WO2021142701A1 - 一种混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法及施工装置 - Google Patents

一种混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法及施工装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021142701A1
WO2021142701A1 PCT/CN2020/072421 CN2020072421W WO2021142701A1 WO 2021142701 A1 WO2021142701 A1 WO 2021142701A1 CN 2020072421 W CN2020072421 W CN 2020072421W WO 2021142701 A1 WO2021142701 A1 WO 2021142701A1
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Prior art keywords
lashing
lifting
rope
hoisting
block
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PCT/CN2020/072421
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王凤来
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哈尔滨达城绿色建筑股份有限公司
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Priority to PCT/CN2020/072421 priority Critical patent/WO2021142701A1/zh
Publication of WO2021142701A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021142701A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C1/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
    • B66C1/10—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
    • B66C1/12—Slings comprising chains, wires, ropes, or bands; Nets
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/14—Conveying or assembling building elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/14—Conveying or assembling building elements
    • E04G21/16—Tools or apparatus

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a structural form of wall construction technology, in particular to an assembled construction technology of a concrete block masonry structure wall, which belongs to the technical field of building construction.
  • the assembly-based production method occupies a certain share in the construction market due to its fast construction speed, low cost, and easy quality control.
  • Masonry materials such as hollow bricks and small concrete hollow blocks have been constructed on-site for many years due to complex processes and a wide variety of products.
  • Small concrete hollow block as an industrialized product made of dry hard concrete, has not been free from traditional construction for many years.
  • Analysis of the reason why it is difficult to apply in reinforced block masonry structure is that the connecting nodes cannot be processed.
  • the masonry is the hollow block wall masonry is completed first, and then the steel reinforcement and concrete pouring are carried out.
  • the assembly construction is carried out according to the reinforced concrete method, which is more difficult than the former. Therefore, for many years, the construction of reinforced block masonry has been using the traditional method of on-site masonry and then pouring.
  • the traditional method has many drawbacks.
  • the cleaning port will also be used as a channel for connecting steel bars, so the space is small and difficult to construct.
  • the masonry is completed manually, which greatly increases the labor intensity of the workers, and the construction speed is also greatly affected.
  • the quality of the walls is also affected by subjective factors such as the technical level and sense of responsibility of the construction workers. These have greatly restricted the development of this structural system of houses, and are also inconsistent with the current labor shortage and the soaring environmental protection requirements.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to solve the cumbersome operation of adjusting the sliders on the balance beam and the lashing beam each time in the existing "two-point" hoisting method, and to provide an assembly construction method for concrete block masonry components. That is to say, when hoisting, only the slider on the binding beam needs to be adjusted, and the position of the hoisting point on it is set to implement hoisting.
  • This feasible, simple, safe and efficient construction method provides technical support and solutions for the popularization and application of prefabricated masonry structures.
  • the present invention proposes an assembly construction method for concrete block masonry components, which specifically includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Place the base under the block wall, and place the lashing beam above, and then tie the lashing beam, the block wall and the base together with a lashing rope in the vertical direction;
  • Step 2 Determine the horizontal position of the hook and calculate the position of the center of gravity of the block wall to be hoisted, that is, the horizontal position of the hook;
  • Step 3 Select the positions of the two hanging points A1 and A2 in the plan, make the center of gravity of the block wall piece on the line connecting the two hanging points A1 and A2, and ensure that the two hanging points A1 and A2 are at the center of gravity Are equal in distance;
  • Step 4 Fix the position of the slider on the lashing beam with a pin, and measure and record the length between the two lifting points A1 and A2;
  • Step 5 Check the distance between the two corresponding lifting points A1 and A2 on the balance beam before hoisting. When the distance between this distance and the distance between the two sliding blocks of the lashing beam 8 exceeds 10% of the length of the lower hoisting rope ( At this time, the two hoisting ropes form a certain angle, which is less than 80°). It is required to re-select the appropriate hoisting point on the balance beam to ensure that the angle between the two hoisting ropes and the lashing beam is 80° ⁇ 90°. Just try to keep it vertical;
  • Step 6 Move the hook to the top of the block wall, connect the balance beam with a hoisting rope, and then connect the lashing beam with a lower hoisting rope;
  • Step 7 After everything is ready, the block wall pieces are hoisted.
  • the location of the lifting point in the second step is required to avoid the location of the vertical steel bars in the block hole.
  • the base includes a bottom beam and a number of backing plates
  • the bottom beam is a channel steel with the same width as the block wall, with the flange end facing upwards, and four bolt sets are welded on the outside of the channel steel flange.
  • the nut is welded on the channel steel, and the ground is supported by a screw rod.
  • the height of the channel steel is variable in the vertical direction by rotating the screw rod to achieve the purpose of adjusting the height of the channel steel at this point.
  • a number of the backing plates are placed on the bottom beam laterally.
  • the lashing beam includes a cross-shaped standard section and a number of standard lashing beam sections, and the four end faces of the cross-shaped standard section are used to connect a number of standard lashing beam sections, so as to adapt to the lashing of L-shaped and T-shaped block wall pieces. .
  • the lashing beam further includes a slideway, a number of sliding blocks, a number of positioning holes, and a number of pins.
  • the cross-shaped standard section and a number of standard lashing beam sections are provided with slideways, and the sliding blocks move along the slideways.
  • a number of positioning holes at equal intervals are provided on the slideway, and a number of pins are inserted into the positioning holes to limit the position of the sliding block.
  • a number of steel rings are provided on the side of the lashing beam, and the steel rings are connected with the lashing rope.
  • the assembly construction method of concrete block masonry components of the present invention implements quick assembly construction for the vertical component of the block masonry structure—the wall.
  • the main innovation is that only the lashing beams need to be installed. Lifting point, no need to adjust the lifting point on the balance beam, you can hoist any three-dimensional wall piece;
  • the assembly construction method of concrete block masonry components of the present invention proposes a corresponding simplified method for balancing beams to reduce costs, meet the requirements of the simplified hoisting method, and make the production simpler, safer, easier to guarantee, and cost-effective.
  • the concrete block masonry component assembly construction method of the present invention proposes an improved plan for binding beams, so that the simplified method can be implemented smoothly, which not only guarantees the construction speed, but also ensures the construction safety, so as to meet the needs of the method;
  • the assembly construction method of concrete block masonry components of the present invention puts forward the concept and method of double-sided lashing, which solves the problem of unbalanced force of the steel wire ropes on both sides when single-sided lashing, insufficient range of the wire tensioner, and inconvenience to tighten the wire rope Other issues make it more convenient to lash the wall, and it can better ensure the balance of the force on the wall under the lashing;
  • the assembly construction method of concrete block masonry components of the present invention puts forward the concept and method of lashing rope protection, which prevents the wire rope from falling off during evacuation and guarantees the construction safety during hoisting;
  • the assembling construction method of concrete block masonry components of the present invention proposes a simple method of wall masonry base, which makes the wall masonry more free and improves the reuse rate of tools.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the assembly construction device for concrete block masonry components according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the base of the present invention; wherein (a) is a schematic diagram of the structure of the bottom beam, (b) is a schematic diagram of the structure of the backing plate;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the block wall of the present invention built on the bottom beam;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the lashing beam according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the banded wall piece of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the hoisting installation of the concrete block masonry component assembly construction device according to the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the principle of determining the lifting point of the lashing beam according to the present invention.
  • A1 and A2 are the positions of the lifting points on the lashing beam and the corresponding balance beam of the method, and B1 and B2 are any one that meets the conditions when the traditional two-point method is hoisted Group lifting point position, a is the distance from the two lifting points to the hook in this method; b1 and b2 are the distances from the two lifting points to the hook in traditional two-point lifting.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the original two-point method
  • Figure 9 shows what happens when the lifting point setting is restricted
  • Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of improving the unsatisfactory lifting point by lengthening the balance beam and lashing the lower lifting rope between the beams;
  • Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the balance beam according to the present invention.
  • Figure 12 is a structural schematic diagram of a balance beam with multiple lower lifting lugs
  • Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of the lashing beam being too close to the wall hanging point, where a) the lashing beam is set up against the wall; b) the lashing beam is set off the wall;
  • Figure 14 is a schematic diagram of the use of the cross-shaped standard section of the lashing beam, where a) is the case where the standard section is not used, and b) is the case where the standard section is used;
  • Figure 15 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the original technology of double-sided lashing and the steel ring added in this application, where a) is the case of no rigid ring, and b) is the case of rigid ring;
  • Figure 16 is a schematic diagram of different arrangements of one rope and two ropes, in which a) is the case of one line, and b) is the case of two lines;
  • Step 1 Place the base under the block wall 11, and place the lashing beam 8 above, and then tie the lashing beam 8, the block wall 11 and the base together in the vertical direction with the lashing rope 7:
  • Step 2 Determine the horizontal position of hook 1 and calculate the position of the center of gravity of the block wall 11 to be hoisted, that is, the horizontal position of hook 1;
  • Step 3 Select the positions of the two hanging points A1 and A2 in the plan, make the center of gravity of the block wall 11 on the line connecting the two hanging points A1 and A2, and ensure that the two hanging points A1 and A2 reach The distance of the center of gravity is equal;
  • Figure 7 shows the drawing situation when selecting the lifting point
  • Step 4 Fix the position of the slider on the lashing beam 8 with a pin, and measure and record the length between the two hanging points A1 and A2;
  • Step 5 Check the distance between the two corresponding lifting points A1 and A2 on the balance beam 4 before hoisting, when the distance between the distance and the distance between the two sliding blocks of the lashing beam 8 exceeds 10% of the length of the lower hoisting rope 6
  • the two hoisting ropes form a certain angle at this time, that is, when the angle between the two hoisting ropes 6 and the lashing beam 8 is less than 80°, it is required to re-select a suitable hoisting point on the balance beam 4 to ensure the two hoisting ropes
  • the angle between 6 and lashing beam 8 is 80° ⁇ 90°;
  • Step 6 Move the hook 1 above the block wall 11, connect the balance beam 4 through the hoisting rope 2, and then connect the lashing beam 8 through the lower hoisting rope 6;
  • Step 7 After everything is ready, the block wall piece 11 is hoisted.
  • the location of the lifting point is required to avoid the position of the vertical steel bar in the block hole.
  • the hook 1 When hoisting, the hook 1 hangs a balance beam 4 through two symmetrical lifting points, and the balance beam 4 hangs the lashing beam 8 through two lifting points A1 and A2.
  • the lashing beam 8 is tied to the block wall to be hoisted.
  • FIG 7 shows the drawing situation when the hanging points are selected. It can be seen from the figure that the lifting point of the lashing beam is determined according to the ordinary "two-point" method, which has great flexibility. The obtained lifting points B1 and B2 only need to ensure that the connection is over the center of gravity, while this method It is necessary to ensure that the distances from the two lifting points A1 and A2 to the center of gravity are equal. The position of the lifting point should avoid the position of the vertical reinforcement in the hole.
  • Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of the existing "two-point” hoisting method
  • this method only adjusts the position of the lifting point on the lashing beam to achieve the coincidence of the center of gravity of the hook 1, the balance beam 4, and the block wall 11, and finds the only one that meets the conditions in the design in exchange for an adjustment in the construction (only adjust the lashing Beam slider position), this method is more convenient for construction.
  • This method actually fixes the distance between the two lifting points, and the distances from the two lifting points to the center of gravity are equal.
  • the "two-point” method there are countless straight lines passing through the center of gravity of the wall (also the center of gravity of hook 1 and balance beam 4). You can choose any one of them, but this method is to take two of the hanging points to the wall The only one with the same distance between the center of gravity of the film.
  • the lifting point determined by the only straight line selected according to the above method is inconvenient to set up the lifting point, the lifting point can be moved a certain distance in a small range to change the possible lifting state of the predetermined position of the lifting point, that is, it should be two vertical steels.
  • the chain is tilted, and the situation shown in Figure 9 occurs. It is possible that the center of gravity of the wall piece does not completely coincide with the hook 1, causing the wall piece to tilt slightly. According to practical tests, a small deviation will not affect the lifting installation under the condition that the bearing capacity of the lashing beam 8 is satisfied.
  • the lower hoisting rope 6 can generally be made longer, so that at the same time It will also bring convenience to the work of the steel bar penetrating the wall, because the length of the lower hoisting rope 6 is the movable space of the bar penetrating guide tube.
  • a hoisting device used in the assembly construction method of the concrete block masonry component includes a hook 1, a hoisting rope 2, two upper ears 3, a balance beam 4, n lower ears 5, and a lower hoisting rope 6.
  • the lashing rope 7, the lashing beam 8 and the base, where n 2, 4 or 6; two upper lifting eyes 3 are installed on the balance beam 4, and n lower lifting eyes 5 are installed under the balance beam 4,
  • the hook 1 is located above the balance beam 4 and is connected to the two upper lifting lugs 3 on the balance beam 4 by a lifting rope 2
  • the lashing beam 8 is located below the balance beam 4 and is connected to the lower balance beam 4 by a lower lifting rope 6
  • Binding beams 8 are placed below the block wall piece 11, the block wall piece 11 is placed under the binding beam 8, the base is located below the block wall piece 11, and the lashing rope 7
  • the lashing beam 8, the block wall piece 11 and the base are vertically integrated.
  • the base includes a bottom beam 9 and a number of backing plates 10.
  • the bottom beam 9 is a channel steel with the same width as the wall, with the flange end facing upwards. On the outside of the channel steel flange, four bolt sets are welded, and the nuts are welded on On the channel steel, the ground is supported by a screw rod, and the height of the channel steel in the vertical direction is variable by rotating the screw rod to achieve the purpose of adjusting the height of the channel steel at this point.
  • a number of the backing plates 10 are placed on the bottom beam 9 laterally.
  • the adjustable masonry base not only needs to support the wall, but also provides lashing space for the prefabricated block masonry components.
  • the present invention uses an adjustable bottom beam 9 and a non-fixed backing plate 10, as shown in FIG. 2.
  • the adjustable bottom beam 9 is made of channel steel with the same width as the wall, with the flange end facing upward, and the two flanges provide support for the backing plate 10.
  • weld four high-strength bolt kits weld the nut on the channel steel, support the ground with a screw, and rotate the screw to make the channel steel variable in the vertical direction, and then adjust the channel steel at this point. high.
  • Each channel beam can be provided with four bolt sets, which can not only meet the needs of adjustment, but also ensure the reliability of the support. The method of use is shown in Figure 3.
  • the backing plate 10 can be provided with a limiting strip on one side, so that the backing plate 10 can be simply centered when the strip is against the channel steel flange.
  • the limit bar When the limit bar is not set, it can still meet the requirements that its position can be freely set, reused, and standardized production.
  • the lashing beam 8 includes a cross-shaped standard section 14 and a number of standard lashing beam sections 15.
  • the four end faces of the cross-shaped standard section 14 are used to connect a number of standard lashing beam sections 15 so as to be suitable for lashing L-shaped and T-shaped blocks.
  • Wall piece 11 is used to connect a number of standard lashing beam sections 15 so as to be suitable for lashing L-shaped and T-shaped blocks.
  • the lashing beam 8 also includes a slideway, a number of sliders, a number of positioning holes, and a number of pins.
  • the cross-shaped standard section 14 and a number of standard lashing beam sections 15 are provided with slideways, and the sliders move along the slideways.
  • a number of positioning holes at equal intervals are provided on the slideway, and a number of pins are inserted into the positioning holes to limit the position of the sliding block.
  • the concrete hollow block wall 11 must be packed on the binding beam 8 to solve the problem that the mortar bonding strength is not enough to resist the tensile stress caused by hoisting.
  • the lashing beam 8 is placed on the top of the wall.
  • the lashing beam 8 of this hoisting device is composed of a cross-shaped standard connecting section 14 and a straight standard lashing beam section 15.
  • the standard lashing beam section 15 of different lengths can meet different requirements. Lifting requirements for the length of the wall.
  • Fig. 4 shows the assembled lashing beam 8, on which the sliding block can slide along the sliding track to a desired position, and the position of the sliding block is defined by inserting a pin into the positioning hole.
  • the banded wall piece is shown in Figure 5.
  • the lashing beam is provided with a sliding track, and the position of the lifting point can be determined by sliding and positioning the sliding block on it.
  • the lashing beam 8 is used for lashing the wall and hoisting. Generally, it is better to set the lashing beam according to the shape of the wall, set the in-line lashing beam for the in-line wall, set the L-shaped lashing beam for the L-shaped wall, and set the T-shaped lashing for the T-shaped wall. Beam. But in some cases, especially the T-shaped wall piece, the center is biased to one side, and the T-shaped lashing beam is used to set the lifting point. When the two lifting points are approximately the same distance from the center of gravity, the distance between the two points is often too close, as shown in Figure 13a Shown.
  • the lashing beam is set apart from the wall, that is, part of the lashing beam is suspended in the air, and there is no wall at the hanging point.
  • the setting method is to set a "cross"-shaped standard section, as shown in Figure 13b, its two ends or three ends are connected with the in-line lashing beam section to form an L-shape and a T-shape, so it can replace the L-shaped standard section.
  • Figure 14 shows the use of L-shaped wall and T-shaped wall when hoisting, so that this variable and adjustable lashing beam can adapt to the in-line wall, L-shaped wall and T-shaped wall at the same time, which is convenient to use ,save costs.
  • the side of the lashing beam 8 is provided with a number of rigid rings, and the steel ring is connected with the lashing rope 7, and the lashing rope 7 is a steel wire rope.
  • each lashing rope 7 can slide on the lashing beam 8 in the direction of gravity, but each lashing rope 7 only needs one rope length adjusting device (tightening device 13).
  • the adjustment length of the tensioner 13 is generally limited, and the lashing rope 7 has a certain degree of elasticity. It requires a tensioner 13 to adjust a long distance to tighten, and it is often easy to exceed the work of the tensioner 13 Length brings difficulty to construction.
  • one lashing rope 7 for each closed loop lashing can be changed into two sections, and each lashing rope 7 is individually fixed on the lashing beam 8.
  • the simplest method is to set a rigid ring to fix the lashing rope 7, and there are many ways to fix the lashing rope 7 on the lashing beam.
  • proper measures should be taken to avoid the displacement of the lashing beam when tightening from one side.
  • a steel chain with greater rigidity can be used to replace the steel wire rope, which is essentially the same as the steel wire rope.
  • the lashing rope 7 When a lashing rope 7 is used for a closed-loop lashing, the lashing rope 7 can slide along the direction of gravity on the beam, and may slip off when the lashing device is removed from the floor, which poses a safety hazard.
  • a simple method is to use the positioning holes on the lashing beam 8 to hang the lashing rope 7 on the lashing beam 8 in the form of a hook.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明提出一种混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法及施工装置，该方法通过绑扎绳将绑扎梁、砌块墙片和底座竖直方向绑扎在一起；确定吊钩所在的水平位置；在平面图中选定两个吊点A1和A2的位置，使砌块墙片的重心位置在两吊点A1和A2的连线上，保证这两个吊点A1和A2到重心的距离相等；通过销栓固定绑扎梁上的滑块位置，并丈量记录两个吊点A1和A2之间的长度；吊钩通过吊装绳连接平衡梁，然后通过下吊装绳连接绑扎梁，吊装。解决了现有的"两点"吊装方法的每次分别调节平衡梁和绑扎梁上的滑块操作较为繁琐的问题，本发明仅需要调整绑扎梁上的滑块，设定其上的吊点位置，即可实施吊装，是一种可行、简便、安全、高效的施工方法。

Description

一种混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法及施工装置 技术领域
本发明涉及一种结构形式的墙体施工技术，特别是混凝土砌块砌体结构墙体的装配式施工技术，属于建筑施工技术领域。
背景技术
装配化生产方式，由于其具有施工速度快、造价低、质量容易控制而在建设市场中占有一定份额。在国外，其兴起于二次大战后各国的大规模恢复性建设中；在国内则的20世纪90年代之前，有较多的应用。目前主要用于钢结构、木结构、钢筋混凝土结构，在砌体结构中应用较少。
随着建筑技术的发展、人力资源的短缺与社会对环境保护日益提高，国家大力提倡装配化施工技术，目前钢筋混凝土结构、钢结构、木结构等传统结构形式的建筑的装配化技术都得到迅猛发展。作为最传统的结构形式的砌体结构技术，在装配化大潮中已经落在后面，甚至结构体系的生存都面临巨大的挑战。
空心砖、混凝土小型空心砌块等砌体材料，由于工序复杂，产品数量种类繁多，多年来一直是以现场施工。混凝土小型空心砌块，作为用干硬性混凝土制成的工业化产品，多年来一直也没有摆脱传统工艺的施工。分析其在配筋砌块砌体结构中难以应用的原因，在于连接节点无法处理。与钢筋混凝土的支模浇筑不同，砌体是先行将空心砌块墙体砌筑完毕，而后进行钢筋的设置和混凝土的浇筑，按钢筋混凝土的方法进行装配式施工，其难度大于前者。因此多年来，配筋砌块砌体的施工，一直采用传统的现场砌筑再浇筑的方法。
然而，传统的方法有很多弊端。其一，为了在浇筑混凝土之前，清理砌块孔洞中的落地砂浆(在砌筑过程中掉落至砌块孔洞中)，需要在砌块墙片的底部留置清扫口，结果导致墙体的承载力大幅度降低。同时，该清扫口还将作为钢筋连接的通道，空间狭小，难以施工。其二，砌筑由人工完成，一方面大大增加工人的劳动强度，其施工速度也大受影响，其墙体的质量还受施工工人技术水平、责任心等等主观因素的影响。这些都极大地制约了该结构体系房屋的发展，也与当前劳动力紧缺、环境保护要求猛升不协调。
传统的“两点”法吊装时需要分别调节平衡梁和绑扎梁上的滑块，在平面图中选定2个吊点的位置，使墙片的重心位置在两吊点的连线上，由于吊点通过滑块可以自由移动，所以位置不是唯一的。但这个方法分别调节平衡梁和绑扎梁上的滑块操作较为繁琐，存在不简便的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是要解决现有的“两点”吊装方法的每次分别调节平衡梁和绑扎梁上的滑块操作较为繁琐的问题，提供一种混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法，即吊装时仅需要调整绑扎梁上的滑块，设定其上的吊点位置，即可实施吊装，解决了砌体结构构件的装配化施工问题，为砌体结构的装配化施工提供了一种可行、简便、安全、高效的施工方法，为装配式砌体结构建筑的推广应用提供了技术支持和方案。
本发明提出一种混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法，具体包括以下步骤：
第1步：在砌块墙片的下方放置底座，上方放置绑扎梁，然后通过绑扎绳将绑扎梁、砌块墙片和底座竖直方向绑扎在一起；
第2步：确定吊钩的水平位置计算出拟吊装砌块墙片的重心位置，即吊钩所在的水平位置；
第3步：在平面图中选定两个吊点A1和A2的位置，使砌块墙片的重心位置在两吊点A1和A2的连线上，保证这两个吊点A1和A2到重心的距离相等；
第4步：通过销栓固定绑扎梁上的滑块位置，并丈量记录两个吊点A1和A2之间的长度；
第5步：吊装前校核平衡梁上对应的两个吊点A1和A2之间的距离，当该距离与绑扎梁8两个滑块之间距离差超过下吊装绳长度的10％时(此时两下吊装绳形成一定夹角，夹角小于80°)，要求在平衡梁上重新选择位置恰当的吊点以保证两下吊装绳与绑扎梁的夹角为80°～90°，也就是尽量保持垂直；
第6步：将吊钩移到砌块墙片上方，通过吊装绳连接平衡梁，然后通过下吊装绳连接绑扎梁；
第7步：一切准备好后进行砌块墙片吊装。
优选的，第2步中吊点的选位要求避开砌块孔中竖向钢筋的位置。
一种混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法所使用的吊装装置，包括吊钩、吊装绳、两个上吊耳、平衡梁、n个下吊耳、下吊装绳、绑扎绳、绑扎梁和底座，其中n＝2、4或6；所述平衡梁上安装有两个上吊耳，所述平衡梁下安装有n个下吊耳，所述吊钩位于平衡梁的上方并通过吊装绳连接平衡梁上的两个上吊耳，所述绑扎梁位于平衡梁的下方并通过下吊装绳连接平衡梁下的n个下吊耳，砌块墙片的下方放置绑扎梁，所述绑扎梁下方放置砌块墙片，所述底座位于砌块墙片下方，所述绑扎绳将绑扎梁、砌块墙片和底座进行竖向的整体绑扎。
优选的，所述底座包括底梁和若干垫板，所述底梁为与砌块墙片等宽的槽钢，翼缘端朝上，在槽钢翼缘外侧，焊接四个螺栓套件，将螺母焊接在槽钢上，以螺杆支地，通 过旋转螺杆，使槽钢在垂直方向上高度可变，达到调节该点槽钢高度的目的，若干所述垫板横向放置在底梁上。
优选的，所述绑扎梁包括十字形标准节和若干标准绑扎梁段，所述十字形标准节的四个端面用于连接若干标准绑扎梁段，以便适应绑扎L形和T形砌块墙片。
优选的，所述绑扎梁还包括滑道、若干滑块、若干定位孔和若干销柱，所述十字形标准节和若干标准绑扎梁段上均设置有滑道，滑块沿滑道移动，所述滑道上设置有等间距的若干定位孔，若干销栓插入定位孔中，用于限定滑块的位置。
优选的，所述绑扎梁侧面设置有若干钢环，所述钢环与帮扎绳连接。
本发明所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法的有益效果为：
1、本发明所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法，针对砌块砌体结构的竖向构件—墙体，实施了快捷的装配化施工，主要创新是只需设置绑扎梁上的吊点，无需调整平衡梁上的吊点，即可实现对任意三维墙片进行吊装；
2、本发明所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法提出了相应的平衡梁简化做法，以降低成本，满足本简化吊装方法的使用要求，并使制作更简单、安全更易保障、成本更低廉；
3、本发明所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法提出绑扎梁的改进方案，以使本简化方法能够顺利实施，既保证施工速度，也保证施工安全，以适应本方法的需要；
4、本发明所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法提出了双侧绑扎的理念和方法，解决单侧绑扎时两侧钢丝绳受力不均衡、紧线器量程不足、不便带紧钢丝绳等问题，使得墙片绑扎更方便，更能保障墙片在绑扎下的受力均衡；
5、本发明所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法提出了绑扎绳防护的理念和方法，防止钢丝绳在撤离时脱落，保障吊装中的施工安全；
6、本发明所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法提出了简便的墙片砌筑底座做法，使得墙片砌筑时更自由，工具重复利用率提高。
附图说明
图1为本发明所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工装置的结构示意图；
图2为本发明所述的底座示意图；其中(a)为底梁的结构示意图，(b)为垫板的结构示意图；
图3为本发明的砌块墙片在底梁上砌筑的结构示意图；
图4为本发明所述的绑扎梁的结构示意图；
图5为本发明的绑扎后的墙片的结构示意图；
图6为本发明所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工装置的吊装示意图；
图7为本发明所述的确定绑扎梁吊点的原理示意图；其中A1、A2为本方法的绑扎梁和对应平衡梁上吊点位置，B1、B2为传统两点法吊装时满足条件的任意一组吊点位置，a为本方法两吊点到吊钩的距离；b1、b2为传统两点法吊装时两个吊点到吊钩的距离。
图8为原有的两点法的示意图；
图9为当吊点设定受限制时发生的情况；
图10为通过加长平衡梁绑扎梁之间的下吊装绳改善吊点的不理想的示意图；
图11为本发明所述的平衡梁的结构示意图；
图12为平衡梁设置多个下吊耳的结构示意图；
图13为绑扎梁距离墙片吊点过近的示意图，其中a)为绑扎梁依墙设置；b)为绑扎梁脱离墙设置；
图14为绑扎梁十字形标准节的使用情况示意图，其中a)为未采用标准节的情况，b)为采用标准节的情况；
图15为双侧绑扎原有技术与本申请加了钢环后的结构示意图，其中a)为不加刚环的情况，b)为加刚环的情况；
图16为一根绳与两根绳的不同设置方式的示意图，其中a)为一根线的情况，b)为两根线的情况；
附图标记：1-吊钩；2-吊装绳；3-上吊耳；4-平衡梁；5-下吊耳；6-下吊装绳；7-绑扎绳；8-绑扎梁；9-底梁；10-垫板；11-砌块墙片；12-刚环；13-紧线器；14-十字形标准节；15-标准绑扎梁段。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细的说明：
具体实施方式一：参见图1-图16说明本实施方式。本实施方式所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法，具体包括以下步骤：
第1步：在砌块墙片11的下方放置底座，上方放置绑扎梁8，然后通过绑扎绳7将绑扎梁8、砌块墙片11和底座竖直方向绑扎在一起：
第2步：确定吊钩1的水平位置计算出拟吊装砌块墙片11的重心位置，即吊钩1所在的水平位置；
第3步：在平面图中选定两个吊点A1和A2的位置，使砌块墙片11的重心位置在两吊点A1和A2的连线上，保证这两个吊点A1和A2到重心的距离相等；图7为选择吊点时的作图情况，
第4步：通过销栓固定绑扎梁8上的滑块位置，并丈量记录两个吊点A1和A2之间的长度；
第5步：吊装前校核平衡梁4上对应的两个吊点A1和A2之间的距离，当该距离与绑扎梁8两个滑块之间距离差超过下吊装绳6长度的10％时，此时两下吊装绳形成一定夹角，即两下吊装绳6与绑扎梁8的夹角小于80°时，要求在平衡梁4上重新选择位置恰当的吊点以保证两下吊装绳6与绑扎梁8的夹角为80°～90°；
第6步：将吊钩1移到砌块墙片11上方，通过吊装绳2连接平衡梁4，然后通过下吊装绳6连接绑扎梁8；
第7步：一切准备好后进行砌块墙片11吊装。
第2步中吊点的选位要求避开砌块孔中竖向钢筋的位置。
吊装时，吊钩1通过两个对称的吊点吊住一根平衡梁4，平衡梁4通过两个吊点A1和A2吊住绑扎梁8，绑扎梁8上绑扎了需吊装的砌块墙片11，见图6所示，图中以T形或L形墙片为例。
在平面图中选定2个吊点的位置，使墙片的重心位置在两吊点的连线上确定位置，图7为选择吊点时的作图情况。从图中可以看出，按照普通“两点”法吊装确定绑扎梁吊点时，具有很大的灵活性，所得到的吊点B1，B2只需保证连线过重心即可，而本方法则是需要保证这两个吊点A1和A2到重心的距离相等。吊点的选位应该避开孔中竖向钢筋的位置。
既有“两点”吊装方法(图8给出了既有“两点”吊装方法的示意图)，通过同时调整平衡梁上的吊点和绑扎梁上的吊点位置，来实现吊钩、平衡梁、墙片的重心重合，以施工中两次调节(平衡梁滑块和绑扎梁滑块的位置)获得吊点位置选取的任意性。
而本方法则只调整绑扎梁上吊点位置来实现吊钩1、平衡梁4、砌块墙片11的重心重合，以设计中找到唯一满足条件的一条来换取施工中的一次调节(只调节绑扎梁滑块位置)，本方法更便于施工。
本方法实际上是固定了两个吊点的之间的距离，这两个吊点到重心的距离相等。在“两点”法中，有无数条过墙片重心(同时也是吊钩1和平衡梁4的重心)的直线，任取一条即可，而本方法则是取其中两个吊点到墙片重心距离相等的唯一一条。
异常情况处置。当按上述方法选择的唯一一条直线所确定的吊点不便设置吊点时，可将吊点在小范围内移动一段距离，改变吊点预定位置可能的吊装状态，即应为两条垂直的钢链，发生了倾斜，发生图9所示情况。有可能使得墙片重心与吊钩1不完全重合，使墙片发生轻微倾斜。根据实践检验，小幅度的偏差，在绑扎梁8承载力满足 的条件下，不会影响吊装安装。
当两条下吊装绳6越长时，该偏差的影响将越小(长链减小了夹角)，调节重心不重合的能力提升，因此一般可将下吊装绳6取得长些，这样同时也会给钢筋穿墙作业带来便利，因为该下吊装绳6的长度是穿筋引导管的活动空间。
本方法对平衡梁4部分的简化。由于不再需要调节平衡梁4上吊点的位置，因此省去了原有的滑块调节上吊耳的情况，将上吊耳3做成固定的形式，如图11所示。
如果工程项目墙片尺寸相差悬殊，可以将平衡梁4下设置多个下吊耳5(吊点)，成对设置即可，如图12所示。
一种所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法所使用的吊装装置，包括吊钩1、吊装绳2、两个上吊耳3、平衡梁4、n个下吊耳5、下吊装绳6、绑扎绳7、绑扎梁8和底座，其中n＝2、4或6；所述平衡梁4上安装有两个上吊耳3，所述平衡梁4下安装有n个下吊耳5，所述吊钩1位于平衡梁4的上方并通过吊装绳2连接平衡梁4上的两个上吊耳3，所述绑扎梁8位于平衡梁4的下方并通过下吊装绳6连接平衡梁4下的n个下吊耳5，砌块墙片11的下方放置绑扎梁8，所述绑扎梁8下方放置砌块墙片11，所述底座位于砌块墙片11下方，所述绑扎绳7将绑扎梁8、砌块墙片11和底座进行竖向的整体绑扎。
1、可调式砌筑底座的改进
所述底座包括底梁9和若干垫板10，所述底梁9为与墙等宽的槽钢，翼缘端朝上，在槽钢翼缘外侧，焊接四个螺栓套件，将螺母焊接在槽钢上，以螺杆支地，通过旋转螺杆，使槽钢在垂直方向上高度可变，达到调节该点槽钢高度的目的，若干所述垫板10横向放置在底梁9上。
可调式砌筑底座既需要支承墙片，又要为预制砌块砌体构件提供绑扎空间，本发明采用可调式底梁9和非固定式垫板10，如图2所示。可调式底梁9，采用与墙基本等宽的槽钢，翼缘端朝上使用，两条翼缘为垫板10提供支承。在槽钢翼缘外侧，焊接四个高强螺栓套件，将螺母焊接在槽钢上，以螺杆支地，通过旋转螺杆，使槽钢在垂直方向上高度可变，即可调节该点槽钢的高度。每段槽钢梁设置四个螺栓套件即可，既可以满足调节时的需要，也能够保证支承的可靠。其使用方法如图3所示。
垫板10可在一侧设置限位条，以使在该条抵住槽钢翼缘时，垫板10可简单居中。当不设置该限位条时，仍可满足其位置可自由设置、重复使用、标准化制作的要求。
所述绑扎梁8包括十字形标准节14和若干标准绑扎梁段15，所述十字形标准节14的四个端面用于连接若干标准绑扎梁段15，以便适应绑扎L形和T形砌块墙片11。
2、绑扎梁的改进
所述绑扎梁8还包括滑道、若干滑块、若干定位孔和若干销柱，所述十字形标准节14和若干标准绑扎梁段15上均设置有滑道，滑块沿滑道移动，所述滑道上设置有等间距的若干定位孔，若干销栓插入定位孔中，用于限定滑块的位置。
混凝土空心砌块墙片11须打包到绑扎梁8上，以解决砂浆粘结强度不足以抵抗吊装产生的拉应力的问题。绑扎梁8置于墙顶，本吊装装置的绑扎梁8有由“十”字形的标准连接节14和直段标准绑扎梁段15组成，通过使用不同长度的直段标准绑扎梁段15满足不同长度墙片的吊装要求。图4为组装好的绑扎梁8，其上的滑块可沿滑道滑动到所需位置，利用销栓插入定位孔中限定滑块的位置。
绑扎后的墙片如图5所示。绑扎梁上设有滑道，可通过滑块在其上滑动并定位来确定吊点的位置。
基于绑扎梁的优化。绑扎梁8是为捆绑墙片和起吊用的，一般宜按墙片形状设置绑扎梁，一字形墙设一字形绑扎梁，L形墙片设置L形绑扎梁，T形墙片设置T形绑扎梁。但对于一些情况，尤其是T形墙片，其中心偏向一侧，以T形绑扎梁设置吊点时，当两吊点离重心距离大致相等时，两点的距离往往过近，如图13a所示。
采用绑扎梁脱离墙设置，即部分绑扎梁悬空受力，吊点处没有墙片。设置的方法是设定“十字”形标准节，如图13b所示，其两端或三端与一字形绑扎梁段相连，即形成L形和T形，故可取代L形标准节。图14所示为其在L形墙和T形墙吊装时的使用情况，这样利于这种多变可调整的绑扎梁可以同时适应一字形墙、L形墙片和T形墙片，方便使用，节约成本。
3、双侧绑扎的改进
所述绑扎梁8侧面设置有若干刚环，所述钢环与绑扎绳7连接，所述绑扎绳7为钢丝绳。
当一个闭环绑扎用一根绑扎绳7时，绑扎绳7是可在绑扎梁8上顺重力方向滑动，可每根绑扎绳7只需一个绳长调节装置(紧线器13)即可。但在实际使用中发现，由于紧线器13调节长度一般有限，绑扎绳7又有一定的弹性，需要一个紧线器13调整很长的距离才能紧固，往往容易超出紧线器13的工作长度，给施工带来难度。
只在一侧设紧线器时，绑扎装置一头更重，在顶部没有限制的条件下，会从钢梁滑落。为解决绑扎绳7沿铅直方向的滑动问题，也可以考虑将每个闭环绑扎的一根绑扎绳7变为2段，每根绑扎绳7单独在绑扎梁8上固定。最简单的方法是设置一个刚环，用来固定绑扎绳7，还有多种可以将绑扎绳7固定在绑扎梁上的方法。当采用这种方法时，应有适当的避免从单侧紧固时造成绑扎梁的移位。可以用刚度更大的钢链替 代钢丝绳，其实质与钢丝绳是一致的。
4、绑扎绳7防护
当一个闭环绑扎用一根绑扎绳7时，绑扎绳7是可在梁上顺重力方向滑动的，可能会在将绑扎装置从楼面移下时滑落，存在安全隐患。一个简单的方法是利用绑扎梁8上的定位孔，以挂钩的形式将绑扎绳7挂在绑扎梁8上。
以上所述的具体实施例，对本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明。所应理解的是，以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例而已，并不用于限制本发明，还可以是上述各个实施方式记载的特征的合理组合，凡在本发明精神和原则之内，所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法，其特征在于，具体包括以下步骤：
    第1步：在砌块墙片(11)的下方放置底座，上方放置绑扎梁(8)，然后通过绑扎绳(7)将绑扎梁(8)、砌块墙片(11)和底座竖直方向绑扎在一起；
    第2步：确定吊钩(1)的水平位置计算出拟吊装砌块墙片(11)的重心位置，即吊钩(1)所在的水平位置；
    第3步：在平面图中选定两个吊点A1和A2的位置，使砌块墙片(11)的重心位置在两吊点A1和A2的连线上，保证这两个吊点A1和A2到重心的距离相等；
    第4步：通过销栓固定绑扎梁(8)上的滑块位置，并丈量记录两个吊点A1和A2之间的长度；
    第5步：吊装前校核平衡梁(4)上对应的两个吊点A1和A2之间的距离，当该距离与绑扎梁(8)两个滑块之间距离差值超过下吊装绳(6)长度的10％时，即两下吊装绳(6)与绑扎梁(8)的夹角小于80°时，要求在平衡梁(4)上重新选择位置恰当的吊点以保证两下吊装绳(6)与绑扎梁(8)的夹角为80°～90°；
    第6步：将吊钩(1)移到砌块墙片(11)上方，通过吊装绳(2)连接平衡梁(4)，然后通过下吊装绳(6)连接绑扎梁(8)；
    第7步：一切准备好后进行砌块墙片(11)吊装。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法，其特征在于，第2步中吊点的选位要求避开砌块孔中竖向钢筋的位置。
  3. 一种权利要求1-2所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法所使用的吊装装置，其特征在于，包括吊钩(1)、吊装绳(2)、两个上吊耳(3)、平衡梁(4)、n个下吊耳(5)、下吊装绳(6)、绑扎绳(7)、绑扎梁(8)和底座，其中n＝2、4或6；所述平衡梁(4)上安装有两个上吊耳(3)，所述平衡梁(4)下安装有n个下吊耳(5)，所述吊钩(1)位于平衡梁(4)的上方并通过吊装绳(2)连接平衡梁(4)上的两个上吊耳(3)，所述绑扎梁(8)位于平衡梁(4)的下方并通过下吊装绳(6)连接平衡梁(4)下的n个下吊耳(5)，砌块墙片(11)的下方放置绑扎梁(8)，所述绑扎梁(8)下方放置砌块墙片(11)，所述底座位于砌块墙片(11)下方，所述绑扎绳(7)将绑扎梁(8)、砌块墙片(11)和底座进行竖向的整体绑扎。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法所使用的吊装装置，其特征在于，所述底座包括底梁(9)和若干垫板(10)，所述底梁(9)为与墙等宽的槽钢，翼缘端朝上，在槽钢翼缘外侧，焊接四个螺栓套件，将螺母焊接在槽钢上，以螺杆支地，通过旋转螺杆，使槽钢在垂直方向上高度可变，达到调节该点槽钢高度的目的，若干 所述垫板(10)横向放置在底梁(9)上。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法所使用的吊装装置，其特征在于，所述绑扎梁(8)包括十字形标准节(14)和若干标准绑扎梁段(15)，所述十字形标准节(14)的四个端面用于连接若干标准绑扎梁段(15)，以便适应绑扎L形和T形砌块墙片(11)。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法所使用的吊装装置，其特征在于，所述绑扎梁(8)还包括滑道、若干滑块、若干定位孔和若干销柱，所述十字形标准节(14)和若干标准绑扎梁段(15)上均设置有滑道，滑块沿滑道移动，所述滑道上设置有等间距的若干定位孔，若干销栓插入定位孔中，用于限定滑块的位置。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法所使用的吊装装置，其特征在于，所述绑扎梁(8)侧面设置有若干刚环(12)，所述刚环(12)与绑扎绳(7)连接。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的混凝土砌块砌体构件装配化施工方法所使用的吊装装置，其特征在于，所述绑扎绳(7)为钢丝绳或者钢链。
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