WO2022025074A1 - 化合物、光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料、正孔輸送層、およびそれを用いた光電変換素子ならびに太陽電池 - Google Patents
化合物、光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料、正孔輸送層、およびそれを用いた光電変換素子ならびに太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022025074A1 WO2022025074A1 PCT/JP2021/027782 JP2021027782W WO2022025074A1 WO 2022025074 A1 WO2022025074 A1 WO 2022025074A1 JP 2021027782 W JP2021027782 W JP 2021027782W WO 2022025074 A1 WO2022025074 A1 WO 2022025074A1
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- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002510 isobutoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003253 isopropoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(O*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AUHZEENZYGFFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N mesitylene Substances CC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1 AUHZEENZYGFFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001827 mesitylenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C(C(*)=C(C([H])=C1C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ISWNAMNOYHCTSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanamine;hydrobromide Chemical compound [Br-].[NH3+]C ISWNAMNOYHCTSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001160 methoxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- ANGDWNBGPBMQHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl cyanoacetate Chemical compound COC(=O)CC#N ANGDWNBGPBMQHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004492 methyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LLWRXQXPJMPHLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].[NH3+]C LLWRXQXPJMPHLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- SYSQUGFVNFXIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)phenyl]-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide Chemical class C1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=C(C=2OC3=CC=CC=C3N=2)C=C1 SYSQUGFVNFXIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006606 n-butoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001298 n-hexoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003935 n-pentoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005186 naphthyloxy group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)O* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000000018 nitroso group Chemical group N(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000006611 nonyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002892 organic cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004115 pentoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 229960005235 piperonyl butoxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000548 poly(silane) polymer Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001501 propionyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- LLHKCFNBLRBOGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol methyl ether acetate Chemical compound COCC(C)OC(C)=O LLHKCFNBLRBOGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- NMHFBDQVKIZULJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylideneindium Chemical compound [In]=[Se] NMHFBDQVKIZULJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VDIKDRRLLNUMBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenetitanium Chemical compound [Se]=[Ti] VDIKDRRLLNUMBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLLMPOYODONDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenezirconium Chemical compound [Se].[Zr] JLLMPOYODONDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- HSYLTRBDKXZSGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Ag+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F HSYLTRBDKXZSGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005118 spray pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- PGWMQVQLSMAHHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenesilver Chemical compound [Ag]=S PGWMQVQLSMAHHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XCUPBHGRVHYPQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenetungsten Chemical compound [W]=S XCUPBHGRVHYPQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000427 thin-film deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000464 thioxo group Chemical group S=* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Sn]=S AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- OCDVSJMWGCXRKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(4+);disulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[Ti+4] OCDVSJMWGCXRKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001889 triflyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001651 triphenylamine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003960 triphenylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C3C12)* 0.000 description 1
- NHDIQVFFNDKAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropan-2-yl borate Chemical compound CC(C)OB(OC(C)C)OC(C)C NHDIQVFFNDKAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004506 ultrasonic cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003774 valeryl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/0803—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages
- C07F7/081—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te
- C07F7/0812—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te comprising a heterocyclic ring
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/80—Constructional details
- H10K30/84—Layers having high charge carrier mobility
- H10K30/86—Layers having high hole mobility, e.g. hole-transporting layers or electron-blocking layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/40—Organosilicon compounds, e.g. TIPS pentacene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/50—Organic perovskites; Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites [HOIP], e.g. CH3NH3PbI3
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
- H10K85/636—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine comprising heteroaromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/656—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising two or more different heteroatoms per ring
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6576—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only sulfur in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. benzothiophene
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a compound, a hole transport material for a photoelectric conversion element, a hole transport layer, a photoelectric conversion element using the same, and a solar cell.
- hole transport materials are often used in the elements.
- the purpose of use is (1) to enhance the function of selectively transporting holes to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and (2) perovskite to be bonded to the photoelectric conversion layer to make a perovskite material that is easily affected by moisture and oxygen.
- Protecting is mentioned (eg, Non-Patent Document 3).
- Spiro-OMeTAD a spirobifluorene-based organic compound, is often used as a standard hole-transporting material, but there are few reports of hole-transporting materials that contribute more to photoelectric conversion characteristics than the material.
- a dopant which is an additive is added to the hole transport material. This dopant is used to reduce the electrical resistance of the hole transport material (eg, Non-Patent Documents 3-4).
- Non-Patent Document 3 the use of a dopant as an additive may reduce the durability of a photoelectric conversion element using an organic compound and shorten the life of the entire element (for example, Non-Patent Document 3). It is desired to develop a photoelectric conversion element having a hole transport layer that does not contain a dopant or has a reduced dopant content. Further, if the dopant is not contained or the content can be reduced, the additive cost can be reduced and the manufacturing process cost can be reduced.
- the inventors can obtain a highly durable photoelectric conversion element and a solar cell by using a compound having a specific structure as a hole transport material for a photoelectric conversion element. I found that. That is, the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- R 3 to R 22 are independent of each other Hydrogen atom, halogen atom, carboxyl group, trimethylsilyl group, A linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A linear or branched alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A cycloalkoxy group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, An acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A thio group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, An amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have a substituent, An aromatic hydrocarbon
- R 1 and R 2 are independent of each other.
- Nitrile group A linear or branched acyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent
- the compound according to 1 above which is a linear or branched alkoxycarbonyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- a solar cell including the photoelectric conversion element according to 6 above.
- the compound according to the present invention and the hole transport material for a photoelectric conversion element containing the compound, it has become possible to manufacture a photoelectric conversion element and a solar cell having high durability.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has a conductive support 1, a hole blocking layer 2, an electron transport layer 3, a photoelectric conversion layer 4, and a positive structure, as shown in the first schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. It has a hole transport layer 5 and a counter electrode 6.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has a conductive support 7, an electron transport layer 8, a photoelectric conversion layer 9, and a hole transport, as shown in the second schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. It has a layer 10 and a counter electrode 11.
- halogen atom examples include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
- the "linear or branched perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms" represented by R 1 and R 2 specifically has 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the linear or branched alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, and an n-butyl group in which a hydrogen atom is completely substituted (perfluorolated) with a fluorine atom.
- a linear or branched acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent represented by R 1 and R 2 has “1 to 1 carbon atoms".
- Specific examples of the "20 linear or branched acyl groups” include an acetyl group, a propionyl group, a butyryl group, an isobutyryl group, a valeryl group, an isovaleryl group, a benzoylacetyl group and a benzoyl group.
- the hydrogen atom is completely substituted (perfluorolated) with a fluorine atom. Further, it may be one bonded to an amino group (-CO-N ⁇ ).
- the "linear or branched alkoxycarbonyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent" represented by R 1 and R 2 has "1 carbon atom number”.
- Specific examples of the "to 18 linear or branched alkoxycarbonyl group” include a methoxycarbonyl group and an ethoxycarbonyl group, and when an alkyl chain is contained, the hydrogen atom is completely replaced with a fluorine atom. Includes those that have been (perfluorolated).
- the "amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms" in the "amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent" represented by R 1 and R 2 is used.
- the monosubstituted amino group may be an ethylamino group, an acetylamino group, a phenylamino group or the like
- the disubstituted amino group may be a diethylamino group, a diphenylamino group, an acetylphenylamino group or the like.
- Linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms A linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a t-butoxy group, a pentyloxy group, and a hexyloxy group; Aromatic hydrocarbon groups with 6 to 30 carbon atoms such as phenyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, phenanthryl group and pyrenyl group; Pyridyl group, pyrimidilinyl group, triazinyl group, thienyl group, frill group (furanyl group), pyrrolyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, triazolyl group, quinolyl group, isoquinolyl group, naphthyldinyl group, acridinyl group, phenanthrolinyl group, benzofuranyl Group, benzothieny
- a monosubstituted amino group such as an unsubstituted amino group (-NH 2 ), an ethylamino group, an acetylamino group or a phenylamino group, or a disubstituted amino group such as a diethylamino group, a diphenylamino group or an acetylphenylamino group.
- a thio group having 0 to 18 carbon atoms such as an unsubstituted thio group (thiol group: -SH), a methyl thio group, an ethyl thio group, a propyl thio group, a phenyl thio group, and a biphenyl thio group; And so on. Only one of these "substituents” may be contained, a plurality of these "substituents” may be contained, and when a plurality of these "substituents" are contained, they may be the same or different from each other. Further, these "substituents" may further have the above-exemplified substituents.
- R 1 and R 2 may be bonded to each other to form a ring, and may be bonded to each other by a single bond, a bond via an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, or a bond via a nitrogen atom. It may be bonded to form a ring, in which case it is preferable to form a ring via a single bond. Further, it is more preferable that it is an acidic heterocycle such as barbituric acid-based, thiobarbituric acid-based, loadonine-based, thiohydantoin-based, and indandion-based.
- an acidic heterocycle such as barbituric acid-based, thiobarbituric acid-based, loadonine-based, thiohydantoin-based, and indandion-based.
- R 3 to R 22 are independent of each other. Hydrogen atom, halogen atom, carboxyl group, trimethylsilyl group, A linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A linear or branched alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A cycloalkoxy group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, An acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A thio group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, An amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have a substituent
- halogen atom examples include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
- a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent represented by R 3 to R 22 has “1 to 1 carbon atoms”.
- Specific examples of the "20 linear or branched alkyl groups” include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, an s-butyl group, and a t-butyl group.
- Examples thereof include an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, an isooctyl group, a nonyl group and a decyl group.
- a linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent represented by R 3 to R 22 has “2 to 2 carbon atoms".
- Specific examples of the "20 linear or branched alkenyl groups” include an ethenyl group (vinyl group), a 1-propenyl group, a 2-propenyl group (allyl group), a 1-methylethenyl group, a 1-butenyl group, and 2 -Butenyl group, 1-pentenyl group, 1-hexenyl group, 2-methyl-1-propenyl group, 2-methyl-2-propenyl group, 1-ethylethenyl group, or the number of carbon atoms to which multiple alkenyl groups thereof are bonded 2 Examples thereof include up to 20 linear or branched alkenyl groups.
- a linear or branched alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent represented by R 3 to R 22 has “2 to 2 carbon atoms”.
- Specific examples of the "20 linear or branched alkynyl groups” include an ethynyl group, a 1-propynyl group, a 2-propynyl group, a 1-butynyl group, a 2-butynyl group, and a 1-methyl-2-propynyl group.
- Examples thereof include 1-pentynyl group, 2-pentynyl group, 1-methyl-n-butynyl group, 2-methyl-n-butynyl group, 3-methyl-n-butynyl group, 1-hexynyl group and the like.
- the "cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms" in the "cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent" represented by R 3 to R 22 include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a cyclodecyl group, a cyclododecyl group, a 4-methylcyclohexyl group, a 4-ethylcyclohexyl group and the like. Can be done.
- a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent represented by R 3 to R 22 has “1 to 1 carbon atoms”.
- Specific examples of the "20 linear or branched alkoxy groups” include methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group, n-butoxy group, n-pentyloxy group, n-hexyloxy group, heptyloxy group and octyl.
- the "linear or branched cycloalkoxy group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent" represented by R 3 to R 22 has “3 carbon atoms”.
- Specific examples of the "to 10 linear or branched cycloalkoxy group” include a cyclopropoxy group, a cyclobutoxy group, a cyclopentyloxy group, a cyclohexyloxy group, a 4-methylcyclohexyloxy group and the like.
- the "acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms" in the "acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent” represented by R 3 to R 22 is used.
- the same as “acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent” represented by R 1 and R 2 can be mentioned.
- the "hydrocarbon group” include a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a biphenyl group, an anthrasenyl group (anthryl group), a phenanthryl group, a fluorenyl group, an indenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a perylenyl group, and a fluorane group. Examples include a tenyl group and a triphenylenyl group.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group includes a "condensed polycyclic aromatic group".
- the "heterocyclic group having 5 to 36 ring-forming atoms" in the “heterocyclic group having 5 to 36 ring-forming atoms which may have a substituent” represented by R 3 to R 22 is a heterocycle having 5 to 36 ring-forming atoms.
- the “group” include pyridyl group, pyrimidilinyl group, triazinyl group, thienyl group, frill group (furanyl group), pyrrolyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, triazolyl group, quinolyl group, isoquinolyl group, naphthyldinyl group and acridinyl group.
- Phenanthrolinyl group benzofuranyl group, benzothienyl group, oxazolyl group, indolyl group, carbazolyl group, benzoxazolyl group, thiazolyl group, benzothiazolyl group, quinoxalinyl group, benzoimidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, dibenzofuranyl group, dibenzo Examples include a thienyl group and a carbonylyl group.
- a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent and “having a substituent” represented by R 3 to R 22 .
- a linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may be present "a linear or branched alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent", "A cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent", “an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent", and “having a substituent”.
- It may have a linear or branched cycloalkoxy group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and a substituent.
- a thio group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms may be used, an amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and a 6 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- the "substituent” in "36 aromatic hydrocarbon groups” or “heterocyclic group having 5 to 36 ring-forming atoms which may have a substituent” is R 1 , R in the general formula (1).
- the same as the "substituent" in the "linear or branched acyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent" represented by 2 can be mentioned.
- R 3 to R 7 , R 8 to R 12 , R 13 to R 17 and R 18 to R 22 may be bonded to each other by adjacent groups to form a ring, and R may be formed.
- 7 and R 8 and R 17 and R 18 may be bonded to each other by a single bond, a bond via an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, or a bond via a nitrogen atom to form a ring.
- R 7 and R 8 and R 17 and R 18 are bonded to each other by a single bond, a bond via an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom to form a ring.
- R 1 and R 2 are nitrile groups and R 5 is a methoxy group
- R 10 , R 15 , and R 20 are the above groups other than at least one methoxy group. do.
- R 1 and R 2 are independent of each other and may have a nitrile group and a substituent.
- R 1 and R 2 may be a nitrile group.
- R 1 may be a nitrile group and R 2 may be a linear or branched alkoxycarbonyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- R 1 and R 2 may be linear or branched alkoxycarbonyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent. Further, R 1 and R 2 may be linear or branched acyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 3 to R 22 have a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a substituent. It is preferably an amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- R 5 , R 10 , R 15 and R 20 may have a substituent and may be a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, for example, a methoxy group. May be. Further, even if R 5 and R 15 are linear or branched alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and R 10 and R 20 have a substituent.
- R 5 , R 10 , R 15 and R 20 may be an amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and the amino group may be a direct group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. It may have a chain-shaped or branched alkoxy group.
- R 7 and R 8 and R 17 and R 18 may be bonded to each other by a single bond, an oxygen atom, or a bond via a sulfur atom to form a ring.
- X 1 and X 2 are preferably represented by the general formula (2).
- R 23 to R 28 are independent of each other.
- Hydrogen atom A linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A linear or branched alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A cycloalkoxy group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A thio group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, An amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have a substituent, An aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms, which may have a substituent, Alternatively, it represents a heterocyclic group having 5 to 36
- a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent represented by R 23 to R 28 has “1 to 1 carbon atoms”.
- the "20 linear or branched alkyl group” in the general formula (1) the "linear group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent may have a substituent” represented by R 3 to R 22 .
- the same as the “formal or branched alkyl group" can be mentioned.
- the "linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent" represented by R 23 to R 28 has “2 to 2 carbon atoms".
- the "20 linear or branched alkenyl group” in the general formula (1) the "linear group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent may have a substituent” represented by R 3 to R 22 .
- the same as the “formal or branched alkenyl group" can be mentioned.
- a linear or branched alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent represented by R 23 to R 28 has “2 to 2 carbon atoms”.
- the "20 linear or branched alkynyl group” in the general formula (1) the "straight line having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent may have a substituent” represented by R 3 to R 22 .
- the same as the “formal or branched alkynyl group" can be mentioned.
- a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent represented by R 23 to R 28 has “1 to 1 carbon atoms”.
- the "20 linear or branched alkoxy group” in the general formula (1) the "linear group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent may have a substituent” represented by R 3 to R 22 .
- the same as “formal or branched alkoxy group" can be mentioned.
- a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent and “having a substituent” represented by R 23 to R 28 .
- a linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may be present "a linear or branched alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent", "A cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent", “an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent", and “having a substituent”.
- It may have a linear or branched cycloalkoxy group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and a substituent.
- a thio group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms may be used, an amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and a 6 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- the "substituent” in "36 aromatic hydrocarbon groups” or “heterocyclic group having 5 to 36 ring-forming atoms which may have a substituent” is R 1 , R in the general formula (1).
- the same as the "substituent" in the "linear or branched acyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent" represented by 2 can be mentioned.
- R 23 and R 24 , R 25 and R 26 , and R 27 and R 28 are bonded to each other to form a single bond, a bond via an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, or a nitrogen atom. They may be bonded to each other to form a ring by bonding through the cells.
- Y 1 represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a selenium atom.
- n and n each represent an integer of 0 to 2, and when m is 0, n is assumed to be 1 to 2, and when n is 0, m is 1 to 2. Yes, if either m or n is 1 or more and both are 0, it is not included. It is preferable that m is 1. Further, the cyclopentadithiophene moiety, which is the central skeleton of the general formula (1), may be bonded from either the phenyl group represented by the general formula (2) or the 5-membered heterocyclic group. do.
- m is 1 and n is 0 or 1.
- n is 1, a 5-membered heterocyclic group is bonded to the cyclopentadithiophene moiety which is the central skeleton of the general formula (1). It is preferable to have it.
- the hole transport material for a photoelectric conversion element of the present invention represented by the general formula (1) can be synthesized by a known method.
- Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction with the boronic acid compound represented by the general formulas (4) and (5) or the boronic acid ester compound represented by the general formulas (6) and (7), and further. It can be synthesized by a Knephener gel condensation reaction with a compound represented by the general formula (8).
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention includes a conductive support 1, a hole blocking layer 2, an electron transport layer 3, a photoelectric conversion layer 4, a hole transport layer 5, and a counter electrode 6.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is preferably a perovskite type photoelectric conversion element.
- the perovskite type photoelectric conversion element is the conductive support 1, the hole blocking layer 2, the electron transport layer 3, the photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer) 4, the hole transport layer 5, and the hole transport layer 5 in FIG. In FIG.
- the counter electrode 6 is preferably provided with the conductive support 7, the electron transport layer 8, the photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer) 9, the hole transport layer 10, and the counter electrode 11 in this order. It does not have to be. Further, it may be composed of a conductive support, a hole transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer), an electron transport layer, and a counter electrode in this order.
- the thickness of the hole blocking layer is not particularly limited, and is preferably about 5 to 100 nm, more preferably about 30 to 90 nm, from the viewpoint of further preventing the photoelectric conversion layer from coming into contact with the conductive support and causing a short circuit.
- the electron transport layer 3 is formed on the hole blocking layer 2 shown in FIG. 1, and the electron transport layer 8 is formed on the conductive support 7 in FIG.
- the embodiment is not particularly limited, but in the case of the configuration shown in FIG. 1, a thin film having a porous structure is preferable. By having a porous structure, the active surface area of the photoelectric conversion layer can be remarkably increased, the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved, and the electron transport layer can be excellent in electron collection.
- the electron transport layer is used to improve the efficiency of electron transfer from the photoelectric conversion layer to the electrode and to block the transfer of holes.
- Metal oxides such as zinc oxide (ZnO), niobide oxide (Nb 2 O 5 etc.), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 etc.), yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 etc.), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 etc.); Metal sulfides such as titanium sulphide, zinc sulphide, zirconium sulfide, copper sulphide, tin sulphide, indium sulphide, tungsten sulphide, cadmium sulphide, silver sulphide; metals such as titanium selenium, zirconium selenium, indium selenium, tungsten selenium Sulfides; single semiconductors such as silicon and germanium can be mentioned, and it is preferable to use one or more of these semiconductors. In the present invention, it is preferable to use one or more selected from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and tin oxide as the semiconductor.
- the film thickness of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, and is preferably about 10 to 500 nm, more preferably about 50 to 400 nm, from the viewpoint of being able to collect electrons from the photoelectric conversion layer more.
- the semiconductor particle size is preferably 5 to 500 nm, more preferably 10 to 100 nm.
- the perovskite material which is a photoelectric conversion layer represents a series of materials having a structure represented by the general formula ABX 3 .
- CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPBI 3 ), C 2 H 5 NH 3 PbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 , C 2 H 5 NH 3 PbBr 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 H 5 NH 3 PbCl 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbCl 3 , C 2 H 5 NH 3 PbCl 3 , CsSnI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 , C 2 H 5 NH 3 SnI 3 , CsSnBr 3 3 , C 2 H 5 NH 3 SnBr 3 , CsSnCl 3 , CH 3 NH 3 SnCl 3 , C 2 H 5 NH 3 SnCl 3 , etc.
- the photoelectric conversion layer can be obtained by using a known antisolvent method or a two-step method, depending on the material. In the present invention, it is preferable to prepare by the antisolvent method, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the temperature when the photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer) is heated by a hot plate or the like is preferably 50 to 150 ° C., more preferably 70 to 120 ° C. from the viewpoint of producing a perovskite material from the precursor.
- the heating time is preferably about 10 to 90 minutes, more preferably about 30 to 60 minutes.
- the hole transport layer is a layer having a function of transporting holes.
- a conductor, a semiconductor, an organic hole transport material, or the like can be used.
- the material can function as a hole transport material that receives holes from a photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer) and transports holes.
- the efficiency is high even if the dopant that is an additive is not contained, but the dopant may be contained for the purpose of further improving the hole transport property. Since there is a concern that the dopant reduces the durability of the photoelectric conversion element and shortens the life of the entire element, it is desirable to reduce the amount used.
- hole transport layer of the present invention one kind or two or more kinds of the compound represented by the general formula (1) may be used in combination, and the hole transport material or the like which does not belong to the present invention may be used in combination. You can also do it.
- hole transporting materials include, for example, compound semiconductors containing monovalent copper such as CuI, CuInSe 2 , and CuS; GaP, NiO, CoO, FeO, Bi 2 O 3 , MoO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 and the like.
- examples thereof include compounds containing metals other than copper such as poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), polythiophene derivatives such as polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT); 2,2'.
- P3HT poly-3-hexylthiophene
- PEDOT polyethylenedioxythiophene
- the hole transport layer can contain a dopant (oxidizing agent) as an additive, if necessary.
- the hole transport layer 5 shown in FIG. 1 of the present invention is on the photoelectric conversion layer 4 (perovskite layer), and the hole transport layer 10 shown in FIG. 2 is on the photoelectric conversion layer 9 (perovskite layer).
- the film forming method include spin coating, screen printing, roll coating, dip coating, spraying, knife coating, bar coating, die coating, curtain coating, and the like.
- the spin coating method is used.
- the spin coating conditions can be set as appropriate.
- Ether-based solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, diisopropyl ether, c-pentylmethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether; ester-based solvents such as ethyl acetate and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate; methanol, isopropanol , N-butanol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, cyclohexanol, 2-n-butoxyethanol and other alcoholic solvents.
- the solvent may be used alone or in combination of two or more, and the solvent to be used can be selected depending on the structure. In particular, it is preferable to use an aromatic organic solvent and an alkyl halide organic solvent.
- the conditions for drying the hole transport layer after coating as described above are not particularly limited, but it is desirable to carry out the hole transport layer to such an extent that the solvent can be removed, and the hole transport layer is heated at about 50 to 120 ° C. by a hot plate or the like.
- the heating time is preferably about 10 to 60 minutes.
- the thickness of the hole transport layer is preferably about 10 to 500 nm from the viewpoint of further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the atmosphere at the time of film formation of the hole transport layer is preferably a dry atmosphere, and more preferably a dry atmosphere such as a glove box, from the viewpoint that a highly efficient perovskite type solar cell can be manufactured with good reproducibility by preventing the mixing of water. Further, it is preferable to dehydrate with a molecular sieve or the like and use a solvent having a low water content.
- a composition containing a hole transport material for a photoelectric conversion element and an additive such as a dopant (or an oxidizing agent) or a basic compound (or a basic additive) is used for the hole transport layer.
- an additive such as a dopant (or an oxidizing agent) or a basic compound (or a basic additive)
- a composition containing a dopant and a basic additive as additives is used in the hole transport layer, 0 to 3.5 equivalents are added to 1 equivalent of the hole transport material for a photoelectric conversion element. It is preferably a composition containing an agent.
- a specific example of the dopant is tris (2- (1H-pyrazole-1-yl) -4-tert-butylpyridine).
- Cobalt (III) tri [bis (trifluoromethane) sulfoneimide] (FK209), bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imidelithium (LiTFSI), bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide silver, NOSbF 6 , SbCl 5 , SbF 5 , etc. I can give it.
- the composition when a composition containing a dopant is used, it is preferable that the composition contains 0 to 2.0 equivalents of the dopant with respect to 1 equivalent of the hole transport material for the photoelectric conversion element, and 0 to 0. More preferably, the composition comprises 5 equivalents of the dopant.
- a basic compound may be contained as an additive for the hole transport layer.
- a basic compound when a basic compound is contained, specific examples thereof include 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP), 2-picoline, 2,6-lutidine and the like.
- TBP 4-tert-butylpyridine
- 2-picoline 2,6-lutidine
- Basic compounds are often used in combination when using dopants. Also in the present invention, when using a dopant, it is desirable to use it together.
- the composition when a composition containing a basic compound is used, it is preferable that the composition contains 0 to 5 equivalents of the basic compound with respect to 1 equivalent of the hole transport material for a photoelectric conversion element, and 0 to 0 to. It is more preferable that the composition contains 3 equivalents of the basic compound.
- the counter electrode 6 shown in FIG. 1 is arranged to face the conductive support 1 and is formed on the hole transport layer 5, and in the element configuration of FIG. 2, it is similarly placed on the hole transport layer 10. By being formed, it is possible to exchange charges with the hole transport layer.
- a metal electrode as a counter electrode in the shape of a hole transport layer, but an electron blocking layer can be added between the hole transport layer and the counter electrode.
- the counter electrode is preferably a material that can be formed by a method such as thin film deposition.
- the film thickness of the counter electrode is not particularly limited, and is preferably about 50 to 150 nm, for example.
- the compound (10.0 g) of the formula (13) obtained above and anhydrous THF (130 mL) were put into the reaction vessel, and degassing was performed under reduced pressure. Under an argon atmosphere, the mixture was cooled to ⁇ 70 ° C. or lower in an acetone-dry ice bath. A n-butyllithium hexane solution (1.55M, 17.0 mL, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) was added dropwise thereto. After completion of the dropping, the mixture was stirred at ⁇ 70 ° C. or lower for 1 hour, and triisopropyl borate (6.0 mL, manufactured by TCI) was dropped.
- the compound of the above formula (10) (1.00 g), the compound of the above formula (14) (4.59 g), potassium carbonate (19.0 g, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), tetrakis (triphenylhophin) palladium. (0) (0.15 mg, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) and toluene (150 mL) were added and degassed. Then, it was heated under reflux in an argon atmosphere for 68 hours. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to 50 ° C. or lower and filtered through Celite. The residue was washed with toluene (100 mL) and the filtrate was concentrated.
- the compound of the above formula (16) (5.0 g), 4,4'-dimethoxydiphenylamine (5.27 g, manufactured by TCI), palladium acetate (0.11 g, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), sodium-t- Add butoxide (5.19 g, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), tri-t-butylphosphine (33% xylene solution) (0.67 g, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), and toluene (30 mL), and degas under reduced pressure under an argon atmosphere. gone.
- the mixture was heated under reflux for 4 hours, and after the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was filtered through Celite.
- reaction solution was put into a beaker containing water (150 mL), and after further adding toluene (20 mL), the solution was separated. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and then concentrated.
- the crude product was purified by a silica gel column (toluene) to obtain a compound represented by the following formula (30) as a black-blue powder (yield: 1.81 g, yield: 84%).
- the compound (0.60 g) of the above (30), malononitrile (0.22 g, manufactured by TCI), and THF (29 mL) were put into a reaction vessel, and the mixture was stirred under an argon atmosphere.
- the reaction solution was put into a beaker containing water (150 mL). This was filtered and the solid was washed with (20 mL) and methanol (20 mL).
- the compound (0.35 g) of the above formula (32), diethyl malonate (0.27 mL, manufactured by TCI), and THF (11 mL) were put into a reaction vessel, and the mixture was stirred under an argon atmosphere. Pyridine (0.48 mL, manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) was added thereto, and then titanium tetrachloride (0.24 mL, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 9 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was put into a beaker containing water (150 mL). This was filtered, washed with water (30 mL) and methanol (20 mL) and dried.
- Example 1 Fabrication of photoelectric conversion element and evaluation of photoelectric conversion characteristics
- a glass substrate (conductive support 1, manufactured by Solaronix) coated with a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin film that has been etched is superposed with acetone. After ultrasonic cleaning, UV ozone treatment was performed.
- a titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) solution for a hole blocking layer (Ti-NanoxideBL / SC, manufactured by Solaronix) was applied onto this substrate by a spin coating method. After the coating, it was fired at 500 ° C. for 1 hour using an electric furnace to obtain a TiO 2 thin film (hole blocking layer 2) having a film thickness of 50 to 70 nm.
- TiO 2 titanium oxide
- TiO 2 ) dispersion for an electron transport layer prepared on this substrate with a titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) paste (PST-18NR, manufactured by JGC Catalysts and Chemicals Co., Ltd.): ethanol 1: 4 (weight ratio).
- PST-18NR titanium oxide
- PbI 2 / MAI (1: 1) -DMF complex (manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to prepare a 1.5 M solution.
- the prepared dimethyl sulfoxide solution was spin-coated on a mesoporous titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) thin film, and 0.3 mL of chlorobenzene was added dropwise to the spin coat to form a film, and the temperature was 110 ° C. using a hot plate. It was heated and dried for 1 hour to form a CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 layer (photoelectric conversion layer 4) having a thickness of about 500 nm.
- the hole transport layer solution was spin-coated on the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 layer (photoelectric conversion layer 4), heated and dried at 70 ° C. for 30 minutes using a hot plate, and the thickness was about 300 nm.
- the hole transport layer 5 was formed.
- a gold electrode (counter electrode 6) was formed on the hole transport layer 5 by forming a film of gold at a vacuum degree of about 1 ⁇ 10 -4 Pa at a vacuum degree of 80 to 100 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition method to prepare a photoelectric conversion element. ..
- a pseudo-sunlight irradiation device OPTENTO-SUN III type manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd.
- a source meter Model 2400 General-Purpose Source Meter manufactured by KEITHLEY Co., Ltd.
- the current-voltage characteristic was adjusted to 100 mW / cm 2 for the light intensity and measured.
- the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency was obtained from the measured current-voltage characteristic values.
- the photoelectric conversion element was stored for 168 hours from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement in a desiccator on which silica gel was installed, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage (photoelectric conversion efficiency over time) was evaluated. Further, as an evaluation of durability, the retention rate (%) of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement was calculated from the following formula (a-1). The calculated retention rate (%) is shown in Table 2.
- Example 2 Using the compound (A-11) which is a hole transport material for a photoelectric conversion element obtained in Synthesis Example 2, a 50 mM chlorobenzene solution was prepared and used as a hole transport layer solution. The compound (A-11) was used, and the dopant of the additive, bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide lithium (LiTFSI), and the basic compound of the additive, 4-tert-butylpyridine, were not used. The initial photoelectric conversion efficiency was obtained by producing a photoelectric conversion element in the same manner as in Example 1 and measuring the current-voltage characteristics except for (0 mM).
- LiTFSI bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide lithium
- 4-tert-butylpyridine 4-tert-butylpyridine
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency (photoelectric conversion efficiency over time) of the photoelectric conversion element of Example 2 after being stored for 168 hours in a desiccator on which silica gel was installed was obtained from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement.
- the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after 168 hours of storage in Example 2 to the photoelectric conversion efficiency after 168 hours of storage in Comparative Example 1 described later (storage under the same conditions as in Example 2) (hereinafter referred to as Comparative Example 1).
- Table 1 shows the retention rate (%) of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement as an evaluation of the durability of the photoelectric conversion element of Example 2.
- the ratio with Comparative Example 1 shown in Table 1 is the photoelectric conversion efficiency (photoelectric conversion efficiency over time) after storage for 168 hours in Example 1 and the photoelectric conversion efficiency (photoelectric conversion efficiency over time) after storage for 168 hours in Comparative Example 1. The value divided by photoelectric conversion efficiency) is shown.
- Example 3 By producing a photoelectric conversion element in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound (A-11) was used and measuring the current-voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours can be obtained. rice field.
- Table 1 shows the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement to Table 1, and as an evaluation of durability, the retention rate of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement. (%) Is shown in Table 2.
- Example 4 By producing a photoelectric conversion element in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the compound (A-56) was used and measuring the current-voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours can be obtained. rice field.
- Table 1 shows the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement to Table 1, and as an evaluation of durability, the retention rate of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement. (%) Is shown in Table 2.
- Example 5 By producing a photoelectric conversion element in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound (A-56) was used and measuring the current-voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours can be obtained. rice field.
- Table 1 shows the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement to Table 1, and as an evaluation of durability, the retention rate of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement. (%) Is shown in Table 2.
- Example 6 By producing a photoelectric conversion element in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the compound (A-63) was used and measuring the current-voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours can be obtained. rice field.
- the ratio with Comparative Example 1 of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement is shown in Table 1, and as an evaluation of durability, the retention rate of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement ( %) Is shown in Table 2.
- Example 7 By producing a photoelectric conversion element in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound (A-63) was used and measuring the current-voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours can be obtained. rice field. Table 1 shows the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after the initial conversion efficiency measurement and storage for 168 hours to that of Comparative Example 1.
- Example 1 A photoelectric conversion element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Spiro-OMeTAD (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich), which is a standard hole transport material represented by the following formula (B-1), was used, and the current- By measuring the voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours were obtained. The initial photoelectric conversion efficiency was 6.03%. As an evaluation of durability, Table 2 shows the retention rate (%) of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 168 hours from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement.
- Spiro-OMeTAD manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich
- the compound (A-11) and the compound (A-56) were higher than the standard compound of the comparative example and showed sufficient photoelectric conversion efficiency. Further, it was found that the compound (A-63) exhibited a high photoelectric conversion efficiency equivalent to that of the compound of the comparative example used as a standard. Further, the compound (A-11), the compound (A-56) and the compound (A-63) can be used in the hole transport layer of the photoelectric conversion element without reducing or using the dopant which is an additive. It turned out to be. From this, the photoelectric conversion element containing the compound (A-11), the compound (A-56) or the compound (A-63) can reduce the manufacturing cost by reducing the doping amount, and requires a doping operation. No, it is possible to manufacture with a simpler process and lower cost.
- Example 8 Fabrication of photoelectric conversion element and evaluation of current-voltage characteristics
- a glass with a FLAT ITO film (conductive support 7, manufactured by Geomatec Co., Ltd.) was ultrasonically cleaned with isopropyl alcohol and then treated with UV ozone.
- a tin (IV) oxide, 15% in H2 O colloidal dispersion ( manufactured by Alfa Aesar) and a tin oxide dispersion (coating liquid for an electron transport layer) having a volume ratio of purified water of 1: 9 are spun on this substrate. It was applied by coating. Then, the electron transport layer 8 having a film thickness of about 20 nm was formed by heating on a hot plate at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- formamidine hydrobromide (1M, manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.), lead (II) iodine (1.1M, manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.), methylamine hydrobromide (hydrogen bromide).
- 0.2M manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.
- lead (II) bromide 0.2M, manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.
- a dimethyl sulfoxide solution of cesium iodide (1.5 M, manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.) was added thereto so that the amount of cesium charged was 5% in composition ratio to prepare a perovskite precursor solution.
- the prepared perovskite precursor solution was dropped onto a tin oxide thin film and spin-coated, and 0.3 mL of chlorobenzene was dropped into the spin coat to coat the perovskite precursor. Then, by heating on a hot plate at 100 ° C. for 1 hour, three layers of Cs (MAFA) Pb (IBr) (photoelectric conversion layer 9) having a film thickness of about 500 nm were formed.
- a chlorobenzene solution of a dopant containing 150 mM 4-tert-butylpyridine and 25 mM bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imidelithium (LiTFSI, 0.5 eq) was prepared in a glove box under a nitrogen stream.
- a coating solution for a hole transport layer is spin-coated on three layers of Cs (MAFA) Pb (IBr) (photoelectric conversion layer 9), and the hole transport layer 10 having a film thickness of about 200 nm is formed. Formed.
- a gold electrode (counter electrode 11) was formed by forming a film of gold on the hole transport layer 10 at a vacuum degree of about 1 ⁇ 10 -4 Pa by a vacuum vapor deposition method at about 80 nm to produce a photoelectric conversion element.
- Example 9 Using the compound (A-63) which is a hole transport material for a photoelectric conversion element obtained in Synthesis Example 11, a 50 mM chlorobenzene solution was prepared and used as a hole transport layer solution. Except for the use of a (0 mM) hole transport layer solution that does not use the additive dopant bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imidelithium (LiTFSI) and the additive basic compound 4-tert-butylpyridine. The photoelectric conversion element was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 8 and the current-voltage characteristics were measured to obtain the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- a (0 mM) hole transport layer solution that does not use the additive dopant bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imidelithium (LiTFSI) and the additive basic compound 4-tert-butylpyridine.
- the photoelectric conversion element was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 8 and the current-voltage characteristics were measured to obtain the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the photoelectric conversion element was stored in a desiccator equipped with silica gel for 30 days from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement, and the current-voltage characteristics were measured again to obtain the photoelectric conversion efficiency after 30 days (720 hours).
- Table 3 shows the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after 720 hours storage, which is the photoelectric conversion over time from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement, to Table 3, and as an evaluation of durability, the photoelectric conversion after 720 hours storage from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement.
- the efficiency retention rate (%) is shown in Table 4.
- Example 10 By producing a photoelectric conversion element in the same manner as in Example 8 except that the compound (A-114) was used and measuring the current-voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion after 30 days (720 hours) were performed. Gained efficiency.
- Table 3 shows the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 720 hours from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement to Table 3, and as an evaluation of durability, the retention rate of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 720 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement. (%) Is shown in Table 4.
- Example 11 By producing a photoelectric conversion element in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the compound (A-114) was used and measuring the current-voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion after 30 days (720 hours) were performed. Gained efficiency. In addition, the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 720 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement to Comparative Example 1 is shown in Table 3, and as an evaluation of durability, the retention rate of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 720 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement ( %) Is shown in Table 4.
- Example 12 By producing a photoelectric conversion element in the same manner as in Example 8 except that the compound (A-115) was used and measuring the current-voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion after 30 days (720 hours) were performed. Gained efficiency.
- Table 3 shows the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 720 hours from the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency measurement to Table 3, and as an evaluation of durability, the retention rate of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 720 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement. (%) Is shown in Table 4.
- Example 13 By producing a photoelectric conversion element in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the compound (A-115) was used and measuring the current-voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion after 30 days (720 hours) were performed. Gained efficiency. In addition, the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 720 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement to Comparative Example 1 is shown in Table 3, and as an evaluation of durability, the retention rate of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 720 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement ( %) Is shown in Table 4.
- Example 2 The photoelectric conversion element was used in the same manner as in Example 8 except that Spiro-OMeTAD (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich), which is a standard hole transport material represented by the formula (B-1) shown in Comparative Example 1, was used. By manufacturing and measuring the current-voltage characteristics, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after 30 days (720 hours) were obtained. The initial photoelectric conversion efficiency was 13.2%. Table 4 shows the retention rate (%) of the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 720 hours from the initial conversion efficiency measurement.
- Spiro-OMeTAD manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich
- the durability of the photoelectric conversion element using the hole transport layer containing the compound (A-63), the compound (A-114) or the compound (A-115) with time is 720 hours. It was also found that the photoelectric conversion efficiency was shown at a high level, and the retention rate was superior to that of the compound of the comparative example.
- the hole transport layer for a photoelectric conversion element according to the present invention, it is useful for a highly efficient and highly durable photoelectric conversion element and a perovskite type solar cell capable of efficiently extracting a current, and can generate solar energy. Clean energy can be provided as a solar cell that can be efficiently converted into electric energy.
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Abstract
Description
ニトリル基、
炭素原子数1~4の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のパーフルオロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアシル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシカルボニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
または、置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキルスルホニル基を表し、
R3~R22はそれぞれ独立して、
水素原子、ハロゲン原子、カルボキシル基、トリメチルシリル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアシル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
置換基を有する炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基、
または置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の複素環基を表し、
R1およびR2は互いに結合して環を形成していてもよく、R3~R7、R8~R12、R13~R17およびR18~R22は隣り合う基同士で互いに結合して環を形成していてもよく、R7とR8およびR17とR18は互いに結合して環を形成していてもよい。
ただし、R1およびR2がニトリル基であり、R5がメトキシ基である場合、R10、R15、R20は少なくとも1個のメトキシ基以外の上記基であるものとする。]
水素原子、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基、
または置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の複素環基を表し、
R23とR24、R25とR26およびR27とR28は互いに結合して環を形成していてもよい。
Y1は酸素原子、硫黄原子またはセレン原子を表し、mおよびnはそれぞれ0~2の整数を表す。
ただし、mおよびnのいずれか一方が1または2である。]
ニトリル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアシル基、
または置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシカルボニル基
である、上記1に記載の化合物。
本発明の光電変換素子は、典型的な例では、図1の第1概略断面図に示すように、導電性支持体1、正孔ブロッキング層2、電子輸送層3、光電変換層4、正孔輸送層5、および対極6を有する。また、本発明の光電変換素子は、別の典型的な例では、図2の第2概略断面図に示すように、導電性支持体7、電子輸送層8、光電変換層9、正孔輸送層10、および対極11を有する。
ニトリル基、
炭素原子数1~4の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のパーフルオロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアシル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシカルボニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
または、置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキルスルホニル基を表し、電子求引性であることが好ましい。
フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子などのハロゲン原子;シアノ基;水酸基;ニトロ基;ニトロソ基;カルボキシル基;リン酸基;チオキソ基(>C=S);
メチルエステル基、エチルエステル基などのカルボン酸エステル基;
メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、イソプロピル基、n-ブチル基、イソブチル基、s-ブチル基、t-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、n-ヘキシル基、2-エチルヘキシル基、ヘプチル基、オクチル基、イソオクチル基、ノニル基、デシル基などの炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基;
エテニル基(ビニル基)、1-プロペニル基、2-プロペニル基(アリル基)、1-ブテニル基、2-ブテニル基、1-ペンテニル基、1-ヘキセニル基、2-メチル-1-プロペニル基、2-メチル-2-プロペニル基、1-エチルエテニル基、など炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基;
メトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基、t-ブトキシ基、ペンチルオキシ基、ヘキシルオキシ基などの炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基;
フェニル基、ナフチル基、アントリル基、フェナントリル基、ピレニル基などの炭素原子数6~30の芳香族炭化水素基;
ピリジル基、ピリミジリニル基、トリアジニル基、チエニル基、フリル基(フラニル基)、ピロリル基、イミダゾリル基、ピラゾリル基、トリアゾリル基、キノリル基、イソキノリル基、ナフチルジニル基、アクリジニル基、フェナントロリニル基、ベンゾフラニル基、ベンゾチエニル基、オキサゾリル基、インドリル基、カルバゾリル基、ベンゾオキサゾリル基、チアゾリル基、ベンゾチアゾリル基、キノキサリニル基、ベンゾイミダゾリル基、ピラゾリル基、ジベンゾフラニル基、ジベンゾチエニル基、カルボニリル基などの環形成原子数5~30の複素環基;
無置換アミノ基(―NH2)、エチルアミノ基、アセチルアミノ基、フェニルアミノ基などの一置換アミノ基、またはジエチルアミノ基、ジフェニルアミノ基、アセチルフェニルアミノ基などの二置換アミノ基である、炭素原子数0~18のアミノ基;
無置換チオ基(チオール基:―SH)、メチルチオ基、エチルチオ基、プロピルチオ基、フェニルチオ基、ビフェニルチオ基などの炭素原子数0~18のチオ基;
などをあげることができる。これらの「置換基」は、1つのみ含まれてもよく、複数含まれてもよく、複数含まれる場合は互いに同一でも異なっていてもよい。また、これら「置換基」はさらに前記例示した置換基を有していてもよい。
水素原子、ハロゲン原子、カルボキシル基、トリメチルシリル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアシル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
置換基を有する炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基、
または置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の複素環基を表す。
水素原子、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基、
または置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の複素環基を表す。
本発明では、導電性支持体は、光電変換に寄与する光を透過可能な透光性を有する必要がある。また、導電性支持体は、光電変換層より電流を取り出す機能を有する部材であることから、導電性基板であることが好ましい。導電性材料の具体例としては、スズドープ酸化インジウム(ITO)、フッ素ドープの酸化スズ(FTO)、インジウム-スズ複合酸化物などの導電性透明酸化物半導体などをあげることができるが、スズドープ酸化インジウム(ITO)、フッ素ドープの酸化スズ(FTO)薄膜をコートしたガラス基板を用いることが好ましい。
本発明の光電変換素子においては、図1に示す前記導電性支持体1の上に、正孔ブロッキング層2が形成されることが好ましい。正孔ブロッキング層の半導体の具体例としては、酸化チタン(TiO2等)、酸化タングステン(WO2、WO3、W2O3等)、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)、酸化ニオブ(Nb2O5等)、酸化タンタル(Ta2O5等)、酸化イットリウム(Y2O3等)、チタン酸ストロンチウム(SrTiO3等)、フラーレン誘導体、カーボンナノチューブ等の1種又は2種以上を用いることができる。本発明においては、酸化チタンであることが好ましい。
本発明の光電変換素子においては、図1に示す前記正孔ブロッキング層2の上に電子輸送層3が、また、図2においては、導電性支持体7の上に電子輸送層8が形成されることが好ましく、態様は特に限定されないが、図1の構成である場合、多孔質構造を有する薄膜であることが好ましい。多孔質構造を有することにより、光電変換層の活性表面積を著しく増加させ、光電変換効率を向上させるとともに、電子収集に優れる電子輸送層とすることができる。電子輸送層は、光電変換層から電極への電子の移動効率を向上させ、また、正孔の移動をブロックさせるために用いる。
本発明の光電変換素子においては、図1に示す前記電子輸送層3の上に光電変換層4が形成され、図2においては、前記電子輸送層8の上に光電変換層9が形成されることが好ましいが、これに限定されない。
正孔輸送層は、正孔を輸送する機能を有する層である。正孔輸送層には、例えば、導電体、半導体、有機正孔輸送材料等を用いることができる。当該材料は、光電変換層(ペロブスカイト層)から正孔を受け取り、正孔を輸送する正孔輸送材料として機能し得る。本実施形態では、添加剤であるドーパントを含まなくても高効率であるが、正孔輸送特性をさらに向上させることを目的として、ドーパントが含まれていてもよい。ドーパントは光電変換素子の耐久性を下げ、素子全体の寿命を短くしてしまうことが懸念されることから、使用量を低減することが望ましい。
本発明において、光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料と、添加剤であるドーパント(あるいは、酸化剤)や塩基性化合物(あるいは、塩基性添加剤)等を含む組成物を正孔輸送層に使用してもよい。正孔輸送層に添加剤を含有させ、正孔輸送層における光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料のキャリア濃度を向上させること(ドーピング)は、光電変換素子の変換効率向上につながる。本発明において、正孔輸送層に添加剤であるドーパントおよび塩基性添加剤を含む組成物を使用する場合、光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料1当量に対して、0~3.5当量の添加剤を含む組成物であることが好ましい。
本発明において、図1に示す対極6は、導電性支持体1に対向配置され、正孔輸送層5の上に形成され、図2の素子構成においては、同様に正孔輸送層10上に形成されることで、正孔輸送層と電荷のやり取りが可能である。本発明の光電変換素子においては、正孔輸送層状に対極として金属電極を備えることが好ましいが、正孔輸送層と対極との間に電子ブロッキング層を追加することもできる。
反応容器に3,3’-ジブロモ-5,5’-ビス(トリメチルシリル)-2,2’-ビチオフェン(10.0g、TCI社製)を加えアルゴン置換した。脱水したテトラヒドロフラン(106mL)を加え、ドライアイス-アセトンバスで-78℃に冷却した。n-ブチルリチウムのヘキサン溶液(1.55mol/L,29.0mL、関東化学社製)を滴下した。その後、4時間かけて-30℃まで昇温し、ジメチルカルバモイルクロライド(1.2mL、TCI社製)を加えた。-30℃で20分間撹拌した後、3時間かけて徐々に昇温し0℃まで昇温した。その後、室温まで昇温した。水(150mL)を加え、分液し有機層を水(150mL)および飽和食塩水(100mL)で洗浄した。水層はクロロホルム(40mL)で3回抽出した。有機層を無水硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥し、溶媒留去することで粗生成物として赤色固体を得た。この粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(ヘキサン/酢酸エチル=97/3(体積比))により精製し、下記式(9)で表される化合物を赤色固体(収量:5.76g、収率80%)として得た。
反応容器に3,6-ジブロモカルバゾール(5.0g、TCI社製)、1-クロロ-4-フルオロベンゼン(7.83g、TCI社製)、炭酸セシウム(19.5g、関東化学社製)、DMF(15mL)を投入した。アルゴン雰囲気下、130℃で38時間撹拌した。反応終了後、反応液を飽和食塩水(250mL)の入ったビーカーに注加した。これをろ過し、ろ物を水(50mL)、メタノール(10mL)で洗浄した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン)にて精製し、下記式(16)で表される化合物を白色粉末(収量:6.04g、収率:92%)として得た。
反応容器に上記式(10)の化合物(0.43g)、下記式(20)の化合物(2.04g)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(0.058g、関東化学社製)、炭酸カリウム(0.44g、関東化学社製)、トルエン(7mL)、エタノール(2mL)、水(2mL)を投入し、減圧下、脱気を行った。アルゴン雰囲気下、7時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、トルエン(20mL)、水(10mL)を投入した。これを分液し、水層をトルエン(20mL)で2回抽出し、有機層を濃縮した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン)、シリカゲルカラム(トルエン:ヘキサン=2/1(体積比))にて精製し、下記式(21)の化合物を黒紫色粉末(収量:1.42g、収率:86%)として得た。
反応容器に上記式(10)の化合物(0.43g)、下記式(22)の化合物(2.52g)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(0.058g、関東化学社製)、炭酸カリウム(0.44g、関東化学社製)、トルエン(7mL)、エタノール(2mL)、水(2mL)を投入し、減圧下、脱気を行った。アルゴン雰囲気下、7時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、トルエン(20mL)、水(10mL)を投入した。これを分液し、水層をトルエン(20mL)で2回抽出し、有機層を濃縮した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン/酢酸エチル=50/1(体積比))にて精製し、下記式(23)で表される化合物を黒色粉末(収量:1.52g、収率:75%)として得た。
反応容器に上記式(10)の化合物(0.43g)、下記式(24)の化合物(2.48g)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(0.058g、関東化学社製)、炭酸カリウム(0.44g、関東化学社製)、トルエン(7mL)、エタノール(2mL)、水(2mL)を投入し、減圧下、脱気を行った。アルゴン雰囲気下、7時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、トルエン(20mL)、水(10mL)を投入した。これを分液し、水層をトルエン(20mL)で2回抽出し、有機層を濃縮した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン/酢酸エチル=50/1(体積比))にて精製し、下記式(25)の化合物を黒色粉末(収量:1.52g、収率:77%)として得た。
反応容器に上記式(10)の化合物(0.88g)、[4-[ビス(4-メトキシフェニル)アミノ]フェニル]ボロン酸(2.10g、TCI社製)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(0.12g、関東化学社製)、炭酸カリウム(0.90g、関東化学社製)、トルエン(13mL)、エタノール(4.5mL)、水(4.5mL)を投入し、減圧下、脱気を行った。アルゴン雰囲気下、6時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、トルエン(10mL)、水(10mL)を投入した。これを分液し、水層をトルエン(20mL)で2回抽出した。有機層を濃縮し、粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン/アセトン=100/1(体積比))にて精製した。再度、シリカゲルカラム(トルエン)にて精製し、下記式(26)の化合物を黒緑色粉末(収量:1.86g、収率:93%)として得た。
反応容器に下記式(27)の化合物(1.33g)、[4-[ビス(4-メトキシフェニル)アミノ]フェニル]ボロン酸(2.10g、TCI社製)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(0.12g、関東化学社製)、炭酸カリウム(0.90g、関東化学社製)、トルエン(13mL)、エタノール(4.5mL)、水(4.5mL)を投入し、減圧下、脱気を行った。アルゴン雰囲気下、6時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、トルエン(10mL)、水(10mL)を投入した。これを分液し、水層をトルエン(20mL)で2回抽出した。有機層を濃縮し、粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン)にて精製し、下記式(A-58)で表される化合物を黒緑色粉末(収量:2.11g、収率:86%)として得た。
反応容器に上記式(26)の化合物(0.6g)、シアノ酢酸メチル(0.23g、TCI社製)、THF(14mL)を投入し、アルゴン雰囲気下で撹拌した。氷浴で5℃以下まで冷却し、四塩化炭素(0.9mL、純正化学社製)、四塩化チタン(0.5mL、和光純薬製)、THF(8mL)を投入した。5℃以下まで再度、冷却し、ピリジン(1mL)、THF(1mL)を投入した。その後、室温まで昇温し、室温で18時間、60℃で14時間撹拌した。反応終了後、(50mL)の水が入ったビーカーに反応液を注加し、そこにトルエン(30mL)を投入した。これを分液し、有機層を10%炭酸ナトリウム水溶液(50mL)で2回洗浄した。有機層を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、濃縮した。クルードをシリカゲルカラム(トルエン)にて精製し、下記式(A-63)で表される化合物を黒緑色粉末(収量:0.51g、収率:77%)として得た。
反応容器に上記式(10)の化合物(0.88g)、4-(ジフェニルアミノ)フェニルボロン酸(1.73g、シグマアルドリッチ社製)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(0.12g、関東化学社製)、炭酸カリウム(0.90g、関東化学社製)、トルエン(13mL)、エタノール(4.5mL)、水(4.5mL)を投入し、減圧下、脱気を行った。アルゴン雰囲気下、13時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、エタノール(50mL)の入ったビーカーに反応液を投入した。これをろ過し、水(50mL)で2回、エタノール(20mL)で洗浄した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン→クロロホルム)にて精製した。その後、結晶をトルエンにて分散洗浄し、下記式(28)で表される化合物を黒青色粉末(収量:1.14g、収率:67%)として得た。
反応容器に上記式(10)の化合物(0.88g)、下記式(29)の化合物(2.55g)、炭酸カリウム(0.90g、関東化学社製)、テトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウム(0.12g、関東化学社製)、トルエン(13mL)、エタノール(4.5mL)、水(4.5mL)を投入し、6時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、反応液を水(150mL)の入ったビーカーに投入し、さらにトルエン(20mL)を投入後、分液した。有機層を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、濃縮した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン)にて精製し、下記式(30)で表される化合物を黒青色粉末(収量:1.81g、収率:84%)として得た。
反応容器に下記式(31)の化合物(0.32g)、[4-[ビス(4-メトキシフェニル)アミノ]フェニル]ボロン酸(0.49g、TCI社製)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(0.03g、関東化学社製)、炭酸カリウム(0.22g、関東化学社製)、トルエン(4mL)、エタノール(1.3mL)、水(1.3mL)を投入し、減圧下、脱気を行った。アルゴン雰囲気下、6時間加熱還流下で撹拌した。反応終了後、反応液を水(100mL)に投入した。そこにトルエン20mLを投入後、分液した。有機層を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、濃縮した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン)にて精製し、下記式(32)で表される化合物を黒緑色粉末(収量:0.40g、収率:69%)として得た。
反応容器に上記式(31)の化合物(0.32g)、下記式(33)の化合物(1.15g)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(0.03g、関東化学社製)、炭酸カリウム(0.22g、関東化学社製)、トルエン(4mL)、エタノール(1.3mL)、水(1.3mL)を投入し、減圧下、脱気を行った。アルゴン雰囲気下、6時間加熱還流下で撹拌した。反応終了後、反応液を水(100mL)に投入した。そこにトルエン(20mL)を投入後、分液した。有機層を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、濃縮した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン/酢酸エチル=40/1(体積比))にて精製し、下記式(34)で表される化合物を黒緑色粉末(収量:0.64g、収率:61%)として得た。
エッチング処理されている、フッ素ドープの酸化スズ(FTO)薄膜をコートしたガラス基板(導電性支持体1、Solaronix社製)をアセトンで超音波洗浄後、UVオゾン処理した。
この基板上に、正孔ブロッキング層用酸化チタン(TiO2)液(Ti-NanoxideBL/SC、Solaronix社製)をスピンコート法により塗布した。塗布後、電気炉を用いて500℃で1時間焼成し、膜厚50~70nmのTiO2薄膜(正孔ブロッキング層2)を得た。続けてこの基板上に、酸化チタン(TiO2)ペースト(PST-18NR、日揮触媒化成社製):エタノール=1:4(重量比)に調製した電子輸送層用酸化チタン(TiO2)分散液をスピンコート法により塗布した。塗布後、電気炉を用いて450℃で30分間焼成し、膜厚330nmのメソポーラス酸化チタン(TiO2)薄膜(電子輸送層3)を得た。
合成実施例2で得た光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料である化合物(A-11)を用いて、50mMのクロロベンゼン溶液を調製し正孔輸送層溶液とした。当該化合物(A-11)を使用したことと、添加剤のドーパントであるビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミドリチウム(LiTFSI)および添加剤の塩基性化合物である4-tert-ブチルピリジンを使用していない(0mM)こと以外、実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率を得た。また、実施例2の光電変換素子の、初期光電変換効率測定からシリカゲルを設置したデシケータ中で168時間保管した後の光電変換効率(経時の光電変換効率)を得た。実施例2の168時間保管後の光電変換効率と、後述する比較例1の168時間保管(実施例2の条件と同様の条件による保管)後の光電変換効率の比(以下、比較例1との比)を表1に、実施例2の光電変換素子の耐久性の評価として初期変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表2に示す。ここで、表1に示す比較例1との比は、実施例の168時間保管後の光電変換効率(経時の光電変換効率)を、比較例1の168時間保管後の光電変換効率(経時の光電変換効率)で割った値を示す。
化合物(A-11)を使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および168時間保管後の光電変換効率を得た。また、初期光電変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の比較例1との比を表1に、耐久性の評価として、初期変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表2に示す。
化合物(A-56)を使用したこと以外は実施例2と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および168時間保管後の光電変換効率を得た。また、初期光電変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の比較例1との比を表1に、耐久性の評価として、初期変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表2に示す。
化合物(A-56)を使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および168時間保管後の光電変換効率を得た。また、初期光電変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の比較例1との比を表1に、耐久性の評価として、初期変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表2に示す。
化合物(A-63)を使用したこと以外は実施例2と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および168時間保管後の光電変換効率を得た。また、初期変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の比較例1との比を表1に、耐久性の評価として、初期変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表2に示す。
化合物(A-63)を使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および168時間保管後の光電変換効率を得た。また、初期変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の比較例1との比を表1に示す。
下記式(B-1)で表される標準的な正孔輸送材料のSpiro-OMeTAD(Sigma-Aldrich社製)を使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および168時間保管後の光電変換効率を得た。初期光電変換効率は6.03%であった。耐久性の評価として、初期光電変換効率測定から168時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表2に示す。
FLAT ITO膜付きガラス(導電性支持体7、ジオマテック社製)をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄後、UVオゾン処理した。
この基板上にTin(IV) oxide,15% in H2O colloidal dispersion(Alfa Aesar社製)と精製水を体積比で1:9とした酸化スズ分散液(電子輸送層用塗布液)をスピンコートにより塗布した。その後、ホットプレートで150℃にて30分加熱することで膜厚が約20nmの電子輸送層8を形成した。
窒素雰囲気下のグローブボックスにて、調製したペロブスカイト前駆体溶液を酸化スズ薄膜上に滴下、スピンコートし、スピンコート中にクロロベンゼン0.3mLを滴下することでペロブスカイト前駆体を塗布した。その後、ホットプレートで100℃にて1時間加熱することで膜厚が約500nmのCs(MAFA)Pb(IBr)3層(光電変換層9)を形成した。
窒素雰囲気下のグローブボックスにて、Cs(MAFA)Pb(IBr)3層(光電変換層9)上に正孔輸送層用塗布溶液をスピンコートし、膜厚が約200nmの正孔輸送層10を形成した。
合成実施例11で得た光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料である化合物(A-63)を用いて、50mMのクロロベンゼン溶液を調製し正孔輸送層溶液とした。添加剤のドーパントであるビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミドリチウム(LiTFSI)および添加剤の塩基性化合物である4-tert-ブチルピリジンを使用していない(0mM)正孔輸送層溶液を使用したこと以外、実施例8と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率を得た。また、前記光電変換素子を、シリカゲルを設置したデシケータ中で初期光電変換効率測定から30日間保管し、再び電流-電圧特性を測定することで30日後(720時間後)の光電変換効率を得た。初期光電変換効率測定から経時の光電変換である720時間保管後の光電変換効率の比較例2との比を表3に、耐久性の評価として初期光電変換効率測定から720時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表4に示す。
化合物(A-114)を使用したこと以外は実施例8と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および30日後(720時間後)の光電変換効率を得た。また、初期光電変換効率測定から720時間保管後の光電変換効率の比較例2との比を表3に、耐久性の評価として、初期変換効率測定から720時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表4に示す。
化合物(A-114)を使用したこと以外は実施例9と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および30日後(720時間後)の光電変換効率を得た。また、初期変換効率測定から720時間保管後の光電変換効率の比較例1との比を表3に、耐久性の評価として、初期変換効率測定から720時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表4に示す。
化合物(A-115)を使用したこと以外は実施例8と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および30日後(720時間後)の光電変換効率を得た。また、初期光電変換効率測定から720時間保管後の光電変換効率の比較例2との比を表3に、耐久性の評価として、初期変換効率測定から720時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表4に示す。
化合物(A-115)を使用したこと以外は実施例9と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および30日後(720時間後)の光電変換効率を得た。また、初期変換効率測定から720時間保管後の光電変換効率の比較例1との比を表3に、耐久性の評価として、初期変換効率測定から720時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表4に示す。
比較例1において示した式(B-1)で表される標準的な正孔輸送材料のSpiro-OMeTAD(Sigma-Aldrich社製)を使用したこと以外は実施例8と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率および30日後(720時間後)の光電変換効率を得た。初期光電変換効率は13.2%であった。初期変換効率測定から720時間保管後の光電変換効率の保持率(%)を表4に示す。
なお、本願は、2020年7月30日付で出願された日本国特許出願(特願2020-129304)に基づいており、その全体が引用により援用される。また、ここに引用されるすべての参照は全体として取り込まれる。
2 正孔ブロッキング層
3 電子輸送層
4 光電変換層
5 正孔輸送層
6 対極
7 導電性支持体
8 電子輸送層
9 光電変換層
10 正孔輸送層
11 対極
Claims (7)
- 下記一般式(1)で表される化合物であり、一般式(1)中のX1およびX2がそれぞれ独立して下記一般式(2)で表される、化合物。
ニトリル基、
炭素原子数1~4の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のパーフルオロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアシル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシカルボニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
または、置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキルスルホニル基を表し、
R3~R22はそれぞれ独立して、
水素原子、ハロゲン原子、カルボキシル基、トリメチルシリル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアシル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
置換基を有する炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基、
または置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の複素環基を表し、
R1およびR2は互いに結合して環を形成していてもよく、R3~R7、R8~R12、R13~R17およびR18~R22は隣り合う基同士で互いに結合して環を形成していてもよく、R7とR8およびR17とR18は互いに結合して環を形成していてもよい。
ただし、R1およびR2がニトリル基であり、R5がメトキシ基である場合、R10、R15、R20は少なくとも1個のメトキシ基以外の上記基であるものとする。]
水素原子、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基、
または置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の複素環基を表し、
R23とR24、R25とR26およびR27とR28は互いに結合して環を形成していてもよい。
Y1は酸素原子、硫黄原子またはセレン原子を表し、mおよびnはそれぞれ0~2の整数を表す。
ただし、mおよびnのいずれか一方が1または2である。] - 前記一般式(1)において、R1およびR2がそれぞれ独立して、
ニトリル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアシル基、
または置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシカルボニル基
である、請求項1に記載の化合物。 - 前記一般式(2)のmが1である、請求項1または請求項2に記載の化合物。
- 請求項1~請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の化合物を含有する光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料。
- 請求項4に記載の光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料と、前記光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料1当量に対して0~0.5当量の添加剤であるドーパントと、を含む組成物からなる正孔輸送層。
- 請求項5に記載の正孔輸送層を含む光電変換素子。
- 請求項6に記載の光電変換素子を含む太陽電池。
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