WO2019168138A1 - 複合半透膜および複合半透膜エレメント - Google Patents
複合半透膜および複合半透膜エレメント Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2019168138A1 WO2019168138A1 PCT/JP2019/007966 JP2019007966W WO2019168138A1 WO 2019168138 A1 WO2019168138 A1 WO 2019168138A1 JP 2019007966 W JP2019007966 W JP 2019007966W WO 2019168138 A1 WO2019168138 A1 WO 2019168138A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- semipermeable membrane
- composite semipermeable
- polymer
- coating layer
- layer
- Prior art date
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- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
- B01D69/1216—Three or more layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semipermeable membrane useful for selective separation of a liquid mixture, and relates to a composite semipermeable membrane excellent in water permeability and dirt resistance.
- Membranes used for membrane separation of liquid mixtures include microfiltration membranes, ultrafiltration membranes, nanofiltration membranes, and reverse osmosis membranes. These membranes can be used for beverages from, for example, water containing salt or harmful substances. It is used to obtain water, to manufacture industrial ultrapure water, to treat wastewater, to recover valuable materials.
- a separation functional layer made of a crosslinked polyamide obtained by polycondensation reaction between a polyfunctional amine and a polyfunctional acid halide is used.
- a composite semipermeable membrane (Patent Document 1) obtained by coating on a microporous support membrane is widely used as a separation membrane having high permeability and selective separation.
- Patent Document 2 As a method for improving the adhesion of dirt, a method of neutralizing the charged state by coating polyvinyl alcohol on the surface of the separation functional layer to suppress fouling (see Patent Document 2), a coating layer containing polyalkylene oxide A method (Patent Documents 3 and 4) has been proposed.
- the present invention comprises any one of the following configurations [1] to [10].
- a composite semipermeable membrane having a microporous support layer, a separation functional layer disposed on the microporous support layer, and a coating layer covering the separation functional layer,
- the separation functional layer contains a crosslinked polyamide which is a condensate of a polyfunctional aromatic amine and a polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride,
- the said coating layer is a composite semipermeable membrane containing the aliphatic polymer containing a polyether site
- n is an integer of 1 or more and 100 or less
- x and y are each independently an integer of 1 or more and 50 or less
- R represents a methyl group.
- [5] The composite semipermeable membrane according to any one of [2] to [4], wherein the aliphatic polymer has a crosslinked structure.
- [6] The composite semipermeable membrane according to [5], wherein the crosslinked structure includes an amide bond.
- [7] The composite semipermeable membrane according to any one of [1] to [6], which satisfies the following conditions (A), (B), (C), and (D): (A) In a difference spectrum between an IR spectrum measured under conditions of 25 ° C.
- the present invention it is possible to obtain a composite semipermeable membrane that exhibits a small amount of reduced water production when operating in seawater with a high salt concentration and a high heavy metal ion concentration, and exhibits a high water production amount.
- FIG. 1 is a drawing schematically showing a method for measuring the height of convex portions on the film surface.
- the composite semipermeable membrane according to the present invention includes a support membrane, a separation functional layer formed on the support membrane, and a coating layer that covers the separation functional layer.
- the support membrane includes a microporous support layer, and the separation functional layer is disposed on the microporous support layer.
- the separation functional layer has substantially separation performance, and the support membrane permeates water but does not substantially have separation performance of ions and the like, and can give strength to the separation functional layer.
- a support film is provided with a base material and a microporous support layer.
- the present invention is not limited to this configuration.
- the support membrane may have only a microporous support layer without having a base material.
- Substrates of the substrate include polyester polymers, polyamide polymers, polyolefin polymers, and mixtures or copolymers thereof. Among them, a polyester polymer fabric having high mechanical and thermal stability is particularly preferable. As the form of the fabric, a long fiber nonwoven fabric, a short fiber nonwoven fabric, or a woven or knitted fabric can be preferably used.
- the microporous support layer has substantially no separation performance for ions and the like, and gives strength to the separation functional layer having substantially the separation performance. It is.
- the size and distribution of the pores of the microporous support layer are not particularly limited. For example, uniform and fine pores, or the size of the fine pores on the surface on the side where the separation functional layer is formed, with gradually increasing large pores from the surface on the side where the separation functional layer is formed to the other surface.
- a microporous support layer having a thickness of 0.1 nm to 100 nm is preferable.
- the material used for the support layer and its shape are not particularly limited.
- cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate can be used as the cellulose polymer
- polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile and the like can be used as the vinyl polymer.
- homopolymers or copolymers such as polysulfone, polyamide, polyester, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyphenylene sulfide, and polyphenylene sulfide sulfone are preferable. More preferred is cellulose acetate, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide sulfone, or polyphenylene sulfone. Furthermore, among these materials, polysulfone is generally used because of its high chemical, mechanical and thermal stability and easy molding.
- the polysulfone preferably has a mass average molecular weight (Mw) of 10,000 or more and 200,000 or less when measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using N-methylpyrrolidone as a solvent and polystyrene as a standard substance. 15000 or more and 100000 or less.
- Mw mass average molecular weight
- Mw of polysulfone is 10,000 or more, mechanical strength and heat resistance preferable as a microporous support layer can be obtained. Moreover, when Mw is 200000 or less, the viscosity of the solution falls within an appropriate range, and good moldability can be realized.
- the thickness of the substrate and the microporous support layer affects the strength of the composite semipermeable membrane and the packing density when it is used as an element.
- the total thickness of the substrate and the microporous support layer is preferably 30 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 100 ⁇ m or more and 220 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the microporous support layer is preferably 20 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness means an average value.
- the average value represents an arithmetic average value.
- the thickness of the substrate and the microporous support layer can be obtained by calculating an average value of the thicknesses of 20 points measured at intervals of 20 ⁇ m in a direction orthogonal to the thickness direction (film surface direction) in cross-sectional observation. .
- a microporous material is obtained by applying a N, N-dimethylformamide (hereinafter referred to as DMF) solution of the above polysulfone on a substrate and wet coagulating it in water.
- DMF N, N-dimethylformamide
- the separation functional layer contains a crosslinked aromatic polyamide.
- the separation functional layer preferably contains a crosslinked aromatic polyamide as a main component.
- the main component refers to a component occupying 50% by weight or more of the components of the separation functional layer.
- the separation functional layer can exhibit high removal performance by containing 50% by weight or more of the crosslinked aromatic polyamide.
- the content of the crosslinked aromatic polyamide in the separation functional layer is preferably 80% by weight or more, and more preferably 90% by weight or more.
- the crosslinked aromatic polyamide can be formed by chemically reacting a polyfunctional aromatic amine and a polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride.
- a polyfunctional aromatic amine and a polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride contains a trifunctional or higher functional compound. Thereby, a rigid molecular chain is obtained, and a good pore structure for removing fine solutes such as hydrated ions and boron is formed.
- the polyfunctional aromatic amine has two or more amino groups of at least one of a primary amino group and a secondary amino group in one molecule, and at least one of the amino groups is a primary amino group.
- An aromatic amine that is an amino group is meant.
- the polyfunctional aromatic amine include o-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine, o-xylylenediamine, m-xylylenediamine, p-xylylenediamine, o-diaminopyridine, m- 1,3,5-triaminobenzene, a polyfunctional aromatic amine in which two amino groups such as diaminopyridine and p-diaminopyridine are bonded to an aromatic ring in any of the ortho, meta, and para positions 1, 2,4-triaminobenzene, 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid, 3-aminobenzylamine, polyfunctional aromatic amines such as 4-amin
- m-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine, and 1,3,5-triaminobenzene are preferably used in consideration of the selective separation property, permeability, and heat resistance of the membrane.
- m-phenylenediamine hereinafter also referred to as m-PDA
- m-PDA polyfunctional aromatic amines may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride refers to an aromatic acid chloride having at least two chlorocarbonyl groups in one molecule.
- trifunctional acid chlorides can include trimesic acid chloride
- bifunctional acid chlorides can include biphenyl dicarboxylic acid dichloride, azobenzene dicarboxylic acid dichloride, terephthalic acid chloride, isophthalic acid chloride, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid chloride, and the like. Can do.
- polyfunctional aromatic acid chlorides having 2 to 4 carbonyl chloride groups in one molecule are preferable.
- the separation functional layer can be obtained by forming a crosslinked aromatic polyamide by chemically reacting a polyfunctional aromatic amine and a polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride.
- the chemical reaction method the interfacial polymerization method is most preferable from the viewpoints of productivity and performance.
- the step of interfacial polymerization will be described.
- the step of interfacial polymerization includes (a) a step of bringing an aqueous solution containing a polyfunctional aromatic amine into contact with the porous support layer, and (b) a porous support layer in contact with an aqueous solution containing the polyfunctional aromatic amine.
- a step of draining the organic solvent solution after the reaction includes (a) a step of bringing an aqueous solution containing a polyfunctional aromatic amine into contact with the porous support layer, and (b) a porous support layer in contact with an aqueous solution containing the polyfunctional aromatic amine.
- the support membrane includes a base material and a microporous support layer is taken as an example.
- the “microporous support layer” is referred to as “support membrane”.
- the concentration of the polyfunctional aromatic amine in the polyfunctional aromatic amine aqueous solution is preferably in the range of 0.1 wt% to 20 wt%, more preferably 0.5 wt% to 15 wt%. Within the range of% by weight or less. When the concentration of the polyfunctional aromatic amine is within this range, sufficient solute removal performance and water permeability can be obtained.
- the contact of the polyfunctional aromatic amine aqueous solution is preferably performed uniformly and continuously on the microporous support layer.
- Specific examples include a method of coating a polyfunctional aromatic amine aqueous solution on a microporous support layer, a method of immersing the microporous support layer in a polyfunctional aromatic amine aqueous solution, and the like.
- the contact time between the microporous support layer and the polyfunctional aromatic amine aqueous solution is preferably 1 second or longer and 10 minutes or shorter, and more preferably 10 seconds or longer and 3 minutes or shorter.
- the liquid After the polyfunctional aromatic amine aqueous solution is brought into contact with the microporous support layer, the liquid is sufficiently drained so that no droplets remain on the membrane. By sufficiently draining the liquid, it is possible to prevent the remaining portion of the liquid droplet from becoming a membrane defect after the formation of the microporous support layer and the removal performance from being deteriorated.
- a method for draining for example, as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2-78428, the support membrane after contacting with the polyfunctional aromatic amine aqueous solution is vertically gripped to allow the excess aqueous solution to flow down naturally. Or a method of forcibly draining an air stream such as nitrogen from an air nozzle.
- the membrane surface can be dried to partially remove water from the aqueous solution.
- the concentration of the polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride in the organic solvent solution (solution A and solution B) is preferably in the range of 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, preferably 0.02% by weight to 2.0% by weight. % Or less is more preferable. This is because a sufficient reaction rate can be obtained by setting the concentration of the polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride to 0.01% by weight or more, and the occurrence of side reactions can be suppressed by setting the concentration to 10% by weight or less. .
- the organic solvent is preferably one that is immiscible with water and dissolves the polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride and does not break the support membrane, and is inert to the polyfunctional aromatic amine and polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride. If there is something.
- Preferable examples include hydrocarbon compounds such as n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane, isooctane, isodecane, isododecane, and mixed solvents.
- the method of contacting the microporous support layer in contact with the polyfunctional aromatic amine aqueous solution of the organic solvent solution of the polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride is a method of coating the microporous support layer with the polyfunctional aromatic amine aqueous solution. The same may be done.
- step (c) the solution B in which the polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride is dissolved is brought into contact and heated.
- the temperature for the heat treatment is 50 ° C. or higher and 180 ° C. or lower, preferably 60 ° C. or higher and 160 ° C. or lower. By heating in this range, a synergistic effect of promoting the interfacial polymerization reaction by heat and solution concentration can be obtained.
- step (d) the organic solvent is removed by a step of draining the organic solvent solution after the reaction.
- the organic solvent can be removed by, for example, a method in which the membrane is vertically held and the excess organic solvent is allowed to flow down and removed, a method in which the organic solvent is dried and removed by blowing air with a blower, and a mixed fluid of water and air. The method of removing excess organic solvent can be used.
- the composite semipermeable membrane has a coating layer on the surface.
- the coating layer has a function of substantially suppressing the adhesion of dirt.
- the coating layer contains an aliphatic polymer having a polyether moiety and a carboxylic acid polymer moiety.
- the water permeability decreases.
- the carboxylic acid polymer portion can retain water of hydration, it is possible to suppress the adhesion of heavy metals and further the decrease in water permeability due thereto.
- the polymer constituting the coating layer as in the present invention includes not only the carboxylic acid polymer moiety but also the polyether moiety.
- the polyether moiety is an moiety having an ether group and having 2 or more carbon atoms.
- the polyether moiety preferably contains a structure represented by —O—CH 2 —CH 2 —, —O—CH (CH 3 ) —CH 2 —.
- the polyether moiety may be linear or branched. That is, the polyether moiety is preferably a linear or branched polymer containing a polyalkylene oxide moiety, particularly a polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol moiety. More specifically, the polyether moiety preferably includes at least one structure included in the following structural group (I).
- n is an integer of 1 or more and 100 or less
- x and y are each independently an integer of 1 or more and 50 or less
- R represents a methyl group.
- the weight fraction of the polyether portion in the coating layer is preferably 30% or more.
- the aliphatic polymer contains a carboxylic acid polymer moiety, the amount of water contained in the coating layer can be controlled, and appropriate hydrophilicity can be imparted. Moreover, by having a carboxylic acid terminal, it can function as a starting point of the reaction with the later-described crosslinking or membrane.
- the carboxylic acid polymer include a polymer having a terminal carboxy group such as polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, and polyglutamic acid, or a copolymer containing the polymer moiety. At this time, the polymer may be linear or branched.
- the weight fraction of the carboxylic acid polymer portion in the coating layer is preferably 5% or more, and more preferably 20% or more.
- a polymer such as nylon or polyester in which the carboxy group is mostly esterified or amidated and does not substantially remain as a functional group is inappropriate from the above viewpoint and is not included in the carboxylic acid polymer.
- the carboxylic acid polymer moiety is preferably 50% or less.
- the crosslinked structure means a structure in which polymers are linked in a network by covalent bonds.
- examples of the crosslinked structure include a structure in which a linear polymer is crosslinked using a crosslinking agent, a structure in which a three-dimensional network polymer, a pendant polymer, or a dendrimer is connected at a plurality of locations.
- crosslinking there are various methods for crosslinking, and examples thereof include a method using an addition reaction, a radical reaction, and a condensation reaction. Among them, a method of forming an amide bond by condensation using a residue of a carboxylic acid polymer is preferable because a crosslinked polymer having appropriate chemical durability and hydrophilicity can be easily formed.
- a polyether having an amino group When a polyether having an amino group is used, an amide bond can be formed by condensing the amino group and the carboxy group of the carboxylic acid polymer.
- polyethers having an amino group include Huntsman's JEFFAMINE (registered trademark) Diamines (D, ED, EDR series), JEFFAMINE (registered trademark) Triamines (T series), and the like.
- the coating layer is formed on the surface of the separation functional layer.
- An aliphatic polymer may be applied onto the separation functional layer to form a coating layer, or a coating layer may be formed by immersing a film containing the separation functional layer in a solution containing an aliphatic polymer.
- a coating layer may be formed by reacting a material that is a raw material of the aliphatic polymer on the surface of the separation functional layer.
- a solution of an aliphatic polymer may be passed through to form a coating layer.
- the carboxy group of the carboxylic acid polymer may be converted to a chlorocarbonyl group and then condensed with the amino group, or condensation may be promoted. You may make it condense using an agent.
- condensation accelerator examples include sulfuric acid, 4- (4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) -4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM), 1- (3-dimethylamino Propyl) -3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, N, N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, N, N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide, N, N′-carbonyldiimidazole, 1,1′-carbonyldi (1,2,4-triazole) ) 1H-benzotriazol-1-yloxytris (dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, 1H-benzotriazol-1-yloxytris (dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, (7-azabenzotriazole -1-yloxy) tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophospho
- reaction time and concentration can be appropriately adjusted depending on the solvent, condensing agent and the structure of the compound to be used, but from the viewpoint of productivity, the reaction time is preferably within 24 hours, more preferably within 12 hours, and within 6 hours. Is more preferable and within 1 hour is particularly preferable.
- the residual compound may be removed and purified.
- the coating layer and the separation functional layer may be connected to each other by chemical bonding.
- the chemical bond between the coating layer and the separation functional layer is preferably a covalent bond, and the functional group possessed by the polymer constituting each layer can be used, and the chemical durability is maintained at a high level.
- the chemical bond between the coating layer and the separation functional layer is particularly preferably an amide bond.
- an amide bond is formed by the reaction between the amino group of the aliphatic polymer and the carboxy group of the crosslinked aromatic polyamide forming the separation functional layer, or the separation functional layer is formed with the carboxy group of the aliphatic polymer.
- an amide bond can be formed between the coating layer and the separation functional layer.
- the amide bond is formed when the crosslinked aromatic polyamide constituting the separation functional layer comes into contact with the aliphatic polyamide.
- a chemical reaction may be performed between the coating layer and the separation functional layer.
- a chemical reaction may be performed between the coating layer and the separation functional layer.
- a chemical reaction may be performed between the coating layer and the separation functional layer.
- amide bond formation with the crosslinked aromatic polyamide that forms the separation functional layer may be performed at the same time.
- the carboxy group is preferably kept in a high reaction activity state as necessary.
- the reaction between the chlorocarbonyl group possessed by the crosslinked aromatic polyamide immediately after the interfacial polymerization and the amino group possessed by the aliphatic polyamide may be utilized, or various reaction aids (condensation accelerators) may be utilized. It is also preferable for amide bond formation in high efficiency and in a short time.
- the condensation accelerator the same compounds as exemplified in (3-2) can be preferably used.
- reaction time and concentration for amide bond formation between the coating layer and the separation functional layer can be adjusted as appropriate depending on the chemical structure of the solvent, condensing agent and polymer used, but from the viewpoint of productivity, the reaction time is 24. Within hours, preferably within 1 hour, more preferably within 10 minutes. After completion of the reaction, it is preferable to wash the obtained composite semipermeable membrane with water, hot water or an appropriate organic solvent to remove the reactive compound.
- the maximum peak intensity between 3700 and 2900 cm ⁇ 1 representing the stretching vibration of the OH bond of the water molecule is 0.08 or more
- a peak top wavenumber between 2900 cm -1 from 3700 representing the stretching vibration of water molecules in O-H bond is 3400 cm -1 or more and 3550c If it is 1 or less, high effect of suppressing the adhesion of dirt and water production amount decline at the time of operating at high salt concentrations, high heavy metal ion concentration seawater were found to be smaller.
- a saturated salt method described in JIS B 7920 can be used as a method for adjusting the relative humidity at a certain temperature.
- the IR spectrum of the laminated semipermeable membrane can be measured by total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR).
- the present inventors have measured the coating layer side of the composite semipermeable membrane using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry for the membrane obtained by applying the above polymer to a crosslinked aromatic polyamide.
- the peak of positive and negative secondary ions satisfies the following equations (1) and (2) at the same time, the decrease in the amount of fresh water produced when operating in seawater with a high salt concentration / high heavy metal ion concentration is small.
- the count numbers of positive secondary ions m / z 45.03, 59.05, 104.03, 108.07, and 135.06 are a, b, c, d, and e, respectively.
- 104.03, 108.07, 135.06 are ions derived from the partial structure of aromatic polyamide (C 7 H 4 O + , C 6 H 8 N 2 +).
- 71.02 is an ion derived from the polyacrylic acid moiety when the aliphatic polymer contains a polyacrylic acid moiety ( C 3 H 3 O 2 ⁇ ), 103.02, 107.06, 133.04 are ions derived from the partial structure of aromatic polyamide (C 7 H 3 O ⁇ , C 6 H 7 N 2 ⁇ , C 7 H 5 2 O - attributable to).
- the convex part on the film surface in the present invention means a convex part having a height of 1/5 or more of the 10-point average surface roughness.
- the 10-point average surface roughness is a value obtained by the following calculation method. First, a cross section perpendicular to the film surface is observed with an electron microscope at the following magnification. In the obtained cross-sectional image, the surface (indicated by reference numeral “1” in FIG.
- the height of the convex portion and the depth of the concave portion are measured using the average line as a reference line.
- the average value is calculated for the absolute values of the heights H1 to H5 of the five convex parts from the highest convex part to the fifth height, and the depth gradually decreases from the deepest concave part.
- the average value is calculated for the absolute values of the depths D1 to D5 of the five recesses up to the fifth depth, and the sum of the absolute values of the two average values obtained is calculated. The sum thus obtained is the 10-point average surface roughness.
- the height of the convex portion can be measured with a transmission electron microscope.
- a sample is embedded with a water-soluble polymer in order to prepare an ultrathin section for a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- Any water-soluble polymer may be used as long as it can maintain the shape of the sample.
- PVA can be used.
- OsO 4 is stained with OsO 4 and cut with an ultramicrotome to produce an ultrathin section.
- a cross-sectional photograph is taken of the obtained ultrathin section using TEM.
- the height of the convex part can be analyzed by reading a cross-sectional photograph into image analysis software. At this time, the height of a convex part is a value measured about the convex part which has a height of 1/5 or more of 10-point average surface roughness.
- the height of the convex portion is measured as follows. In the composite semipermeable membrane, when observing arbitrary 10 cross-sections, the height of the convex portion which is 1/5 or more of the above-mentioned 10-point average surface roughness is measured in each cross-section.
- each cross section has a width of 2.0 ⁇ m in the direction of the average line of the roughness curve.
- the height of the convex part affects the surface area of the film. Since the ratio of the height of the convex portion in the present invention is 100 nm or more is 80% or more, high water permeability is obtained. More preferably, the ratio of 100 nm or more is 84% or more.
- a composite semipermeable membrane is composed of a plurality of pores together with a feed water channel material such as plastic net, a permeate channel material such as tricot, and a film for increasing pressure resistance as required. Is wound around a cylindrical water collecting pipe and is suitably used as a spiral composite semipermeable membrane element. Furthermore, a composite semipermeable membrane module in which these elements are connected in series or in parallel and accommodated in a pressure vessel can be obtained.
- the above-described composite semipermeable membrane, its elements, and modules can be combined with a pump for supplying supply water to them, a device for pretreating the supply water, and the like to constitute a fluid separation device.
- a separation device it is possible to separate the supplied water into permeated water such as drinking water and concentrated water that has not permeated through the membrane, thereby obtaining water that meets the purpose.
- TDS Total Dissolved Solids: total dissolved solids
- mass ⁇ volume or “weight ratio”.
- the solution filtered through a 0.45 micron filter can be calculated from the weight of the residue by evaporating at a temperature of 39.5 ° C. or higher and 40.5 ° C. or lower. Convert from.
- the operating pressure at the time of permeation is preferably 0.5 MPa or more and 10 MPa or less.
- the solute removal rate decreases, but as the supply water temperature decreases, the membrane permeation flux also decreases. Therefore, it is preferably 5 ° C. or higher and 45 ° C. or lower.
- scales such as magnesium may be generated in the case of feed water having a high solute concentration such as seawater, and there is a concern about deterioration of the membrane due to high pH operation. Is preferred.
- a 40 ° C. decane solution containing 0.165% by mass of trimesic acid chloride (TMC) was applied so that the surface was completely wetted and allowed to stand for 1 minute.
- TMC trimesic acid chloride
- decane solution containing 0.165% by mass of trimesic acid chloride (TMC) was applied so that the surface was completely wetted and allowed to stand for 1 minute. After that, the excess solution was removed by removing the solution with the membrane vertical, and dried by heating at 80 ° C. for 1 minute to obtain a composite semipermeable membrane having a crosslinked aromatic polyamide separation functional layer.
- TMC trimesic acid chloride
- Examples 1 to 12 After dissolving the compounds shown in Tables 1 and 2 in pure water at the concentrations shown in Table 1, 4- (4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) -4- Methylmorpholinium chloride was dissolved to a concentration of 1000 ppm and stirred at 25 ° C. for 1 hour to prepare a polymer solution. The obtained polymer solution was applied to the separation functional layer side surface of the composite semipermeable membrane having the crosslinked aromatic polyamide separation functional layer obtained in (Reference Example 1), and allowed to stand at 25 ° C. for 10 minutes. A composite semipermeable membrane having a coating layer was produced by washing with water.
- Examples 13 to 14 The compounds shown in Tables 1 and 2 were dissolved in pure water at the concentrations shown in Table 1, and then stirred at 25 ° C. for 5 minutes to prepare polymer solutions.
- the obtained polymer solution was applied to the separation functional layer side surface of the composite semipermeable membrane having the crosslinked aromatic polyamide separation functional layer obtained in (Reference Example 1), and allowing to stand at 25 ° C. for 1 hour, A composite semipermeable membrane having a coating layer was produced.
- Examples 15 to 16 After dissolving the compounds shown in Tables 1 and 2 in pure water at the concentrations shown in Table 1, 4- (4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) -4- Methylmorpholinium chloride was dissolved to a concentration of 1000 ppm and stirred at 25 ° C. for 1 hour to prepare a polymer solution. The obtained polymer solution was applied to the separation functional layer side surface of the composite semipermeable membrane having the crosslinked aromatic polyamide separation functional layer obtained in (Reference Example 2), and allowed to stand at 25 ° C. for 10 minutes. A composite semipermeable membrane having a coating layer was produced by washing with water.
- Example 17 After preparing a polymer solution in the same manner as in Example 3, the polymer solution was once concentrated and purified to remove the condensing agent. The polymer was dissolved again in pure water to a concentration of 1200 ppm, and then a composite semipermeable membrane was produced by the same operation as in Example 3.
- a saturated salt solution is put in a container having a capacity of 2.7 L, and a membrane (area: about 2 cm 2 ) immersed in water is put in a wet state so as not to come into contact with the saturated salt solution. And then left to stand in an incubator at 25 ° C. for 30 days.
- the IR spectrum was measured by total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR).
- the measuring machine is an Avatar 360 FT-IR measuring machine manufactured by Nicolet Corporation.
- OMNI-Sampler single reflection type horizontal ATR measuring device
- germanium ATR crystal used to measure the sample surface.
- the resolution was set to 4 cm ⁇ 1 and the number of scans was set to 256 times. Measurements were taken immediately after the composite semipermeable membrane equilibrated under the above conditions was taken out. Moreover, the spectrum obtained was represented by absorbance, and auto baseline correction was performed.
- the composite semipermeable membrane comprising a convex height covering layer embedded in PVA, stained with OsO 4, to prepare an ultra-thin sections which were cut with an ultramicrotome.
- a cross-sectional photograph of the obtained ultrathin slice was taken using a transmission electron microscope.
- a cross-sectional photograph taken with a transmission electron microscope was read into image analysis software, the height of the convex portion and the depth of the concave portion at a distance of 2.0 ⁇ m were measured, and the 10-point average surface roughness was calculated as described above. Based on this 10-point average surface roughness, the height of the protrusion was measured for a protrusion having a height of 1/5 or more of the 10-point average surface roughness. The above measurement was repeated until the height value of the convex portion exceeded 100 points, and the proportion of the convex portion having a height of 100 nm or more was determined.
- Table 4 shows the membrane performance of the composite semipermeable membranes obtained in the above Examples and Comparative Examples. As shown in the Examples, it can be seen that the composite semipermeable membrane of the present invention has a high salt concentration / high heavy metal ion concentration with a small amount of decrease in the amount of water produced in seawater and is compatible with high water permeability.
Abstract
Description
[1]微多孔性支持層と、前記微多孔性支持層上に配置された分離機能層と、前記分離機能層を被覆する被覆層と、を有する複合半透膜であって、
前記分離機能層は、多官能芳香族アミンと多官能芳香族酸クロリドとの縮合物である架橋ポリアミドを含有し、
前記被覆層は、ポリエーテル部位とカルボン酸ポリマー部位を含む脂肪族ポリマーを含有する、複合半透膜。
[2]前記脂肪族ポリマーにおけるポリエーテル部位の重量分率が30%以上である、前記[1]に記載の複合半透膜。
[3]前記脂肪族ポリマーにおけるカルボン酸ポリマー部位の重量分率が20%以上である、前記[2]に記載の複合半透膜。
[4]前記ポリエーテル部位が下記構造群(I)に含まれる1種類以上の構造を有する、前記[2]または[3]に記載の複合半透膜。
[5]前記脂肪族ポリマーが、架橋構造を有する、前記[2]~[4]のいずれか1つに記載の複合半透膜。
[6]前記架橋構造が、アミド結合を含む、前記[5]に記載の複合半透膜。
[7]下記条件(A)、(B)、(C)および(D)を満たす、前記[1]~[6]のいずれか1項に記載の複合半透膜。
(A)25℃、相対湿度97%の条件下で測定されるIRスペクトルと、25℃、相対湿度3%の条件下で測定されるIRスペクトルとの差スペクトルにおいて、3700~2900cm-1間の最大ピークの強度が0.08以上である。
(B)前記差スペクトルの3700~2900cm-1間のピークトップ波数が3400cm-1以上かつ3550cm-1以下である。
(C)飛行時間型二次イオン質量分析法を用いて前記複合半透膜の被覆層側を測定したとき、正2次イオンm/z=45.03,59.05,104.03,108.07,135.06のカウント数をそれぞれa,b,c,d,eとしたとき、(式1)を満たす。
(a+b)/(c+d+e) ≧ 10 …(1)
(D)飛行時間型二次イオン質量分析法を用いて前記複合半透膜の被覆層側を測定したとき、負2次イオンm/z=71.02,103.02,107.06,133.04のカウント数をそれぞれf,g,h,iとしたとき、(式2)を満たす。
f/(g+h+i) ≧ 1 …(2)
[8]前記被覆層に含まれるポリマーと、前記分離機能層に含まれる架橋芳香族ポリアミドが、アミド結合により互いに結合している、前記[1]~[7]のいずれか1つに記載の複合半透膜。
[9]前記被覆層が、凸部と凹部とを備えるひだ構造を有し、前記ひだ構造の前記凸部において高さが100nm以上である割合が80%以上である、前記[1]~[8]のいずれか1つに記載の複合半透膜。
[10]前記[1]~[9]のいずれか1つに記載の複合半透膜を備えた、複合半透膜エレメント。
なお、本明細書において、質量で表される全ての百分率や部は、重量で表される百分率や部と同様である。
本発明に係る複合半透膜は、支持膜と、支持膜上に形成される分離機能層と、分離機能層を被覆する被覆層とを備える。支持膜は微多孔性支持層を備え、分離機能層は前記微多孔性支持層上に配置される。前記分離機能層は実質的に分離性能を有するものであり、支持膜は水を透過するものの実質的にイオン等の分離性能を有さず、分離機能層に強度を与えることができる。
本実施形態では、支持膜は、基材および微多孔性支持層を備える。ただし、本発明はこの構成に限定されるものではない。例えば、支持膜は、基材を持たず、微多孔性支持層のみで構成されていてもよい。
基材としては、ポリエステル系重合体、ポリアミド系重合体、ポリオレフィン系重合体、及びこれらの混合物又は共重合体等が挙げられる。中でも、機械的、熱的に安定性の高いポリエステル系重合体の布帛が特に好ましい。布帛の形態としては、長繊維不織布や短繊維不織布、さらには織編物を好ましく用いることができる。
本発明において微多孔性支持層は、イオン等の分離性能を実質的に有さず、分離性能を実質的に有する分離機能層に強度を与えるためのものである。微多孔性支持層の孔のサイズや分布は特に限定されない。例えば、均一で微細な孔、又は分離機能層が形成される側の表面からもう一方の面まで徐々に大きな微細孔をもち、かつ、分離機能層が形成される側の表面で微細孔の大きさが0.1nm以上100nm以下であるような微多孔性支持層が好ましい。支持層に使用する材料やその形状は特に限定されない。
例えば、上記ポリスルホンのN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(以降、DMFと記載)溶液を、基材上に塗布し、それを水中で湿式凝固させることによって、微多孔性支持層を得ることができる。
(2-1)分離機能層の化学構造
分離機能層は、架橋芳香族ポリアミドを含有する。特に、分離機能層は、架橋芳香族ポリアミドを主成分として含有することが好ましい。主成分とは分離機能層の成分のうち、50重量%以上を占める成分を指す。分離機能層は、架橋芳香族ポリアミドを50重量%以上含むことにより、高い除去性能を発現することができる。また、分離機能層における架橋芳香族ポリアミドの含有率は80重量%以上であることが好ましく、90重量%以上であることがより好ましい。
分離機能層は、多官能芳香族アミン、多官能芳香族酸クロリドを化学反応させることにより架橋芳香族ポリアミドを形成することで得られる。化学反応の方法として、界面重合法が生産性、性能の観点から最も好ましい。以下、界面重合の工程について説明する。
複合半透膜は、表面に被覆層を有する。被覆層は、実質的に汚れの付着を抑制する機能を有する。
被覆層は、ポリエーテル部位及びカルボン酸ポリマー部位を有する脂肪族ポリマーを含有する。
重金属イオンが膜に付着すると、透水性が低下する。それに対して、カルボン酸ポリマー部位は水和水を保持することができるので、重金属の付着、さらにはそれによる透水性の低下を抑制することができる。また、水中の塩の濃度が高くなるとカルボン酸ポリマー部位が保持できる水和水の量が減少するが、本発明のように被覆層を構成するポリマーがカルボン酸ポリマー部位だけでなくポリエーテル部位を持つことで、水和水の運動性が向上し、水和水の量が減っても、膜のファウリングを効果的に抑制することができる。
こうして、高重金属イオン濃度かつ高塩濃度の条件下で運転しても、造水量の低下幅が小さい膜が実現される。
被覆層は、分離機能層表面に形成される。脂肪族ポリマーを分離機能層上に塗布して被覆層を形成してもよいし、脂肪族ポリマーを含む溶液に分離機能層を含む膜を浸漬して被覆層を形成してもよい。また、脂肪族ポリマーの原料となる物質を分離機能層表面で反応させ、被覆層を形成してもよい。さらに、後述する複合半透膜エレメントを作成してから脂肪族ポリマーの溶液を通液処理して、被覆層を形成してもよい。
被覆層と分離機能層は、互いに化学結合により繋がっていてもよい。被覆層と分離機能層が化学結合を形成している場合、被覆層がより安定的に存在できるので、より好ましい。被覆層と分離機能層との間の化学結合は、共有結合であることが好ましく、各々の層を構成するポリマーの保有する官能基を使用できる点と、化学的耐久性を高いレベルで保持する観点から、被覆層と分離機能層との間の化学結合は、アミド結合であることが特に好ましい。具体的には、脂肪族ポリマーのアミノ基と、分離機能層を形成する架橋芳香族ポリアミドのカルボキシ基との反応によりアミド結合を形成するか、脂肪族ポリマーのカルボキシ基と、分離機能層を形成する架橋芳香族ポリアミドのアミノ基との反応によりアミド結合を形成することで、被覆層と分離機能層との間にアミド結合を形成することができる。本アミド結合の形成は、分離機能層を構成する架橋芳香族ポリアミドと、上記脂肪族ポリアミドとが接触した際に行われる。具体的には、予め合成されたポリマーを含む溶液を分離機能層上にコーティングして被覆層を形成する際、被覆層と分離機能層との間で化学反応を行ってもよい。または、予め合成されたポリマーを含む溶液に分離機能層を含む膜を浸漬して被覆層を形成する際、被覆層と分離機能層との間で化学反応を行ってもよい。さらに、後述する複合半透膜エレメントを作製してからポリマーを含む溶液を通液処理して、被覆層を形成する際、被覆層と分離機能層との間で化学反応を行ってもよい。または、被覆層となるポリマーを分離機能層表面で直接反応させ形成する際、同時に、分離機能層を形成する架橋芳香族ポリアミドとのアミド結合形成を行ってもよい。被覆層と分離機能層との間のアミド結合形成に際し、カルボキシ基は、必要に応じ反応活性の高い状態にしておくことが好ましい。例えば、界面重合直後の架橋芳香族ポリアミドの保有するクロロカルボニル基と、上記脂肪族ポリアミドが保有するアミノ基との反応を利用してもよいし、種々の反応助剤(縮合促進剤)を利用することも、高効率かつ短時間でのアミド結合形成にとり好ましい。縮合促進剤としては、(3-2)で例示したのと同じ化合物を、好適に使用することができる。
本発明者らは鋭意検討した結果、被覆層に含まれる水の状態が耐汚れ性に影響することを見出した。具体的には、温度25℃、相対湿度97%で平衡化した複合半透膜の被覆層側から測定した赤外吸収スペクトル(IRスペクトル)から、温度25℃、相対湿度3%で平衡化した複合半透膜の被覆層側から測定したIRスペクトルを減じた差スペクトルにおいて、水分子のO-H結合の伸縮振動を表す3700から2900cm-1間の最大ピーク強度が0.08以上であり、かつ、温度25℃、相対湿度97%で平衡化した複合半透膜の被覆層側から測定したIRスペクトルから、温度25℃、相対湿度3%で平衡化した複合半透膜の被覆層側から測定したIRスペクトルを減じた差スペクトルにおいて、水分子のO-H結合の伸縮振動を表す3700から2900cm-1間のピークトップ波数が3400cm-1以上かつ3550cm-1以下であると、汚れの付着を抑制する効果が高く、高塩濃度・高重金属イオン濃度海水中で運転した際の造水量低下幅が小さくなることを見出した。ある一定温度における相対湿度調整方法としては、JIS B 7920に記載されている飽和塩法を用いることができる。また、積層半透膜のIRスペクトルの測定は、全反射赤外分光法(ATR)で測定することができる。
正2次イオンm/z=45.03,59.05,104.03,108.07,135.06のカウント数をそれぞれa,b,c,d,eとしたとき、
(a+b)/(c+d+e) ≧ 10 …(1)
負2次イオンm/z=71.02,103.02,107.06,133.04のカウント数をそれぞれf,g,h,iとしたとき、
f/(g+h+i) ≧ 1 …(2)
本発明者らは鋭意検討した結果、膜表面の凸部において高さが100nm以上である割合が80%以上であるときに、高い透水性を有することを見出した。
本発明における膜表面の凸部とは、10点平均面粗さの5分の1以上の高さの凸部のことを言う。10点平均面粗さとは、次のような算出方法で得られる値である。まず電子顕微鏡により、膜面に垂直な方向の断面を下記の倍率で観察する。得られた断面画像には、表面(図1に符号“1”で示す。)が凸部と凹部が連続的に繰り返される、ひだ構造の曲線として表れる。この曲線について、ISO4287:1997に基づき定義される粗さ曲線を求める。上記粗さ曲線の平均線の方向に2.0μmの幅で断面画像を抜き取る(図1)。
なお、平均線とは、ISO4287:1997に基づき定義される直線であり、測定長さにおいて、平均線と粗さ曲線とで囲まれる領域の面積の合計が平均線の上下で等しくなるように描かれる直線である。
複合半透膜は、プラスチックネットなどの供給水流路材と、トリコットなどの透過水流路材と、必要に応じて耐圧性を高めるためのフィルムと共に、多数の孔を穿設した筒状の集水管の周りに巻回され、スパイラル型の複合半透膜エレメントとして好適に用いられる。さらに、このエレメントを直列または並列に接続して圧力容器に収納した複合半透膜モジュールとすることもできる。
(参考例1)
ポリエステル不織布(通気量2.0cc/cm2/sec)上にポリスルホン(PSf)の16.0質量%DMF溶液を25℃の条件下で200μmの厚みでキャストし、ただちに純水中に浸漬して5分間放置することによって、多孔性支持膜を作製した。
得られた多孔性支持膜をm-フェニレンジアミン(m-PDA)の3質量%水溶液中に2分間浸漬し、該支持膜を垂直方向にゆっくりと引き上げ、エアーノズルから窒素を吹き付け支持膜表面から余分な水溶液を取り除いた後、室温40℃に制御した環境で、トリメシン酸クロリド(TMC)0.165質量%を含む40℃のデカン溶液を表面が完全に濡れるように塗布して1分間静置したのち、膜を垂直にして余分な溶液を液切りして除去し、80℃で1分間加熱乾燥することで、架橋芳香族ポリアミド分離機能層を有する複合半透膜を得た。
ポリエステル不織布(通気量2.0cc/cm2/sec)上にポリスルホン(PSf)の16.0質量%DMF溶液を25℃の条件下で200μmの厚みでキャストし、ただちに純水中に浸漬して5分間放置することによって、多孔性支持膜を作製した。
得られた多孔性支持膜をm-フェニレンジアミン(m-PDA)の3質量%水溶液中に2分間浸漬し、該支持膜を垂直方向にゆっくりと引き上げ、エアーノズルから窒素を吹き付け支持膜表面から余分な水溶液を取り除いた後、室温25℃に制御した環境で、トリメシン酸クロリド(TMC)0.165質量%を含む25℃のデカン溶液を表面が完全に濡れるように塗布して1分間静置したのち、膜を垂直にして余分な溶液を液切りして除去し、80℃で1分間加熱乾燥することで、架橋芳香族ポリアミド分離機能層を有する複合半透膜を得た。
表1、2に示す化合物を、表1に示す濃度で純水中に溶解した後、縮合剤として4-(4,6-ジメトキシ-1,3,5-トリアジン-2-イル)-4-メチルモルホリニウムクロリドを1000ppmの濃度となる様に溶解し、25℃で1時間攪拌し、ポリマー溶液を作製した。
得られたポリマー溶液を、(参考例1)で得られた架橋芳香族ポリアミド分離機能層を有する複合半透膜の分離機能層側表面に塗布し、25℃で10分間静置した後、純水で洗浄することで、被覆層を有する複合半透膜を作製した。
表1、2に示す化合物を、表1に示す濃度で純水中に溶解した後、25℃で5分間攪拌し、ポリマー溶液を作製した。
得られたポリマー溶液を、(参考例1)で得られた架橋芳香族ポリアミド分離機能層を有する複合半透膜の分離機能層側表面に塗布し、25℃で1時間静置することで、被覆層を有する複合半透膜を作製した。
表1、2に示す化合物を、表1に示す濃度で純水中に溶解した後、縮合剤として4-(4,6-ジメトキシ-1,3,5-トリアジン-2-イル)-4-メチルモルホリニウムクロリドを1000ppmの濃度となる様に溶解し、25℃で1時間攪拌し、ポリマー溶液を作製した。
得られたポリマー溶液を、(参考例2)で得られた架橋芳香族ポリアミド分離機能層を有する複合半透膜の分離機能層側表面に塗布し、25℃で10分間静置した後、純水で洗浄することで、被覆層を有する複合半透膜を作製した。
実施例3と同様にポリマー溶液を作製した後、一旦ポリマー溶液を濃縮・精製することで、縮合剤を取り除いた。ポリマーを1200ppmの濃度となるように純水中に再び溶解し、その後は実施例3と同様の操作で複合半透膜を作製した。
表1、2に示す化合物を、表1に示す濃度で純水中に溶解した後、25℃で5分間攪拌し、ポリマー溶液を作製した。
得られたポリマー溶液を、(参考例1)で得られた架橋芳香族ポリアミド分離機能層を有する複合半透膜の分離機能層側表面に塗布し、25℃で15分間静置した後、純水で洗浄することで、被覆層を有する複合半透膜を作製した。
(一定温度、相対湿度条件下での複合半透膜の平衡化)
塩の飽和水溶液と平衡状態にある空気の相対湿度は,塩の種類と溶液の温度で定まる。よって、塩の飽和水溶液を入れた容器を一定温度に保つことで平衡状態を作り,所定の相対湿度を発生させことができる。各種の塩に対応する相対湿度は表3に示すとおりである。このようにして相対湿度を調整する方法は飽和塩法と呼ばれ、JIS B 7920にも記載されている。
本実験では飽和塩法を用いて相対湿度を調整して、複合半透膜を平衡化した。具体的には、容量2.7Lの容器に飽和塩溶液を約200mL入れ、水に浸漬しておいた膜(面積:約2cm2)を濡れた状態で、飽和塩溶液に接触しないように入れて密閉し、25℃のインキュベータ内で30日静置した。
IRスペクトルは、全反射赤外分光法(ATR)で測定した。測定機械には、Nicolet(株)製Avatar360 FT-IR測定機を用い、全反射測定用のアクセサリーとして同社製の一回反射型水平状ATR測定装置(OMNI-Sampler)およびゲルマニウム製のATRクリスタルを用いて、試料表面を測定した。測定条件として、分解能を4cm-1、スキャン回数を256回に設定した。上記条件で平衡化した複合半透膜を取り出した直後に測定を行った。また、得られるスペクトルは吸光度で表し、オートベースライン補正を行った。
上記(1)の実施例で得られた複合半透膜を室温・真空下で乾燥し、TOF SIMS 5(ION TOF社製)装置を使用し、飛行時間型二次イオン質量分析測定を行った(2次イオン極性:正、質量範囲(m/z)=0-200、ラスターサイズ:300μm、スキャン数:16、ピクセル数(1辺)=256、測定真空度=4×10-7Pa以下、1次イオン種:Bi3 ++、1次イオン加速電圧=25kV、パルス幅=12.5,13.3ns、バンチング:あり、帯電中和:あり、後段加速:10kV)。
複合半透膜の被覆層側表面において、正2次イオンm/z=45.03、59.05、104.03、108.07、135.06のカウント数をそれぞれ求め、正2次イオンm/z=45.03、59.05、104.03、108.07、135.06のカウント数をa,b,c,d,eとし、(a+b)/(c+d+e)の値を求めた。次に2次イオン極性を負として同様に測定を行い、負2次イオンm/z=71.02,103.02,107.06,133.04のカウント数をそれぞれ求め、それぞれf,g,h,iとし、f/(g+h+i)の値を求めた。
さらに、重量分率が既知の被覆層モデルポリマーをシリコンウエハーに塗布し、同様の方法で測定したときのピーク強度比を元に、複合半透膜被覆層におけるポリエーテル部位・ポリアクリル酸部位の重量分率を計算した。
被覆層を含む複合半透膜をPVAで包埋し、OsO4で染色し、これをウルトラミクロトームで切断して超薄切片を作製した。得られた超薄切片を、透過型電子顕微鏡を用いて断面写真を撮影した。透過型電子顕微鏡により撮影した断面写真を画像解析ソフトに読み込み、長さ2.0μmの距離における凸部高さと凹部深さを測定し、上述したように10点平均面粗さを算出した。この10点平均面粗さに基づいて、10点平均面粗さの5分の1以上の高さを有する凸部について、その凸部の高さを測定した。凸部の高さの値が100点を超えるまで上記の測定を繰り返し、前記凸部において高さが100nm以上である割合を求めた。
得られた複合半透膜に、温度25℃、pH7に調整した海水(TDS濃度3.5%)(Total Dissolved Solids:総溶解固形分)を操作圧力5.5MPaで供給して膜通水試験を行い、製造時性能(初期性能)を求めた。
次の式から塩除去率を求めた。
塩除去率(%)=100×{1-(透過水中のTDS濃度/供給水中のTDS濃度)}
また、上述の条件下で得られた、膜面1平方メートル当たりの1日の透水量(立方メートル)から、透過水量(m3/m2/日)を求めた。
上記(5)の製造時性能の評価後、TDS濃度を60000ppmに濃縮し、塩化鉄(III)を10ppm添加した海水を1.5時間、圧力7.1MPaで通水運転し、その後再び、上記(5)の方法に従って膜通水試験を行い、透過水量を測定し、製造時の透過水量との比を算出した。
Claims (10)
- 微多孔性支持層と、前記微多孔性支持層上に配置された分離機能層と、前記分離機能層を被覆する被覆層と、を有する複合半透膜であって、
前記分離機能層は、多官能芳香族アミンと多官能芳香族酸クロリドとの縮合物である架橋ポリアミドを含有し、
前記被覆層は、ポリエーテル部位とカルボン酸ポリマー部位を含む脂肪族ポリマーを含有する、複合半透膜。 - 前記脂肪族ポリマーにおけるポリエーテル部位の重量分率が30%以上である、請求項1に記載の複合半透膜。
- 前記脂肪族ポリマーにおけるカルボン酸ポリマー部位の重量分率が20%以上である、請求項2に記載の複合半透膜。
- 前記脂肪族ポリマーが、架橋構造を有する、請求項2~4のいずれか1項に記載の複合半透膜。
- 前記架橋構造が、アミド結合を含む、請求項5に記載の複合半透膜。
- 下記条件(A)、(B)、(C)および(D)を満たす、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の複合半透膜。
(A)25℃、相対湿度97%の条件下で測定されるIRスペクトルと、25℃、相対湿度3%の条件下で測定されるIRスペクトルとの差スペクトルにおいて、3700~2900cm-1間の最大ピークの強度が0.08以上である。
(B)前記差スペクトルの3700~2900cm-1間のピークトップ波数が3400cm-1以上かつ3550cm-1以下である。
(C)飛行時間型二次イオン質量分析法を用いて前記複合半透膜の被覆層側を測定したとき、正2次イオンm/z=45.03,59.05,104.03,108.07,135.06のカウント数をそれぞれa,b,c,d,eとしたとき、(式1)を満たす。
(a+b)/(c+d+e) ≧ 10 …(1)
(D)飛行時間型二次イオン質量分析法を用いて前記複合半透膜の被覆層側を測定したとき、負2次イオンm/z=71.02,103.02,107.06,133.04のカウント数をそれぞれf,g,h,iとしたとき、(式2)を満たす。
f/(g+h+i) ≧ 1 …(2) - 前記被覆層に含まれるポリマーと、前記分離機能層に含まれる架橋芳香族ポリアミドが、アミド結合により互いに結合している、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の複合半透膜。
- 前記被覆層が、凸部と凹部とを備えるひだ構造を有し、前記ひだ構造の前記凸部において高さが100nm以上である割合が80%以上である、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の複合半透膜。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の複合半透膜を備えた、複合半透膜エレメント。
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WO2022138975A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-25 | 2022-06-30 | 東レ株式会社 | 複合半透膜 |
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CN112755811B (zh) * | 2020-12-18 | 2023-02-03 | 中化(宁波)润沃膜科技有限公司 | 一种耐酸碱复合纳滤膜、其制备方法及应用 |
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US20210001281A1 (en) | 2021-01-07 |
EP3760303A4 (en) | 2021-11-03 |
EP3760303B1 (en) | 2024-02-21 |
KR102253557B1 (ko) | 2021-05-18 |
EP3760303A1 (en) | 2021-01-06 |
CN111787997A (zh) | 2020-10-16 |
KR20200106214A (ko) | 2020-09-11 |
JP7255478B2 (ja) | 2023-04-11 |
US11090614B2 (en) | 2021-08-17 |
JPWO2019168138A1 (ja) | 2021-01-07 |
CN111787997B (zh) | 2021-05-25 |
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