WO2023054393A1 - スルホン酸塩基を有する化合物、正孔輸送材料、光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料組成物、光電変換素子および太陽電池 - Google Patents
スルホン酸塩基を有する化合物、正孔輸送材料、光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料組成物、光電変換素子および太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023054393A1 WO2023054393A1 PCT/JP2022/036015 JP2022036015W WO2023054393A1 WO 2023054393 A1 WO2023054393 A1 WO 2023054393A1 JP 2022036015 W JP2022036015 W JP 2022036015W WO 2023054393 A1 WO2023054393 A1 WO 2023054393A1
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- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium titanate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GKCNVZWZCYIBPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneindium Chemical compound [In]=S GKCNVZWZCYIBPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RCYJPSGNXVLIBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenetitanium Chemical compound [S].[Ti] RCYJPSGNXVLIBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005486 sulfidation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008053 sultones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PBCFLUZVCVVTBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum pentoxide Inorganic materials O=[Ta](=O)O[Ta](=O)=O PBCFLUZVCVVTBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Sn]=S AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003960 triphenylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C3C12)* 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten disulfide Chemical compound S=[W]=S ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D279/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D279/10—1,4-Thiazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-thiazines
- C07D279/14—1,4-Thiazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-thiazines condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D279/18—[b, e]-condensed with two six-membered rings
- C07D279/22—[b, e]-condensed with two six-membered rings with carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/80—Constructional details
- H10K30/84—Layers having high charge carrier mobility
- H10K30/86—Layers having high hole mobility, e.g. hole-transporting layers or electron-blocking layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/656—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising two or more different heteroatoms per ring
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention uses a compound having a sulfonate group, a hole transport material containing the compound, a hole transport material composition for photoelectric conversion elements containing the hole transport material, and a hole transport material composition for photoelectric conversion elements.
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element and a solar cell using the photoelectric conversion element.
- Patent Document 1 Non-Patent Documents 1-2).
- Perovskite solar cells often use a hole-transporting material in the element. It is used for the purpose of (1) improving photoelectric conversion efficiency and (2) protecting perovskite materials that are susceptible to moisture and oxygen (for example, Non-Patent Document 3). Spiro-OMeTAD is often used as a standard hole-transporting material, and there are few reports of hole-transporting materials that contribute more to photoelectric conversion characteristics than this material.
- the conventional method of fabricating an element using an organic compound as the hole-transporting material adds a dopant as an additive to the hole-transporting material.
- This dopant is used to reduce the electrical resistance of the hole-transporting material (eg, Non-Patent Documents 3-4).
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is a compound useful as a hole transport material for a photoelectric conversion device, and a photoelectric conversion device having good photoelectric conversion characteristics using the compound in a hole transport layer for a photoelectric conversion device. It is to provide a device and a solar cell.
- the inventors have made intensive studies on improving photoelectric conversion characteristics. It has been found that a device and a solar cell can be obtained. That is, the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- R 1 is an optionally substituted linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkenylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkynylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted cycloalkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted arylene group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted divalent heterocyclic group having 5 to 36 ring atoms, X represents a monovalent cation.
- R 2 to R 9 are each independently hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkoxycarbonyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a thio group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, an optionally substituted amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, It represents an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted monovalent heterocyclic group having 5 to 36 ring atoms.
- R 1 in the general formula (1) is an optionally substituted linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
- At least one of R 2 to R 9 has an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms or a substituent A compound which is an amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- R 4 or R 7 is an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted carbon
- a hole-transporting material comprising the compound described above.
- a hole-transporting material composition for a photoelectric conversion device comprising the hole-transporting material described above.
- the compound having a sulfonate group according to the present invention and the hole transport layer using the compound by using the compound between the photoelectric conversion layer and the electrode, good photoelectric conversion efficiency and high durability can be obtained. can obtain a photoelectric conversion element and a solar cell.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of photoelectric conversion elements of Examples and Comparative Examples of the present invention
- the hole transport layer of the present invention is used in photoelectric conversion elements and perovskite photoelectric conversion elements.
- R 1 is an optionally substituted linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkenylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkynylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted cycloalkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted arylene group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted divalent heterocyclic group having 5 to 36 ring atoms, represents
- the “linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms optionally having a substituent” represented by R 1 Chain or branched alkylene group” specifically includes methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, s-butyl group, t-butyl group, n-pentyl alkylene groups obtained by removing one hydrogen from an alkyl group such as a group, an isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, an isooctyl group, a nonyl group, and a decyl group.
- One of the hydrogen atoms in the above-mentioned alkyl group or substituent is substituted with the sulfonate group (--SO 3 X) of general
- the “linear or branched alkenylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent” represented by R 1 Chain or branched alkenyl group” specifically includes vinyl group, 1-propenyl group, allyl group, 1-butenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 1-pentenyl group, 1-hexenyl group, isopropenyl group, An alkenylene group obtained by removing one hydrogen from an isobutenyl group, or a linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms in which a plurality of these alkenyl groups are bonded can be mentioned.
- One of the hydrogen atoms in the alkenyl groups or substituents listed above is substituted with the sulfonate group (--SO 3 X) of general formula (1).
- a chain or branched alkynylene group” specifically includes an ethynyl group, 1-propynyl group, 2-propynyl group, 1-butynyl group, 2-butynyl group, 1-methyl-2-propynyl group, 1-pentynyl 2-pentynyl group, 1-methyl-n-butynyl group, 2-methyl-n-butynyl group, 3-methyl-n-butynyl group, 1-hexynyl group, etc., one hydrogen is removed from an alkynyl group An alkynylene group can be mentioned. One of the hydrogen atoms in the alkynyl groups or substituents listed above is substituted with the sulfonate group (--SO 3 X) of general formula (1).
- the "cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms" in the "optionally substituted cycloalkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms" represented by R 1 includes: Specific examples include cycloalkylene groups obtained by removing one hydrogen from cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, and cyclododecyl groups. can be done.
- One of the hydrogen atoms of the cycloalkyl groups or substituents listed above is substituted with the sulfonate group (--SO 3 X) of general formula (1).
- the "arylene group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms" in the “arylene group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms which may have a substituent" represented by R 1 is specifically , phenyl group, biphenyl group, terphenyl group, naphthyl group, biphenyl group, anthracenyl group (anthryl group), phenanthryl group, fluorenyl group, indenyl group, pyrenyl group, perylenyl group, fluoranthenyl group, triphenylenyl group, etc.
- An arylene group obtained by removing one hydrogen from a hydrocarbon group can be mentioned.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group includes a "condensed polycyclic aromatic group".
- the "heterocyclic ring having 5 to 36 ring atoms" in the "optionally substituted divalent heterocyclic group having 5 to 36 ring atoms" represented by R 1 "group” specifically includes a pyridyl group, a pyrimidylinyl group, a triazinyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group (furanyl group), a pyrrolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a quinolyl group, an isoquinolyl group, a napthyldinyl group, and an acridinyl group.
- phenanthrolinyl group benzofuranyl group, benzothienyl group, oxazolyl group, indolyl group, carbazolyl group, benzoxazolyl group, thiazolyl group, benzothiazolyl group, quinoxalinyl group, benzimidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, dibenzofuranyl group, dibenzo
- a divalent heterocyclic group obtained by removing one hydrogen from a monovalent heterocyclic group such as a thienyl group and a carbonylyl group can be exemplified.
- One of the hydrogen atoms in the above monovalent heterocyclic group or substituent is substituted with the sulfonate group (--SO 3 X) of general formula (1).
- R 1 an optionally substituted linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms
- a linear or branched alkynylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may be substituted "substituent A cycloalkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a ", "an arylene group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms which may have a substituent” or “optionally having a substituent
- the "substituent” in the "divalent heterocyclic group having 5 to 36 ring-forming atoms” specifically includes halogen atoms such as a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom; a cyano group; a hydroxyl group; a nitro group.
- alkenyl group linear or branched alkoxy groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, t-butoxy, pentyloxy and hexyloxy; aromatic hydrocarbon groups having 6 to 30 carbon atoms such as phenyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, phenanthryl group and pyrenyl group; pyridyl group, pyrimidylinyl group, triazinyl group, thienyl group, furyl group (furanyl group), pyrrolyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, triazolyl group, quinolyl group, isoquinolyl group, naphthyldinyl group, acridinyl group, phenanthrolinyl group, benzofuranyl benzothienyl group, oxazolyl group, indolyl group, carbazolyl group, benzoxazolyl
- thiol group —SH
- X in the sulfonate group (—SO 3 X) of general formula (1) represents a monovalent cation.
- the monovalent cation is preferably an alkali metal ion, an ammonium ion optionally having a substituent, or a phosphonium ion optionally having a substituent, but is not limited thereto. .
- alkali metal ions include lithium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, rubidium ions, cesium ions, and francium ions, with sodium ions, potassium ions, rubidium ions, and cesium ions being preferred.
- ammonium ion which may have a substituent include methylammonium ion, methylammonium monofluoride ion, methylammonium difluoride ion, methylammonium trifluoride ion, ethylammonium ion, isopropylammonium ion, n -propylammonium ion, isobutylammonium ion, n-butylammonium ion, t-butylammonium ion, dimethylammonium ion, diethylammonium ion, phenylammonium ion, benzylammonium ion, phenethylammonium ion, guanidium ion, formamidinium ion , acetamidinium ion, imidazolium ion, tri-n-butylammonium ion, tetra-n-but
- Examples of the phosphonium ion which may have a substituent include ethylphosphonium ion, isopropylphosphonium ion, n-propylphosphonium ion, isobutylaphosphonium ion, n-butylphosphonium ion, t-butylphosphonium ion, dimethylphosphonium ion, Examples thereof include diethylphosphonium ion, phenylphosphonium ion, benzylphosphonium ion, and the like, in which the nitrogen atom of the ammonium ion is replaced with a phosphorus atom.
- R 1 is preferably an optionally substituted linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
- R 2 to R 9 are each independently hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted linear or branched alkoxycarbonyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a thio group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, an optionally substituted amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, It represents an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted monovalent heterocyclic group having 5 to 36 ring
- the linear or branched alkyl group of 18" is represented by R 1 in the general formula (1), "a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 optionally substituted carbon atoms The same as the alkyl group before removal of one hydrogen mentioned in the description of the "like alkylene group” can be mentioned.
- the linear or branched alkynyl group having 20" is mentioned in the description of the "linear or branched alkynylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms” represented by R 1 in the general formula (1).
- the same as the alkynyl group before removal of one hydrogen can be mentioned.
- the "cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms" in the "cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent" represented by R 2 to R 9 is the same as the cycloalkyl group before removing one hydrogen mentioned in the description of the “cycloalkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms” represented by R 1 in general formula (1).
- the "linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may be substituted" represented by R 2 to R 9 20 linear or branched alkoxy group” specifically includes methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group, n-butoxy group, n-pentyloxy group, n-hexyloxy group, heptyloxy group, octyl oxy group, nonyloxy group, decyloxy group, isopropoxy group, isobutoxy group, s-butoxy group, t-butoxy group, isooctyloxy group, t-octyloxy group, phenoxy group, tolyloxy group, biphenylyloxy group, terfenyloxy group Ryloxy group, naphthyloxy group, anthryloxy group, phenanthryloxy group, fluorenyloxy group, indenyloxy group and the like can be mentioned.
- alkoxycarbonyl group of 1 to 18 specifically includes a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, and the like.
- thio group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms in the "optionally substituted thio group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms” represented by R 2 to R 9 in the general formula (1)
- Specific examples include a methylthio group, an ethylthio group, a propylthio group, a phenylthio group and a biphenylthio group.
- the "amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms" in the "amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may be substituted" represented by R 2 to R 9 may be Specific examples of monosubstituted amino groups include ethylamino group, acetylamino group and phenylamino group, and disubstituted amino groups include diethylamino group, diphenylamino group and acetylphenylamino group.
- the “hydrocarbon group” includes one group mentioned in the explanation of the “optionally substituted C 6-36 arylene group” represented by R 1 in general formula (1). The same as the aromatic hydrocarbon group before removal of hydrogen can be mentioned.
- At least one of R 2 to R 9 may have an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms or may have a substituent A good amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is preferred.
- At least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 7 or R 8 is an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted carbon number of 1 ⁇ 20 amino groups are more preferred.
- at least one of R 4 or R 7 is an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 36 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; It is even more preferable to have
- the compound represented by the general formula (1) of the present invention can be synthesized by a known method such as Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-135255.
- a case of synthesizing compound (A-1) will be described.
- a compound (A-1) can be obtained by introducing a corresponding substituent to 3,7-dibromophenothiazine by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction or Buchwald reaction and then reacting with a corresponding sultone.
- Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction or Buchwald reaction a halogenated phenothiazine derivative
- the compound represented by the general formula (1) can be obtained by a known method.
- purification by column chromatography purification by adsorption using silica gel, activated carbon, activated clay or the like, recrystallization or crystallization with a solvent, or the like can be performed. .
- identification of these compounds can be performed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).
- the compound represented by the general formula (1) of the present invention can be used as a hole-transporting material contained in a hole-transporting layer for organic electronic devices such as photoelectric conversion elements and organic EL elements.
- the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention typically comprises a conductive support 1, an electron transport layer 2, a photoelectric conversion layer 3, a hole transport layer 4, and a counter electrode 5, as shown in the schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. have.
- a multi-layer structure in which a hole transport layer is inserted between the photoelectric conversion layer 3 and the hole transport layer 4 may be employed for the purpose of preventing dopant diffusion.
- the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention preferably comprises a conductive support 1, an electron transport layer 2, a photoelectric conversion layer 3, a hole transport layer 4, and a counter electrode 5, as shown in FIG. not something.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is preferably used as a solar cell, and more preferably a perovskite photoelectric conversion element, but is not limited to this.
- a perovskite-type photoelectric conversion element may comprise a conductive support (electrode) 1, an electron transport layer 2, a photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer) 3, a hole transport layer 4, and a counter electrode 5 in this order.
- it may be composed in the order of a conductive support, a hole transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer), an electron transport layer, and a counter electrode.
- the conductive support 1 shown in FIG. 1 must have translucency capable of transmitting light that contributes to photoelectric conversion. Further, the conductive support is preferably a conductive substrate because it is a member having a function of extracting current from the photoelectric conversion layer.
- conductive materials include tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), zinc-doped indium oxide (IZO), tungsten-doped indium oxide (IWO), zinc aluminum oxide (AZO), fluorine Conductive transparent oxide semiconductors such as doped tin oxide (FTO), indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), and indium-tin composite oxide can be mentioned, but tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped oxide It is preferable to use tin (FTO) or the like.
- the electron transport layer 2 shown in FIG. Although it is preferable that the electron transport layer 2 is formed on the substrate, it is not particularly limited.
- the electron transport layer is used to improve the efficiency of electron transfer from the photoelectric conversion layer to the electrode and to block the transfer of holes.
- the semiconductor forming the electron transport layer examples include tin oxide (SnO, SnO 2 , SnO 3 etc.), titanium oxide (TiO 2 etc.), tungsten oxide (WO 2 , WO 3 , W 2 O 3, etc.), zinc oxide (ZnO), niobium oxide ( Nb2O5 , etc.), tantalum oxide ( Ta2O5, etc.), yttrium oxide ( Y2O3 , etc. ), strontium titanate (SrTiO3 , etc.), etc.
- Metal oxides metal sulfides such as titanium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zirconium sulfide, copper sulfide, tin sulfide, indium sulfide, tungsten sulfide, cadmium sulfide, silver sulfide; titanium selenide, zirconium selenide, indium selenide, selenide Metal selenides such as tungsten; elemental semiconductors such as silicon and germanium; In the present invention, it is preferable to use one or more selected from tin oxide, titanium oxide, and zinc oxide as the semiconductor.
- a commercially available paste containing the semiconductor fine particles may be used, or a paste (electron transport layer coating liquid) prepared by dispersing commercially available semiconductor fine powder in a solvent may be used.
- the solvent used in preparing the paste include water; alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol; ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone; n-hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, Examples include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene. Also, these solvents can be used singly or as a mixed solvent of two or more.
- the powder may be ground in a mortar or the like.
- a surfactant or the like to prevent the semiconductor fine particles from aggregating, and to increase the viscosity, it is preferable to add a thickener such as polyethylene glycol.
- the electron transport layer can be obtained using a known film forming method depending on the material to be formed.
- a method for forming the electron transport layer any coating method using a coating liquid can be used. Spin coating method, inkjet method, doctor blade method, drop casting method, squeegee method, screen printing method, reverse roll coating method, gravure coating method, kiss coating method, roll brush method, spray coating method, air knife coating method, wire barber coating method , a method of coating a conductive substrate by a wet coating method such as a pipe doctor method, an impregnation/coating method, or a curtain coating method, and then baking to remove solvents and additives to form a film, a sputtering method, a vapor deposition method, Examples include, but are not limited to, electrodeposition, electrodeposition, microwave irradiation, and the like.
- the present invention it is preferable to form a film by a spin coating method using the electron transport layer coating liquid prepared by the above method, but the method is not limited to this.
- the conditions for spin coating can be set as appropriate.
- the atmosphere in which the film is formed is not particularly limited, and the atmosphere may be used.
- the thickness of the electron transport layer is preferably from 5 nm to 100 nm, and preferably from 10 nm to 50 nm, when a dense electron transport layer is used. It is more preferable to have In the present invention, when a porous (mesoporous) metal oxide is used in addition to the dense layer, the film thickness is usually preferably 20 to 200 nm or less, more preferably 50 to 150 nm. preferable.
- a photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer) 3 is preferably formed on the electron transport layer 2 shown in FIG.
- the perovskite material that is the photoelectric conversion layer represents a series of materials having a structure represented by the general formula ABX3 .
- any coating method can be used, and the same method as the method for forming the electron transport layer can be used. .
- the perovskite precursor a commercially available material may be used, and in the present invention, it is preferable to use a precursor composed of lead halide, methylammonium halide, formamidine halide, and cesium halide with an arbitrary composition. , but not limited to.
- the solvent for the perovskite precursor solution of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ⁇ -butyrolactone, and the like. These solvents may be used singly or in combination of two or more, and it is preferable to use a mixed solution of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide.
- DMF N,N-dimethylformamide
- DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
- ⁇ -butyrolactone ⁇ -butyrolactone
- the atmosphere during film formation of the photoelectric conversion layer is preferably a dry atmosphere from the viewpoint of preventing the contamination of moisture to produce highly efficient perovskite solar cells with good reproducibility.
- a dry inert gas atmosphere is more preferred.
- the temperature for heating the photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer) with a hot plate or the like is preferably 50 to 200°C, more preferably 70 to 150°C, from the viewpoint of generating perovskite material from the precursor.
- the heating time is preferably about 10 to 90 minutes, more preferably about 10 to 60 minutes.
- the film thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer) of the present invention is determined from the viewpoint of further suppressing performance deterioration due to defects and peeling, and from the viewpoint that the photoelectric conversion layer has a sufficient light absorption rate and the device resistance does not become too high. 50 to 1000 nm, more preferably 300 to 700 nm, in order to
- the hole transport layer 4 shown in FIG. 1 is a layer having a function of transporting holes, and is a layer located between the photoelectric conversion layer (perovskite layer) 3 and the counter electrode 5. be.
- the hole transport layer is used to improve the efficiency of hole transfer from the photoelectric conversion layer to the electrode and to block the transfer of electrons.
- the hole transport layer can use, for example, a conductor, a semiconductor, an organic hole transport material, or the like, and may contain an additive for the purpose of further improving the hole transport properties. It is desirable to reduce the amount of additive used in the hole transport layer, and the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention exhibits high characteristics even without the additive in the hole transport layer.
- the hole-transporting layer of the present invention is a layer containing the compound represented by the general formula (1) as a hole-transporting material.
- the compound represented by the general formula (1) may be used in combination, and may be used in combination with other hole-transporting materials that do not belong to the present invention.
- the layer can contain the compound represented by the general formula (1), and a hole-transporting material that does not belong to the present invention can also be used as the hole-transporting layer.
- compound semiconductors containing monovalent copper such as CuI, CuInSe 2 and CuS
- GaP GaP
- NiO, CoO, FeO and Bi 2 Compounds containing metals other than copper, such as O 3 , MoO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , etc., may be mentioned, and these metal oxides may be mixed in the hole-transporting layer and laminated on the hole-transporting material.
- organic hole transport materials include polythiophene derivatives such as poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT); fluorene derivatives such as di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD); carbazole derivatives such as polyvinylcarbazole; poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethyl) phenyl)amine] (PTAA); diphenylamine derivatives; polysilane derivatives; and polyaniline derivatives.
- polythiophene derivatives such as poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT); fluorene derivatives such as di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD); carbazole derivatives such as polyvinylcarbazole; poly[
- Any coating method can be used as a method for coating the hole transport layer of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention using a coating liquid, and the same method as the method for forming the electron transport layer can be used.
- solvents used in the hole transport layer coating solution during film formation include benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene), and monochlorobenzene (chlorobenzene).
- o-dichlorobenzene m-dichlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, nitrobenzene
- aromatic organic solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, alkyl halides such as dichloromethane Organic solvent
- Nitrile solvents such as benzonitrile and acetonitrile
- Ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, diisopropyl ether, c-pentyl methyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, and propylene glycol monomethyl ether
- Ethyl acetate, propylene glycol Ester solvents such as monomethyl ether acetate
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer is preferably 5 to 500 nm, more preferably 10 nm to 250 nm, from the viewpoint of further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the total film thickness is the same. Thickness is preferred.
- the atmosphere during film formation of the hole transport layer is preferably a dry atmosphere from the viewpoint of preventing the contamination of moisture to produce highly efficient perovskite solar cells with good reproducibility. Moreover, it is preferable to use a dehydrated solvent having a water content of 10 ppm or less.
- the hole transport layer may contain a dopant (or an oxidizing agent) or a basic compound (or a basic additive) as an additive.
- a dopant or an oxidizing agent
- a basic compound or a basic additive
- the amount of the additive is preferably 3.5 equivalents or less with respect to 1 equivalent of the hole-transporting material.
- the manufacturing process of the photoelectric conversion device becomes complicated and the cost increases. There is concern that it will be lost. Therefore, it is desirable that the hole transport layer does not contain a dopant or a basic additive, or that the amount of the dopant or basic additive used is reduced. It has high properties even if it does not contain an agent.
- the dopant when a dopant is contained, specific examples of the dopant include bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide lithium (LiTFSI), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide silver, tris(2-(1H-pyrazole-1- yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)cobalt(III) tri[bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide] (FK209), NOSbF 6 , SbCl 5 , SbF 5 and the like.
- LiTFSI lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
- LiTFSI lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
- a dopant when used, it is preferably 2.0 equivalents or less, more preferably 0.5 equivalents or less, relative to 1 equivalent of the hole transport material contained in the hole transport layer.
- a basic compound may be contained as an additive for the hole transport layer.
- a basic compound when a basic compound is contained, specific examples include 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP), 2-picoline, 2,6-lutidine and the like.
- tBP 4-tert-butylpyridine
- 2-picoline 2,6-lutidine
- a basic compound is often used in combination with a dopant.
- tert-butylpyridine when a dopant is used, it is desirable to use it in combination, and it is preferable to use tert-butylpyridine.
- a basic compound when used, it is preferably 5 equivalents or less, more preferably 3 equivalents or less, relative to 1 equivalent of the hole transport material of the present invention.
- the counter electrode 5 shown in FIG. 1 is arranged opposite to the conductive support 1 and formed on the hole transport layer 4 so that charges can be exchanged with the hole transport layer.
- a metal electrode as a counter electrode on the hole transport layer 4.
- An electron blocking layer made of an organic material or an inorganic compound semiconductor is provided between the hole transport layer 4 and the counter electrode 5. can also be added.
- specific materials used for the counter electrode include metals such as platinum, titanium, stainless steel, aluminum, gold, silver, nickel, magnesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and alloys thereof.
- metals such as platinum, titanium, stainless steel, aluminum, gold, silver, nickel, magnesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and alloys thereof.
- gold, silver, or a silver alloy because it exhibits high electrical conductivity even in a thin film.
- silver and gold alloys, silver and copper alloys, silver and palladium alloys, silver and copper alloys, and silver and copper alloys are selected in order to improve the stability of thin films that are less susceptible to sulfidation or chlorination. Examples include palladium alloys and silver-platinum alloys.
- the counter electrode is preferably made of a material that can be formed by a method such as vapor deposition.
- its film thickness is preferably 10 nm or more, more preferably 50 nm or more, in order to obtain good conductivity.
- the conductive support becomes the cathode and the counter electrode becomes the anode.
- Light such as sunlight is preferably applied from the conductive support side.
- the photoelectric conversion layer perovskite layer
- the photoelectric conversion layer absorbs light and enters an excited state, generating electrons and holes.
- the electrons move through the electron-transporting layer and the holes move through the hole-transporting layer to the electrode, thereby causing a current to flow and functioning as a photoelectric conversion element.
- short-circuit current density represents the current per 1 cm 2 that flows between both terminals when the output terminals are short-circuited
- the open-circuit voltage represents the voltage between the two terminals when the output terminals are open-circuited
- the fill factor is the maximum output (product of current and voltage) divided by the product of short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage, and is mainly affected by internal resistance.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtained as a value obtained by dividing the maximum output (W) by the light intensity (W) per 1 cm 2 and multiplying the value by 100, expressed as a percentage.
- the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention can be applied to perovskite solar cells, various optical sensors, and the like.
- a photoelectric conversion element containing, as a hole transport layer, a hole transport material containing the compound represented by the general formula (1) serves as a cell, and the required number of cells are arranged to form a module. It can be obtained by arranging and providing predetermined electric wiring.
- the compound of formula (2) (0.30 g), sodium hydride (0.02 g, manufactured by Kanto Kagaku Co., Ltd.), and THF (12 mL) were put into a reaction vessel and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. 2,4-butane sultone (0.063 mL, manufactured by TCI) was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred under reflux with heating for 4 hours. The solvent was distilled off from the reaction solution under reduced pressure, and the obtained crude product was purified with a silica gel column (ethyl acetate). Furthermore, purification was performed by recrystallization (acetone:ethanol) to obtain a compound represented by the following formula (A-1) as a yellow solid (yield: 0.16 g, yield: 44%).
- Example 1 Preparation of photoelectric conversion element and evaluation of photoelectric conversion characteristics An etched glass substrate coated with an indium oxide and tin oxide (ITO) thin film (conductive support, manufactured by Solaronix) was treated with isopropyl alcohol. After sonic cleaning, UV ozone treatment was performed. Tin(IV) oxide, 15% in H 2 O colloidal dispersion (manufactured by Alfa Aesar) and purified water at a volume ratio of 1:3 were applied onto this substrate by spin coating. After that, by heating at 150° C. for 30 minutes using a hot plate, an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 40 nm was formed.
- ITO indium oxide and tin oxide
- Formamidine hydroiodide (1M, manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.), lead iodide (II) (1.1M, manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.), methylamine hydrobromide ( 0.2 M, manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.) and lead (II) bromide (0.2 M, manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.) were dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide at a volume ratio of 4:1.
- a dimethyl sulfoxide solution of cesium iodide (1.5 M, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was added thereto so that the amount of cesium charged was 5% in composition ratio, to prepare a perovskite precursor solution.
- the prepared perovskite precursor solution was dropped and spin-coated on the tin oxide thin film, and 0.3 mL of chlorobenzene was dropped during the spin-coating to form a perovskite precursor film. After that, by heating at 100° C. for 1 hour using a hot plate, a Cs(MAFA)Pb(IBr) 3 layer (photoelectric conversion layer) having a film thickness of about 500 nm was formed.
- a gold electrode (counter electrode 5) was formed on the hole transport layer 5 by forming a gold film of 80 to 100 nm at a degree of vacuum of about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa by a vacuum evaporation method to prepare a photoelectric conversion device. .
- the photoelectric conversion element From the transparent electrode side of the photoelectric conversion element, light with an intensity of 100 mW/cm 2 generated by a pseudo-sunlight irradiation device (OTENTO-SUN III type manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd.) is irradiated from the conductive support side of the photoelectric conversion element. Then, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency was obtained by measuring current-voltage characteristics using a source meter (Model 2400 General-Purpose SourceMeter manufactured by KEITHLEY). The photoelectric conversion element was stored in a light-shielding desiccator containing silica gel for 30 days after the initial measurement of the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and the current-voltage characteristics were measured again to obtain the photoelectric conversion efficiency after 30 days.
- a source meter Model 2400 General-Purpose SourceMeter manufactured by KEITHLEY
- Table 1 shows the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency to Comparative Example 1, which is obtained by dividing the obtained photoelectric conversion efficiency after 30 days by the photoelectric conversion efficiency of Comparative Example 1 after 30 days.
- Table 2 shows the retention rate (%) calculated from the following formula (a-1) using the obtained initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after 30 days, which is the photoelectric conversion efficiency over time.
- Example 2 Preparation of photoelectric conversion element and evaluation of photoelectric conversion characteristics A photoelectric conversion element was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound (A-3) was used, and the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. , and photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 30 days. Table 1 shows the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency to Comparative Example 1, which is obtained by dividing the obtained photoelectric conversion efficiency after 30 days by the photoelectric conversion efficiency of Comparative Example 1 after 30 days.
- Example 3 Preparation of photoelectric conversion element and evaluation of photoelectric conversion characteristics
- a photoelectric conversion element was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound (A-2) was used, and the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. , and photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 30 days.
- Table 1 shows the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency to Comparative Example 1, which is obtained by dividing the obtained photoelectric conversion efficiency after 30 days by the photoelectric conversion efficiency of Comparative Example 1 after 30 days.
- Table 2 shows the retention rate (%) calculated from the above formula (a-1) using the obtained initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency over time, which is the photoelectric conversion efficiency after 30 days.
- a photoelectric conversion element was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the hole transport layer coating liquid was used, and the current-voltage characteristics were measured to determine the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 30 days. got The photoelectric conversion efficiency after storage for 30 days was 8.08%.
- Table 2 shows the retention rate (%) calculated from the above formula (a-1) using the obtained initial photoelectric conversion efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after 30 days, which is the photoelectric conversion efficiency over time.
- the photoelectric conversion device containing the compound of the present invention can reduce the manufacturing cost by not adding a dopant and a basic additive as additives, and is a simple method that does not require an addition operation of the dopant and the basic additive. It is possible to manufacture in a simple process.
- the photoelectric conversion device using the compound (A-2) of the present invention as a hole-transporting material has excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency as compared with the photoelectric conversion device using a standard hole-transporting material. It can be seen that Further, from the results in Table 2, the photoelectric conversion device using the compound (A-2) of the present invention as a hole-transporting material has higher durability than the photoelectric conversion device using a standard hole-transporting material. It can be seen that
- the compound having a sulfonate group according to the present invention is useful as a photoelectric conversion element having good photoelectric conversion efficiency by using the compound as a hole transport layer, and is capable of efficiently converting solar energy into electrical energy. It can provide clean energy as a battery, and can also be applied to organic EL, image sensors, and the like.
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Abstract
Description
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36のアリーレン基、または
置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の2価の複素環基であり、
Xは1価のカチオンを表す。
R2~R9は、それぞれ独立して、
水素原子、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシカルボニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していても良い炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基、または
置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の1価の複素環基を表す。]
5.前記一般式(1)において、Xがアルカリ金属イオンまたは置換基を有していてもよいアンモニウムイオンである化合物。
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36のアリーレン基、または
置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の2価の複素環基、
を表す。
メチルエステル基、エチルエステル基などのカルボン酸エステル基;
メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、イソプロピル基、n-ブチル基、イソブチル基、s-ブチル基、t-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、n-ヘキシル基、2-エチルヘキシル基、ヘプチル基、オクチル基、イソオクチル基、ノニル基、デシル基などの炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基;
ビニル基、1-プロペニル基、アリル基、1-ブテニル基、2-ブテニル基、1-ペンテニル基、1-ヘキセニル基、イソプロペニル基、イソブテニル基など炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基;
メトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基、t-ブトキシ基、ペンチルオキシ基、ヘキシルオキシ基などの炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基;
フェニル基、ナフチル基、アントリル基、フェナントリル基、ピレニル基などの炭素原子数6~30の芳香族炭化水素基;
ピリジル基、ピリミジリニル基、トリアジニル基、チエニル基、フリル基(フラニル基)、ピロリル基、イミダゾリル基、ピラゾリル基、トリアゾリル基、キノリル基、イソキノリル基、ナフチルジニル基、アクリジニル基、フェナントロリニル基、ベンゾフラニル基、ベンゾチエニル基、オキサゾリル基、インドリル基、カルバゾリル基、ベンゾオキサゾリル基、チアゾリル基、ベンゾチアゾリル基、キノキサリニル基、ベンゾイミダゾリル基、ピラゾリル基、ジベンゾフラニル基、ジベンゾチエニル基、カルボニリル基などの環形成原子数5~30の複素環基;
無置換アミノ基(―NH2)、エチルアミノ基、アセチルアミノ基、フェニルアミノ基などの一置換アミノ基、またはジエチルアミノ基、ジフェニルアミノ基、アセチルフェニルアミノ基などの二置換アミノ基である、炭素原子数0~18のアミノ基;
無置換チオ基(チオール基:―SH)、メチルチオ基、エチルチオ基、プロピルチオ基、ヘキサ-5-エン-3-チオ基、フェニルチオ基、ビフェニルチオ基などの炭素原子数0~18のチオ基;などをあげることができる。これらの「置換基」は、1つのみ含まれてもよく、複数含まれてもよく、複数含まれる場合は互いに同一でも異なっていてもよい。また、これら「置換基」はさらに前記例示した置換基を有していてもよい。
水素原子、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシカルボニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していても良い炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基、または
置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の1価の複素環基を表す。
R3、R4、R7またはR8の少なくとも1つが、置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基または置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20のアミノ基であることがより好ましい。
R4またはR7の少なくとも1つが、置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基または置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20のアミノ基であることがさらに好ましい。
本発明の光電変換素子は、典型的には、図1の概略断面図に示すように、導電性支持体1、電子輸送層2、光電変換層3、正孔輸送層4、および対極5を有する。
また、光電変換層3と正孔輸送層4の間にドーパントの拡散を防ぐことを目的として、正孔輸送層を挿入した多層構造とすることもできる。
本発明の光電変換素子において、図1に示す導電性支持体1は、光電変換に寄与する光を透過可能な透光性を有する必要がある。また、導電性支持体は、光電変換層より電流を取り出す機能を有する部材であることから、導電性基板であることが好ましい。導電性材料の具体例としては、スズドープ酸化インジウム(ITO)、亜鉛をドープしたインジウム酸化物(IZO)、タングステンをドープしたインジウム酸化物(IWO)、亜鉛とアルミニウムとの酸化物(AZO)、フッ素ドープの酸化スズ(FTO)、酸化インジウム(In2O3)、インジウム-スズ複合酸化物などの導電性透明酸化物半導体などをあげることができるが、スズドープ酸化インジウム(ITO)、フッ素ドープの酸化スズ(FTO)などを用いることが好ましい。
本発明の光電変換素子において、図1に示す電子輸送層2は、前記導電性支持体1と光電変換層(ペロブスカイト層)3との間に位置する層であり、導電性支持体1の上に電子輸送層2が形成されることが好ましいが、特に限定されない。電子輸送層は、光電変換層から電極への電子の移動効率を向上させ、また、正孔の移動をブロックさせるために用いる。
本発明の光電変換素子において、図1に示す前記電子輸送層2の上に、光電変換層(ペロブスカイト層)3が形成されることが好ましい。
本発明の光電変換素子において、図1に示す正孔輸送層4は、正孔を輸送する機能を有する層であり、光電変換層(ペロブスカイト層)3と対極5との間に位置する層である。正孔輸送層は、光電変換層から電極への正孔の移動効率を向上させ、また、電子の移動をブロックさせるために用いる。正孔輸送層には、例えば、導電体、半導体、有機正孔輸送材料などを用いることができ、正孔輸送特性をさらに向上させることを目的として、添加剤が含まれていてもよい。正孔輸送層への添加剤は使用量を低減することが望ましく、本発明の光電変換素子は正孔輸送層への添加剤を含まなくても高特性である。
本発明では、正孔輸送層の添加剤として、ドーパント(あるいは、酸化剤)や塩基性化合物(あるいは、塩基性添加剤)を含有していてもよい。正孔輸送層に添加剤を含有させ、正孔輸送層における正孔輸送材料のキャリア濃度を向上させること(ドーピング)は、光電変換素子の変換効率向上につながる。本発明において、正孔輸送層に添加剤であるドーパントおよび塩基性添加剤を含有する場合、正孔輸送材料1当量に対して、添加剤3.5当量以下であることが好ましい。一方、添加剤であるドーパントおよび塩基性添加剤を使用する場合、光電変換素子の製造面ではプロセスの複雑化、コストの増大を招き、特性面では耐久性を低下させ、素子寿命を短くしてしまうことが懸念される。そのため正孔輸送層がドーパントや塩基性添加剤を含まない、あるいはドーパントや塩基性添加剤の使用量を低減することが望ましいが、本発明の光電変換素子は添加剤であるドーパントや塩基性添加剤を含まなくても高特性である。
本発明において、図1に示す対極5は、導電性支持体1に対向配置され、正孔輸送層4の上に形成されることで、正孔輸送層と電荷のやり取りが可能である。本発明の光電変換素子においては、正孔輸送層4上に対極として金属電極を備えることが好ましいが、正孔輸送層4と対極5との間に有機材料もしくは無機化合物半導体からなる電子ブロッキング層を追加することもできる。
反応容器に3,6-ジブロモフェノチアジン(0.71g、TCI社製)、[4-[ビス(4-メトキシフェニル)アミノ]フェニル]ボロン酸(1.68g、TCI社製)、2M炭酸カリウム水溶液(10mL)、テトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウム(0.06g、関東化学社製)、THF(30mL)を投入し、減圧下、脱気を行った。加熱還流にて10時間撹拌し、反応終了とした。反応液をトルエン(50mL)に投入後、分液した。有機層を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、減圧下で溶媒留去した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(トルエン)により精製し、さらにシリカゲルカラム(NH2修飾/トルエン)で精製することで、下記式(2)で表される化合物を白色固体(収量:1.12g、収率:70%)として得た。
反応容器に上記式(2)の化合物(0.20g)、カリウムtert-ブトキシド(0.07g、関東化学社製)、DMF(12mL)を投入し、60℃で30分間撹拌した。そこに2,4-ブタンスルトン(0.04mL、TCI社製)を投入し、60℃で7時間加熱攪拌した。反応液を減圧下で溶媒留去した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(酢酸エチル/メタノール)にて精製し、下記式(A-2)でオレンジ色油状物質(収量:0.10g、収率:40%)として得た。
反応容器に上記式(2)の化合物(0.40g)、炭酸セシウム(0.32g、関東化学社製)、THF(12mL)を投入し、室温で2時間撹拌した。そこに2,4-ブタンスルトン(0.063mL、TCI社製)、DMF(6mL)を投入し、80℃で7時間加熱攪拌した。反応液をろ過し、ろ液を減圧下で溶媒留去した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラム(酢酸エチル/メタノール)にて精製した後、さらに再結晶(アセトン:エタノール)により精製を行った。下記式(A-3)で表される化合物を黄色固体(収量:0.01g、収率:2%)として得た。
エッチング処理されている、酸化インジウムと酸化スズ(ITO)薄膜をコートしたガラス基板(導電性支持体、Solaronix社製)をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄後、UVオゾン処理した。
この基板上にTin(IV) oxide,15% in H2O colloidal dispersion(Alfa Aesar社製)と精製水を体積比で1:3とした酸化スズ分散液をスピンコートにより塗布した。その後、ホットプレートを用いて150℃で30分加熱することで膜厚が約40nmの電子輸送層を形成した。
化合物(A-3)を使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、実施例1と同様に初期光電変換効率、及び30日保管後の光電変換効率を得た。得られた30日後の光電変換効率を比較例1の30日後の光電変換効率で割った、比較例1との光電変換効率の比を表1に示す。
化合物(A-2)を使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、実施例1と同様に初期光電変換効率、及び30日保管後の光電変換効率を得た。得られた30日後の光電変換効率を比較例1の30日後の光電変換効率で割った、比較例1との光電変換効率の比を表1に示す。また、得られた初期光電変換効率と30日後の光電変換効率である経時の光電変換効率を用いて、上記式(a-1)より算出した保持率(%)を表2に示す。
添加剤のドーパントであるビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミドリチウム(LiTFSI、0.5当量)が25mM、添加剤の塩基性化合物である4-tert-ブチルピリジンが150mMのクロロベンゼン溶液を調製し、ドーピング溶液とした。調製したドーピング溶液と下記式(B-1)で表される標準的な正孔輸送材料のSpiro-OMeTAD(Sigma-Aldrich社製)を用いて50mMのクロロベンゼン溶液を調製し、正孔輸送層用塗布液とした。当該正孔輸送層用塗布液を使用したこと以外、実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作製し、電流-電圧特性を測定することで、初期光電変換効率及び30日保管後の光電変換効率を得た。30日保管後の光電変換効率は、8.08%であった。また、得られた初期光電変換効率と経時の光電変換効率である30日後の光電変換効率を用いて、上記式(a-1)より算出した保持率(%)を表2に示す。
Claims (10)
- 下記一般式(1)で表される化合物。
[式中、R1は、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキレン基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36のアリーレン基、または
置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の2価の複素環基であり、
Xは1価のカチオンを表す。
R2~R9は、それぞれ独立して、
水素原子、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルケニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数2~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルキル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~20の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数3~10のシクロアルコキシ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルコキシカルボニル基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18のチオ基、
置換基を有していても良い炭素原子数1~20のアミノ基、
置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基、または
置換基を有していてもよい環形成原子数5~36の1価の複素環基を表す。] - 前記一般式(1)において、R1が、置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数1~18の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキレン基である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 前記一般式(1)において、R2~R9のうち、少なくとも1つは、置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基または置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20のアミノ基である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 前記一般式(1)において、R4またはR7の少なくとも1つが、置換基を有していてもよい炭素原子数6~36の芳香族炭化水素基または置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20のアミノ基である、請求項3に記載の化合物。
- 前記一般式(1)において、Xがアルカリ金属イオンまたは置換基を有していてもよいアンモニウムイオンである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 前記一般式(1)において、アルカリ金属イオンが、ナトリウムイオン、カリウムイオン、ルビジウムイオン、およびセシウムイオンである、請求項5に記載の化合物。
- 請求項1~請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の化合物を含む正孔輸送材料。
- 請求項7に記載の正孔輸送材料を含む光電変換素子用正孔輸送材料組成物。
- 請求項8に記載の光電変換用正孔輸送材料組成物を用いた光電変換素子。
- 請求項9に記載の光電変換素子を用いた太陽電池。
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