルロースを添加した塗工液3を用いたセパレータ3については、熱収縮率が0.5%となり、耐熱性が高いことが判明した。また、このセパレータ3は、前述のセパレータ1の熱収縮試験2と比較しても遜色のない耐熱性を有することが判明した。
上記実施例の結果から、水ガラスの添加量としては、塗布性の観点から、塗工液や塗工膜の固形成分総量に対して、15.5wt%未満とする必要があり、10.5wt%以下とすることがより好ましい。また、水ガラスの添加量としては、塗布性およびコストの観点から、塗工液や塗工膜中の無機粒子量に対して、19.4wt%未満とする必要があり、12.4wt%以下とすることがより好ましい。この水ガラスの添加量は、セルロースの添加の有無や、添加するセルロースの種類によってほとんど変化しないものと考えられる。
実施の形態1、2の実施例においては、基材Sとして、市販のポリエチレン製微多孔質膜を用いたが、以下のようにしてポリエチレン製微多孔質膜を形成することができる。
なお、上記においては、(化4)に示すC6-カルボキシル基のNa塩を例示したが、以下のような他の対イオン(X+)を有する化合物をセルロースとして用いてもよい。この対イオンとしては、アルカリ金属イオンが好ましく、例えば、K+等が挙げられる。
実施の形態1、2においては、第2フィラーを用いていたが、乾燥工程が二酸化炭素を含む環境であれば、必ずしも第2フィラーを必要としない。
本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムは、基材(多孔質基材)Sと基材Sの表面に形成された塗工膜(被覆膜)CFとを有する。ここで、本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムの構成(図1)や、この多孔質フィルムを用いたリチウムイオン電池の構成(図2、図3)は、実施の形態1の場合のSA化Ceが含まれず、代わりにA2CO3またはAHCO3(A=Li,Na,K,Rb)を含むこと以外は、実施の形態1と同様であるため、その詳細な説明を省略する。
以下に本実施の形態の多孔質フィルムの製造工程を説明するとともに、多孔質フィルムや塗工膜の構成をより明確にする。
基材Sとしては、特に限定されずに使用でき、特に、通常、リチウムイオン電池用の多孔質フィルムに用いられる基材が好ましく、微多孔質膜を用いることができる。例えば、市販のポリエチレン製微多孔質膜やポリプロピレン製微多孔膜を用いることができる。
2-1)第1フィラーの準備
本実施の形態においては、第1フィラーとして、無機粒子(無機フィラー)を用いる。
本実施の形態においては、第2フィラーは使用しない。
アルカリ珪酸塩としては、実施の形態1の場合と同様に、水ガラスを用いることが好ましい。
その他の添加物として、実施の形態1の場合と同様に、増粘剤(例えば、カルボキシメチルセルロース、キサンタンガム、グァーガム、アルギン酸)、結着剤(例えば、アクリル樹脂、アクリル系バインダ、フッ素樹脂)、分散剤(例えば、界面活性剤、アルコール類)などを用いることができる。
前述した無機粒子(第1フィラー)と、必要に応じて界面活性剤とアクリル系バインダなどの添加剤を添加し、さらにアルカリ珪酸塩を加え、攪拌することにより、塗工液を調製する。
<<1:基材(塗工前の多孔質フィルム)の準備工程>>で説明した基材Sの表面に、上記塗工液を塗工する。塗工方法に制限はないが、例えば、バーコーター、リップコーター、グラビアコーター、ダイコーター、スプレーコーター、スクリーンコーターなどを用いることができる。塗工後、塗工液を二酸化炭素を含む環境で乾燥させることにより、基材Sの表面に塗工膜を形成することができる。
1:基材(塗工前の多孔質フィルム)の準備工程
基材Sとしては、例えば、市販のポリエチレン製微多孔質膜(CS TECH社製、平均細孔径0.06μm、厚さ16μm)を用いた。
A)水ガラスの調整
水ガラスとは、前述したようにアルカリ珪酸塩の水溶液あり、本実施例においては、Li2O・3.5SiO2(日本化学工業製、珪酸リチウム35)とNa2O・3SiO2(ADEKA製、ESX-2)を固形の質量比で1:1となるように混合されたものを用いた。
カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)が溶解した水に、アクリル樹脂(バインダ)、界面活性剤としてオクチルフェノールエトキシレート(トリトンX)を添加した後、さらに高純度アルミナ(住友化学社製、平均粒径700nm)を投入した。なお、溶媒として、さらに水系溶媒を添加し、混合液を調整した。この混合液を自転公転式攪拌機(シンキー社製、ARE310)で、2000rpmで、30min攪拌した後、最後に、水ガラス(珪酸リチウムと珪酸ナトリウムの混合液)を添加し、薄膜旋回攪拌機(プライミクス社製、FILMIX)で、25m/sで、1min攪拌して、塗工液を得た。塗工液においては、固形成分(CMC、バインダ、界面活性剤、アルミナ、水ガラス(珪酸リチウム+珪酸ナトリウム))の割合を100wt%として、CMCが0.9wt%、バインダが3wt%、界面活性剤が0.1wt%、アルミナが85wt%、水ガラス(珪酸リチウム+珪酸ナトリウム)が11wt%とした。なお、界面活性剤は、固形分が10wt%の溶液を上記比率となるように添加した。
「1.基材(塗工前の多孔質フィルム)の準備工程」で説明した基材(PE製多孔質フィルム)の表面に、上記塗工液をグラビアロールで両面に塗工し、0.1MPaの二酸化炭素雰囲気にて、80℃で1時間乾燥した。なお、塗工厚みは片面4μm(両面で8μm)とした。このようにして、塗工層が形成された多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)を形成した。
(塗布性)
本塗工液は、塗工液の固化や基材のハジキ等の不具合はなく、塗布性は良好であった。
上記多孔質フィルム(セパレータ)について、100mlの空気が通過するまでの時間を測定し、これをガーレ値とした。ガーレ値については、N数(試験片数)を5とし、その値の平均値を求めた。
ガーレ値は、289sec/100ccで、通気性は確保されていることが示された。
上記実施例の結果から、第2フィラーを用いない場合は、二酸化炭素を含む環境でセパレータを乾燥(熱処理)することで、ガーレ値を200以上、3000以下にすることができる。これは、二酸化炭素を含む環境で乾燥することで、アルカリ珪酸塩と二酸化炭素が反応して、A2CO3またはAHCO3と、SiO2を生成したものだと考えられる。この生成したA2CO3またはAHCO3、およびSiO2によって、塗工膜CFは、基材Sの微細孔をすべて覆うようには形成されていないものだと思われる
また、上記においては、リチウムイオン電池を例示したが、金属リチウム電池、リチウムポリマー電池、空気リチウムイオン電池などであってもかまわない。また、ナトリウムイオン電池、カリウムイオン電池、カルシウムイオン電池、マグネシウムイオン電池、アルミニウムイオン電池などの非水電解質二次電池のセパレータとして用いてもよい。これらの電池は、電気伝導を担うイオン(キャリア)を、リチウムから、ナトリウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、アルミニウムなどのカチオンに置き換えた電池系を意味する。
1M 正極合剤層
1S 集電体
2 負極
2M 負極合剤層
2S 集電体
6 缶(電池缶)
7 蓋(電池キャップ)
8 ワッシャー
CF 塗工膜
CL 塗工液
R グラビアロール
S 基材
S1 二軸混練押出機
S2 ダイ
S3 原反冷却装置
S4 第1縦延伸装置
S5 第1横延伸装置
S6 抽出槽
S7 第2横延伸装置
S7’ グラビア塗工装置
S8 巻取り装置
SP セパレータ
Claims (13)
- アルカリ珪酸塩と第1フィラーとを有する多孔質フィルム用の塗工液であって、
前記第1フィラーは、無機粒子よりなり、
前記アルカリ珪酸塩を前記無機粒子に対して0.05重量%以上含有する、多孔質フィルム用の塗工液。 - 請求項1記載の塗工液において、
前記無機粒子は、ナノシリカ、マイクロシリカ、カーボンナノチューブ、タルク、アルミナ、ベーマイト、水酸化アルミニウムおよびガラス繊維から選択される材料である、多孔質フィルム用の塗工液。 - 請求項2記載の塗工液において、
前記無機粒子に対して0.05重量%以上の第2フィラーを有し、
前記第2フィラーは、セルロースの親水基が、疎水基に置換されたものである、多孔質フィルム用の塗工液。 - 請求項3記載の塗工液において、
前記第2フィラーは、前記無機粒子に対して12.4重量%以下である、多孔質フィルム用の塗工液。 - 多孔質基材と前記多孔質基材の表面に設けられた塗工膜とを有する多孔質フィルムであって、
前記塗工膜は、アルカリ珪酸塩と第1フィラーとを有し、
前記第1フィラーは、無機粒子よりなり、
前記アルカリ珪酸塩を前記無機粒子に対して0.05重量%以上含有する、多孔質フィルム。 - 請求項6記載の多孔質フィルムにおいて、
前記無機粒子は、ナノシリカ、カーボンナノチューブ、タルク、アルミナおよびガラス繊維から選択される材料である、多孔質フィルム。 - 請求項7記載の多孔質フィルムにおいて、
前記塗工膜は、前記無機粒子に対して0.05重量%以上の第2フィラーを有し、
前記第2フィラーは、セルロースの親水基が、疎水基に置換されたものである、多孔質フィルム。 - 請求項7記載の多孔質フィルムにおいて、
前記塗工膜は、A2CO3またはAHCO3(A=Li,Na,K,Rb)を含む、多孔質フィルム。 - 請求項10記載の多孔質フィルムにおいて、
前記A2CO3または前記AHCO3は、塗工膜に対して1重量%以上、50重量%以下である、多孔質フィルム。 - 請求項8記載の多孔質フィルムにおいて、
前記第2フィラーは、前記無機粒子に対して12.4重量%以下である、多孔質フィルム。 - 正極と、負極と、セパレータと、電解液とを備える、リチウムイオン電池であって、
請求項6~12のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質フィルムを前記セパレータとして有する、リチウムイオン電池。
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