WO2021031685A1 - 一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法 - Google Patents

一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法 Download PDF

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WO2021031685A1
WO2021031685A1 PCT/CN2020/097636 CN2020097636W WO2021031685A1 WO 2021031685 A1 WO2021031685 A1 WO 2021031685A1 CN 2020097636 W CN2020097636 W CN 2020097636W WO 2021031685 A1 WO2021031685 A1 WO 2021031685A1
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current
modulation
control
permanent magnet
motor
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PCT/CN2020/097636
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French (fr)
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张瑞峰
于森林
王晓妮
苏鹏程
詹哲军
司军民
张吉斌
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中车永济电机有限公司
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P21/00Arrangements or methods for the control of electric machines by vector control, e.g. by control of field orientation
    • H02P21/0003Control strategies in general, e.g. linear type, e.g. P, PI, PID, using robust control
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P25/00Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of AC motor or by structural details
    • H02P25/02Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of AC motor or by structural details characterised by the kind of motor
    • H02P25/022Synchronous motors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P29/00Arrangements for regulating or controlling electric motors, appropriate for both AC and DC motors
    • H02P29/50Reduction of harmonics
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P2207/00Indexing scheme relating to controlling arrangements characterised by the type of motor
    • H02P2207/05Synchronous machines, e.g. with permanent magnets or DC excitation

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  • the invention belongs to the technical field of electric locomotive traction control, and specifically relates to a control and modulation method for a high-power direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor.
  • the direct drive permanent magnet synchronous motor is a high-order, nonlinear, and strongly coupled multivariable system.
  • the direct drive method further improves the requirements of electric locomotives for motor control performance and robustness.
  • the mathematical model of the permanent magnet synchronous motor has cross-coupling on the d-q axis. As the speed increases, the ratio of the coupling voltage gradually increases, and the coupling effect will become more and more serious.
  • the IGBT is limited by the heat dissipation conditions of the traction converter, and the maximum switching frequency is limited to 450Hz.
  • the asynchronous modulation method cannot meet the requirements of the control system, and the segmented modulation method is required.
  • Segmented modulation divides the modulation strategy into multiple segments according to the motor speed, so the parameters in the control algorithm need to be adjusted with the segmented changes of the switching frequency and carrier ratio. All these put forward higher requirements on the control algorithm and modulation strategy of high-power direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motors.
  • the present invention proposes a high-power direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor control modulation method, which improves the stability of the control system in control and realizes the elimination of specific sub-harmonics in modulation.
  • the present invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme: a high-power direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor control and modulation method, which specifically includes the following steps:
  • ⁇ , ⁇ and u dc are used as the input of PWM modulation, and PWM modulation outputs PWM pulses to drive the inverter to work.
  • the above-mentioned one kind of high-power direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor control modulation method, current set value The difference with the current i d is ⁇ i d1 , the sum of the current difference ⁇ i d1 and ⁇ i d3 is ⁇ i d2 , ⁇ i d2 is the input of the controller Q1(s)e -Tsx , where Q1(s) is the low-pass filter, Q1 (s)
  • the output of e -Tsx is ⁇ i d3
  • ⁇ i d2 is the input of controller S1(s)
  • the output of controller S1(s) is ⁇ i d4
  • the sum of current difference ⁇ i d1 and ⁇ i d4 is ⁇ i d5
  • S1(s) is the auxiliary compensator, expressed as: Among them, K r1 is the control coefficient, T lpf is the control period; the low-pass filter Q1(s) selects the first
  • step (3) adopts the speed control mode, the difference between the speed command ⁇ * and ⁇ is input to the PI regulator, and the output of the PI regulator is used as the input of the MTPA module , MTPA control module outputs a given current with
  • K R ⁇ i d and K R ⁇ i q are added to the voltages u d_IM and u q2 respectively, and then output with
  • the current i d and current i q are filtered and the stator inductance parameters obtained by looking up the table through the linear difference method with Respectively with After the ramp function is processed, the obtained inductances L d and L q are the table of the amplitude and phase change of the stator inductance with the stator current.
  • PWM modulation adopts a segmented modulation strategy combining asynchronous modulation, synchronous modulation, and square wave modulation. Different modulation strategies are segmented by the motor frequency, and the motor frequency f Calculated by the motor speed ⁇ :
  • ⁇ z The sum of the voltage angle ⁇ u and the motor rotor position ⁇ is ⁇ 2 , and the final modulation wave angle is named ⁇ z .
  • the frequency division of the synchronous modulation can be obtained, and then the switching angle N of the SHEPWM modulation algorithm can be obtained, and the offline switching angle a i corresponding to different M values can be obtained through the switching angle N;
  • T s is the interrupt period
  • T CLK is the ePWM module time base clock
  • ⁇ x2 is ⁇ z
  • ⁇ x3 is ⁇ z + ⁇ T s
  • cmpA and PRD are input to the ePWM module in the DSP.
  • the ePWM module A rising or falling edge is issued.
  • the ePWM module first needs to trigger the rising or falling edge of the next beat by the state of the previous pulse of the PWM.
  • the previous beat is high, the next beat counter is equal to cmpA, then the falling edge is triggered; when the previous beat When it is low, the rising edge is triggered when the next beat counter is equal to cmpA.
  • the relationship between torque and current of the MTPA control algorithm can be expressed as: By setting the given torque command Change to the standard unit value t en format, and then pass the formula Solve to get the current The unit value of i dn , and finally pass the formula Can calculate the given current Given current After getting, through the formula Find the given current
  • the motor control parameter ⁇ varies with the modulation strategy.
  • One method is to set different ⁇ values in different modulation intervals, and one method is By finding the relationship between the switching frequency and the modulation algorithm, the basic formula is obtained.
  • the formula under synchronous modulation is as follows: In the formula, ⁇ b is the reference value of the control parameter, f k is the switching frequency, f max is the maximum switching frequency of the power module, N X is the frequency division of synchronous modulation, and f is the motor frequency.
  • the present invention proposes A high-power direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor control modulation method.
  • the modulation adopts the SHEPWM strategy.
  • the SHEPWM modulation method can eliminate specific sub-harmonics and reduce the design difficulty of the filter.
  • the present invention adopts the comparison value method in the SHEPWM pulse generation process, which is different from the traditional Comparing the compulsory methods can effectively reduce the switching angle action time delay, realize SHEPWM pulse generation with higher precision, effectively eliminate specific harmonics, and reduce the current low-order harmonic content.
  • Figure 1 shows the topological structure diagram of the main circuit of a high-power direct-drive permanent magnet converter.
  • Figure 2 is a block diagram of the vector control method of a high-power direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor.
  • Figure 3 is a block diagram of the current loop controller.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of segment modulation.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of control parameters changing with modulation strategy.
  • Figure 6 is a typical waveform diagram of SHEPWM output.
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the SHEPWM modulation method.
  • Figure 8 is a flowchart of the forced comparison pulse method.
  • Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of pulses in SHEPWM forced comparison pulse mode.
  • Figure 10 is a flowchart of the precise comparison pulse method.
  • Figure 11 is a block diagram of the comparison value calculation
  • Figure 12 is a block diagram of the precise comparison pulse method.
  • the main circuit topology of the direct drive permanent magnet traction electric drive system adopts an AC-DC-AC connection.
  • the input end of the traction converter is connected to the secondary traction winding of the main transformer, and is divided/closed through a contactor.
  • the outputs of two four-quadrant rectifiers are connected in parallel, sharing the intermediate DC loop.
  • the intermediate DC circuit is equipped with supporting capacitors, secondary filter capacitors (the secondary filter inductor is integrated in the traction transformer), grounding detection and protection devices, etc.
  • the shared intermediate DC circuit supplies power for three traction inverse inverters and one auxiliary inverter.
  • the traction inverter provides three-phase variable-frequency and variable-voltage AC power to the high-power direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor through the traction inverter.
  • One traction inverter corresponds to A traction motor, auxiliary inverter connected to auxiliary load.
  • the present invention is mainly aimed at the control algorithm and modulation strategy of the high-power direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor. Through the mutual cooperation of the novel control algorithm and the modulation strategy, the stability and robustness of motor control are improved, and harmonics are reduced.
  • the present invention proposes a vector control method for a high-power direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor, and its control structure is shown in Figure 2.
  • the motor rotor position ⁇ information is measured by the resolver, and the rotor position ⁇ is differentiated to obtain the motor angular velocity ⁇ .
  • torque command As the input of MTPA (maximum torque current ratio) control module
  • stator inductance parameters L d and L q of the motor need to be used, but the stator inductance parameters L d and L q will change with the stator current, in order to obtain more accurate stator inductance parameters L d and L q , using a look-up table method to obtain the inductance parameters L d and L q .
  • the inductance parameter will change with the change of the actual current.
  • the filtered values of the current i d and the current i q are i d_lpf1 and the current i q_lpf1 respectively .
  • stator inductance parameters of the motor can be obtained by looking up the table with
  • the query table is shown in the following table:
  • the algorithm interrupt frequency is lower than the modulation algorithm interrupt frequency, suppose it is set to 2kHz.
  • MTPA control module will torque command Decompose into a given current with
  • the input of the MTPA control module also includes the number of pole pairs n p of the permanent magnet synchronous motor, the permanent magnet flux linkage ⁇ f, and the motor stator inductances L d and L q obtained by looking up the table.
  • MTPA control module will torque command Decompose into a given current with The process is as follows:
  • Torque command The unit value of t en can be obtained by Calculated; current The unit value of i dn can be obtained by Calculated; current The unit value of i qn can be obtained by Calculated.
  • the relationship between torque and current of the MTPA control algorithm can be expressed as: By setting the given torque command Change to the standard unit value t en format, and then pass the formula Solve to get the current The unit value of i dn , and finally pass the formula Can calculate the given current Given current After getting it, you can use the formula Find the given current
  • the speed ⁇ * is the control target
  • the difference between ⁇ * and ⁇ is input to the PI regulator
  • the output of the PI regulator is the input of the MTPA module.
  • the current loop controller runs in DSP interrupt 1.
  • the algorithm interrupt frequency is lower than the modulation algorithm interrupt frequency, assuming it is set to 2kHz.
  • the difference from the current i d is ⁇ i d1 .
  • the sum of the current difference ⁇ i d1 and ⁇ i d3 is ⁇ i d2
  • ⁇ i d2 is the input of the controller Q1(s)e- Tsx
  • Q1(s) is the low-pass filter.
  • the output of Q1(s)e -Tsx is ⁇ i d3 .
  • ⁇ i d2 is the input of controller S1(s), and the output of controller S1(s) is ⁇ i d4 .
  • the sum of the current difference ⁇ i d1 and ⁇ i d4 is ⁇ i d5 .
  • S1(s) is the auxiliary compensator, and the auxiliary compensator S1(s) can transform the controlled object and increase the anti-disturbance margin of the control system, which can be expressed as:
  • K r1 is the control coefficient
  • T lpf is the control period
  • the low-pass filter Q1(s) can meet the bandwidth requirements of non-minimum phase systems, and a first-order low-pass filter or a second-order low-pass filter can be selected.
  • the above controller passes the current setting value Processing the difference with the current i d can improve the disturbance isolation capability of the controller and achieve the purpose of enhancing the robustness of the system.
  • S2(s) is the auxiliary compensator, and the auxiliary compensator S2(s) can transform the controlled object and increase the anti-disturbance margin of the control system, which can be expressed as:
  • K r2 is the control coefficient
  • T lpf is the control period
  • the low-pass filter Q2(s) can meet the bandwidth requirements of non-minimum phase systems, and a first-order low-pass filter or a second-order low-pass filter can be selected.
  • the above controller passes the current setting value Processing the difference with the current i q can improve the disturbance isolation capability of the controller and achieve the purpose of enhancing the robustness of the system.
  • the above is the decoupling process in the permanent magnet synchronous motor control process.
  • the controller's dependence on the motor parameters is improved, and the accuracy of the decoupling is increased.
  • the control is more precise to achieve the purpose of enhancing the robustness of the system.
  • K R ⁇ i d and K R ⁇ i q are added to the voltages u d_IM and u q2 respectively.
  • the value of K R is not large and can be taken as 0.03.
  • the modulation algorithm of high-power permanent magnet synchronous motors is limited by the switching frequency.
  • a segmented modulation strategy combining multiple modulation methods is adopted.
  • the schematic diagram of the segmented modulation strategy is shown in Figure 4. According to the limitation of the motor frequency f and the switching frequency, the modulation strategy is divided into asynchronous modulation and multiple synchronous modulation methods.
  • Synchronous modulation is limited by the switching frequency and can be divided into multiple segments, and finally enters into square wave modulation. Under square wave modulation, the voltage utilization rate is high and the harmonics are small.
  • the available modulation algorithms include SPWM modulation, specific sub-harmonic elimination PWM (SHEPWM) modulation, etc.
  • SHEPWM specific sub-harmonic elimination PWM
  • the motor control parameter ⁇ in the third part of the block diagram of the current loop controller changes with different modulation strategies.
  • One way is to set different ⁇ values in different modulation intervals.
  • One way is to find the switching frequency and modulation Based on the relationship of the algorithm, the basic formula is obtained, and the formula is as follows under synchronous modulation:
  • ⁇ b is the reference value of the control parameter
  • f k is the switching frequency
  • f max is the maximum switching frequency of the power module
  • N X is the frequency division of synchronous modulation
  • f is the motor frequency.
  • the synchronous modulation adopts the method of specific harmonic elimination PWM (SHEPWM) modulation.
  • Specific harmonic elimination PWM modulation strategy can not only achieve specific harmonic elimination, but also accurately control the fundamental voltage.
  • the voltage waveform output by the specific harmonic elimination modulation method has the characteristics of half-cycle and quarter-cycle symmetry.
  • Figure 6 shows the typical waveform of SHEPWM output. Generally, when N is an odd number, the waveform shown in Figure 6-a is used, and its initial state is low. When N is an even number, the waveform shown in Figure 6-b is used, and its initial state is high.
  • the switching angle is calculated offline, stored in the data space, and the switching angle is obtained by real-time look-up table according to the calculated number of switching angles N and modulation depth M. Because the SHEPWM modulation waveform has half-cycle and quarter-cycle symmetrical Characteristics, so only need to store in the table The corresponding switching angle in the period, the switching angle in the remaining period can be obtained according to the principle of symmetry.
  • the SHEPWM modulation algorithm runs in DSP interrupt 2, because the frequency of modulation algorithm interrupt (DSP interrupt 2) is much greater than the frequency of control algorithm interrupt (DSP interrupt 1), so DSP interrupt 2 can be called a high-speed interrupt, assuming it is set to 50kHz.
  • DSP interrupt 2 can be called a high-speed interrupt, assuming it is set to 50kHz.
  • the following method obtains the pulse of the upper tube of the u-phase bridge arm in the 3-phase bridge arm, the pulse of the upper tube of the w-phase bridge arm and the pulse of the v-phase upper tube of the bridge arm are different from the pulse of the u-phase upper tube of the bridge arm by 120° and 240° respectively .
  • the SHEPWM modulation waveform Since the SHEPWM modulation waveform has the characteristics of half cycle and quarter cycle symmetry, it can be based on For the corresponding switching angles in the period, all the switching angles x 1 , x 2 , x 3 .......... and the trend of high and low levels for all periods of 2 ⁇ are obtained.
  • the sum of the voltage angle ⁇ u and the motor rotor position ⁇ is ⁇ 2 . Since the frequency of modulation algorithm interrupt (DSP interrupt 2) is much greater than the frequency of control algorithm interrupt (DSP interrupt 1), the modulation wave angle ⁇ 2 calculated according to the motor control algorithm is calculated in the control algorithm interrupt (DSP interrupt 1). Therefore, it is necessary to compensate the modulation wave angle in the modulation algorithm interrupt (DSP interrupt 2).
  • the final modulated wave angle is named ⁇ z , and its calculation is divided into two cases.
  • the wave angle ⁇ z is compared with the angle x i to control the IGBT switching action.
  • the condition is judged one by one with the modulated wave angle ⁇ z , and the corresponding PWM wave can be sent out.
  • the pulse is forced to be sent.
  • the output of the action limit control register in the ePWM module is set to high, that is, the output is high;
  • the forced comparison pulse method is easy to implement and the algorithm is simple. However, according to this method of sending waves, if the sending angle is not at the initial position of the interrupt period in a fast interrupt cycle, the whole cycle state remains unchanged, and only the next fast interrupt It will respond only at the moment of interruption, and a maximum of one interrupt cycle time delay will be generated.
  • the wave sending method is the same as the forced comparison pulse method.
  • the wave angle is close to the fixed angle x i+1 .
  • the ePWM module inside the DSP needs to be used to compare the wave achieve.
  • T s is the fast interrupt period
  • T CLK is the time base clock of the ePWM module.
  • This method first needs to trigger the rising or falling edge of the next shot through the state of the PWM pulse in the previous shot.
  • the previous beat is high, the falling edge is triggered when the next beat counter is equal to cmpA; when the previous beat is low, the rising edge is triggered when the next beat counter is equal to cmpA.
  • Figure 12 is the SHEPWM modulation method proposed by the present invention, using an improved wave sending method, that is, a comparison value method. If the switching angle is within two adjacent wave sending angles, calculate the position of the switching angle in the interrupt period , And map the position information to the value of the comparison register in the single-up counting mode of the ePWM module. By calculating and updating the comparison value, the state of the waveform at the switch angle can be accurately controlled. The obtained waveform is compared with the theoretical waveform, and the waveform obtained by the comparison value method is basically consistent with the theoretical waveform, and no phase delay occurs.

Abstract

本发明属于电力机车牵引控制技术领域,具体涉及一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法。为了实现大功率直驱永磁同步电机的精确解耦,提高抗扰动性能,降低传统控制对电机参数的依赖性,减少了控制参数数量,提高了整车系统的鲁棒性,本发明提出了一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法。调制采用SHEPWM策略,SHEPWM调制方式和传统SPWM调制方式相比,可以消除特定次谐波,同时可降低滤波器的设计难度;同时本发明在SHEPWM脉冲生成过程中,采用比较值方式,和传统的强制方式比较,可有效降低开关角动作时延,以较高的精度实现SHEPWM脉冲生成,有效消除特定次谐波,减小电流低次谐波含量。

Description

一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法 技术领域
本发明属于电力机车牵引控制技术领域,具体涉及一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法。
背景技术
近年来节能减排、绿色低碳已经成为了各领域发展的方向。轨道交通领域中电力机车上的牵引电机普遍采用交流异步电机,随着近些年控制技术的进步以及永磁同步电机设计能力的提升,永磁同步电机因其高效节能的优势常被用来替换现有传动系统中的异步电机。为了更大幅度的提高电力机车传动系统的效率,本发明充分利用永磁同步电机大启动转矩、高效率的优势,替换原有异步电机加齿轮箱的传动方式,将直驱永磁同步电机应用到电力机车中。直驱永磁系统具有效率高、结构简单等优点,因为取消齿轮箱,彻底消除齿轮箱带来的噪声,提高了运行的舒适性,避免了因齿轮箱造成的效率损耗,更进一步提高了整个传动系统的效率。
然而,直驱永磁同步电机是一种高阶、非线性、强耦合的多变量系统,直接驱动的方式又进一步提高了电力机车对电机控制性能和鲁棒性的要求。同时,永磁同步电机的数学模型在d-q轴上存在交叉耦合,随着转速的增加,耦合电压的比例逐渐增大,耦合效应将变得越来越严重。并且,在大功率电力机车中,IGBT受牵引变流器散热条件的限制,最大开关频率被限制在450Hz,采用异步调制的方式不能够满足控制系统的要求,需要采用分段调制的方式。分段调制将调制策略按照电机转速分为多段,因而控制算法中的参数需要随着开关频率和载波比的分段变化而进行调整。这些都对大功率直驱永磁同步电机的控制算法和调制策略提出了更高的要求。
发明内容
针对以上的问题,本发明提出了一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,在控制上提高控制系统的稳定性,在调制上实现特定次谐波消除。
本发明是采用如下的技术方案实现的:一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)检测电机电流i u、i v和直流母线电压u dc,由电机电流i u、i v计算得到电机电流i w,电流i u、电流i v、电流i w经过坐标变换得到电流i α、电流i β,电流i α、 电流i β经过坐标变换得到电流i d和电流i q
(2)电机转子位置θ信息由旋转变压器测量,转子位置θ经过微分得到电机角速度ω;
(3)采用转矩控制模式,转矩指令
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000001
作为MTPA控制模块的输入分解为给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000003
(4)给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000004
给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000005
反馈电流i d、反馈电流i q、电机定子电感L d和L q以及永磁体磁链ψ f、电机转速ω、定子电阻R s做为电流环控制器的输入;给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000006
和反馈电流i d做差后经过辅助补偿器和低通滤波器后输入到电流环控制器的电流解耦控制模块,给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000007
和反馈电流i q做差后经过辅助补偿器和低通滤波器后输入到电流环控制器的电流解耦控制模块,电流解耦控制模块的dq轴分别输出
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000009
(5)
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000010
θ、ω和u dc作为PWM调制的输入,PWM调制输出PWM脉冲,驱动逆变器工作。
上述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,电流给定值
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000011
与电流i d的差为Δi d1,电流差Δi d1与Δi d3的和为Δi d2,Δi d2为控制器Q1(s)e -Tsx的输入,其中Q1(s)为低通滤波器,Q1(s)e -Tsx的输出为Δi d3,Δi d2为控制器S1(s)的输入,控制器S1(s)的输出为Δi d4,电流差Δi d1与Δi d4的和为Δi d5,其中,S1(s)为辅助补偿器,表示为:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000012
其中,K r1为控制系数,T lpf是控制周期;低通滤波器Q1(s)选取一阶低通滤波器或二阶低通滤波器;电流给定值
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000013
与电流i q的差为Δi q1,电流差Δi q1与Δi q3的和为Δi q2,Δi q2为控制器Q2(s)e -Tsx的输入,其中Q2(s)为低通滤波器,Q2(s)e -Tsx的输出为Δi q3,Δi q2为控制器S2(s)的输入,控制器S2(s)的输出为Δi q4,电流差Δi q1与Δi q4的 和为Δi q5,其中,S2(s)为辅助补偿器,表示为:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000014
其中,K r2为控制系数,T lpf是控制周期,低通滤波器Q2(s)选取一阶低通滤波器或二阶低通滤波器;Δi d5和Δi q5输入到电流环控制器的电流解耦控制模块。
Δi d5
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000015
的积,减去Δi q5
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000016
的积,为电压量u d_IM
Δi q5
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000017
的积,加上Δi d5
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000018
的积,为电压量u q_IM。电压量u q_IM与ωψ f的和为电压量u q2
上述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,步骤(3)采用转速控制模式,转速指令ω *与ω的差输入到PI调节器中,PI调节器的输出作为MTPA模块的输入,MTPA控制模块输出给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000019
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000020
上述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,在电压u d_IM、u q2上分别加入K R×i d和K R×i q,然后输出
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000021
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000022
上述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,电流i d、电流i q滤波器后通过线性差值法查表得到的定子电感定子电感参数
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000023
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000024
分别对
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000025
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000026
经过斜坡函数处理,得到的电感L d和L q,所查表为定子电感随定子电流的幅值和相位变化表。
上述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,PWM调制采用异步调制、同步调制、方波调制相结合的分段调制策略,不同的调制策略通过电机频率进行分段,电机频率f通过电机转速ω计算得到:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000027
上述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,同步调制采用特定次谐波消除PWM调制,特定次谐波消除PWM调制包括以下步骤:
(1)利用
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000028
和u dc计算出调制度M和电压角度α u,其中
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000029
考虑到
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000030
为0时,程序计算时可能会出现问题,因此给分母加一个特别小的数字k β,k β可以等于0.000001。
(2)电压角度α u与电机转子位置θ的和为θ 2,命名最终调制发波角度为θ z,θ z计算分两种情况,一是当控制算法中断程序结束后,首次进入调制算法中断时,θ z等于控制算法中断计算得到调制发波角度θ 2,即θ z=θ 2,二是其它情况下,θ z等于上一次调制算法中断得到的角度加上ω*T s,即θ z=θ z+ωT s,T s为快速中断周期;
(3)根据电机频率f可以得到同步调制的分频数,进而可以得到SHEPWM调制算法的开关角N,通过开关角N可以得到不同M值对应的离线开关角度a i
(4)根据实时M值和离线开关表进行线性差值查表,得到与当前实时M值对应的离线角度x i
(5)利用θ z和角度x i进行比较,,当(x i+1‐θ z)>Δθ时,发波方式与强制比较脉冲方法相同;当(x i+1‐θ z)≤Δθ时,发波角度与固定角度x i+1距离较近,为了提高PWM脉冲的准确性,需要利用DSP内部的ePWM模块,用比较发波的方式实现。
上述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,比较发波的方式为:求得占空比
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000031
其中T s为中断周期,T CLK为ePWM模块时基时钟,θ x2为θ z,θ x3为θ z+ωT s,cmpA和PRD输入到DSP中ePWM模块,当DSP计数等于cmpA时,ePWM模块发出上升沿或下降沿。ePWM模块首先需要通过上一拍PWM脉冲的状态,来触发下一拍的上升沿或者下降沿,当上一拍为高电平时,下一拍计数器等于cmpA时则触发下降沿;当上一拍为低电平时,下一拍计数器等于cmpA时则触发上升沿。
上述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,转矩指令
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000032
分解为给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000033
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000034
的过程如下:
根据永磁同步电机的电机参数得到运算中用到的标幺值基值t eb和i bx,其中 i bx是电流的标幺值基值,通过i bx=ψ f/(L q-L d)计算得到;t eb是转矩的标幺值基值,通过t eb=n pψ fi bx计算得到,转矩指令
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000035
的标幺值t en通过式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000036
计算得到;电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000037
的标幺值i dn通过式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000038
计算得到;电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000039
的标幺值i qn通过式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000040
计算得到;
在标幺值的形式下,MTPA控制算法的转矩和电流的关系可以表示为:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000041
通过将给定转矩指令
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000042
变为标幺值t en的格式,再通过公式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000043
求解得到电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000044
的标幺值i dn,最后再通过式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000045
可计算得到给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000046
给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000047
得到后,通过式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000048
求得给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000049
上述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,电机控制参数β随着调制策略的不同而变化,一种方法是在不同的调制区间下设定不同的β值,一种方法是通过找到开关频率和调制算法的关系,得出基本的公式,在同步调制下公式如下:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000050
式中,β b是控制参数基准值,f k是开关频率,f max是功率模块最大开关频率,N X是同步调制的分频数,f是电机频率。
为了实现大功率直驱永磁同步电机的精确解耦,提高抗扰动性能,降低传统控制对电机参数的依赖性,减少了控制参数数量,提高了整车系统的鲁棒性,本发明提出了一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法。调制采用SHEPWM策略,SHEPWM调制方式和传统SPWM调制方式相比,可以消除特定次谐波,同时可降低滤波器的设计难度;同时本发明在SHEPWM脉冲生成过程中,采用比较值方式,和传统的强制方式比较,可有效降低开关角动作时延,以较高的精度实现SHEPWM脉冲生成,有效消除特定次谐波,减小电流低次谐波含量。
附图说明
图1为大功率直驱永磁变流器主电路拓扑结构图。
图2为大功率直驱永磁同步电机矢量控制方法框图。
图3为电流环控制器框图。
图4为分段调制示意图。
图5为控制参数随调制策略变化示意图。
图6为SHEPWM输出的典型波形图。
图7为SHEPWM调制方法框图。
图8为强制比较脉冲方法流程图。
图9为SHEPWM强制比较脉冲方式下脉冲示意图。
图10为精确比较脉冲方法流程图。
图11为比较值计算框图
图12为精确比较脉冲方法框图。
具体实施方式
直驱永磁牵引电传动系统
如图1所示,直驱永磁牵引电传动系统的主电路拓扑采用交直交的连接方式。牵引变流器输入端与主变压器的次边牵引绕组相连,并通过接触器分/合。两台四象限整流器输出并联,共用中间直流回路。中间直流回路设有支撑电容器、二次滤波电容(二次滤波电感集成在牵引变压器内)、接地检测和保护装置等。共用的中间直流回路为三台牵引逆逆变器和一台辅助逆变器供电,通过牵引逆变器向大功率直驱永磁同步电机提供三相变频变压交流电,一个牵引逆变器对应一台牵引电机,辅助逆变器连接辅助负载。
本发明主要针对大功率直驱永磁同步电机的控制算法和调制策略,通过新型控制算法与调制策略的互相配合,提高电机控制的稳定性与鲁棒性,降低谐波。
本发明提出了一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机矢量控制方法,其控制结构如图2所示。
结合图1,当连接在牵引逆变器与直驱永磁同步电机之间的接触器闭合后,三相逆变器连接到直驱永磁同步电机,u dc为直流母线电压,i u、i v为检测到的两相电机电流。W相电流i w可以通过i u、i v计算得到。公式如下
i w=-i u-i v
电流i u、电流i v、电流i w经过3s/2s变换得到电流i α、电流i β,电流i α、电流i β经过2s/2r变换得到电流i d和电流i q
电机转子位置θ信息由旋转变压器测量,转子位置θ经过微分得到电机角速 度ω。
永磁同步电机有两种控制模式,转矩控制模式和转速控制模式。
当采用转矩控制模式时,转矩指令
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000051
作为MTPA(最大转矩电流比)控制模块的输入。
电机定子电感L d和L q的获得
而在MTPA控制和电流环控制时,需要使用到电机定子电感参数L d和L q,但定子电感参数L d和L q会随着定子电流的变化而变化,为了得到较为准确的定子电感参数L d和L q,采用查表法来得到电感参数L d和L q。电感参数会随着实际电流的变化而变化,这里考虑到电流i d、电流i q有一定的波动,因此让其通过滤波后进行相应的计算。电流i d、电流i q滤波后的值分别为i d_lpf1、电流i q_lpf1
定子电流的幅值I S和相位α IS变化可以通过如下公式计算得到:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000052
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000053
考虑到i q_lpf1为0时,程序计算时可能会出现问题,因此给分母加一个特别小的数字k α,k α可以等于0.000001。
通过得到的电流的幅值I S和相位α IS,可以查表得到电机的定子电感参数
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000054
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000055
查询的表如下表所示:
表1 定子电感L q(μH)随定子电流的幅值和相位变化的表
  1A 80A 160A 240A 320A 400A 480A 560A 640A 720A 800A 880A 960A
1800.0 1396.3 1348.8 1226.3 1091.3 968.8 860.4 769.1 693.9 631.9 580.3 536.9 499.9
1809.9 1391.4 1346.8 1229.2 1097.6 977.4 870.0 778.7 703.2 640.7 588.5 544.6 507.0
12° 1840.2 1387.8 1345.6 1235.7 1108.6 990.9 884.7 793.6 717.5 654.2 601.1 556.2 518.0
18° 1787.5 1384.0 1345.2 1245.6 1123.8 1008.9 904.7 814.0 737.0 672.7 618.4 572.5 533.0
24° 1860.9 1380.6 1344.4 1257.0 1143.9 1032.3 930.2 839.9 762.5 696.8 641.1 593.5 552.7
30° 1847.5 1377.0 1343.1 1269.2 1167.7 1060.9 961.5 872.2 794.2 727.1 669.4 620.1 577.6
36° 1854.1 1373.6 1340.3 1280.9 1193.2 1094.2 999.1 911.4 833.2 765.0 705.5 653.8 609.0
42° 2018.4 1370.8 1337.2 1289.5 1218.2 1132.0 1042.0 957.8 880.3 811.5 750.5 696.5 649.1
48° 2092.4 1367.5 1333.0 1292.2 1239.1 1170.6 1089.2 1010.2 935.5 866.8 805.2 749.8 699.6
54° 2041.6 1365.3 1329.2 1290.2 1251.6 1201.6 1137.4 1066.1 996.9 930.3 868.5 812.2 761.0
60° 2200.0 1362.5 1326.3 1285.8 1251.9 1217.5 1175.0 1120.0 1059.7 999.7 940.8 884.6 832.3
66° 2458.5 1364.5 1323.0 1281.5 1247.7 1218.2 1188.8 1154.2 1111.3 1063.3 1013.8 963.3 913.0
72° 2912.2 1367.1 1322.6 1278.1 1243.7 1215.8 1189.8 1163.1 1134.0 1100.6 1063.7 1024.0 983.9
78° 3367.6 1377.1 1326.0 1278.9 1240.3 1213.5 1189.7 1166.6 1141.1 1114.5 1084.8 1052.9 1019.3
84° 5741.5 1411.5 1339.7 1283.9 1238.0 1210.5 1188.2 1168.8 1143.8 1116.4 1089.7 1059.1 1027.7
90° 8115.5 1445.8 1353.4 1288.9 1235.8 1207.5 1186.7 1171.0 1146.6 1118.3 1094.6 1065.4 1036.1
从表格中通过线性差值法查表得到定子电感参数
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000056
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000057
由于定子电感参数
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000058
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000059
是随着定子电流的变化而变化的,
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000060
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000061
可能变化较大,因此需要分别对
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000062
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000063
经过斜坡函数1和斜坡函数2处理,得到的电感L d和L q用到MTPA控制和电流环控制器中。
MTPA控制与实现
MTPA控制与实现,在DSP中断1中运行,算法中断频率低于调制算法中断频率,假设设定为2kHz。
MTPA控制模块将转矩指令
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000064
分解为给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000065
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000066
MTPA控制模块的输入还有永磁同步电机的极对数n p、永磁体磁链ψ f以及经查表得到的电机定子电感L d和L q。MTPA控制模块将转矩指令
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000067
分解为给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000068
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000069
的过程如下:
根据永磁同步电机的电机参数得到运算中用到的标幺值基值t eb和i bx,其中i bx是电流的标幺值基值,可以通过
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000070
计算得到;t eb是转矩的标幺值基值,可以通过t eb=n pψ fi bx计算得到。转矩指令
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000071
的标幺值t en可以通过式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000072
计算得到;电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000073
的标幺值i dn可以通过式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000074
计算得到;电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000075
的标幺值i qn可以通过式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000076
计算得到。
在标幺值的形式下,MTPA控制算法的转矩和电流的关系可以表示为:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000077
通过将给定转矩指令
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000078
变为标幺值t en的格式,再通过公式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000079
求解得到电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000080
的标幺值i dn,最后再通过式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000081
可计算得到给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000082
给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000083
得到后,可以通过式
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000084
求得给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000085
给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000086
给定电流
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000087
反馈电流i d、反馈电流i q以及电机定子电感L d和L q、永磁体磁链ψ f、转速ω、定子电阻R s做为电流环控制器的输入,电流环控 制器的输出为
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000088
θ、ω和u dc作为PWM调制的输入,PWM调制输出六路PWM脉冲,驱动逆变器工作。
当采用转速控制模式时,转速ω *是控制目标,ω *与ω的差输入到PI调节器中,PI调节器的输出是MTPA模块的输入。
电流环控制器
电流环控制器,在DSP中断1中运行,算法中断频率低于调制算法中断频率,假设设定为2kHz。
电流环控制方法如图3所示:
电流给定值
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000089
与电流i d的差为Δi d1。电流差Δi d1与Δi d3的和为Δi d2,Δi d2为控制器Q1(s)e -Tsx的输入,其中Q1(s)为低通滤波器。Q1(s)e -Tsx的输出为Δi d3。Δi d2为控制器S1(s)的输入,控制器S1(s)的输出为Δi d4。电流差Δi d1与Δi d4的和为Δi d5
其中,S1(s)为辅助补偿器,辅助补偿器S1(s)能够改造被控对象,增加控制系统的抗扰裕度,其可以表示为:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000090
其中,K r1为控制系数,T lpf是控制周期。
低通滤波器Q1(s)可满足非最小相位系统的带宽要求,可选取一阶低通滤波器或二阶低通滤波器。
以上控制器通过对电流给定值
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000091
与电流i d的差进行处理,可以提高控制器的扰动隔离能力,达到增强系统鲁棒性的目的。
电流给定值
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000092
与电流i q的差为Δi q1。电流差Δi q1与Δi q3的和为Δi q2,Δi q2为控制器Q2(s)e -Tsx的输入,其中Q2(s)为低通滤波器。Q2(s)e -Tsx的输出为Δi q3。Δi q2为控制器S2(s)的输入,控制器S2(s)的输出为Δi q4。电流差Δi q1与Δi q4的和为Δi q5
其中,S2(s)为辅助补偿器,辅助补偿器S2(s)能够改造被控对象,增加控制 系统的抗扰裕度,其可以表示为:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000093
其中,K r2为控制系数,T lpf是控制周期。
低通滤波器Q2(s)可满足非最小相位系统的带宽要求,可选取一阶低通滤波器或二阶低通滤波器。
以上控制器通过对电流给定值
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000094
与电流i q的差进行处理,可以提高控制器的扰动隔离能力,达到增强系统鲁棒性的目的。
Δi d5
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000095
的积,减去Δi q5
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000096
的积,为电压量u d_IM。这里的L d与L q是查表后得到的电感值。
Δi q5
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000097
的积,加上Δi d5
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000098
的积,为电压量u q_IM。电压量u q_IM与ωψ f的和为电压量u q2。这里的L d与L q是查表后得到的电感值。
以上是永磁同步电机控制过程中解耦的过程,通过将查表后得到的电感值带入到解耦的过程,改善控制器对电机参数的依赖性,增加了解耦的准确性,使得控制更加精确,达到增强系统鲁棒性的目的。
为了增强控制系统的稳定性,在电压u d_IM、u q2上分别加入项K R×i d和K R×i q,K R值不大,可以取为0.03。电流环控制器的输出
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000099
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000100
电流环控制需要选择合适的控制参数β,控制参数β的计算方法见下一部分。
大功率直驱永磁同步电机调制方法
大功率直驱永磁同步电机分段同步调制方法
因散热等条件的制约,大功率永磁同步电机的调制算法受到开关频率的限制,一般采用多种调制方式相结合的分段调制策略。分段调制策略的示意图如图4所 示,根据电机频率f和开关频率的限制,将调制策略分为异步调制和多种同步调制的方式。
同步调制受到开关频率的限制可分为多段,最终进入方波调制。方波调制下,电压利用率高、谐波小。同步分段调制算法中,可采用的调制算法有SPWM调制、特定次谐波消除PWM(SHEPWM)调制等,各种调制算法有其优缺点和适用范围。
不同的调制策略通过电机频率进行分段,电机频率f通过电机转速ω计算得到:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000101
不同的调制策略也会影响到控制参数,因为开关频率的不同,以及不同调制策略下电压谐波特性的不同,电机控制参数β需要做相应的调整。示意图如图5所示。
电流环控制器框图第3部分中的电机控制参数β随着调制策略的不同而变化,一种方式是在不同的调制区间下设定不同的β值,一种方法是通过找到开关频率和调制算法的关系,得出基本的公式,在同步调制下公式如下:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000102
式中,β b是控制参数基准值,f k是开关频率,f max是功率模块最大开关频率,N X是同步调制的分频数,f是电机频率。
本发明中,同步调制采用特定次谐波消除PWM(SHEPWM)调制的方法。
SHEPWM调制方法及其实现方式
SHEPWM调制方法
特定次谐波消除PWM调制策略不仅可以实现特定次谐波消除,而且能够对基波电压进行准确的控制。特定次谐波消除调制方法输出的电压波形具有半周期和四分之一周期对称的特性。图6为SHEPWM输出的典型波形。通常,N为奇数时采用图6-a波形,其起始状态为低电平,N为偶数时采用图6-b波形,其起始状态为高电平。
在SHEPWM调制方式中,由于开关角求解的方程组为超越方程,通过DSP运算处理器求解复杂,无法满足实时性要求。所以采用离线计算开关角,存储在数据空间中,根据计算的开关角数N和调制深度M进行实时查表的方式来获取开关角,由于SHEPWM调制波形具有半周期和四分之一周期对称的特性,因此 表中仅需存储
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000103
周期内对应的开关角,剩余周期内开关角可根据对称性原则来求取。
SHEPWM调制的实现方法
SHEPWM调制算法在DSP中断2中运行,因为调制算法中断(DSP中断2)频率远大于控制算法中断(DSP中断1)频率,因此可称DSP中断2为高速中断,假设设定为50kHz。以下方法得到3相桥臂中u相桥臂上管的脉冲,w相桥臂上管的脉冲和v相桥臂上管的脉冲分别和u相桥臂上管的脉冲差120°和240°。
SHEPWM调制的框图如图7所示。
计算调制度M的公式如下:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000104
计算电压角度α u的公式如下:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000105
考虑到
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000106
为0时,程序计算时可能会出现问题,因此给分母加一个特别小的数字k β,k β可以等于0.000001。
由图4可知,根据电机频率f可以得到同步调制的分频数N X,进而可以得到SHEPWM调制算法在
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000107
周期内对应的开关角N。
通过N可以得到
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000108
内不同M值对应的离线开关角度a i,这里M不是连续的,是有一定间隔的。当N=5时,M间隔为0.05时,得到的离线角度a 1、a 2、a 3、a 4和a 5如下表所示:
表2
m a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5
0.05 0.339326463 0.354108346 0.688029168 0.7061648 1.037547057
0.1 0.32950939 0.359145115 0.677821021 0.714199119 1.027835222
0.15 0.319609408 0.364159861 0.667495056 0.722229812 1.018053106
0.2 0.309620393 0.369133651 0.657036359 0.730250581 1.008190215
0.25 0.29953515 0.374044042 0.646426554 0.738253152 0.998233909
0.3 0.289345165 0.378863857 0.635642738 0.74622652 0.988168568
0.35 0.279040265 0.383559495 0.624655993 0.754155807 0.97797436
0.4 0.268608145 0.388088488 0.613429195 0.762020493 0.967625371
0.45 0.258033686 0.392395908 0.601913787 0.769791565 0.957086635
0.5 0.247297921 0.396408881 0.590044818 0.777426731 0.946309197
0.55 0.236376436 0.400027933 0.577733101 0.784861945 0.935221469
0.6 0.22523672 0.403112709 0.564852234 0.791995437 0.923713068
0.65 0.213833473 0.405457101 0.551215959 0.798655011 0.911601998
0.7 0.202099523 0.406742785 0.536535761 0.804523626 0.898560497
0.75 0.189925765 0.406443156 0.520332847 0.808943317 0.883920983
0.8 0.17710711 0.403589259 0.501721959 0.810273787 0.866045221
0.85 0.163131748 0.395969969 0.478658849 0.802870036 0.839371175
0.9 0.144803186 0.371954493 0.439916431 0.743192971 0.761779357
根据实时M值和上表中的离线开关表进行线性差值查表,得到与当前实时M值对应的
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000109
内角度x i,当N=5时,可以得到角度x 1、x 2、x 3、x 4和x 5
由于SHEPWM调制波形具有半周期和四分之一周期对称的特性,因此可以根据
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000110
周期内对应的开关角,得到2π全部周期所有的开关角度x 1、x 2、x 3..........及高低电平的趋势。
电压角度α u与电机转子位置θ的和为θ 2。由于调制算法中断(DSP中断2)频率远大于控制算法中断(DSP中断1)频率,而根据电机控制算法计算得到调制发波角度θ 2是在控制算法中断(DSP中断1)中计算得到的。因此需要在调制算法中断(DSP中断2)中来补偿调制发波角度。
命名最终调制发波角度为θ z,其计算分两种情况。一是当控制算法中断(DSP中断1)程序结束后,首次进入调制算法中断(DSP中断2)时,θ z等于控制算法中断计算得到调制发波角度θ 2,即θ z=θ 2。二是其它情况下,θ z等于上一次调制算法中断(DSP中断2)得到的角度加上ω*T s,即θ z=θ z+ωT s,这里ω角频率,T s为快速中断周期。
发波角度θ z和角度x i进行比较,来控制IGBT开关动作。
根据读取的开关角x i(x 1、x 2、x 3……)逐个与调制发波角度θ z进行条件判断,可以发出相应的PWM波。
发波的方法有强制比较脉冲方法和精确比较脉冲方法。
强制比较脉冲方法的流程图如图8所示。
通过判断当前发波角度θ z处于开关角x i(x 1、x 2、x 3……)的位置,来强制发脉冲。
发波角度θ z处于x i和x i+1之间时,对开关角数和开关角次序编号分别取余,再对取余的结果进行异或逻辑运算,公式如下:
flag1=mod(N,2)
flag2=mod(i,2)
pluse=XOR(flag1,flag2)
若异或逻辑运算结果为真,ePWM模块中动作限定控制寄存器输出置高,即输出为高电平;
若异或逻辑运算结果为假,ePWM模块中动作限定控制寄存器输出置低,即输出为低电平;
强制比较脉冲方法方式容易实现,算法简单,但是按照这种发波方式,在一个快速中断周期内,若发波角不在中断周期的初始位置,则整个周期状态保持不变,只有进入下一个快速中断时刻才会响应,会产生最大一个中断周期的时延。
强制比较脉冲方式下发出的波形和理论的波形如图9所示,可见强制方式发出的脉冲与理论波形存在误差。
精确比较脉冲方法
精确比较脉冲方法的流程图如图10所示:
Δθ为两拍发波角度的差,Δθ=ω*T s
当(x i+1z)>Δθ时,发波方式与强制比较脉冲方法相同。
当(x i+1z)≤Δθ时,发波角度与固定角度x i+1距离较近,为了提高PWM脉冲的准确性,需要利用DSP内部的ePWM模块,用比较发波的方式实现。
比较值计算的框图如图11所示:
图示仅为一个开关角对应的比较值计算,其他开关角对应的比较值计算方法 一致,计算公式如下:
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000111
Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-000112
其中T s为快速中断周期,T CLK为ePWM模块时基时钟。
根据计算的比较值,更新比较寄存器中的值。当DSP计数等于cmpA时,触发上升沿或下降沿。
这种方式首先需要通过上一拍PWM脉冲的状态,来触发下一拍的上升沿或者下降沿。当上一拍为高电平时,下一拍计数器等于cmpA时则触发下降沿;当上一拍为低电平时,下一拍计数器等于cmpA时则触发上升沿。
图12为本发明提出的SHEPWM调制方式,采用改进型的发波方式,即比较值方式,若开关角处于相邻两个发波角之内,计算开关角在此中断周期内所处的位置,将该位置信息映射为ePWM模块中单增计数模式下比较寄存器的值,通过计算和更新比较值,可以精准控制波形在开关角处状态。得到的波形与理论波形比对,采用比较值方式得到的波形与理论波形基本一致,不会产生相位延迟。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,该其特征在于包括以下步骤:
    (1)检测电机电流i u、i v和直流母线电压u dc,由电机电流i u、i v计算得到电机电流i w,电流i u、电流i v、电流i w经过坐标变换得到电流i α、电流i β,电流i α、电流i β经过坐标变换得到电流i d和电流i q
    (2)电机转子位置θ信息由旋转变压器测量,转子位置θ经过微分得到电机角速度ω;
    (3)采用转矩控制模式,转矩指令
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100001
    作为MTPA控制模块的输入分解为给定电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100002
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100003
    (4)给定电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100004
    给定电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100005
    反馈电流i d、反馈电流i q、电机定子电感L d和L q以及永磁体磁链ψ f、电机转速ω、定子电阻R s做为电流环控制器的输入;给定电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100006
    和反馈电流i d做差后经过辅助补偿器和低通滤波器后输入到电流环控制器的电流解耦控制模块,给定电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100007
    和反馈电流i q做差后经过辅助补偿器和低通滤波器后输入到电流环控制器的电流解耦控制模块,电流解耦控制模块的dq轴分别输出
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100008
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100009
    (5)
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100010
    θ、ω和u dc作为PWM调制的输入,PWM调制输出PWM脉冲,驱动逆变器工作。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,其特征在于电流给定值
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100011
    与电流i d的差为Δi d1,电流差Δi d1与Δi d3的和为Δi d2,Δi d2为控制器Q1(s)e -Tsx的输入,其中Q1(s)为低通滤波器,Q1(s)e -Tsx的输出为Δi d3,Δi d2为控制器S1(s)的输入,控制器S1(s)的输出为Δi d4,电流差Δi d1与Δi d4的和为Δi d5,其中,S1(s)为辅助补偿器,表示为:
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100012
    其中,K r1为控制系数,T lpf是控制周期;低通滤波器Q1(s)选取一阶低通滤波器或二阶低通滤波器;
    电流给定值
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100013
    与电流i q的差为Δi q1,电流差Δi q1与Δi q3的和为Δi q2,Δi q2为控制器Q2(s)e -Tsx的输入,其中Q2(s)为低通滤波器,Q2(s)e -Tsx的输出为Δi q3,Δi q2为控制器S2(s)的输入,控制器S2(s)的输出为Δi q4,电流差Δi q1与Δi q4的和为Δi q5,其中,S2(s)为辅助补偿器,表示为:
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100014
    其中,K r2为控制系数,T lpf是控制周期,低通滤波器Q2(s)选取一阶低通滤波器或二阶低通滤波器;Δi d5和Δi q5输入到电流环控制器的电流解耦控制模块;
    Δi d5
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100015
    的积,减去Δi q5
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100016
    的积,为电压量u d_IM,
    Δi q5
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100017
    的积,加上Δi d5
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100018
    的积,为电压量u q_IM。电压量u q_IM与ωψ f的和为电压量u q2
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,其特征在于步骤(3)采用转速控制模式,转速指令ω *与ω的差输入到PI调节器中,PI调节器的输出作为MTPA模块的输入,MTPA控制模块输出给定电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100019
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100020
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,其特征在于在电压u d_IM、u q2上分别加入K R×i d和K R×i q,然后输出
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100021
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100022
  5. 根据权利要求1或2或3或4所述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,其特征在于电流i d、电流i q滤波器后通过线性差值法查表得到的定子电感参数
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100023
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100024
    分别对
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100025
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100026
    经过斜坡函数处理,得到的电感L d和L q,所查表为定子电感随定子电流的幅值和相位变化表。
  6. 根据权利要求4所述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,其特征在于PWM调制采用异步调制、同步调制、方波调制相结合的分段调制策略,不同的调制策略通过电机频率进行分段,电机频率f通过电机转速ω计算得到:
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100027
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,其特 征在于同步调制采用特定次谐波消除PWM调制,特定次谐波消除PWM调制包括以下步骤:
    (1)利用
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100028
    和u dc计算出调制度M和电压角度α u
    (2)电压角度α u与电机转子位置θ的和为θ 2,命名最终调制发波角度为θ z,θ z计算分两种情况,一是当控制算法中断程序结束后,首次进入调制算法中断时,θ z等于控制算法中断计算得到调制发波角度θ 2,即θ z=θ 2,二是其它情况下,θ z等于上一次调制算法中断得到的角度加上ω*T s,即θ z=θ z+ωT s,T s为快速中断周期;
    (3)根据电机频率f可以得到同步调制的分频数,进而可以得到SHEPWM调制算法的开关角N,通过开关角N可以得到不同M值对应的离线开关角度a i
    (4)根据实时M值和离线开关表进行线性差值查表,得到与当前实时M值对应的离线角度x i
    (5)利用θ z和角度x i进行比较,当(x i+1‐θ z)>Δθ时,发波方式与强制比较脉冲方法相同;当(x i+1‐θ z)≤Δθ时,发波角度与固定角度x i+1距离较近,为了提高PWM脉冲的准确性,需要利用DSP内部的ePWM模块,用比较发波的方式实现。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,其特征在于比较发波的方式为:求得占空比
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100029
    其中T s为中断周期,T CLK为ePWM模块时基时钟,θ x2为θ z,θ x3为θ z+ωT s,cmpA和PRD输入到DSP中ePWM模块,当DSP计数等于cmpA时,ePWM模块发出上升沿或下降沿;ePWM模块首先需要通过上一拍PWM脉冲的状态,来触发下一拍的上升沿或者下降沿,当上一拍为高电平时,下一拍计数器等于cmpA时则触发下降沿;当上一拍为低电平时,下一拍计数器等于cmpA时则触发上升沿。
  9. 根据权利要求1或2或3所述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,其特征在于转矩指令
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100030
    分解为给定电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100031
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100032
    的过程如下:
    根据永磁同步电机的电机参数得到运算中用到的标幺值基值t eb和i bx,其中i bx 是电流的标幺值基值,通过i bx=ψ f/(L q-L d)计算得到;t eb是转矩的标幺值基值,通过t eb=n pψ fi bx计算得到,转矩指令
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100033
    的标幺值t en通过式
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100034
    计算得到;电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100035
    的标幺值i dn通过式
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100036
    计算得到;电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100037
    的标幺值i qn通过式
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100038
    计算得到;
    在标幺值的形式下,MTPA控制算法的转矩和电流的关系可以表示为:
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100039
    通过将给定转矩指令
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100040
    变为标幺值t en的格式,再通过公式
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100041
    求解得到电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100042
    的标幺值i dn,最后再通过式
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100043
    可计算得到给定电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100044
    给定电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100045
    得到后,通过式
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100046
    求得给定电流
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100047
  10. 根据权利要求6所述的一种大功率直驱永磁同步电机控制调制方法,其特征在于电机控制参数β随着调制策略的不同而变化,一种方法是在不同的调制区间下设定不同的β值,一种方法是通过找到开关频率和调制算法的关系,得出基本的公式,在同步调制下公式如下:
    Figure PCTCN2020097636-appb-100048
    式中,β b是控制参数基准值,f k是开关频率,f max是功率模块最大开关频率,N X是同步调制的分频数,f是电机频率。
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