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  • C08F216/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical
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  • C08F293/005—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule using free radical "living" or "controlled" polymerisation, e.g. using a complexing agent
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  • C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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  • C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
  • C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
  • C08L33/062—Copolymers with monomers not covered by C08L33/06
  • C08L33/066—Copolymers with monomers not covered by C08L33/06 containing -OH groups
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  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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  • H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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  • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
  • H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
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  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
  • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/60—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
  • H01M4/602—Polymers
  • H01M4/604—Polymers containing aliphatic main chain polymers
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  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
  • H01M4/621—Binders
  • H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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  • C08F2438/00—Living radical polymerisation
  • C08F2438/03—Use of a di- or tri-thiocarbonylthio compound, e.g. di- or tri-thioester, di- or tri-thiocarbamate, or a xanthate as chain transfer agent, e.g . Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer [RAFT] or Macromolecular Design via Interchange of Xanthates [MADIX]
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  • C08J2303/00—Characterised by the use of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
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  • C08J2305/00—Characterised by the use of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08J2301/00 or C08J2303/00
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  • C08J2329/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal, or ketal radical; Hydrolysed polymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids; Derivatives of such polymer
  • C08J2329/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated alcohols
  • C08J2329/04—Polyvinyl alcohol; Partially hydrolysed homopolymers or copolymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids
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  • C08J2333/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
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  • C08J2333/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2333/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters
  • C08J2333/06—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
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  • C08J2333/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2333/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters
  • C08J2333/14—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters of esters containing halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atoms in addition to the carboxy oxygen
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  • C08J2339/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2339/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of monomers containing heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as ring member
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  • C08K5/15—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring
  • C08K5/151—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring having one oxygen atom in the ring
  • C08K5/1545—Six-membered rings
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• the technical field generally relates to polymers, polymer binders, hydrogel polymer binder compositions comprising them, electrode materials comprising them, their methods of production and their use in electrochemical cells.
• Silicon is one of the most promising negative electrode materials for future rechargeable batteries because of its high theoretical specific capacity of -4200 mAh/g upon formation of Lii 5 Si4. A capacity which is approximately 10 times greater than conventional graphite negative electrodes (-372 mAh/g) (see Liu, Y. et al., Accounts of chemical research 2017, 50.12, 2895- 2905; and Hays, K. A. et al., Journal of Power Sources 2018, 384, 136-144).
• silicon negative electrodes experience severe volume expansion upon lithiation; thereby reaching more than 300% of their original volume and causing irremediable failure, pulverization and/or cracking, thus leading to a rapid capacity fading and to a significant cycle life reduction.
• SiO x silicon monoxide and/or its suboxides
• SiO x silicon monoxide and/or its suboxides
• the capacity significantly decreases with an increase in oxygen content.
• Most solutions involved mixing silicon with carbon materials and/or polymer binders to contain the silicon.
• Si or SiO x with graphite or graphene to form a Si-graphite or Si-graphene composite electrode has been proposed as a solution to accommodate volume change while maintaining an attractive capacity (see Hays, K. A.
• PVdF Poly(vinyl difluoride)
• binders are one of the most commonly used binders in commercial batteries, especially for batteries comprising graphite as a negative electrode.
• PVdF is not adequate for Si-based negative electrodes (See Hays, K. A. et al., Supra Guerfi, A., et al., Supra and Yoo, M .et al., Polymer 2003, 44.15, 4197-4204).
• binders have been used to absorb the change in volume during lithiation; for example, alginate (a polysaccharide derivative of cellulose) (see Kovalenko, I. et al., Science 2011 , 334.
• PAA poly(acrylic acid)
• PI polyimide
• PAA can neutralise Si surfaces to prevent side reactions. Hydroxyl groups on Si surfaces can also be neutralised, for example, via covalent bond formation through an esterification reaction (Zhao, H. et al., Nano Letters 2014, 14 .11, 6704-6710).
• Si-based materials with, for example, a self-healing polymer or a hydrogel.
• a self-healing polymer coating cracks and damage may be healed spontaneously.
• Self-healing polymer binders have been applied successfully in making Si negative electrodes with low loadings of active material (Wang, C. et al., Nature Chemistry 2013, 5, 1042). The reduction in loading allows a limitation in negative electrode volume expansion (around 1 mg/cm 2 ).
• Stable Si-based negative electrodes were also obtained by in- situ polymerization of conducting hydrogel to form a conformal coating that binds to the Si surface. However, the loading in such materials is still very low (Wu, H. et al., Nature Communications 2013, 4, 1943).
• the present technology relates to a polymer comprising monomeric units from the polymerization of compounds of Formulae I and II:
• R 1 is independently in each occurrence selected from -OH and a OH-containing group such as an optionally substituted Ci-salkyl-OH or -C0 2 Ci- 6 alkyl-OH; and
• R 2 and R 3 are each independently in each occurrence selected from a hydrogen atom and an optionally substituted Ci- 6 alkyl.
• the polymer is a copolymer of Formula I II :
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined herein;
• n and m are integers selected such that the number average molecular weight is from about 2 000 g/mol to about 250 000 g/mol.
• the copolymer as defined herein is an alternating copolymer, a random copolymer or a block copolymer.
• the present technology relates to an electrode material comprising the polymer as defined herein.
• the electrode material further includes an electrochemically active material and a binder including the polymer.
• the present technology relates to an electrode material comprising the polymer as defined herein, an electrochemically active material, optionally a binder and optionally a polyphenol.
• the electrode material includes the binder, said binder comprising the polymer as defined herein.
• the present technology relates an electrode material comprising an electrochemically active material, amylopectin, optionally a binder and optionally a polyphenol.
• the electrode material includes the binder, said binder comprising amylopectin.
• the binder further comprises the polyphenol.
• the present technology relates an electrode material including an electrochemically active material and a binder, said binder including amylopectin.
• the binder further comprises a polyphenol.
• the present technology relates an electrode material including an electrochemically active material and a hydrogel binder, said hydrogel binder comprising a water-soluble polymeric binder and a polyphenol.
• the electrochemically active material is a silicon-based electrochemically active material.
• the silicon-based electrochemically active material is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon monoxide (SiO), a silicon suboxide (SiO x ) and a combination thereof.
• the silicon-based electrochemically active material is a silicon suboxide (SiO x ) where x is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.
• the silicon-based electrochemically active material further includes graphite or graphene.
• the polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of tannins, catechol and lignin.
• the polyphenol is a polyphenolic macromolecule.
• the polyphenolic macromolecule is tannic acid.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder includes a functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxyl group, carbonyl group, ether groups, amine groups, amide groups, and hydroxyl group.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder is a homopolymer.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder is a copolymer.
• the copolymer is an alternating copolymer, a random copolymer or a block copolymer.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder includes monomeric units of Formula V:
• R 4 is independently in each occurrence selected from -CO2H, -OH, an optionally substituted -C02Ci-6alkyl, an optionally substituted C5-6 heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted -OCi- 6 alkyl and an OH-containing functional groups such as an optionally substituted -Ci- 6 alkyl-OH or -C0 2 Ci- 6 alkyl-OH;
• R 5 is independently in each occurrence selected from a hydrogen atom and an optionally substituted Ci-salkyl
• R s is independently in each occurrence selected from a hydrogen atom and an optionally substituted Ci-salkyl
• 0 is an integer selected such that the number average molecular weight is from about 2 000 g/mol to about 400 000 g/mol, or from about 2 000 g/mol to about 250 000 g/mol, or from about 25 000 g/mol to about 240 000 g/mol, or from about 27 000 g/mol to about 240 000 g/mol, limits included.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol-co-acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) (PAAMA) polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PVMEMA), gelatin and polysaccharides.
• PVOH poly(vinyl alcohol)
• PAA poly(acrylic acid)
• PVP poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
• PAAMA poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid)
• PAAMA polyethylene oxide
• PVMEMA poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid)
• the present technology relates to a binder composition for use in an electrode material, the composition including a polyphenol and a water-soluble polymer.
• the polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of tannins, catechol and lignin.
• the polyphenol is tannic acid.
• the water-soluble polymer includes a functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxyl group, carbonyl group, ether groups, amine groups, amide groups, and hydroxyl group.
• the water-soluble polymer is a homopolymer.
• the water-soluble polymer is a copolymer.
• the copolymer is an alternating copolymer, a random copolymer or a block copolymer.
• the water-soluble polymer includes monomeric units of Formula V:
• R 4 is independently in each occurrence selected from -CO2H, -OH, an optionally substituted -C02Ci-6alkyl, an optionally substituted C5-6 heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted -OCi- 6 alkyl and an optionally substituted -C0 2 Ci- 6 alkyl-0H;
• R 5 is independently in each occurrence selected from a hydrogen atom and an optionally substituted Ci-salkyl
• R 6 is independently in each occurrence selected from a hydrogen atom and an optionally substituted Ci_salkyl
• 0 is an integer selected such that the number average molecular weight is from about 2 000 g/mol to about 400 000 g/mol, or from about 2 000 g/mol to about 250 000 g/mol, or from about 25 000 g/mol to about 240 000 g/mol, or from about 27 000 g/mol to about 240 000 g/mol, limits included.
• the water-soluble polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol-co-acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid- co-maleic acid) (PAAMA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PVMEMA), gelatin and polysaccharides.
• PVOH poly(vinyl alcohol)
• PAA poly(acrylic acid)
• PVP poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
• PAAMA polyethylene oxide
• PVMEMA poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid)
• the present technology relates to an electrode material including the binder composition as defined herein and an electrochemically active material. According to another aspect, the present technology relates to an electrode material as defined herein on a current collector.
• the electrode is a negative electrode.
• the electrode is a positive electrode.
• the present technology relates to an electrochemical cell including a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the negative electrode or positive electrode is as defined herein.
• the present technology relates to a battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell as defined herein.
• Figure 1 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 1 as described in Example 4.
• Figure 2 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 2 as described in Example 4.
• Figure 3 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 3 as described in Example 4.
• Figure 4 displays a graph representing the capacity retention (%) versus the number of cycles for Cell 1 (white circle line) and Cell 2 (black circle line) as described in Example 4.
• Figure 5 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 4 as described in Example 4.
• Figure 6 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 5 as described in Example 4.
• Figure 7 displays four charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line) at a temperature of 25 °C, the second cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dashed line) at a temperature of 25 °C, the third cycle was performed at 0.2 C (dash dot line) at a temperature of 45 °C and the fourth cycle was performed at 0.2 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 45 °C for Cell 6 as described in Example 4.
• Figure 8 displays four charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line) at a temperature of 25 °C, the second cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dashed line) at a temperature of 25 °C, the third cycle was performed at 0.2 C (dash dot line) at a temperature of 45 °C and the fourth cycle was performed at 0.2 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 45 °C for Cell 7 as described in Example 4.
• Figure 9 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 8 as described in Example 4.
• Figure 10 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line), and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 9 as described in Example 4.
• Figure 11 displays four charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line) at a temperature of 25 °C, the second cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dashed line) at a temperature of 25 °C, the third cycle was performed at 0.2 C (dash dot line) at a temperature of 45 °C and the fourth cycle was performed at 0.2 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 45 °C for Cell 10 as described in Example 4.
• Figure 12 displays a graph representing the capacity retention (%) versus the number of cycles for Cell 4 (white triangle line), Cell 5 (black triangle line), Cell 8 (white circle line) and for Cell 9 (black circle line) as described in Example 4.
• Figure 13 displays a graph representing the capacity (mAh/g) versus the number of cycles for Cell 4 (white triangle line), Cell 5 (black triangle line), Cell 8 (white circle line) and for Cell 9 (black circle line) as described in Example 4.
• Figure 14 displays a graph representing the capacity retention (%) versus the number of cycles for Cell 7 (black triangle line), for Cell 4 (white triangle line), for Cell 1 (white square line) and for Cell 2 (black square line) as described in Example 4.
• Figure 15 displays a graph representing the capacity (mAh/g) versus the number of cycles for Cell 1 (white square line), for Cell 2 (black square line), for Cell 4 (white triangle line), and for Cell 7 (black triangle line) as described in Example 4.
• Figure 16 displays a graph representing the capacity retention (%) versus the number of cycles for Cell 10 (black circle line) and for Cell 6 (black triangle line) as described in Example 4.
• Figure 17 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 11.
• Figure 18 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 12.
• Figure 19 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 13.
• Figure 20 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 14.
• Figure 21 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 15.
• Figure 22 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first cycle was performed at 0.05 C (solid line), the second cycle was performed at 0.05 C (dashed line) and the third cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 16.
• the expression“monomeric units derived from” and equivalent expressions, as used herein, refers to polymer repeat units, which result from a polymerizable monomer after its polymerization.
• alkyl refers to saturated hydrocarbons having from one to six carbon atoms, including linear or branched alkyl groups.
• alkyl groups include, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isopropyl, tert butyl, sec butyl, isobutyl, and the like.
• alkyl group is located between two functional groups, then the term alkyl also encompasses alkylene groups such as methylene, ethylene, propylene, and the like.
• the term “CrC n alkyl” refers to an alkyl group having from 1 to the indicated“n” number of carbon atoms.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to a group comprising a saturated or partially unsaturated (non-aromatic) carbocyclic ring in a monocyclic system having from five to six ring members, where one or more ring members are substituted or unsubstituted heteroatoms (e.g. N, O, S, P) or groups containing such heteroatoms (e.g. NH, NR X (where R x is alkyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl), PO2, SO, SO2, and the like).
• Heterocycloalkyl groups may be C-attached or heteroatom-attached (e.g. via a nitrogen atom) where such is possible.
• the present technology relates to a polymer comprising monomeric units from the polymerization of compounds of Formulae I and II:
• R 1 is independently in each occurrence selected from -OFI and a OFI-containing group, e.g. an optionally substituted Ci- 6 alkyl-OH or -CChCi-ealkyl-OH ; and
• R 2 and R 3 are each independently in each occurrence selected from a hydrogen atom and an optionally substituted Ci- 6 alkyl.
• the polymer is a copolymer of Formula I II:
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as herein defined; and n and m are integers selected such that the number average molecular weight is from about 2 000 g/mol to about 250 000 g/mol.
• a number average molecular weight from about 10 000 g/mol to about 200 000 g/mol, or from about 25 000 g/mol to about 200 000 g/mol, or from about 25 000 g/mol to about 150 000 g/mol, or from about 50 000 g/mol to about 150 000 g/mol, or from about 75 000 g/mol to about 125 000 g/mol, limits included.
• the copolymer of Formula II I may, for instance, be an alternating copolymer, a random copolymer or a block copolymer.
• the copolymer is a random copolymer or a block copolymer.
• the monomeric unit of Formula I is selected from vinyl alcohol, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and a derivative thereof.
• HEMA hydroxyethyl methacrylate
• the monomeric unit of Formula II is selected from acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MA) and or a derivative thereof.
• the polymer is a copolymer comprising monomeric units derived from vinyl alcohol and from AA.
• the copolymer comprises monomeric units derived from HEMA and from AA.
• the polymer is a copolymer of Formula 111 (a) or l ll(b):
• Polymerization of the monomers may be accomplished by any known procedure and method of initiation, for instance, by radical polymerization.
• the radical initiator may any suitable polymerization initiator, such azo compounds (e.g. azobisisobutyronitrile (AI BN)).
• Polymerization may be further initiated by photolysis, thermal treatment, and any other suitable means.
• the initiator is AI BN.
• the synthesis may be achieved by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (or RAFT).
• the present technology relates to an electrode material comprising the polymer as defined herein.
• the electrode material comprises an electrochemically active material and further optionally comprises a binder.
• the electrode material further comprises a polyphenol.
• the binder comprises the polymer as defined herein and/or the polyphenol. It is understood that when the binder is said to comprise the polymer, it also includes the possibility of the polymer serving as the binder.
• the present technology relates to an electrode material comprising an electrochemically active material and amylopectin.
• the electrode material further optionally comprises a binder.
• the electrode material further comprises a polyphenol.
• said binder comprises the amylopectin and/or the polyphenol.
• the present technology relates to a binder composition comprising a polyphenol and a water-soluble polymer.
• the present technology relates to an electrode material comprising electrochemically active material and a hydrogel binder, said hydrogel binder comprising a water-soluble polymeric binder and a polyphenol.
• the electrochemically active material is a silicon-based electrochemically active material.
• the silicon-based electrochemically active material may comprise silicon, or silicon monoxide (SiO), or silicon oxide, or silicon suboxide (SiO x ), or a combination thereof.
• the silicon-based electrochemically active material comprises SiO x and x is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, or 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.9, or 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.8, or 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.7, or 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6, or 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5, or 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.4, or 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.3, or 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, or 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1 , or 0.1 ⁇ x 1.0, limits included.
• x is 0.1 , or 0.2, or 0.3, or 0.4, or 0.5, 0.6, or 0.7, or 0.8. Higher concentrations of oxygen atoms in the SiO x electrochemically active material may also be considered as it may reduce its volume expansion upon lithiation but may also cause some capacity loss.
• the electrochemically active material further comprises a carbon material such as carbon, graphite and graphene.
• the graphite is a natural or artificial graphite, e.g. artificial graphite used as negative electrode material (such as SCMGTM).
• the electrochemically active material is a silicon carbon composite material, or a silicon graphite composite material or a silicon graphene composite material.
• the electrochemically active material is a SiO x graphite composite material.
• the SiO x graphite composite material comprises up to about 100 wt.%, or up to about 95 wt.%, or up to about 90 wt.%, or up to about 75 wt.%, up to about 50 wt.%, or in the range between about 5 wt.% and about 100 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 95 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 90 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 90 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 85 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 80 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 75 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 70 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 65 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 60 wt.%, or between about
• the electrochemically active material may further comprise a coating material.
• the electrochemically active material may comprise a carbon coating.
• the coating material may also comprise at least one of the polymers as described herein, amylopectin and the water-soluble polymer as defined herein and further comprise the polyphenol.
• the coating material may comprise the hydrogel binder as defined herein.
• the polyphenol may be a gelling agent for hydrogel formation.
• the polyphenol may be a macromolecule including a sugar or sugar-like part linked to multiple polyphenolic groups (e.g. dihydroxyphenyl, trihydroxyphenyl, and their derivatives) or may be a polymer.
• the polyphenol may be capable of gelling polymers or macromolecules at multiple binding sites through hydrogen bonding, effectively complexing polymer chains into three-dimensional (3D) networks.
• the hydrogel binder as described herein is mainly formed through the H-bonding between the water-soluble polymeric binder and the polyphenol, which acts as strong interaction or physical cross-linking points thereby forming a 3D complex.
• Non-limiting examples of polyphenol include tannins, lignin, catechol and tannic acid (TA).
• the polyphenol is a polyphenolic macromolecule.
• the polyphenolic macromolecule is a tannin, for example, TA.
• TA is a natural polyphenol comprising the equivalent of ten gallic acid groups surrounding a monosaccharide (glucose) (see Formula IV).
• glucose monosaccharide
• the twenty-five phenolic hydroxyl and ten ester groups of TA provide multiple binding sites to form hydrogen bonds with various water-soluble polymer binder chains having, for example, hydroxyl groups to form TA-based hydrogel binders.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder may comprise carboxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ether groups, amine groups, amide groups, or hydroxyl groups to form hydrogen bonds with the polyphenol.
• water-soluble polymeric binders include poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(vinyl alcohol-co-acrylic acid), poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PVMEMA), poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) (PAAMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid), polysaccharides, amylopectin, alginate gelatin, and a derivative thereof.
• the water-soluble polymer comprises labile hydrogen atoms, for instance, on oxygen or nitrogen atoms, e.g. OH or CO2H groups.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder is PVOH, amylopectin or PAA.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder comprises the polymers of Formula V:
• R 4 is independently in each occurrence selected from -CO2H, -OH, an optionally substituted - C0 2 Ci- 6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C5-6 heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted -OCi- 6 alkyl and an OH-containing functional group such as an optionally substituted -Ci- 6 alkyl-OH or - C0 2 Ci- 6 alkyl-0H;
• R 5 is independently in each occurrence selected from a hydrogen atom and an optionally substituted Ci- 6 alkyl
• R 6 is independently in each occurrence selected from a hydrogen atom and an optionally substituted Ci- 6 alkyl
• the water-soluble polymeric binder comprises the polymers of Formulae V(a), V(b) or V(c):
• the water-soluble polymeric binder is a homopolymer.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder is a copolymer.
• the copolymer may, for instance, be an alternating copolymer, a random copolymer or a block copolymer.
• the copolymer is a random copolymer.
• the copolymer is a bloc copolymer.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder comprises the polymers of Formulae Vl(a), Vl(b) or VI(c):
• the water-soluble polymeric binder comprises a polysaccharide.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder comprises the polymers of Formulae VII:
• polysaccharides may also further include derivatives thereof, for example, a carboxymethyl-substituted polysaccharide such as carboxymethylcellulose.
• the water-soluble polymeric binder has a number average molecular weight from about 2 000 g/mol to about 400 000 g/mol, or from about 2 000 g/mol to about 250
• the hydrogel binder comprises up to about 10 wt.% of the polyphenol.
• the hydrogel binder comprises between about 1 wt.% and about 10 wt.%, or between about 1 wt.% and about 9 wt.%, or between about 1 wt.% and about 8 wt.%, or between about 1 wt.% and about 7 wt.%, or between about 1 wt.% and about 6 wt.%, 1 wt.% and about 5 wt.%, or between about 1 wt.% and about 4 wt.%, or between about 1 wt.% and about 3 wt.%, or between about 1 wt.% and about 2 wt.% of the polyphenol in the total weight of hydrogel binder (total weight including water, which may be removed after electrode formation).
• the hydrogel binder comprises about 2 wt.% of the polyphenol in the total weight of hydrogel binder.
• the hydrogel binder comprises between about 1 wt.% and about 30 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 25 wt.%, or between about 10 wt.% and about 25 wt.%, or between about 10 wt.% and about 20 wt.%, or between about 15 wt.% and about 20 wt.%, or between about 15 wt.% and about 17 wt.% of the polyphenol with respect to the total weight of the polyphenol and polymer.
• the hydrogel binder comprises a polymer to polyphenol weight ratio of about 10:2.
• the hydrogel binder comprises up to about 20 wt.% of the water-soluble polymeric binder.
• the hydrogel binder comprises between about 1 wt.% and about 15 wt.%, or between about 5 wt.% and about 15 wt.%, or between about 7 wt.% and about
• the hydrogel binder comprises about 10 wt.% of the water-soluble polymeric binder.
• the hydrogel binder comprises water.
• the hydrogel binder comprises at least about 60 wt.% of water prior to an optional drying step.
• the hydrogel binder comprises between about 60 wt.% and about 98 wt.%, or between about 60 wt.% and about 98 wt.%, or between about 64 wt.% and about 98 wt.%, or between about 70 wt.% and about 98 wt.%, or between about 75 wt.% and about 98 wt.%, or between about 80 wt.% and about 98 wt.%, or between about 80 wt.% and about 95 wt.%, or between about 82 wt.% and about 95 wt.%, or between about 83 wt.% and about 94 wt.%, or between about 84 wt.% and about 93 wt.%, or between about 85 wt.% and about 92 wt
• the hydrogel is a bio-based hydrogel.
• the hydrogel binders show, for example, improved mechanical performances, improved flexibility, improved elasticity, improved stretchability, improved self-healing properties, improved adhesive properties, and/or improved shape memory properties.
• the hydrogel binders may exhibit improved tensile strengths and/or elongations and/or elastic moduli.
• the hydrogel binders may be readily commercialized, since large amounts of hydrogel binders may be easily prepared given that no complicated synthetic procedure is involved.
• the polymer is, for instance, amylopectin or gelatin.
• the hydrogel comprises amylopectin.
• the electrode material as described herein may further comprise an electronically conductive material.
• the electrode material may also optionally include additional components or additives like salts, inorganic particles, glass or ceramic particles, and the like.
• Non-limiting examples of electronically conductive material include carbon black ⁇ e.g. KetjenTM black), acetylene black (e.g. Shawinigan black and DenkaTM black), graphite, graphene, carbon fibers, carbon nanofibers (e.g. vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF)), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and combinations thereof.
• the electronically conductive material is a combination of KetjenTM black and VGCF.
• the present technology relates to an electrode comprising the electrode material as defined herein on a current collector.
• the electrode is a negative electrode or a positive electrode.
• the electrode is a negative electrode.
• the present technology relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the negative electrode or positive electrode is as defined herein.
• the negative electrode is as defined herein.
• the electrolyte may be a liquid electrolyte comprising a salt in a solvent, or a gel electrolyte comprising a salt in a solvent which may further comprise a solvating polymer or a solid polymer electrolyte comprising a salt in a solvating polymer.
• the salt is a lithium salt.
• Non-limiting examples of lithium salt include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFs), lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI), lithium 2- trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate (LiTDI), lithium 4,5-dicyano-1 ,2,3-triazolate (LiDCTA), lithium bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide (LiBETI), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiBOB), lithium nitrate (UNO3), lithium chloride (LiCI), bromide of lithium (LiBr), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium perchlorate (LiCICL), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6 ), lithium trifluoromethanesul
• the solvent is a non-aqueous solvent.
• non-aqueous solvents include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and vinylene carbonate (VC); acyclic carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), and dipropyl carbonate (DPC); lactones such as y-butyrolactone (g-BL) and y-valerolactone (g-VL); chain ethers such as 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1 ,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), ethoxymethoxyethane (EME), trimethoxymethane, and ethylmonoglyme; cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, 2- methyltetrahydrofuran, 1 ,3-diox
• the electrolyte may also include at least one electrolyte additive, for example, to form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and/or to improve the cyclability of silicon based electrochemically active material.
• the electrolyte additive is fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC).
• the electrochemical cell as defined herein may have improved electrochemical performance (e.g. improved cyclability).
• the present technology relates to a battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell as defined herein.
• said battery is selected from a lithium battery, a lithium-sulfur battery, a lithium-ion battery, a sodium battery, and a magnesium battery.
• said battery is a lithium-ion battery.
• Example 1 Polymer synthesis a) Random copolymerization of AA and HEMA
• the random copolymer was prepared following a copolymerization process as illustrated in Scheme 1 :
• n and m are as herein defined.
• n and m are as herein defined.
• the first step comprises the polymerization of AA by RAFT polymerization to form a first block comprising AA monomer units.
• RAFT CTA S,S-dibenzyl trithiocarbonate
• dioxane 100 mL
• the solution was then stirred at room temperature and bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes to remove oxygen.
• 77.0 mg of AI BN was added and the solution was heated to a temperature of 85°C under nitrogen for at least 3 hours.
• the polymer was then purified by precipitation in 10 volumes of toluene and dried under vacuum for 12 hours at 80 °C.
• a standard production yield obtained in the first step of this procedure was about 7.6 g.
• the second step comprises the formation of a second block comprising HEMA monomer units.
• 6.0 g of the previous polymer (PAA-RAFT), 13.0 g of HEMA and 250 ml of DMF were added in a round-bottomed flask.
• the solution was stirred at room temperature and bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes to remove oxygen.
• 75 mg of AIBN was then added to the reaction mixture and the solution was heated to a temperature of 65°C under nitrogen for at least 12 hours.
• the polymer was then purified by precipitation in 10 volumes of diethyl ether and hexanes (3: 1) and dried under vacuum for 12 hours.
• Example 2 Water-soluble polymer-TA hydrogel binder preparation a) PVOH-TA hydrogel binder preparation
• This example illustrates the preparation of a TA and PVOH hydrogel binder.
• An aqueous binder solution was prepared by dissolving 10 wt.% of PVOH (M.W. ⁇ 27 000 g/mol) from Millipore SigmaTM and 2 wt.% of TA in water at a temperature of 60 °C. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature thereby effectively creating strong H-bonding between the TA and the PVOH and weaker H-bonding between the PVOH chains and forming a PVOH-TA hydrogel.
• This example illustrates the preparation of a TA and the copolymer of Example 1(a) hydrogel binder.
• An aqueous binder solution was prepared by dissolving 12 wt.% of the copolymer of Example 1(a) and 4 wt.% of TA in an aqueous-ethanol mixture (20 wt.%) at a temperature of 60 °C, the ethanol being added prior to the addition of TA. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature thereby effectively creating strong H-bonding between the TA and the copolymer of Example 1 (a) and weaker H-bonding between the copolymer of Example 1(a) chains and forming a hydrogel.
• This example illustrates the preparation of a TA and the copolymer of Example 1(b) hydrogel binder.
• An aqueous binder solution was prepared by dissolving 12 wt.% of the copolymer of Example 1(b) and 4 wt.% of TA in an aqueous-ethanol mixture (20 wt.%) at a temperature of 60 °C, the ethanol being added prior to the addition of TA. The mixture to room temperature thereby effectively creating strong H-bonding between the TA and the copolymer of Example 1 (b) and weaker H-bonding between the copolymer of Example 1(b) chains and forming a hydrogel.
• PAA - TA hydrogel binder preparation was prepared by dissolving 12 wt.% of the copolymer of Example 1(b) and 4 wt.% of TA in an aqueous-ethanol mixture (20 wt.%) at a temperature of 60 °C, the ethanol being added prior to the addition of TA. The
• This example illustrates the preparation of a TA and PAA hydrogel binder.
• An aqueous binder solution was prepared by dissolving 10 wt.% of PAA (25 wt.% solution in water; M.W. -240 000 g/mol) from Acros OrganicsTM and 5 wt.% of TA in water at a temperature of 60 °C. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature thereby effectively creating strong H-bonding between the TA and the PAA and weaker H-bonding between the PAA chains and forming a PAA-TA hydrogel.
• Hydrogel binder composition comprising 10 wt.% of PAA and 2 wt.% of TA and hydrogel binder composition comprising 10 wt.% of PAA and 1 wt.% of TA were also prepared using the method described in Example 1 (d).
• P VP- TA hydrogel binder preparation comprising 10 wt.% of PAA and 2 wt.% of TA and hydrogel binder composition comprising 10 wt.% of PAA and 1 wt.% of TA were also prepared using the method described in Example 1 (d).
• P VP- TA hydrogel binder preparation comprising 10 wt.% of PAA and 2 wt.% of TA and hydrogel binder composition comprising 10 wt.% of PAA and 1 wt.% of TA were also prepared using the method described in Example 1 (d).
• P VP- TA hydrogel binder preparation comprising 10 wt.% of PAA and 2 wt.% of TA and hydrogel binder composition
• This example illustrates the preparation of a TA and PVP hydrogel.
• An aqueous binder solution was prepared by dissolving 10 wt.% of PVP (M.W. -29 000 g/mol) from Millipore SigmaTM and 1 wt.% of TA in water at a temperature of 60 °C. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature thereby effectively creating strong H-bonding between the TA and the PVP and weaker H-bonding between the PVP chains and forming a PVP-TA hydrogel.
• PVP M.W. -29 000 g/mol
• This example illustrates the preparation of a TA and amylopectin hydrogel binder.
• An aqueous binder solution was prepared by dissolving 7 wt.% of amylopectin and 1 wt.% of TA in water at a temperature of 60 °C. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature thereby effectively creating strong H-bonding between the TA and the amylopectin and weaker H-bonding between the amylopectin chains and forming an amylopectin-TA hydrogel.
• Example 3 SiO x -graphite electrodes with hydrogel binders
• the hydrogel binder prepared according to the procedure of Example 2 was used in different cells each comprising a SiO x -graphite electrode and a lithium metal counter electrode on a copper current collector.
• the graphite used in the various SiO x -graphite electrodes was SCMGTM from Showa Denko. Electrodes with different SiO x to graphite ratios were prepared (about 5 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, about 25 wt.% and about 50 wt.%).
• the SiO x -graphite electrode materials were prepared by mixing the solids (i.e. the SiO x , the SCMGTM and the electronically conductive material) at 2 000 rpm for 30 s.
• the PVOH-TA aqueous binder solution (from Example 2(a)) was then added to the different solid mixtures.
• the different mixtures were then mixed 3 times at 2 000 rpm for 1 min each time.
• Water was then added in 3 portions to the different mixtures to obtain different slurries having an appropriate viscosity. After each water addition, the slurries were mixed at 2 000 rpm for 1 min.
• the slurries obtained were then each cast on copper current collectors using the Doctor blade method and dried at a temperature of 80 °C for 15 min.
• Electrode material weight concentration for the 50 wt.% ratio SiO x :Gr of 50:50
• Electrode material weight concentration for the 25 wt.% ratio (SiO x :Gr of 25:75)
• Electrode material weight concentration for the 10 wt.% ratio (SiO x :Gr of 10:90)
• All electrodes had a mass loading in the range of from about 8.0 to about 10.0 mg/cm 2 and an electrode volumetric mass density in the range of from about 1.2 to about 1.4 g/cm 3 .
• Reference electrodes comprising a 5 wt.% concentration of PVdF (M.W. ⁇ 9400 g/mol) as binder in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) were prepared for comparative purposes. The reference electrodes were prepared in the same weight ratios detailed in Tables 1 to 4, simply replacing the PVOH-TA aqueous binder solution with the PVdF binder.
• Example 4 Electrochemical properties Tables 5 to 7 respectively present the weight concentrations of the electrochemically active materials E1 to E3, the weight concentrations of hydrogel binder B1 to B6, and electrode composition for each of Cells 1 to 15. These will be referred when discussing electrochemical properties measured in this example.
• Figure 1 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 1 (comparative cell). The first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were performed respectively at 0.05 C, 0.05 C and 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C. Figure 1 shows a capacity significantly lower than the expected capacity and a significant capacity loss with cycling.
• Figure 2 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 2
• the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were performed respectively at 0.05 C, 0.05 C and 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C.
• a small capacity loss may also be observed with cycling.
• the capacity is slightly lower than the expected capacity.
• Figure 3 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 3.
• the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were performed respectively at 0.05 C, 0.05 C and 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C.
• a small capacity loss may also be observed with cycling.
• the capacity is close to the expected capacity, effectively showing that a hydrogel binder comprising PVOFI and TA may be a suitable binder choice for silicon-graphite composite electrodes.
• Figure 17 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 11.
• the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycle were performed respectively at 0.05 C, 0.05 C and 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C.
• Cell 11 comprises a hydrogel binder as prepared in Example 2(b) including the random poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) copolymer as prepared in Example 1 (a) and TA. Similar to Figures 1 to 3, a capacity loss may also be observed in Figure 17 with cycling. However, in comparison with Cell 1 , Cell 11 has a capacity significantly closer to the expected capacity.
• Figure 18 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 12.
• the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were performed respectively at 0.05 C, 0.05 C and 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C.
• Cell 12 comprises a hydrogel binder as prepared in Example
• Example 2(c) including the bloc poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) copolymer as prepared in Example 1 (b) and TA.
• Cell 12 has also a capacity significantly closer to the expected capacity, effectively showing that a hydrogel binder comprising a bloc poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) copolymer and TA may also be a suitable binder choice for silicon-graphite composite electrodes.
• Figure 4 is a graph of the capacity retention (%) versus the number of cycles for Cell 1 (white circle line) and for Cell 2 (black circle line).
• Figure 4 shows a significant loss in capacity retention when cycling with a PVdF binder (Cell 1).
• a loss in capacity retention when cycling with a binder comprising amylopectin and TA may also be observed. However, the loss is less significant with Cell 2 than with Cell 1 , effectively showing that amylopectin with TA may be a good binder candidate for silicon-graphite composite electrode.
• Figures 5 to 8, 19 and 20 The influence of TA and the water-soluble polymer is further demonstrated in Figures 5 to 8, 19 and 20.
• the expected capacity was 704 mAh g _1 .
• Figure 5 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 4 which was prepared for comparative purposes without TA. The first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were performed respectively at 0.05 C, 0.05 C and 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C.
• Figure 5 shows a capacity significantly lower than the expected capacity and significant capacity loss with cycling.
• the influence of the presence of TA in the binder is demonstrated in Figure 6 which displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 5.
• the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were performed respectively at 0.05 C, 0.05 C and 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C.
• Figure 6 shows a higher capacity than that of Cell 4.
• the influence of TA in the binder is also demonstrated in Figure 7 which displays four charge and discharge cycles for Cell 6.
• the first cycle (solid line) was performed at 0.05 C at a temperature of 25 °C
• the second cycle (dashed line) was carried out at 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C
• the third cycle (dash dot line) was performed at 0.2 C at a temperature of 45 °C
• the fourth cycle (dotted line) was carried out at 0.2 C at a temperature of 45 °C.
• Figure 7 shows that after the first cycle the capacity loss becomes less significant.
• Figure 8 displays four charge and discharge cycles for Cell 7.
• the first cycle (solid line) was carried out at 0.05 C at a temperature of 25 °C
• the second cycle (dashed line) was performed at 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C
• the third cycle (dash dot line) was carried out at 0.2 C at a temperature of 45 °C
• the fourth cycle (dotted line) was performed at 0.2 C at a temperature of 45 °C.
• Figure 8 shows that after the first cycle the capacity loss becomes less significant. The influence of temperature is also demonstrated.
• Figure 19 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 13.
• the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were performed respectively at 0.05, 0.05 C and 0.1 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 25 °C.
• Figure 20 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 14.
• the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were performed respectively at 0.05, 0.05 C and 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C.
• Figure 9 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 8 prepared for comparative purposes without TA.
• the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were performed respectively at 0.05 C, 0.05 C and 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C.
• Figure 9 shows a significant capacity loss with cycling.
• Figure 10 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 9.
• the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were at 0.05 C, 0.05 C, 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C.
• Figure 10 shows no significant capacity loss with cycling. Effectively showing that a binder comprising PVOH and TA may be a suitable binder candidate for silicon-graphite composite electrodes.
• Figure 1 1 displays four charge and discharge cycles for Cell 10.
• the first cycle was carried out at 0.05 C (solid line) at a temperature of 25 °C
• the second cycle was performed at 0.1 C (dashed line) at a temperature of 25 °C
• the third cycle was carried out at 0.2 C (dash dot line) at a temperature of 45 °C
• the fourth cycle was performed at 0.2 C (dotted line) at a temperature of 45 °C.
• Figure 11 shows that after the first cycle the capacity loss becomes less significant. The influence of the temperature is also demonstrated.
• Figure 21 displays three charge and discharge cycles for Cell 15, the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were 0.05 C, 0.05 C and 0.1 C at a temperature of 25
• Cell 15 has a lower capacity. However, Cell 15 has a lower capacity loss with cycling.
• Figure 22 displays three charge and discharge cycles, the first (solid line), second (dashed line) and third (dotted line) cycles were at 0.05 C, 0.05 C and 0.1 C at a temperature of 25 °C for Cell 16. In comparison with Cell 14 ( Figure 20) and Cell 12 ( Figure 18), Cell 16 has a lower capacity.
• Figure 12 displays a graph representing the capacity retention (%) versus the number of cycles for Cell 4 (white triangle line), Cell 5 (black triangle line), Cell 8 (white circle line) and for Cell 9 (black circle line).
• Figure 12 effectively demonstrates that the presence of TA positively influences the capacity retention with cycling.
• Figure 12 also establishes that lower wt.% of Si in the electrochemically active material results in improved capacity retention.
• PVOH capacity (mAh/g) versus the number of cycles
• Figure 13 displays a graph representing the capacity (mAh g _1 ) versus the number of cycles for Cell 4 (white triangle line), Cell 5 (black triangle line), Cell 8 (white circle line) and for Cell 9 (black circle line).
• Figure 13 effectively demonstrate that the presence of TA in the binder positively influences the capacity.
• f Amylopectin-TA capacity retention (%) versus the number of cycles
• Figure 14 displays the capacity retention (%) as a function of the number of cycles for Cell 7 (black triangle line), for Cell 4 (white triangle line), for Cell 1 (white square line) and for Cell 2 (black square line). As expected, the capacity retention (%) decrease more rapidly with increasing content (wt. %) in SiO x in the electrochemically active material composition.
• the presence of TA in the hydrogel binder positively influences the capacity.
• g) Amylopectin -TA capacity (mAh/g) versus the number of cycles Capacity (mAh/g) measured as a function of the number of cycles for Cell 1 (white square line), for Cell 2 (black square line), for Cell 4 (white triangle line), and for Cell 7 (black triangle line) is shown in Figure 15.
• Figure 16 displays the capacity retention (%) versus the number of cycles for Cell 10 (black circle line), and for Cell 6 (black triangle line). As expected, the capacity retention (%) decrease more drastically with increasing (wt. %) of SiO x in the electrochemically active material composition.

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