WO2020166570A1 - 吸着材粒子 - Google Patents
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- WO2020166570A1 WO2020166570A1 PCT/JP2020/005172 JP2020005172W WO2020166570A1 WO 2020166570 A1 WO2020166570 A1 WO 2020166570A1 JP 2020005172 W JP2020005172 W JP 2020005172W WO 2020166570 A1 WO2020166570 A1 WO 2020166570A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to adsorbent particles having a crystal structure of ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide containing a metal element other than iron or a sulfur oxoate ion.
- the present application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-24913 filed on February 14, 2019, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 and the like describe adsorbents containing ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide as a main component, and it is described that phosphoric acid adsorption efficiency is particularly excellent.
- Patent Document 1 also describes particles obtained by granulating adsorbent particles containing ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide as a main component and a binder, and a titanium compound or the like is exemplified as the binder.
- Patent Document 3 describes an adsorption medium made of iron oxyhydroxide coagulated with a metal oxide such as magnesium, aluminum and titanium and/or (oxy)hydroxide.
- a mixed solution of an iron (II) salt and a salt such as magnesium is reacted with a base under an oxidizing condition in which Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III) to obtain ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide.
- Patent Document 4 describes an adsorbent composed of iron oxide hydroxide particles containing carbon derived from carbonate ions, and further describes that a metal element such as titanium may be contained.
- a divalent iron salt solution is added to an alkali carbonate solution to produce an iron carbonate suspension in the range of pH 6 to 10, and the suspension is air-oxidized.
- the crystal forms specifically disclosed are ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide and ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide, and it is difficult to obtain ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide by the same production method. It has been shown that these adsorbents have excellent adsorption performance due to the inclusion of carbon, but there is no suggestion that they will be further improved by titanium or the like.
- ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide is known as an adsorbent for various ions because it has a tunnel-like pore structure in which some of the hydroxyl groups are replaced with chlorine ions.
- ⁇ -Iron oxyhydroxide is also known as a natural mineral akaganate, or as a main component of red rust that easily forms on the surface of iron materials in a salty environment.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide was synthesized as a model of rust, and crystallites of ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide were specifically refined or amorphized only in the presence of a titanium compound.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 do not suggest the use of an adsorbent. Further, the particles described are only those having a major axis of about 400 nm or less, and there is no suggestion of producing particles larger than that.
- Patent Document 5 discloses iron compound particles containing a ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide crystal phase doped with an element such as a transition metal such as cobalt, nickel, or chromium, and such particles have excellent oxidation catalytic activity. Have been described. However, no adsorbent application has been suggested. Further, it is described that the average particle diameter is preferably 1 to 150 nm.
- the challenge is to provide an adsorbent composed of iron oxyhydroxide that has a higher adsorption rate and higher adsorption efficiency than conventional products.
- the present inventor has diligently studied in order to increase the adsorption rate and adsorption efficiency of an adsorbent made of iron oxyhydroxide as compared with conventional products.
- an adsorbent that exhibits high adsorption efficiency by using a compound of a metal other than iron or a compound that produces an oxoacid ion of sulfur in combination. It was found that The present invention has been completed based on the above findings.
- the present invention relates to the following inventions.
- a metal element other than iron is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 20 mass% with respect to the iron element.
- the oxo acid ion of sulfur is contained in an amount of 0.01 to 20 mass% with respect to the iron element in terms of elemental sulfur.
- the adsorbent particles according to any one of (1) to (3) which have an average particle size of 0.01 mm to 10 mm.
- (7) In a batch-type adsorption test in which 1 g of the adsorbent was placed in 150 mL of an aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution having a phosphorus conversion concentration of 400 mg-P/L adjusted to pH 3.5 with hydrochloric acid and stirred at room temperature.
- the adsorbent particles according to (6) having a phosphorus conversion adsorption amount (A) per 1 g of the adsorbent of 35 mg or more after 24 hours.
- the adsorbent particles are composed of columnar crystals having a width of 10 nm or less and a length of 30 nm or less, and having a BET specific surface area of Sm 2 /g, 1 g of the adsorbent after 24 hours by the method described in (7).
- Fe n1 X n2 (wherein X represents one or more kinds of atoms or atomic groups other than OH, and n1 and n2 represent integers of 1 or more). At least one of M n3 X′ n4 (where ( ⁇ )M represents a metal element other than iron, X′ represents one or more of an atom or an atomic group, or ( ⁇ )M represents A positive atom or atomic group, X′ represents a sulfur oxoacid ion, and n3 and n4 each represent an integer of 1 or more.), If necessary, the pH is adjusted to 3 to 6 in a solution containing the trivalent iron compound represented by Fe n1 X n2 and an electrolyte other than the compound represented by M n3 X'n4.
- any one of (1) to (8) which has a step of generating iron oxyhydroxide by adding a base represented by YOH (where Y represents a monovalent atom or atomic group).
- the method for producing the adsorbent particles according to 1. (10) The production method according to (9), wherein in the step of producing iron oxyhydroxide, the total concentration of the electrolytes used is 10% by mass or more based on the total amount of the raw materials.
- an electrolyte different from the trivalent iron compound represented by Fe n1 X n2 and the compound represented by M n3 X′ n4 if necessary.
- the manufacturing method as described in (9) or (10) which has the process of adding, and the process of collect
- (12) The production method according to (11), which has a step of drying the dried solid substance containing iron oxyhydroxide as a main component obtained in the step, after contacting it with water.
- an adsorbent having a higher adsorption amount than conventionally known adsorbents can be obtained, and if this is used, the recovery efficiency of the components to be adsorbed becomes more excellent.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a photograph of iron oxyhydroxide particles obtained in Example 1 by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) (scale length in the photograph is 50 nm).
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a high-magnification photograph of the iron oxyhydroxide particles obtained in Example 1, taken with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) (the scale length in the photograph is 10 nm).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the adsorbent particles of the present invention have a crystal structure of ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide, an average crystallite size of 10 nm or less measured by X-ray diffraction, and 90% or more of the volume of the particles has a crystal particle size of 20 nm.
- Adsorbent particles composed of the following granular crystals or columnar crystals having a width of 10 nm or less and a length of 30 nm or less, characterized by at least one of the following (A) and (B) Is. Both of the features (A) and (B) exhibit the effect of increasing the adsorption ability in the adsorbent of the present invention, particularly the effect of increasing the surface utilization efficiency in adsorption.
- a metal element other than iron is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 20 mass% with respect to the iron element (metal element other than iron/iron element).
- B 0.01 to 20 mass% (elemental sulfur/elemental iron) of oxo acid ion of sulfur converted to elemental sulfur with respect to elemental iron.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- TEM TEM
- the crystal form In X-ray diffraction, the crystal form can be identified from the unique diffraction peak, and if a pattern consisting of the unique diffraction peak of ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide is obtained, it can be determined as ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide.
- the lattice spacing can be obtained from the TEM image by FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), and the crystal form can be identified from the unique lattice spacing. Of these, it is preferable to determine as ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide by X-ray diffraction.
- ⁇ is the full width at half maximum of the true diffraction peak in which the mechanical width due to the device is corrected
- K is the Scherrer constant
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the X-ray.
- the average crystallite size measured by this method is 10 nm or less, preferably 6 nm or less, more preferably 3 to 5 nm.
- the lower limit of the average crystallite size is not particularly limited, but is usually about 1 nm.
- the morphology of the adsorbent particles of the present invention can be confirmed by observation with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Specifically, for example, TEM observation can be performed at a magnification of 4,000,000 times, and it is possible to confirm that a crystal is formed and the type and morphology of the crystal from the crystal fringes observed thereby.
- the average crystallite diameter can also be calculated from the major axis (crystal grain size) of a single crystal stripe pattern.
- 90% or more of the volume of the particles is granular crystals having a crystal grain size of 20 nm or less (preferably 5 nm or less) or a width of 10 nm or less (preferably 5 nm or less).
- the term “granular crystals” as used herein means that needle-like or plate-like crystals are excluded, and more specifically, the major axis/minor axis ratio of the crystals is 3 or less.
- the crystal form of the adsorbent particles of the present invention is such granular crystals having a particle size of 20 nm or less, or mainly containing columnar crystals having a width of 10 nm or less and a length of 30 nm or less, the ratio of which is the volume ratio. Account for over 90%. Further, this ratio is preferably 100%.
- the lower limit of the size of the crystal that occupies 90% or more of the volume of the particles is not particularly limited, but usually the grain size of the granular crystal is 1 nm or more, the width of the columnar crystal is 1 nm or more, or the length is 3 nm or more. ..
- the feature (A) of the adsorbent particles of the present invention is that the metal element other than iron is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 20 mass% with respect to the iron element.
- the content of the metal element other than iron is more preferably 0.5 to 10 mass% with respect to the iron element.
- the adsorption performance is not so different from that of the conventional adsorbent particles.
- the content of the metal element other than iron exceeds 20 mass% with respect to the iron element, the structure of ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide is not maintained and the adsorption performance is rather poor.
- the metal element other than iron in the present invention is not necessarily limited and may be one type or a combination of two or more types.
- metal elements other than iron sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, Examples include palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, aluminum, gallium, indium, germanium, tin and lead. Among these, metal elements of Groups 4 to 13 other than iron are preferable.
- titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, aluminum, gallium. , Indium, etc. are exemplified.
- titanium, zirconium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, and aluminum are particularly preferable.
- the feature (B) of the adsorbent particles of the present invention is that the oxo acid ion of sulfur is contained in an amount of 0.01 to 20 mass% with respect to the iron element in terms of sulfur element.
- the content of elemental sulfur is more preferably 0.1 to 20% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.5 to 10% by mass with respect to the iron element.
- the adsorption performance is not so different from the conventional adsorbent particles.
- the content of elemental sulfur exceeds 20 mass% with respect to the elemental iron, the structure of ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide is not maintained, and the adsorption performance is rather poor.
- each of the above anions is a protonated anion thereof (eg, sulfuric acid). Hydrogen sulfate ion HSO 4 ⁇ and the like). Of these, sulfate ions or hydrogen sulfate ions are preferable.
- ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide has a characteristic that part of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with chlorine ions.
- the adsorbent particles of the present invention also have the crystal structure of ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide based on the same characteristics, and further have a part of the hydroxyl groups further substituted by the sulfur oxoacid ion, thereby further improving the adsorption efficiency. Can be enhanced.
- the average particle size (d50 based on volume) of the adsorbent particles of the present invention is not necessarily limited, but is preferably 0.01 mm to 10 mm, which is suitable for use as an adsorbent, and 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm. More preferably. Although the adsorbent particles of the present invention may be crushed into large aggregates to adjust the average particle size range, the adsorbent once dried may be mixed with water as described later for the production method. If the step of drying after the contact is adopted, the average particle size is naturally within this range.
- the BET specific surface area of the adsorbent particles of the present invention is preferably 200 m 2 /g or more. This enables highly efficient adsorption.
- the upper limit of the BET specific surface area is not particularly limited, but is usually 450 m 2 /g or less.
- the method for measuring the BET specific surface area is not particularly limited, but a known method can be used, for example, the BET three-point method using nitrogen gas can be used.
- Notable features of the adsorbent particles of the present invention are not only that the specific surface area is large as in the preceding paragraph, but also that the utilization efficiency of the surface in adsorption is high.
- This utilization efficiency can be estimated by the amount of adsorption per specific surface area. More specifically, the specific surface area and the adsorption amount of the target anion may be measured, respectively, and the adsorption amount of the target anion per specific surface area may be calculated from this. Since the specific surface area and the utilization efficiency of the surface are both excellent, a particularly excellent adsorption amount is achieved.
- the total pore volume of the adsorbent particles of the present invention is preferably 0.18 ml/g or more.
- the upper limit of the total pore volume is not particularly limited, it is usually 0.4 ml/g or less.
- the total pore volume can be measured by the gas adsorption single point method.
- the peak of the pore size distribution in the mesopore-macropore region is preferably in the range of pore size 2.5-5 nm. Further, in the pore volume in the mesopore to macropore region, it is preferable that pores having a pore diameter of 2.5 nm or more occupy 50% by volume or more.
- the pore size distribution can be measured by the gas adsorption three-point method.
- the adsorption amount and the adsorption speed of the adsorbent particles can be measured by the following batch adsorption test, for example, when phosphoric acid is the adsorption target.
- the adsorbent particles of the present invention have a phosphorus conversion adsorption amount of 35 mg/adsorbent g or more, preferably 40 mg/adsorbent g or more after 24 hours. Further, the adsorbent particles of the present invention are excellent not only in the maximum adsorption amount but also in the adsorption rate, and under the same conditions, the phosphorus-equivalent adsorption amount becomes 15 mg or more after 1 hour.
- the maximum adsorption amount and adsorption rate are remarkably excellent in the acidic region, but not so excellent effects at pH 5 or higher.
- the adsorbent particles of the present invention with the adsorbent particles of the present invention, the maximum adsorption amount and adsorption rate close to the acidic range can be obtained even at pH 5 or higher.
- the pH of the aqueous solution of the adsorbent particles of the present invention is adjusted to 6 in the above method, the phosphorus-equivalent adsorption amount becomes 30 mg or more after 24 hours and the phosphorus-equivalent adsorption amount becomes 15 mg or more after 1 hour.
- the surface utilization efficiency in adsorption can be estimated as follows.
- the surface area is obtained by dividing the adsorption amount for a specific target substance, for example, the phosphoric acid adsorption amount A after 24 hours (unit: mg-P/g) by the BET specific surface area S (unit: m 2 /g).
- a value A/S (unit: mg-P/m 2 ) representing the amount of adsorption per unit is obtained. This value can be regarded as a value representing the surface utilization efficiency.
- the adsorbent particles of the present invention A / S value 0.12mg-P / m 2 or more, preferably 0.14mg-P / m 2 or more values are obtained.
- the relationship of A ⁇ 87S/(S+385) is obtained.
- a ⁇ 87S/(S+385) which did not satisfy the above formula, but the adsorbent particles of the present invention can satisfy this for the first time.
- the crystal structure is ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide, the average crystallite diameter measured by X-ray diffraction is 10 nm or less, and 90% or more of the volume of the particles is a granular crystal having a crystal particle size of 20 nm or less, or a width.
- An adsorbent particle composed of columnar crystals having a length of 10 nm or less and a length of 30 nm or less, which satisfies the relationship of A ⁇ 87S/(S+385) by the above-mentioned measurement method, is within the technical scope of the present invention. Included.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 have revealed that in the synthesis of ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide, the average crystallite size and particle size of ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide are refined in the presence of a titanium compound. There is.
- the ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide particles disclosed herein are only elongated spindle-shaped, but no such structure is found in the adsorbent particles of the present invention.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 even if chromium, nickel and copper are used instead of titanium, no similar effect is observed.
- the method for producing adsorbent particles according to the present invention is characterized in that a pH of a solution containing at least one trivalent iron compound and at least one selected from compounds containing a metal compound other than iron and a sulfur oxoate ion is used.
- the method is characterized by having a step of generating iron oxyhydroxide by adding a base while adjusting to 3 to 6.
- the trivalent iron compound may be any compound that is soluble in the solvent of the solution, and is specifically represented by Fe n1 X n2 .
- X represents one type or two or more types of atoms or atomic groups other than OH, and n1 and n2 each represent an integer of 1 or more.
- This trivalent iron compound is preferably an iron salt, and may be a single salt in which X is single, but may be a double salt containing a plurality of components as X. In this case, A different number corresponding to each component of X can be taken as n2.
- X contains chlorine (Cl) ions that are preferably contained as a raw material as described below, and iron (III) chloride is more preferably contained as the trivalent iron compound.
- Other compounds that can be used as the trivalent iron compound include iron (III) nitrate and iron (III) sulfate.
- the metal compound other than iron may be any compound that is soluble in the solvent of the solution, and is specifically represented by M n3 X′ n4 .
- M represents a metal element other than iron
- X' represents one or more atoms or atomic groups
- n3 and n4 represent integers of 1 or more.
- the metal element other than iron is preferably a transition metal element of Groups 4 to 13 other than iron, specifically, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese.
- titanium, zirconium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, and aluminum is preferable. More specifically, tetravalent titanium compounds as titanium compounds; tetravalent zirconium compounds as zirconium compounds; trivalent chromium compounds as chromium compounds; divalent cobalt compounds as cobalt compounds; divalent nickel compounds as nickel compounds; copper compounds as copper compounds Divalent copper compound; Trivalent aluminum compounds are preferable as the aluminum compounds.
- the iron-free metal compound represented by M n3 X′ n4 is a salt of the metal represented by M or a hydrolyzable compound capable of forming a hydroxide of the metal represented by M by hydrolysis.
- M and/or X′ may be a single compound, but may be a compound containing a plurality of components as M and/or X′, in which case M3 and n4 may be M and X. Can take different numbers corresponding to each component of'.
- the metal hydrolyzable compound is preferably a metal alkoxide or a metal complex. Examples of compounds that can be used as the respective metal compounds are as follows.
- X′ in the compound represented by M n3 X′ n4 may be a sulfur oxoacid ion, and in that case, M is a positive atom which becomes a positive ion in the solvent used in the present production method. Or it is an atomic group.
- M may be hydrogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, ammonium, a primary to tertiary amine, a quaternary ammonium, etc., in addition to the above-mentioned transition metal elements of Groups 4 to 13 other than iron.
- the solvent of the solution is a solvent capable of dissolving the trivalent iron compound represented by Fe n1 X n2 and the compound represented by M n3 X′ n4 , preferably a polar solvent, and water. More preferably, it is an aqueous solvent containing as a main component, and particularly preferably water.
- an electrolyte different from the trivalent iron compound represented by Fe n1 X n2 and the compound represented by M n3 X′ n4 (referred to as “other electrolyte”) is optionally added to the solution. May be included.
- the purpose is to supply chlorine ions or adjust the electrolyte concentration, as described below.
- a metal component different from the metal components contained in the trivalent iron compound represented by Fe n1 X n2 and the compound represented by M n3 X'n4 may be for the purpose of imparting effects such as further improving the adsorption performance, particularly improving the adsorption performance for a specific component, and adjusting the strength within a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention.
- a method of synthesizing iron oxyhydroxide there is generally a method of using a divalent iron compound as a raw material and further providing a step of oxidizing the divalent iron into trivalent iron. It is difficult to synthesize ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide, and the method of the present invention using a trivalent iron compound as a raw material is advantageous.
- a divalent iron compound may be contained as the other electrolyte.
- the base is represented by YOH.
- Y represents a monovalent atom or atomic group.
- examples of the base include alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide, and ammonia water. Of these, sodium hydroxide is preferable.
- iron oxyhydroxide is produced by adding the base to the solution while adjusting the pH to 3 to 6.
- the pH range is preferably pH 3.3 to 6.
- a method of synthesizing iron oxyhydroxide is to adjust the pH to a neutral to alkaline region exceeding pH 6, but it is difficult to synthesize ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide by such a method, and a pH of 3 to 3 is required.
- a method according to the invention of adjusting to 6 is advantageous. Further, if the pH is less than 3, not only it takes time to synthesize iron oxyhydroxide, but also the excellent properties of the adsorbent particles of the present invention may not be obtained, which is not preferable.
- a method of adding a base to adjust the pH as described above a method of slowly adding the base while stirring the solution is preferable.
- a solid base it is preferable to dissolve the base in a suitable solvent in advance and add this solution.
- the solvent for dissolving the base is preferably one that easily mixes with the solution, more preferably the same as the solvent of the solution, and particularly preferably water.
- the temperature for performing the above steps is not particularly limited unless it is a temperature at which each solution used is frozen or rapidly evaporated, but is preferably 4°C to 50°C, and particularly 4°C to 15°C, the average crystallite size is small. Therefore, it is preferable.
- the adsorbent particles of the present invention obtained by the above method have an average crystallite diameter of 10 nm or less measured by X-ray diffraction, and 90% or more of the volume of the particles has a crystal grain size of 20 nm or less (preferably 5 nm or less). 2) or a columnar crystal having a width of 10 nm or less (preferably 5 nm or less) and a length of 30 nm or less (preferably 20 nm or less). It is considered that the excellent adsorption performance of the adsorbent particles of the present invention is due to the fact that, in addition to the above-mentioned structural characteristics, a metal compound other than iron or an oxoacid ion of sulfur was used in combination in the production process.
- the method for synthesizing ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide disclosed in Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 is aged in the presence of a titanium compound at room temperature or by heating an aqueous solution containing iron (III) chloride, This is a method of depositing iron oxyhydroxide, which is basically different from the present invention. If the titanium compound is not used in combination by the same method, ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide having an average crystallite size and a particle major axis of about 100 to 400 nm is produced.
- the average crystallite diameter and the particle major axis decrease sharply together with the molar ratio Ti/Fe representing the amount of the titanium compound used with respect to iron chloride in the raw material liquid, and at an average molar ratio of about 0.01,
- the crystallite diameter becomes about 10 nm.
- the ⁇ -type crystal is not amorphous.
- Such a visible change in the structural properties due to the combined use of the titanium compound is not seen in the method for producing the adsorbent particles of the present invention, suggesting that there is an essential difference between the two methods. It is considered that this is due to the difference in the step of producing iron oxyhydroxide.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 employ a method of aging an aqueous solution without adding a base. This method requires a long time to produce iron oxyhydroxide (about 1 year at room temperature and about 1 day at 50° C.), and large crystals of about 100 to 400 nm can be obtained when a titanium compound is not used in combination. It is estimated that titanium has a great influence on the outer shape of the crystal in this process.
- iron oxyhydroxide is produced in a short time by adding a base, and the crystals produced even when the titanium compound is not used are considered to have a major axis of 30 nm or less.
- the titanium compound does not significantly affect the outer shape of the crystal.
- ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide particles having excellent adsorption performance can be obtained in a short time and without strictly setting the amount of the titanium compound used. Much better than methods 1 and 2.
- a suspension or slurry containing the nanometer-micrometer order ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide particles as a main component is obtained by the above steps.
- This can be used as it is as an adsorbent, but if the following processing method is further used, it is easy to make a size with an average particle diameter of 0.01 mm to 10 mm that is easy to use as an adsorbent.
- a step of adding an electrolyte different from the trivalent iron compound represented by Fe n1 X n2 and the compound represented by M n3 X′ n4 to the suspension or slurry is added. May be.
- the electrolyte is completely dissolved in the liquid after the addition, and specifically, a solution of the electrolyte may be prepared in advance and then added, or the electrolyte may be added as a solid. After that, it may be completely dissolved.
- the purpose of this addition is the same as that described for "other electrolytes" above.
- the above-mentioned "other electrolyte” and the electrolyte added in this step are collectively referred to as “other electrolyte”.
- the production method of the present invention is preferably a production method including, in addition to the above steps, a step of collecting the produced precipitate containing iron oxyhydroxide as a main component as a water-containing cake and a step of drying the water-containing cake.
- the recovering step may be carried out by a commonly used method such as filtration or centrifugation to separate it from the liquid component.
- a water-containing cake containing iron oxyhydroxide as a main component is obtained.
- a solid containing iron oxyhydroxide as a main component is obtained by drying.
- a step of drying the dried solid material containing iron oxyhydroxide as a main component obtained in the above step after contacting it with water is preferable to add a step of drying the dried solid material containing iron oxyhydroxide as a main component obtained in the above step after contacting it with water.
- the dry solid obtained in the above step in addition to iron oxyhydroxide as the main component, contains a large amount of water-soluble impurities, so this is dissolved and removed by contact with water, and pores are later formed. It is considered that the specific surface area increases and the number of anion adsorption sites increases as well.
- this step adsorbent particles having particularly excellent adsorption performance can be obtained. Also, this step facilitates the pulverization when the solid substance naturally disintegrates and it is necessary to make the particle size smaller.
- the total concentration of the electrolytes contained in the raw material of the iron oxyhydroxide production step is 10% by mass with respect to all the raw material components finally contained in the step of producing iron oxyhydroxide.
- a method of drying the water-containing cake in a state where the total amount of by-products and other electrolytes is 10% by mass or more on a dry basis is preferable.
- Method 1 In the step of producing iron oxyhydroxide, the total amount of raw materials before producing iron oxyhydroxide, that is, the solvent, Fe n1 X n2 , M n3 X′ n4 , YOH (where X, M, Y, n1, n2 , N3 and n4 each represent the same as the above), and the total concentration of the electrolytes used is 10% by mass or more with respect to the total amount of each compound represented by .. As a result, the amount of water-soluble impurities in the dried solid material is increased, and adsorbent particles having particularly excellent adsorption performance can be obtained.
- the viscosity of the solution may increase with the addition of the base, and mixing may be hindered.
- the electrolyte concentration of the solution is set high in advance, and the base solution to be added is made to have a relatively low concentration, so that the target total electrolyte concentration can be finally achieved. ..
- Method 2 In the water-containing cake drying step, a by-product represented by Y n5 X (where X and Y represent the same thing as described above, and n5 is the valence of X) in the water-containing cake, and the by-product.
- the total amount of electrolytes other than the above is 10% by mass or more on a dry basis. As a result, adsorbent particles having particularly excellent adsorption performance can be obtained.
- the method of increasing the electrolyte content in the raw material described in the method 1 can also be used, but in addition, after the iron oxyhydroxide production step and before the iron oxyhydroxide recovery step, the oxyhydroxide is used.
- a method of adding a step of adding and dissolving another electrolyte to the suspension containing iron can also be used.
- the above two drying steps are preferably performed at 140° C. or lower, and more preferably at 100 to 140° C.
- the drying temperature is low at low temperature and is not suitable for efficient production. Further, at high temperatures, the number of anion adsorption sites tends to decrease, and at higher temperatures, it changes to iron oxide, which is not preferable. Drying can be done in air, in vacuum, or in an inert gas.
- ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide has a characteristic that part of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with chlorine ions.
- an anion represented by X ⁇ and an anion represented by X′ ⁇ which are essential components in the method of the present invention, wherein X and X′ are the same as those described above.
- at least one selected from the anions contained in the other electrolytes that are contained as necessary contains a chloride ion.
- a chlorine ion is contained as the anion represented by X ⁇
- at least one of the trivalent iron compounds represented by Fe n1 X n2 is ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ). Is particularly preferable.
- Adsorbent particles with an average particle size of 0.01 mm to 10 mm that can be easily used as an adsorbent can be obtained by a commonly used method such as pulverization or classification of any of the above dry solids by sieving or sieving. It should be noted that the adsorbent particles in this range can be naturally obtained by utilizing the above-mentioned step of drying a dry solid containing iron oxyhydroxide as a main component in contact with water without actively pulverizing. To be The average particle size of the adsorbent particles is more preferably 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm.
- the adsorbent particles having an average particle size of less than 0.01 mm can be easily obtained by further pulverizing the adsorbent particles.
- a crushing method either dry crushing or wet crushing is possible.
- wet pulverizing in a liquid such as water to an average particle size of about 1 ⁇ m or less, an adsorbent dispersion having the liquid as a dispersion medium is obtained, and a stable nano-dispersion having an average particle size of about 0.1 ⁇ m or less is obtained.
- the adsorbent particles and/or adsorbent fine particles obtained above are formed into a size that is easy to use by granulating or supporting them on a carrier, and the adsorbent particles and/or adsorbent fine particles are formed. It is also possible to manufacture an adsorbent that exhibits the same adsorption performance as described in.
- X-ray diffraction The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was measured using an X-ray diffractometer Ultima IV (manufactured by Rigaku). A CuK ⁇ tube was used for the measurement. The average crystallite size was calculated from XRD according to Scherrer's formula.
- the specific surface area was measured by the gas adsorption method using a specific surface area measuring device Macsorb HM 1210 (manufactured by Mountech Co., Ltd.). (Total pore volume) After pretreatment at 100° C.
- the total pore volume was measured by a nitrogen gas adsorption single point method using a gas adsorption measuring device 3FLEX manufactured by Micromeritics.
- the pore size distribution was measured by the BET three-point method using nitrogen gas.
- TEM observation and FFT analysis The TEM (transmission electron microscope) observation of the sample was performed using a transmission electron microscope JEM-2100F (manufactured by JEOL Ltd., accelerating voltage 200 kV).
- FeCl 3 ferric chloride
- Ti(SO 4 ) 2 titanium sulfate
- the total concentration of ferric chloride and sodium hydroxide in the above was 15.8 mass %.
- the iron oxyhydroxide particles (1) were washed with ion-exchanged water and further dried in air at 50° C. to obtain iron oxyhydroxide particles (2).
- the iron oxyhydroxide particles (2) obtained above had a particle size of 0.1 mm to 5 mm at 90% by mass or more. It was confirmed by X-ray diffraction that the crystal structure was ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide and the average crystallite size was 3.0 nm.
- FIG. 1 shows a state observed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and FIG. 2 shows a photograph at a higher magnification.
- Most of the crystallites observed by TEM were granular with a size of 2 nm or less, or columnar with a width of about 2 nm and a length of about 10 nm.
- the specific surface area was 240 m 2 /g, the total pore volume was 0.14 ml/g, and the peak of the pore size distribution was about 1.4 nm. Further, it was confirmed that titanium element and sulfur element (derived from sulfate ion) were uniformly distributed in the crystal.
- Examples 2-12 instead of titanium sulfate, tetraisopropoxy titanium (Ti(O i Pr) 4 ), zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl 2 ), cobalt (II) sulfate (CoSO 4 ), chromium chloride (III) (CrCl 3 ), chromium sulfate (III) (Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ), nickel chloride (II) (NiCl 2 ), nickel sulfate (II) (NiSO 4 ), copper chloride (II) (CuCl 2 ), copper sulfate (II) (CuSO 4 ), aluminum sulfate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ), and sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) were used, respectively, and iron oxyhydroxide particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the iron oxyhydroxide particles (1) were washed with ion-exchanged water and further dried in air at 120°C to obtain iron oxyhydroxide particles (2).
- the iron oxyhydroxide particles (2) obtained above had a particle size of 0.1 mm to 5 mm at 90% by mass or more. It was confirmed by X-ray diffraction that the crystal structure was ⁇ -iron oxyhydroxide and the average crystallite size was 5.4 nm. Most of the crystallites observed by TEM were granular with a size of about 2 to 10 nm. The specific surface area was 245 m 2 /g and the total pore volume was 0.21 ml/g. The peak of the pore size distribution was about 3.5 nm.
- Measurement example 1 (batch type phosphoric acid adsorption test of adsorbent particles) Dissolve potassium dihydrogen phosphate in ion-exchanged water, adjust the pH to 3.5 with hydrochloric acid, and adjust the pH to 6.0 with sodium hydroxide, and adjust the concentration to 400 mg-P/L (concentration as phosphorus).
- Test liquids G and H were prepared. 1 g of particles obtained by classifying each of the adsorbents of Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Example 1 into a size of 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm by a sieve was added to 150 mL of each of test liquids G and H, and stirred to conduct an adsorption test.
- the liquid was collected after a predetermined time, separated from the solid content by a filter syringe, and the phosphorus concentration in the solution was analyzed by ICP (inductively coupled plasma) to calculate the adsorption amount.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the adsorbent particles of the present invention have a significantly higher phosphoric acid adsorption amount in the batch test as compared with the adsorbent particles of the comparative example.
- the surface utilization efficiency in adsorption is remarkably superior to the conventional adsorbents.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、リンは肥料成分として、また化学工業にも不可欠の成分であるが、日本においてはほぼ100%を輸入に頼っている。一方で排水中に多量のリンが含まれる場合は、富栄養化の原因となるため、このような排水を排出することは環境に好ましくない。これらの問題を解決するために、排水中に含まれるリン酸等のリン化合物の除去及び回収が注目されている。
リン化合物やその他の陰イオンを効率的に吸着、回収できる吸着材として、オキシ水酸化鉄(FeOOH)を主成分とするものが多数開発されている。例えば特許文献1、2等には、β-オキシ水酸化鉄を主成分とする吸着材が記載されており、リン酸吸着効率が特に優れることが記載されている。
特許文献1にはまた、β-オキシ水酸化鉄を主成分とする吸着材粒子とバインダーとが造粒されてなる粒子が記載されており、バインダーとしてチタン化合物等が例示されている。しかしこのような造粒吸着材の効果は、前記吸着材粒子の吸着性能を保ちつつ粒径を調整することで使用を容易にする点にあり、前記吸着材粒子より優れた吸着性能が得られるとの記載も示唆もない。
特許文献3には、マグネシウム、アルミニウム、チタン等の金属酸化物及び/又は(オキシ)水酸化物により凝固された、オキシ水酸化鉄からなる吸着媒体が記載されている。具体例としては、鉄(II)塩とマグネシウム等の塩との混合溶液を、Fe(II)がFe(III)へと酸化される酸化条件下に塩基と反応させ、α-オキシ水酸化鉄粒子とマグネシウム等の(水)酸化物とを共沈させることにより、X線回折によれば100%までα-オキシ水酸化鉄からなる生成物が得られることが記載されている。しかしこの発明においても、金属酸化物及び/又は(オキシ)水酸化物はバインダーとして機能しているのであり、これによりα-オキシ水酸化鉄よりも吸着性能が優れるとの記載も示唆もない。
特許文献4には、炭酸イオン由来の炭素を含有する含水酸化鉄粒子からなる吸着剤が記載されており、さらにチタン等の金属元素を含有してもよいことが記載されている。ここで具体的に記載されている製造方法では、2価鉄塩溶液を炭酸アルカリ溶液に添加し、pH6~10の範囲で炭酸鉄懸濁液を製造し、この懸濁液を空気酸化して3価の含水酸化鉄を製造している。また具体的に開示されている結晶形は、α-オキシ水酸化鉄及びγ-オキシ水酸化鉄であり、同じ製造方法でβ-オキシ水酸化鉄を得ることは困難である。これらの吸着剤は炭素の含有により吸着性能が優れることが示されているが、チタン等によりさらに改善されるとの示唆はない。
β-オキシ水酸化鉄は、水酸基の一部が塩素イオンで置換されており、トンネル状細孔構造を有することを特徴とし、種々のイオンに対する吸着材として知られている。β-オキシ水酸化鉄はまた、天然鉱物アカガネイトとして、あるいは塩分の多い環境で鉄材表面に生じやすい赤錆の主成分としても知られている。
非特許文献1及び2では、錆のモデルとしてβ-オキシ水酸化鉄を合成し、チタン化合物の共存下でのみ特異的にβ-オキシ水酸化鉄の結晶子が微細化し、あるいは非晶質化することを明らかにし、これをチタン含有鉄鋼の耐腐食性が優れる理由として推測している。しかし、非特許文献1及び2には、吸着材用途は示唆されていない。また記載されている粒子は長径が約400nm以下のもののみであり、それより大きな粒子を製造する示唆もない。
特許文献5には、コバルト、ニッケル、クロム等の遷移金属等の元素がドープされたβ-オキシ水酸化鉄結晶相を含有する鉄化合物粒子と、このような粒子は酸化触媒活性に優れることが記載されている。しかし吸着材用途は示唆されていない。また平均粒子径は1~150nmが好ましいと記載されている。製造方法としては、鉄イオンを含有する溶液と塩基性化合物溶液を混合して鉄イオンを水酸化物化することが記載されており、その際の好ましいpH範囲は、平均粒子径の小さい粒子を確実に得るために、2.0~3.0であるとされている。
硫酸イオンを少量含有するオキシ水酸化鉄として、シュベルトマナイトが知られている。シュベルトマナイトはβ-オキシ水酸化鉄とは結晶系を異にするものの、トンネル構造を有しており、これを吸着材として用いることも提案されている。しかしシュベルトマナイトは不安定であり、吸着能の劣るα-オキシ水酸化鉄に変化しやすいため、安定化のための特殊な製法を要する(特許文献6等参照)。
その結果、鉄イオンを含有する水溶液中でオキシ水酸化鉄を生成させる工程において、鉄以外の金属の化合物又は硫黄のオキソ酸イオンを生じる化合物を併用することにより、高い吸着効率を発揮する吸着材が得られることを見出した。本発明は以上の知見を基に完成されたものである。
(1)結晶構造がβ-オキシ水酸化鉄であり、X線回折により測定された平均結晶子径が10nm以下であり、粒子の体積の90%以上が、結晶粒径20nm以下の粒状結晶、又は幅が10nm以下で長さが30nm以下の柱状結晶で構成されている吸着材粒子であって、次の(A)および(B)の少なくともいずれかを特徴とする吸着材粒子。
(A)鉄以外の金属元素を鉄元素に対して0.1~20質量%含有する。
(B)硫黄のオキソ酸イオンを硫黄元素に換算して鉄元素に対して0.01~20質量%含有する。
(2)鉄以外の金属元素が、鉄以外の4族~13族の金属元素の少なくとも1種である、(1)に記載の吸着材粒子。
(3)硫黄のオキソ酸イオンが、硫酸イオンである、(1)に記載の吸着材粒子。
(4)平均粒径が0.01mm~10mmである、(1)~(3)のいずれかに記載の吸着材粒子。
(5)BET比表面積(S)が200m2/g以上である、(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の吸着材粒子。
(6)吸着材粒子が陰イオン吸着材である、(1)~(5)のいずれかに記載の吸着材粒子。
(7)塩酸でpHを3.5に調整したリン換算濃度400mg-P/Lのリン酸二水素カリウム水溶液150mL中に吸着材1gを投入し、室温で撹拌して行う回分式の吸着試験において、24時間後に吸着材1g当たりのリン換算吸着量(A)が35mg以上である、(6)に記載の吸着材粒子。
(8)結晶構造がβ-オキシ水酸化鉄であり、X線回折により測定された平均結晶子径が10nm以下であり、粒子の体積の90%以上が、結晶粒径20nm以下の粒状結晶、又は幅が10nm以下で長さが30nm以下の柱状結晶で構成されている吸着材粒子であって、BET比表面積をSm2/g、(7)に記載の方法による24時間後の吸着材1g当たりのリン換算吸着量をAmgとして、A≧87S/(S+385)である、吸着材粒子。
(9)Fen1Xn2(ここでXはOH以外の原子又は原子団の1種又は2種以上を表し、n1及びn2は1以上の整数を表す。)で表される3価の鉄化合物の少なくとも1種と、Mn3X’n4(ここで(α)Mは鉄以外の金属元素を表し、X’は原子又は原子団の1種又は2種以上を表すか、(β)Mは陽性の原子又は原子団を表し、X’は硫黄のオキソ酸イオンを表すかのいずれかであって、n3及びn4は1以上の整数を表す。)で表される化合物の少なくとも1種と、必要に応じて、前記Fen1Xn2で表される3価の鉄化合物及び前記Mn3X’n4で表される化合物とは別の電解質とを含む溶液に、pHを3~6に調整しながら、YOH(ここでYは1価の原子又は原子団を表す。)で表される塩基を添加することによりオキシ水酸化鉄を生成させる工程を有する、(1)~(8)のいずれかに記載の吸着材粒子の製造方法。
(10)前記オキシ水酸化鉄を生成させる工程において、原料全量に対して、使用された電解質の総和の濃度が10質量%以上である、(9)に記載の製造方法。
(11)前記オキシ水酸化鉄を生成させる工程の後に、必要に応じて前記Fen1Xn2で表される3価の鉄化合物及び前記Mn3X’n4で表される化合物とは別の電解質を添加する工程、及びその後オキシ水酸化鉄を主成分とする沈殿物を含水ケーキとして回収する工程と、含水ケーキを乾燥する工程とを有する、(9)又は(10)に記載の製造方法。
(12)前記工程で得られたオキシ水酸化鉄を主成分とする乾燥固形物を、水に接触させた後に乾燥する工程を有する、(11)に記載の製造方法。
(13)前記含水ケーキ乾燥工程において含水ケーキ中にYn5X(X、及びYは各々前記と同じものを表し、n5はXの価数である。)で表される副生成物、及び該副生成物以外の電解質の総量をドライベースで10質量%以上含有した状態で乾燥する、(11)又は(12)に記載の製造方法。
(14)X-で表される陰イオン、X’-で表される陰イオン、並びに前記Fen1Xn2で表される3価の鉄化合物及び前記Mn3X’n4で表される化合物とは別の電解質に含まれる陰イオンから選ばれる少なくとも1種が塩素イオンである、(9)~(13)のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
本発明の吸着材粒子は、結晶構造がβ-オキシ水酸化鉄であり、X線回折により測定された平均結晶子径が10nm以下であり、粒子の体積の90%以上が、結晶粒径20nm以下の粒状結晶、又は幅が10nm以下で長さが30nm以下の柱状結晶で構成されている、吸着材粒子であって、次の(A)および(B)の少なくともいずれかを特徴とするものである。(A)及び(B)の特徴はいずれも本発明の吸着材において吸着能を高める効果、特に吸着における表面の利用効率を高める効果を発揮する。(A)、(B)の各特徴に関しては、いずれか一方のみを有してもよいし、両特徴を同時に有してもよい。
(A)鉄以外の金属元素を鉄元素に対して(鉄以外の金属元素/鉄元素)0.1~20質量%含有する。
(B)硫黄のオキソ酸イオンを硫黄元素に換算して鉄元素に対して(硫黄元素/鉄元素)0.01~20質量%含有する。
β-オキシ水酸化鉄の結晶構造は、X線回折(XRD)、またはTEMを用いて確認することができる。X線回折では特有の回折ピークから結晶形を同定することができ、β-オキシ水酸化鉄に特有の回折ピークからなるパターンが得られれば、β-オキシ水酸化鉄として判定することができる。またTEMを用いる場合は、TEM像からFFT(高速フーリエ変換)によって格子面間隔を求め、特有の格子面間隔から結晶形を同定することができる。このうち、X線回折でβ-オキシ水酸化鉄として判定されることが好ましい。
平均結晶子径Dは、X線回折でβ-オキシ水酸化鉄に特徴的な2θ=35°付近の回折線から、下記のシェラーの式を用いて計算される。
D=Kλ/βcosθ
ただし、βは装置に起因する機械幅を補正した真の回折ピークの半値幅、Kはシェラー定数、λはX線の波長である。
本発明の吸着材粒子において、この方法により測定された平均結晶子径は、10nm以下であり、さらに6nm以下であることが好ましく、3~5nmであることがより好ましい。平均結晶子径の下限は特に限定されないが、普通1nm程度である。
本発明の吸着材粒子は、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)観察により、結晶の形態を確認することができる。具体的には、例えば倍率400万倍として、TEM観察を行うことができ、それによって見られる結晶縞から、結晶を形成していること、および結晶の種類や形態を確認することができる。また単一の結晶縞パターンからなる範囲の長径(結晶粒径)から平均結晶子径を算出することもできる。このような方法により、本発明の吸着材粒子は、粒子の体積の90%以上が、結晶粒径20nm以下(好ましくは5nm以下)の粒状結晶、もしくは幅が10nm以下(好ましくは5nm以下)で長さが30nm以下(好ましくは20nm以下)の柱状結晶で構成されていることがわかる。なおここで「粒状結晶」とは、針状あるいは板状の結晶を除外することを意味し、より具体的には、結晶の長径/短径の比が3以下である。本発明の吸着材粒子の結晶形は、このような粒状結晶で粒径20nm以下のものであるか、もしくは幅が10nm以下で長さが30nm以下の柱状結晶を主として含み、その割合が体積比で90%以上を占める。さらにこの割合は100%であることが好ましい。
前記の粒子の体積の90%以上を占める結晶の大きさの下限は特に制限されないが、通常は、粒状結晶の粒径が1nm以上、柱状結晶の幅が1nm以上または長さが3nm以上である。
このうち、鉄以外の4族~13族の金属元素であることが好ましい。具体的には、チタン、ジルコニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、タンタル、クロム、モリブデン、タングステン、マンガン、ルテニウム、オスミウム、コバルト、ロジウム、イリジウム、ニッケル、パラジウム、白金、銅、銀、金、亜鉛、アルミニウム、ガリウム、インジウム等が例示される。このうち、チタン、ジルコニウム、クロム、コバルト、ニッケル、銅、アルミニウムが特に好ましい。
硫黄のオキソ酸イオンとしては、硫酸イオン(SO4 2-)、亜硫酸イオン(SO3 2-)、チオ硫酸イオン(S2O3 2-)、亜ジチオン酸イオン(S2O4 2-)、ピロ亜硫酸イオン(S2O5 2-)、ジチオン酸イオン(S2O6 2-)等が例示され、本発明においては、以上の各陰イオンにそれがプロトン化した陰イオン(例えば硫酸イオンに対する硫酸水素イオンHSO4 -等。)も包含する。このうち、硫酸イオン又は硫酸水素イオンが好ましい。
β-オキシ水酸化鉄は、水酸基の一部が塩素イオンで置換されている特徴を有する。本発明の吸着材粒子でも、同じ特徴に基づいてβ-オキシ水酸化鉄の結晶構造を有しつつ、水酸基の一部がさらに硫黄のオキソ酸イオンで置換されていることにより、吸着効率をさらに増強することができる。
本発明の吸着材粒子は、大型の凝集塊であるものを粉砕して上記の平均粒径範囲に調整してもよいが、製造方法について後述するように、一旦乾燥させた吸着材を水と接触させた後、乾燥させる工程を採用すれば、自然にこの範囲の平均粒径となる。
以上の比表面積及び表面の利用効率が共に優れていることにより、特に優れた吸着量が達成される。
吸着材粒子による吸着量および吸着速度は、例えばリン酸を吸着対象とする場合、次のような回分式吸着試験により測定できる。
塩酸でpHを一定に調整したリン換算濃度400mg-P/Lのリン酸二水素カリウム水溶液150mLを準備する。この中に吸着材粒子1gを投入し、室温で撹拌する。一定時間後に水溶液をサンプリングしてリン酸イオン濃度を測定し、吸着量を求める。この方法で最大吸着量を見積もるには、吸着量がほぼ一定になるまでこのサンプリングと測定を反復すればよいが、簡便な比較には、例えば24時間後に測定を行ってもよい。
本発明の吸着材粒子は、この方法において、水溶液のpHを3.5に調整した場合、24時間後にリン換算吸着量が35mg/吸着材g以上、好ましくは40mg/吸着材g以上となる。
また本発明の吸着材粒子は、最大吸着量のみならず吸着速度も優れており、同条件で、1時間後にリン換算吸着量が15mg以上となる。
一方、特許文献1、2等に開示された公知の吸着材では、酸性域では最大吸着量及び吸着速度が顕著に優れているが、pH5以上ではそれほど優れた効果は得られない。それに対し本発明の吸着材粒子では、pH5以上でも酸性域に近い最大吸着量及び吸着速度が得られる。本発明の吸着材粒子は、上記方法において、水溶液のpHを6に調整した場合、24時間後にリン換算吸着量が30mg以上、1時間後にリン換算吸着量が15mg以上となる。
特定の対象物質に対する吸着量、例えば上記の24時間後におけるリン酸吸着量A(単位:mg-P/g)を、BET比表面積S(単位:m2/g)で除することにより、表面積当たりの吸着量を表す値A/S(単位:mg-P/m2)が得られる。この値は表面利用効率を表す値と見ることができる。
本発明の吸着材粒子では、A/S値は0.12mg-P/m2以上、好ましくは0.14mg-P/m2以上の値が得られる。
特に本発明の吸着材粒子では、A≧87S/(S+385)という関係が得られる。従来公知のオキシ水酸化鉄を主成分とする吸着材では、A<87S/(S+385)であり、上式を満たすことはなかったが、本発明の吸着材粒子において初めてこれを満たすことが可能となった。
結晶構造がβ-オキシ水酸化鉄であり、X線回折により測定された平均結晶子径が10nm以下であり、粒子の体積の90%以上が、結晶粒径20nm以下の粒状結晶、又は幅が10nm以下で長さが30nm以下の柱状結晶で構成されている吸着材粒子であって、上記測定方法によりA≧87S/(S+385)の関係を満たす吸着材粒子は、本発明の技術的範囲に包含される。
しかも、非特許文献1及び2では、チタンの代わりにクロム、ニッケル及び銅を用いても同様の効果は全く見られていない。一方、本発明では、チタンの代わりにこれらの金属元素を用いても同様の吸着材粒子が得られることが確認されている。
本発明の吸着材粒子の製造方法は、3価の鉄化合物の少なくとも1種と、鉄以外の金属化合物及び硫黄のオキソ酸イオンを含有する化合物から選ばれる少なくとも1種とを含む溶液に、pHを3~6に調整しながら塩基を添加することにより、オキシ水酸化鉄を生成させる工程を有することを特徴としている。
なお、一般にオキシ水酸化鉄を合成する方法としては、原料として2価の鉄化合物を用い、さらに2価鉄を酸化して3価鉄とする工程を設ける方法もあるが、このような方法でβ-オキシ水酸化鉄を合成することは困難であり、原料として3価の鉄化合物を用いる本発明の方法が有利である。ただし、前記その他の電解質として、2価鉄化合物が含有されていてもよい。
一般にオキシ水酸化鉄を合成する方法としては、pH6を超える中性~アルカリ性領域に調整する方法もあるが、このような方法でβ-オキシ水酸化鉄を合成することは困難であり、pH3~6に調整する本発明の方法が有利である。またpH3未満ではオキシ水酸化鉄の合成に時間を要するのみでなく、本発明の吸着材粒子の優れた性質も得られない場合があるため好ましくない。
以上のようにpHを調整するために、塩基を添加する方法としては、溶液を撹拌しながら、塩基をゆっくりと添加する方法が好ましい。また固体の塩基を用いる場合は、塩基を予め適当な溶媒に溶解し、この溶液を添加する方法が好ましい。この塩基を溶解する溶媒としては、前記溶液と容易に混合するものであることが好ましく、前記溶液の溶媒と同じであることがより好ましく、水であることが特に好ましい。
本発明の吸着材粒子の優れた吸着性能は、上記の構造的特徴に加え、製造工程で鉄以外の金属化合物又は硫黄のオキソ酸イオンを併用したことによると考えられる。
同様の方法でチタン化合物を併用しない場合には、平均結晶子径及び粒子長径が100~400nm程度のβ-オキシ水酸化鉄が生成する。これにチタン化合物を併用すると、平均結晶子径及び粒子長径は、原料液における塩化鉄に対するチタン化合物の使用量を表すモル比Ti/Feとともに急激に減少し、モル比0.01程度で、平均結晶子径が10nm程度となる。モル比がさらに高くなると、β型結晶ではない非晶質となる。
このようなチタン化合物の併用による構造的性質の可視的な変化は、本発明の吸着材粒子の製造方法では見られず、両方法の間には本質的な相違があることが示唆される。
この原因は、オキシ水酸化鉄を生成させる段階の違いにあると考えられる。非特許文献1及び2の方法では、塩基の添加をせず水溶液を熟成する方法が採られている。この方法はオキシ水酸化鉄の生成に長時間を要し(室温で約1年、50℃でも約1日)、チタン化合物を併用しない場合には100~400nm程度の大型の結晶が得られる。この過程でチタンが結晶の外形に大きな影響を与えると推定される。一方本発明の方法では、塩基を添加することによりオキシ水酸化鉄が短時間で生成し、チタン化合物を併用しない場合でも生成する結晶は長径30nm以下と見られる。このような状況では、チタン化合物が結晶の外形には大きな影響を与えないと推定される。
このように、本発明の方法では、短時間で、しかもチタン化合物の使用量を厳密に設定しなくても、吸着性能の優れたβ-オキシ水酸化鉄粒子が得られる点で、非特許文献1及び2の方法よりはるかに優れている。
前記回収工程としては、通常用いられる、濾過、遠心等の方法により回収を行い、液体成分と分離すればよい。これによりオキシ水酸化鉄を主成分とする含水ケーキが得られる。
この含水ケーキから、乾燥により、オキシ水酸化鉄を主成分とする固形物が得られる。
オキシ水酸化鉄を生成させる工程において、オキシ水酸化鉄を生成する前の原料全量、すなわち、溶媒、Fen1Xn2、Mn3X’n4、YOH(ここでX、M、Y、n1、n2、n3及びn4は各々前記と同じものを表す。)で表される各化合物、及び前記とは別の電解質の合計に対して、使用された電解質の総和の濃度を、10質量%以上とする。これにより、乾燥固形物中の水溶性不純物の量が増加し、吸着性能が特に優れた吸着材粒子が得られる。
前記のpHを3~6に調整しながら塩基を添加する工程では、電解質の総和濃度が高い場合に、塩基の添加につれて溶液の粘度が上昇し、混合に支障が生じることもある。これを防ぐためには、予め溶液の電解質濃度を高くしておき、添加する塩基溶液を比較的低濃度とすることにより、最終的に目的とする電解質総和濃度が達成されるようにすることができる。
前記含水ケーキ乾燥工程において、含水ケーキ中にYn5X(X及びYは各々前記と同じものを表し、n5はXの価数である。)で表される副生成物、及び該副生成物以外の電解質の総量をドライベースで10質量%以上とする。これにより、吸着性能が特に優れた吸着材粒子が得られる。
さらに、X-で表される陰イオンとして塩素イオンが含有されることが好ましく、Fen1Xn2で表される3価の鉄化合物のうち少なくとも1種が塩化第二鉄(FeCl3)であることが特に好ましい。
さらに、以上で得られた吸着材粒子及び/又は吸着材微粒子を造粒し、若しくは担体に担持することによって、利用しやすいサイズに成形されており、かつ前記吸着材粒子及び/又は吸着材微粒子と同様の吸着性能を発揮する吸着材を製造することもできる。
(粉末X線回折)
X線回折(XRD)パターンは、X線回折装置Ultima IV(リガク社製)を用いて測定した。測定にはCuKα管球を使用した。平均結晶子径はXRDよりシェラーの式に従って算出した。
(比表面積)
比表面積測定装置MacsorbHM 1210(マウンテック社製)を使用して、ガス吸着法により比表面積を測定した。
(全細孔容量)
100℃、約15時間の前処理後、マイクロメリティックス社製ガス吸着測定装置3FLEXを使用して、窒素ガス吸着一点法により全細孔容量を測定した。
(細孔径分布)
窒素ガスを用いたBET三点法により、細孔径分布を測定した。
(TEM観察及びFFT解析)
試料のTEM(透過電子顕微鏡)観察は、透過型電子顕微鏡JEM-2100F(日本電子社製、加速電圧200kV)を用いて行った。
(オキシ水酸化鉄中の塩素イオンの含有量)
オキシ水酸化鉄試料を3M硫酸に溶解した後、アルカリ溶液で希釈して鉄分を沈殿させ、フィルターでろ過してろ液を回収し、イオンクロマトグラフ法(日本ダイオネクス社製DX-500型)により定量した。
(エネルギー分散型X線分光)
エネルギー分散型X線分光(EDS)は、原子分解能分析電子顕微鏡JEM ARM200F(日本電子社製、加速電圧60kV)、およびシリコンドリフト検出器(日本電子社製)を用いて行い、鉄以外の金属および硫黄の分布を観察した。
塩化第二鉄(FeCl3)14.0質量%、及び硫酸チタン(Ti(SO4)2)1.1質量%を含有する原料水溶液(チタン元素含有量は鉄元素に対して4.6質量%、硫黄元素含有量は鉄元素に対して6.0質量%)に、温度15℃以下でpH5以下に調整しながら、25質量%水酸化ナトリウム(NaOH)水溶液を滴下し、NaOHの最終添加量をNaOH/FeCl3(モル比)=3.13として反応させ、オキシ水酸化鉄の粒子懸濁液を得た。以上における塩化第二鉄と水酸化ナトリウムとの総和の濃度は15.8質量%であった。
懸濁液を濾別後、空気中120℃で乾燥し、塩化ナトリウム(NaCl)を含有したオキシ水酸化鉄粒子(1)を得た。
オキシ水酸化鉄粒子(1)をイオン交換水で洗浄し、さらに空気中50℃で乾燥し、オキシ水酸化鉄粒子(2)を得た。
以上により得られたオキシ水酸化鉄粒子(2)の粒子径は90質量%以上が0.1mm~5mmであった。X線回折により、結晶構造はβ-オキシ水酸化鉄であり、平均結晶子径は3.0nmであることを確認した。
透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)観察での様子を図1に、さらに高倍率とした写真を図2に示す。TEM観察による結晶子は、ほとんどが、大きさ2nm以下の粒状、若しくは幅約2nmで長さ約10nmの柱状であった。また比表面積は240m2/g、全細孔容量は0.14ml/g、細孔径分布のピークは約1.4nmであった。また、チタン元素および硫黄元素(硫酸イオン由来)は、結晶中に均一に分布していることが確認された。
硫酸チタンに代えて、テトライソプロポキシチタン(Ti(OiPr)4)、オキシ塩化ジルコニウム(ZrOCl2)、硫酸コバルト(II)(CoSO4)、塩化クロム(III)(CrCl3)、硫酸クロム(III)(Cr2(SO4)3)、塩化ニッケル(II)(NiCl2)、硫酸ニッケル(II)(NiSO4)、塩化銅(II)(CuCl2)、硫酸銅(II)(CuSO4)、硫酸アルミニウム(Al2(SO4)3)、硫酸ナトリウム(Na2SO4)を各々用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、オキシ水酸化鉄粒子を得た。
X線回折により、結晶構造はβ-オキシ水酸化鉄であることを確認した。TEM観察による結晶子は、ほとんどが、大きさ5~10nmの粒状、若しくは幅5~10nmで長さ8~20nmの柱状であった。鉄以外の金属元素または硫黄元素(硫酸イオン由来)は、結晶中に均一に分布していることが確認された。また、平均結晶子径および比表面積は下表に記載した通りであった。
塩化第二鉄(FeCl3)の0.764mol/L水溶液に、室温でpH6以下に調整しながら、水酸化ナトリウム(NaOH)の12mol/L水溶液を滴下し、NaOHの最終添加量をNaOH/FeCl3(モル比)=2.83として反応させ、オキシ水酸化鉄の粒子懸濁液を得た。以上における塩化第二鉄と水酸化ナトリウムとの総和の濃度は17.6質量%であった。
懸濁液を濾別後、空気中120℃で乾燥し、塩化ナトリウム(NaCl)を含有したオキシ水酸化鉄粒子(1)を得た。
オキシ水酸化鉄粒子(1)をイオン交換水で洗浄し、さらに空気中120℃で乾燥し、オキシ水酸化鉄粒子(2)を得た。
以上により得られたオキシ水酸化鉄粒子(2)の粒子径は90質量%以上が0.1mm~5mmであった。X線回折により、結晶構造はβ-オキシ水酸化鉄であり、平均結晶子径は5.4nmであることを確認した。
TEM観察による結晶子は、ほとんどが、大きさ2~10nm程度の粒状であった。また比表面積は245m2/g、全細孔容量は0.21ml/gであった。細孔径分布のピークは約3.5nmであった。
リン酸二水素カリウムをイオン交換水に溶解し、それぞれ、塩酸によりpHを3.5に、および水酸化ナトリウムによりpHを6.0に調整し、濃度400mg-P/L(リンとしての濃度)の試験液G、Hを調製した。
実施例1~11および比較例1の各吸着材を篩により0.25mm~0.5mmに分級した粒子1gを試験液G、Hの各150mLに添加後、撹拌し吸着試験を行った。所定の時間後に液を採取し、フィルタシリンジで固形分と分離し、溶液中のリン濃度をICP(誘導結合プラズマ)により分析し、吸着量を算出した。
これらの結果を表1に示した。また24時間後の吸着量を比表面積で除し、リン酸吸着における表面利用効率を見積った。
Claims (14)
- 結晶構造がβ-オキシ水酸化鉄であり、X線回折により測定された平均結晶子径が10nm以下であり、粒子の体積の90%以上が、結晶粒径20nm以下の粒状結晶、又は幅が10nm以下で長さが30nm以下の柱状結晶で構成されている吸着材粒子であって、次の(A)および(B)の少なくともいずれかを特徴とする吸着材粒子。
(A)鉄以外の金属元素を鉄元素に対して0.1~20質量%含有する。
(B)硫黄のオキソ酸イオンを硫黄元素に換算して鉄元素に対して0.01~20質量%含有する。 - 鉄以外の金属元素が、鉄以外の4族~13族の金属元素の少なくとも1種である、請求項1に記載の吸着材粒子。
- 硫黄のオキソ酸イオンが、硫酸イオンである、請求項1に記載の吸着材粒子。
- 平均粒径が0.01mm~10mmである、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の吸着材粒子。
- BET比表面積(S)が200m2/g以上である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の吸着材粒子。
- 吸着材粒子が陰イオン吸着材である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の吸着材粒子。
- 塩酸でpHを3.5に調整したリン換算濃度400mg-P/Lのリン酸二水素カリウム水溶液150mL中に吸着材1gを投入し、室温で撹拌して行う回分式の吸着試験において、24時間後に吸着材1g当たりのリン換算吸着量(A)が35mg以上である、請求項6に記載の吸着材粒子。
- 結晶構造がβ-オキシ水酸化鉄であり、X線回折により測定された平均結晶子径が10nm以下であり、粒子の体積の90%以上が、結晶粒径20nm以下の粒状結晶、又は幅が10nm以下で長さが30nm以下の柱状結晶で構成されている吸着材粒子であって、BET比表面積をSm2/g、請求項7に記載の方法による24時間後の吸着材1g当たりのリン換算吸着量をAmgとして、A≧87S/(S+385)である、吸着材粒子。
- Fen1Xn2(ここでXはOH以外の原子又は原子団の1種又は2種以上を表し、n1及びn2は1以上の整数を表す。)で表される3価の鉄化合物の少なくとも1種と、Mn3X’n4(ここで(α)Mは鉄以外の金属元素を表し、X’は原子又は原子団の1種又は2種以上を表すか、(β)Mは陽性の原子又は原子団を表し、X’は硫黄のオキソ酸イオンを表すかのいずれかであって、n3及びn4は1以上の整数を表す。)で表される化合物の少なくとも1種と、必要に応じて、前記Fen1Xn2で表される3価の鉄化合物及び前記Mn3X’n4で表される化合物とは別の電解質とを含む溶液に、pHを3~6に調整しながら、YOH(ここでYは1価の原子又は原子団を表す。)で表される塩基を添加することによりオキシ水酸化鉄を生成させる工程を有する、請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の吸着材粒子の製造方法。
- 前記オキシ水酸化鉄を生成させる工程において、原料全量に対して、使用された電解質の総和の濃度が10質量%以上である、請求項9に記載の製造方法。
- 前記オキシ水酸化鉄を生成させる工程の後に、
必要に応じて前記Fen1Xn2で表される3価の鉄化合物及び前記Mn3X’n4で表される化合物とは別の電解質を添加する工程、及びその後オキシ水酸化鉄を主成分とする沈殿物を含水ケーキとして回収する工程と、含水ケーキを乾燥する工程とを有する、請求項9又は10に記載の製造方法。 - 前記工程で得られたオキシ水酸化鉄を主成分とする乾燥固形物を、水に接触させた後に乾燥する工程を有する、請求項11に記載の製造方法。
- 前記含水ケーキ乾燥工程において含水ケーキ中にYn5X(X、及びYは各々前記と同じものを表し、n5はXの価数である。)で表される副生成物、及び該副生成物以外の電解質の総量をドライベースで10質量%以上含有した状態で乾燥する、請求項11又は12に記載の製造方法。
- X-で表される陰イオン、X’-で表される陰イオン、並びに前記Fen1Xn2で表される3価の鉄化合物及び前記Mn3X’n4で表される化合物とは別の電解質に含まれる陰イオンから選ばれる少なくとも1種が塩素イオンである、請求項9~13のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
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