WO2019128608A1 - 一种空白混合胶束及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种空白混合胶束及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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WO2019128608A1
WO2019128608A1 PCT/CN2018/118136 CN2018118136W WO2019128608A1 WO 2019128608 A1 WO2019128608 A1 WO 2019128608A1 CN 2018118136 W CN2018118136 W CN 2018118136W WO 2019128608 A1 WO2019128608 A1 WO 2019128608A1
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peg
glc
ginsenoside
average molecular
molecular weight
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PCT/CN2018/118136
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English (en)
French (fr)
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王丹
李翀
王亚华
詹华杏
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厦门本素药业有限公司
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/337—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having four-membered rings, e.g. taxol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/24—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, nitrogen or sulfur, e.g. cyclomethicone or phospholipids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/28—Steroids, e.g. cholesterol, bile acids or glycyrrhetinic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K8/06—Emulsions
    • A61K8/068—Microemulsions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/63—Steroids; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • A61K8/85—Polyesters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • A61K8/86—Polyethers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/10—General cosmetic use

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a blank mixed micelle and a preparation method and application thereof.
  • Polymer micelles are generally characterized by being amphiphilic, i.e. having both a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group, the hydrophobic groups generally forming an inner core in the middle, and the hydrophilic groups are generally arranged to form an outer shell.
  • the polymer micelles encapsulate the fat-soluble drug in its hydrophobic center to form a drug-loaded polymer micelle and can be dissolved in water or alcohol with its hydrophilic end.
  • Polymer micelles can encapsulate the drug into the inside of the micelle, prolong the cycle time and biological half-life of the drug in the blood, or increase the accumulation of the drug in the lesion, reduce adverse reactions, or can be connected to a special carrier, antibody or ligand. It enables it to bind to receptors of target cells and improve therapeutic effects.
  • mPEG-PDLLA methoxypolyethylene glycol-polylactic acid copolymer
  • mPEG-PDLLA methoxypolyethylene glycol-polylactic acid copolymer
  • CN201110105540.2 discloses that methoxy polyethylene glycol 2000-polyester block copolymer (mPEG-PDLLA) forms micelles by molecular self-assembly, and then encapsulates poorly soluble tumor drugs in a hydrophobic core formed by polyester. The polymer micelles are obtained, which increases the maximum tolerated dose of the drug and reduces the toxic side effects.
  • CN201611083457.9 The florfenicol micelle preparation was prepared by using PEO-PCL copolymer as a micelle carrier, and the bioavailability of florfenicol was improved.
  • CN201611054732.4 provides an amphiphilic triblock copolymer with pH and reduction dual-adapted inclusion of doxorubicin, which exhibits good biocompatibility, reduces the toxicity of anticancer drugs, and reduces normal tissues. s damage.
  • CN201610847822.2 discloses a PEG-PLA or a mixed polymer of PEG-PLA and frolate-PEG-PLA coated with paclitaxel nanoparticles.
  • CN201110367315.6 discloses a preparation method of paclitaxel micelles using a block copolymer of a polyether and a polyester as an auxiliary material.
  • polymer micelles have to solve two problems in real application.
  • One is the stability of polymer micelles, and the other is Low concentration of polymer micelles.
  • the stability of polymer micelles is an important indicator of the formulation.
  • the problems of biodegradability, potential toxicity, high cost, difficulty in organic synthesis, and lack of unity of polymer molecular weight of amphiphilic polymer materials still exist. Therefore, finding a micellar membrane with good drug-loading ability, structural and in vivo stability, non-toxicity, single molecule, low cost and good efficacy has always been an important research direction of drug-loading technology.
  • some ginsenoside derivatives can be self-forming micelles under certain conditions and can carry paclitaxel, etc. Pharmaceutical active ingredients.
  • Rg5 a ginsenoside derivative that can be self-forming micelles under certain conditions and can carry paclitaxel, etc.
  • Pharmaceutical active ingredients a ginsenoside derivative that can be self-forming micelles under certain conditions and can carry paclitaxel, etc.
  • Pharmaceutical active ingredients a ginsenoside derivative nanomicelles have strong hemolytic properties, which limits the use as an intravenous injection.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the defects that the existing ginsenoside nanomicelle drug-loading system is too hemolytic and unstable in the animal body, and at the same time, in order to solve the problem of insufficient biodegradability of the polymer polymer micelle membrane,
  • the membrane molecular structure component is not single, the particle size is large, the membrane is easy to cause potential toxicity, the membrane price is expensive, and the like, and a blank mixed micelle and a preparation method and application thereof are provided.
  • the blank mixed micelle of the invention has the advantages of high efficiency, safety, stability, strong targeting, good uniformity, stable quality and reliability, simple preparation process, and the like, and can be used for encapsulating active substances in medicines and cosmetics and having health care effects.
  • the mixed micelle-encapsulated active substance of the present invention is an antitumor drug
  • the obtained mixed active substance-loaded micelle has a targeting effect on tumor cells, anti-multidrug resistance, synergistic attenuation, and drug synergy. effect.
  • the mixed micelles loaded with active substances are more prominent in drug-forming and anti-drug resistance, and have good stability, good uniformity, high safety, small particle size, and load. After the active drug, it has a better effect on drug-resistant cells.
  • the present invention provides a blank mixed micelle comprising an amphiphilic copolymer and a ginsenoside as shown in Formula I:
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, -OH, R 10 , R 11 , R 12 or R 13 , but R 1 and R 2 are not simultaneously H or -OH;
  • R 6 is -OH, methoxy (-OCH3), hydroxyl peroxide (-OOH), acetoxy (-OAc) or benzoyl (-OBz);
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, -OH, -OCH 3 , -OCHO, -OAc or -OBz;
  • R 10 is any one of the following groups: -O-Glc, -O-Rha, -O-Lyx, -O-Xyl, -O-Ara(p), -O-Ara(f), - O-Glc(2 ⁇ 1)Glc (number indicates carbon position, ⁇ indicates connection relationship, the same below), -O-Glc(6 ⁇ 1)Glc, -O-Glc(2 ⁇ 1)Rha, -O-Glc (2 ⁇ 1) Xyl, -O-Glc(6 ⁇ 1)Xyl, -O-Glc(6 ⁇ 1)Rha, -O-Glc(2 ⁇ 1)Ara(p), -O-Glc(6 ⁇ 1) Ara(p), -O-Glc(2 ⁇ 1)Ara(f), -O-Glc(6 ⁇ 1)Ara(f), -O-Glc(2 ⁇ 1)Glc(2 ⁇ 1) Glc,
  • R 11 is one or more hydroxyl groups is substituted with R 10 R 10, each R 10 (when there are two or more) are each independently the same or different;
  • R 12 is any one of the following groups
  • a fatty acyl group a phosphate group, a succinate group, a n-butyrate group, a sulfonate group, a malate group or a sodium sulphate salt of C 4 -C 22 ;
  • Boc-glycine Boc-alanine, Boc-arginine, Boc-lysine, Boc-serine, acetophenine, acetylproline, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine Amino acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine or valine a group formed after dehydrogenation of a carboxyl group;
  • R 13 is any one of the following groups; (N,N-dimethylaminoethyl)-carbamoyl (referred to as DC, the molecular structural formula is (N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbamoyl (abbreviated as DMAPA, molecular structure is N-(N',N'-dimethyl)ethylsuccinic acid monoamide (molecular structure is Or N-(N',N'-dimethyl)propylsuccinic acid monoamide (molecular structure is ).
  • R 1 is preferably -OH
  • R 2 is preferably H, -OH,
  • R 3 is preferably Further preferably More preferably
  • R 5 is preferably H or -OH.
  • more than one hydroxy group of the ginsenosides of formula I is optionally substituted by R 11 ; each R 11 (when two or more are present) are each independently identical or different.
  • more than one hydroxy group of the ginsenosides of formula I is optionally substituted by R 12 ; each R 12 (when more than two are present) are each independently the same or different.
  • Glc is glucopyranosyl
  • Xyl is xylopyranosyl
  • Rha is pyran rhamnosyl
  • Ara(p) is pyranosyl
  • Ara(f) is furan arabinose
  • Lyx is Susyl group.
  • Mal is malonyl
  • Ac is acetyl
  • PEG is polyethylene glycol
  • PEO is polyoxyethylene
  • MPEG is monomethoxy terminated polyethylene glycol
  • EPEG is epoxy terminated polyethylene glycol.
  • PVP is povidone.
  • the structural formula of Glc is: In -O-Ara(p), the structural formula of Ara(p) is: In -O-Lyx, the structural formula of Lyx is: In -O-Ara(f), the structural formula of Ara(f) is In -O-Rha, the structural formula of Rha is In -O-Xyl, the structural formula of Xyl is Mal's structural formula is
  • the number average molecular weights of the PEG, PEO, PVP and EPEG are each independently from 200 to 20,000.
  • the fatty acyl group may be an acyl group of a naturally occurring saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, and an acyl group of a synthetic saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, preferably a stearyl group or a palmitoyl group.
  • the ginsenoside as shown in Formula I is preferably one or more of the compounds of Table 1, more preferably 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, 20(S)- Ginsenoside Rh2, protopanaxadiol, protosan ginseng triol, ginsenoside Rg5, ginsenoside Rk1, ginsenoside Rh3, ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside Rg4, ginsenoside Rh4, ginsenoside Rh1, tamarind A, ginsenoside Rg5H Ginsenoside Rg5H1 (E), ginsenoside Rg5H1 (Z), ginsenoside Rk1H, ginsenoside Rh3H, ginsenoside Rh3H1 (E), ginsenoside Rh3H1 (Z), ginsenoside Rp1, 25-methyl-isogins saponin Rg3 , ginsenoside Rg3 (E), ginsenoside Rp1, 25-methyl-isogins
  • the HPLC purity of the ginsenoside as shown in Formula I is preferably greater than or equal to 90%, more preferably 95% or more, and the percentage refers to the formula I.
  • the amphiphilic copolymer may be a diblock copolymer and/or a triblock copolymer which is commonly used in ordinary nanomicelles.
  • the amphiphilic copolymer preferably refers to a polymer in which a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group are linked together, wherein the hydrophilic group is preferably polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy polyethylene.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • the hydrophobic group is preferably polylactic acid (PLA, such as poly-D-lactic acid (PDLA), poly-L- Lactic acid (PLLA), poly-D, L-lactic acid (PDLLA), polylactide-glycolide (PLGA), poly- ⁇ -caprolactone (PCL), polybenzyl aspartic acid (PBLA), poly Valley Benzyl benzyl ester (PBLG), polystyrene (Pst), polyisopropyl acrylamide (PIPAA), polylysine (Plys), polyaspartic acid (Pasp), polyhistidine (Phis), One or more of PVA PVA, polylactic acid (PLA), such as poly-D-lactic acid (PDLA), poly-L- Lactic acid (PLLA), poly-D, L-lactic acid (PDLLA), polylactide-glycolide (PLGA), poly- ⁇ -caprolactone (PCL), polybenzyl aspartic acid (PBLA), poly Valley Benzyl
  • DMPE- PEG dipalmitoylphosphat
  • the polyethylene glycol has a number average molecular weight of preferably 300 to 50,000, more preferably 500 to 10,000, such as 300, 350, 500, 550, 1000, 2000, 3400, 5000, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40000 Or 50000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the mPEG-DSPE is preferably 2,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the mPEG-PDLLA is preferably 2,000 or 4,000, more preferably 2,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the mPEG-PLA is preferably 2,400.
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEG-DSPE is preferably 2,000 or 4,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEG-DSPE-NH2 is preferably 4,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEG-PAsp is preferably 4,800.
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEG-PBLA is preferably 2,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEG-PBLG is preferably 4,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEG-PCL is preferably 2,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEG-Phis is preferably 4,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEG-PLGA is preferably 2,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEO-PAsp is preferably 4,800.
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEO-PPO-PEO is preferably 4,800.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DMPE-PEG is preferably 350, 550, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000 or 5000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DPPE-PEG is preferably 350, 550, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000 or 5000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG is preferably 350, 550, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 10000, 20,000, 30,000 or 40,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DOPE-PEG is preferably 350, 550, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000 or 5000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the C8 Ceramide-PEG is preferably 750, 2000 or 5000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the C16 Ceramide-PEG is preferably 750, 2000 or 5000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DLPE-PEG is preferably 2,000 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG-NHS is preferably 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20,000, 30,000 or 40,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DMPE-PEG-NHS is preferably 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DPPE-PEG-NHS is preferably 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DLPE-PEG-NHS is preferably 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG-Maleimide is preferably 1000, 2000, 3400, 5000 or 10000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DMPE-PEG-Maleimide is preferably 1000, 2000, 3400, 5000 or 10000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DPPE-PEG-Maleimide is preferably 1000, 2000, 3400, 5000 or 10000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DLPE-PEG-Maleimid is preferably 1000, 2000, 3400, 5000 or 10000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG-Biotin is preferably 1000, 2000, 3400, 5000 or 10000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG-FITC is preferably 1000, 2000, 3400, 5000 or 10000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG-OH is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG-NH2 is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DMPE-PEG-NH2 is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DPPE-PEG-NH2 is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DLPE-PEG-NH2 is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG-COOH is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DMPE-PEG-COOH is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DPPE-PEG-COOH is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DLPE-PEG-COOH is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG-SH is preferably 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG-Silane is preferably 3,400.
  • the number average molecular weight of the DSPE-PEG-N3 is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the mPEG-CLS is preferably 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000 or 20,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the Cholesterol PEG NHS ester is preferably 1000, 2000, 3400, 5000 or 10000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the CLS-PEG-Mal is preferably 2,000, 3,400, 5,000 or 10,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the CLS-PEG-Biotin is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the CLS-PEG-FITC is preferably 2,000, 3,400 or 5,000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the Cholesterol PEG COOH is preferably 3,400.
  • the number average molecular weight of the Cholesterol PEG amine is preferably 3,400.
  • the number average molecular weight of the Cholesterol PEG Thiol/Sulfhydril is preferably 3,400.
  • the diblock copolymer is preferably mPEG-DSPE, mPEG-PDLLA, mPEG-PLA, PEG-DSPE, PEG-DSPE-NH2, PEG-PAsp, PEG-PBLA, PEG One or more of PBLG, PEG-PCL, PEG-Phis, PEG-PLGA, PEO-PAsp, and PEO-PPO-PEO.
  • the triblock copolymer is preferably poloxamer (PEO-PPO-PEO), PEG-PLGA-PEG, PCLLA-PEG-PCLLA, PEO-PLA-PEO and PCL.
  • PEG-PCL poloxamer
  • the number average molecular weight of the PEG is preferably between 200 and 20,000, more preferably between 1,000 and 15,000, and the ratio of the number average molecular weight of the hydrophobic group to the number average molecular weight of the hydrophilic group is preferably from 1:1 to 0.8:1.
  • the mass ratio of the amphiphilic copolymer and the ginsenoside as shown in Formula I is preferably from 100:1 to 0.01:1, preferably 10:1. 0.1:1, more preferably 10:1-0.25:1, such as 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1.67:1, 0.67:1, 0.5:1 or 0.25:1.
  • the blank mixed micelle may further comprise one or more of an antioxidant, a lyoprotectant, an emulsifier, and a co-emulsifier.
  • the antioxidant may be a conventional antioxidant in the art, preferably sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, alpha-hydroxy acid, flavonoids, phenylpropanoid.
  • Phenolic compounds vitamin E (VE), vitamin C (VC), fumaric acid, cysteine, methionine, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT), thiodipropionic acid , sulfites (such as sodium sulfite), bisulfites (such as sodium bisulfite), dithioaminobenzoic acid compounds, tannic acid, malic acid, sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol, hydroquinone, hydroxycoumarin One or more of a pigment, an ethanolamine, a phosphoric acid, and a phosphorous acid.
  • the content of the antioxidant in the blank mixed micelle is generally 25% or less, preferably 0.001%-15%, such as 3%, 6%, 14%, 0.01%-10%, 0.01%-5% or 0.1. %-1%; the percentage (%) refers to the percentage of the mass of the antioxidant to the total mass of the blank mixed micelles.
  • the antioxidant is vitamin E and/or vitamin C.
  • the lyoprotectant can be a lyoprotectant conventional in the art, generally one or more of a sugar, a polyol, an amino acid and a buffer.
  • the sugar is preferably one or more of a monosaccharide, a disaccharide and a polysaccharide.
  • the monosaccharide is preferably one or more of glucose, mannitol, xylitol and sorbitol.
  • the disaccharide is preferably one or more of sucrose, lactose, galactose and maltose.
  • the polysaccharide is preferably trehalose.
  • the polyol is preferably propylene glycol and/or glycerol.
  • the amino acid is preferably an ⁇ -amino acid such as one or more of threonine, glycine, glutamic acid, arginine and histidine.
  • the buffer generally refers to a buffer solution.
  • the buffer solution may be a buffer solution conventional in the art, preferably having a pH between 3 and 10, more preferably between 5 and 7.
  • the buffer solution is preferably physiological saline, ethanol-acetate buffer solution, tris buffer solution, barbital buffer solution, sodium formate buffer solution, phthalate buffer solution, citrate buffer solution.
  • citric acid-disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer solution citric acid-disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer solution, ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution, borax-calcium chloride buffer solution, acetate buffer solution, acetic acid-lithium salt buffer solution, acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution, acetic acid- Ammonium acetate buffer solution, phosphoric acid-triethylamine buffer solution or phosphate buffer solution.
  • the content of the lyoprotectant in the blank mixed micelle is generally less than or equal to 80%, for example, 61.73 to 75.76%, and further, for example, 61.73%, 65.36%, 65.57%, 74.07%, 75.19%, 75.76%, 0.5%- 60%, 5%-60% or 30%-60%; the percentage (%) refers to the percentage of the mass of the lyoprotectant to the total mass of the blank mixed micelles.
  • the lyoprotectant is one or more of a 5% aqueous dextrose solution, a physiological saline solution, and a phosphate buffer solution.
  • the emulsifier is preferably gum arabic, western sweet potato gum, gelatin, albumin, casein, soybean phospholipid, lecithin, cholesterol, fatty acid sorbitan (lipophilic), polysorbate (20, 40). , 60, 80), polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester (hydrophilic), polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene copolymers, sucrose fatty acid lipids and glyceryl monostearate One or more, such as cholesterol.
  • the content of the emulsifier in the blank mixed micelle is generally 10% or less, such as 0.01%-10%, 0.1%-5% or 1%-5%; the percentage (%) refers to the emulsifier
  • the mass is a percentage of the total mass of the blank mixed micelles.
  • the co-emulsifier is preferably one or more of n-butanol, ethylene glycol, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and polyglycerol.
  • the content of the co-emulsifier in the blank mixed micelle is generally 10% or less, such as 0.01%-10%, 0.1%-5% or 1%-5%; the percentage (%) refers to the assisted emulsification
  • the mass of the agent is a percentage of the total mass of the blank mixed micelles.
  • the blank mixed micelle comprises an amphiphilic copolymer and a ginsenoside as shown in Formula I.
  • the blank mixed micelle comprises PEG-DSPE (number average molecular weight of 2000) and ginsenoside Rk1.
  • the blank mixed micelle comprises mPEG-PDLLA (number average molecular weight of 2000) and protopanaxatriol PPT.
  • the blank mixed micelle comprises an amphiphilic copolymer, a ginsenoside as shown in Formula I, an antioxidant, and a lyoprotectant.
  • the blank mixed micelle comprises mPEG-DSPE (number average molecular weight of 2000), Dashenglin A, VE and 5% aqueous glucose solution.
  • the blank mixed micelle comprises PEG-DSPE (number average molecular weight: 4000), protopanaxadiol PPD, VC, and 5% aqueous glucose solution.
  • the blank mixed micelles can be prepared by a conventional preparation method in the art, and generally, a direct dissolution method or a dialysis method can be employed.
  • the present invention preferably employs the following method one or method two:
  • Method one includes the following steps:
  • Method two includes the following steps:
  • the amphiphilic copolymer, the ginsenoside as shown in Formula I, the antioxidant, the lyoprotectant, the emulsifier, and the The definition of co-emulsifier is the same as previously described.
  • the organic solvent may be a conventional organic solvent in the mixed micelle preparation method, preferably a nitrile solvent, a C1-C4 alcohol solvent, a ketone solvent, One or more of an ether solvent and a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent, more preferably one or more of a C1-C4 alcohol solvent, a nitrile solvent, an ether solvent, and a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent.
  • the nitrile solvent is preferably acetonitrile.
  • the C1-C4 alcohol solvent is preferably one or more of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and n-butanol.
  • the ether solvent is preferably diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran.
  • the halogenated hydrocarbon solvent is preferably chloroform and/or dichloromethane.
  • the ketone solvent is preferably acetone and/or butanone.
  • the amount of the organic solvent used may be a conventional amount in the method for preparing a mixed micelle in the art, and may not be specifically limited. Generally, an organic solvent and all components may be mixed to obtain a clear solution.
  • the The organic solvent and the volume-to-mass ratio of all the components in the second step (1) of the method are 4 to 10 mL/g.
  • the temperature of the mixing may be a temperature conventional in the art, generally 0-80 ° C, preferably 10-80 ° C, more preferably 30-60 ° C (for example). 30, 37, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 ° C).
  • a temperature conventional in the art generally 0-80 ° C, preferably 10-80 ° C, more preferably 30-60 ° C (for example). 30, 37, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 ° C).
  • a temperature-sensitive substance such as a proteinaceous substance in all raw material components except the lyoprotectant
  • the operation of removing the organic solvent of the clarified solution in the step (1) can be carried out conventionally in the field, and the organic solvent is generally removed by using a rotary evaporator, a membrane evaporator or membrane dialysis.
  • the temperature at which the organic solvent is removed is conventionally selected depending on the organic solvent to be removed, and is usually 25 to 80 °C.
  • the film forming method may be a rotary concentration under reduced pressure.
  • the filtering operation may be a conventional operation in the mixed micelle preparation method in the art, and the purpose thereof is to remove bacteria, solid particles and the like.
  • the filtration is preferably a microfiltration membrane filtration.
  • the pore size of the microporous membrane is preferably 0.22 micrometers.
  • the aqueous solution of the lyoprotectant refers to the lyophilized protective agent and water.
  • the resulting aqueous solution is mixed.
  • the aqueous solution of the lyoprotectant is preferably an aqueous solution of 5%-10% of a lyoprotectant, and the percentage refers to the percentage of the mass of the lyoprotectant to the total mass of the aqueous solution of the lyoprotectant.
  • the lyoprotectant is preferably a 5% aqueous dextrose solution, a physiological saline solution or a phosphate buffer solution.
  • the amount of the aqueous solution of the lyoprotectant to be used may be not particularly limited as long as it does not affect the formation of the mixed micelles, and is preferably the same as the amount of the organic solvent in the step (1).
  • the film forming operation in the step (2) is completed, and the lyophilized protective agent is directly mixed. Just fine.
  • the drying operation may be a routine operation in the art, preferably freeze drying, and generally freeze drying using a freeze dryer.
  • the temperature and time of the freeze-drying are conventional temperatures and times in the art, and may not be specifically limited.
  • the invention also provides an application of the blank mixed micelle in preparing a mixed micelle carrying an active substance, wherein the active substance in the mixed micelle of the active material is a drug, an active substance in a cosmetic and One or more of the substances having a health-care function. Accordingly, the present invention also provides a mixed micelle carrying an active material.
  • the mixed micelle of the active material in question generally means that one or more (active substances) of the active substances in the drug are encapsulated in the blank mixed micelle.
  • the pharmacological activity is not lowered or an adverse reaction occurs.
  • the mass ratio of the ginsenoside and the amphiphilic copolymer as shown in Formula I, and the drug is preferably 100:1 to 1:1 (for example, 20:1, 16.7:1, 16:1, 12:1, 10:1, 8.3:1, 6:1 or 4:1), more preferably 25:1-5:1 (eg 20:1, 16.7) : 1, 16: 1: 12: 1, 10: 1, 8.3: 1 or 6: 1), most preferably 15: 1-5: 1 (eg 12:1, 10:1, 8.3:1 or 6: 1).
  • the drug may be a conventional drug in the art, preferably an antitumor drug, an anti-inflammatory drug, an antibacterial drug, a sedative hypnotic drug, an antipsychotic drug, a hormone drug, an antibiotic drug, a calcium ion.
  • an antitumor drug preferably an antitumor drug, an anti-inflammatory drug, an antibacterial drug, a sedative hypnotic drug, an antipsychotic drug, a hormone drug, an antibiotic drug, a calcium ion.
  • the antitumor drug may be a conventional anti-malignant drug in the art, preferably paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, irinotecan hydrochloride, camptothecin, hydroxy camptothecin Base, aminocamptothecin, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, topotecan hydrochloride, Lurototecan, topotecan, beloitkon, cisplatin, carboplatin, asha Platinum, Nedaplatin, Lobaplatin, Satraplatin, milplatin, pentoplatin, Aroplatin (L-NDDP), carmustine, chlorambucil, melphalan, Hallyramidine, homoharringtonine, triptolide, tacrolimus, daunorubicin, pingyangmycin, doxorubicin hydrochloride, idarubicin, fluorouracil, cytarabine, A Ampicillin, etop
  • the antitumor drug is paclitaxel, docetaxel, camptothecin, homoharringtonine, doxorubicin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and epothilone C
  • paclitaxel docetaxel
  • camptothecin camptothecin
  • homoharringtonine doxorubicin
  • cisplatin cisplatin
  • oxaliplatin oxaliplatin
  • epothilone C One or more of irinotecan hydrochloride and all-trans retinoic acid.
  • the anti-inflammatory drug is preferably indomethacin, naproxen, ketochromic acid, aspirin, acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, biphenyl diester, nimesulide.
  • the anti-inflammatory drug is preferably indomethacin, naproxen, ketochromic acid, aspirin, acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, biphenyl diester, nimesulide.
  • rofecoxib and celecoxib is preferably indomethacin, naproxen, ketochromic acid, aspirin, acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, biphenyl diester, nimesulide.
  • the anti-inflammatory drug is one or more of indomethacin, naproxen and biphenyl diester.
  • the antibacterial agent is preferably amphotericin B, gentamicin, penicillin G, econazole nitrate, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posacon.
  • the antibacterial agent is amphotericin B.
  • the anti-sedative and hypnotic drugs are preferably clonazepam, diazepam, nitrazepam, estazolam, alprazolam, barbital, phenobarbital, and isoprene.
  • barbital fast sleep and thiopental.
  • the anti-sedative hypnotic drug is clonazepam.
  • the antipsychotic drug is preferably haloperidol, chlorpromazine, risiperidone, agomelatine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, duloxetine, sertraline. , fluvoxamine, citalopram, escitalopram, venlafaxine, mirtazapine, imipramine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, remilon, wanlafa One or more of new, phenethyl hydrazine, isocarbopurine and tranylcypromine.
  • the antipsychotic is haloperidol.
  • the hormonal drug is preferably dihydrotestosterone and/or progesterone.
  • the hormonal drug is dihydrotestosterone.
  • the antibiotic is preferably cyclosporin A, mycin, penicillin, penicillin V, amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, procaine penicillin, benzyl Star penicillin, piperacillin, mezlocillin, ticarcillin, azlocillin, mecillin, carbenicillin, sulfacillin, furbutilin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin, penicillin, apacillin, Apocillin, pimecillin, methicillin, lenampicillin, formiscillin, flucloxacillin, kanamycin, natamycin, mitomycin, amikacin, tylosin , Verteporfin, cefpiramide sodium, netilmicin sulfate, azithromycin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, pefloxacin, ruf
  • the antibiotic is cyclosporin A.
  • the calcium ion antagonist is preferably fenofibrate, nimodipine, nifedipine, nicardipine, nitrendipine, verapamil, amlodipine, diltiazem, fluorogui One or more of azine, feniramine, gallopamil, and tilapami.
  • the calcium ion antagonist is fenofibrate.
  • the anesthetic agent is preferably desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, propofol, fentanyl, urethane, lidocaine, procaine, and butyl.
  • the anesthetic is propofol.
  • the cardio-cerebral vascular and vasodilator drugs are preferably dabigatran etexilate, alogliptin, sodium alginate, ginkgolides, ginkgo flavonoids, ginkgo biloba extract, asarum , olmesartan medoxomil, repaglinide, lipoic acid, breviscapine, urapidil, niacin, captopril, losartan, puerarin, tanshinone IIA, sarpogrelate hydrochloride, tropamide, fluoride
  • statin pravastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, mevastatin, cerivastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin calcium, and rosuvastatin calciumkind.
  • the cardio-cerebral vascular and vasodilator drug is puerarin.
  • the polynucleotide or oligonucleotide preferably refers to a fragment having a genetic function such as siRNA consisting of several of the bases A, T, C, G, and U. RNAi sequence of the NLRP3 gene of antisense or microglia.
  • the polynucleotide or oligonucleotide is an siRNA.
  • the active substance in the cosmetic generally refers to an active substance having nutrition, improving skin condition and preventing skin disease in cosmetics, and is preferably ursolic acid or superoxide dismutase (SOD). , one or more of biological protein T4N5, vitamin D2, vitamin K3, methyl nicotinate, refined snake oil, hyaluronic acid, essential oil and ceramide.
  • SOD superoxide dismutase
  • the active substance in the cosmetic is vitamin K3.
  • the mixed micelle comprises an amphiphilic copolymer, a ginsenoside as shown in Formula I, and an active substance.
  • the mixed micelle comprises mPEG-PDLLA (number average molecular weight of 4000), ginsenoside Rg5H and docetaxel.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-DSPE (number average molecular weight of 2000), ginsenoside Rg3Me and propofol.
  • the mixed micelle comprises mPEG-PDLLA (number average molecular weight of 4000), chitosan-cholic acid, ginsenoside Rg4 and homoharringtonine.
  • the mixed micelle comprises mPEG-PLA (number average molecular weight of 2400), ginsenoside Rh4 and doxorubicin.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-PBLG (number average molecular weight of 4000), iso-ginsenoside Rg2 (Z) and all-trans retinoic acid.
  • the mixed micelles include PEG-PAsp (number average molecular weight 4800), iso-ginsenoside Rg3H, and cisplatin.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-PBLA (number average molecular weight of 2000), ginsenoside Rg3E and irinotecan hydrochloride.
  • the mixed micelles include PEG-Phis (number average molecular weight: 4000), ginsenoside Rg2, and Eptomycin C.
  • the mixed micelle comprises an amphiphilic copolymer, a ginsenoside as shown in Formula I, an active substance, and an antioxidant.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-DSPE (number average molecular weight of 2000), ginsenoside Rg5, paclitaxel and vitamin E (VE).
  • the mixed micelle comprises an amphiphilic copolymer, a ginsenoside as shown in Formula I, an active substance, and a lyoprotectant.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEO-PAsp (number average molecular weight: 4,800), ginsenoside Rh1, camptothecin and 5% aqueous glucose solution.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-PLGA (number average molecular weight of 2000), ginsenoside Rh2, oxaliplatin and 5% aqueous glucose solution.
  • the mixed micelle comprises mPEG-PDLLA (number average molecular weight: 4000), ginsenoside Rg3, indomethacin and 5% aqueous glucose solution.
  • the mixed micelles comprise PEG-Phis (number average molecular weight of 4000), Rh3, naproxen and 5% dextrose in water.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-PCL (number average molecular weight of 2000), iso-ginsenoside Rh2 (E), haloperidol and 5% dextrose in water.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-PBLA (number average molecular weight of 2000), ginsenoside Rg3 (Z), dihydrotestosterone, and 5% aqueous dextrose solution.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-PAsp (number average molecular weight 4800), pseudo ginsenoside GQ, vitamin K3 and 5% aqueous glucose solution.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-PBLG (number average molecular weight: 4000), ginsenoside Rp2, biphenyl diester, and 5% aqueous glucose solution.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-DSPE-NH2 (number average molecular weight: 4000), pseudo ginsenoside HQ, puerarin and 5% aqueous glucose solution.
  • the mixed micelles include PEG-PCL (number average molecular weight of 2000), ginsenoside Rp3, cyclosporin A, and 5% aqueous dextrose.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-PCL (number average molecular weight 2000), iso-ginsenoside Rh2 (Z), fenofibrate and 5% dextrose in water.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-PCL (number average molecular weight of 2000), ginsenoside SC-Rp1, amphotericin B, and 5% aqueous glucose solution.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-PCL (number average molecular weight of 2000), ginsenoside DC-Rp1, SiRNA and 5% aqueous dextrose solution.
  • the mixed micelle comprises poloxamer 188 (PEO-PPO-PEO) (number average molecular weight is 4800), ginsenoside Rg2 (E), doxorubicin and 5%.
  • Aqueous glucose solution is 4800.
  • the mixed micelle comprises an amphiphilic copolymer, a ginsenoside as shown in Formula I, an active substance, an antioxidant, a lyoprotectant, and an emulsifier.
  • the mixed micelle comprises PEG-DSPE (number average molecular weight: 4000), ginsenoside Rp1, clonazepam, vitamin E, saturated phosphate buffer solution, and cholesterol.
  • the mixed micelle may further include other excipients and encapsulated in the film.
  • the other excipients may be one or more of conventional excipients other than antioxidants and lyoprotectants, such as emulsifiers or co-emulsifiers, which are conventionally added in the preparation of micelles.
  • the invention also provides a preparation method of the ginsenoside mixed micelles of the formula I modified by the amphiphilic copolymer of the active material.
  • the method for preparing the mixed micelles carrying the active material can be carried out by a chemical bonding method and a physical encapsulation method (for example, solvent evaporation method, dialysis method or emulsification method) which are conventional in the art.
  • the invention is preferably one of the following methods:
  • Method A (solvent evaporation method) comprises the following steps:
  • Method B includes the following steps:
  • Method C (emulsification method) comprises the following steps:
  • the active material is mixed with an organic solvent to obtain a mixture A, and the amphiphilic copolymer and the ginsenoside as shown in Formula I are mixed with water or a buffer solution to obtain a mixture B, and the mixture A is added dropwise to the mixture B to form an oil/water (O). /W) a mixed emulsion, optionally adding one or more of an antioxidant, a lyoprotectant, an emulsifier and a co-emulsifier, removing the organic solvent, filtering, and lyophilizing;
  • Method D (chemical bonding method) includes the following steps:
  • the active substance, the amphiphilic copolymer, the ginsenoside as shown in Formula I, and a solvent are mixed, and the active substance, the amphiphilic copolymer or the reactive group on the ginsenoside as shown in Formula I occurs.
  • Covalently, optionally, one or more of an antioxidant, a lyoprotectant, an emulsifier and a co-emulsifier are added.
  • the solvent contains an organic solvent, the organic solvent needs to be removed, filtered, and lyophilized.
  • Method E includes the following steps:
  • the active substance When the active substance is readily soluble in water, the active substance, the amphiphilic copolymer, the ginsenoside as shown in Formula I, and water are mixed, optionally one or more of an antioxidant, an emulsifier and a co-emulsifier. , filtered, lyophilized.
  • each condition and parameter refers to the first method or the second method in the preparation method of the blank mixed micelle.
  • the dialysis operation may be a conventional operation in the mixed micelle preparation method in the art, and the present invention preferably places the mixed micelle solution in an aqueous glucose solution (for example, 0.15 mol/L) or Dialysis in pure water.
  • the dialysis time may be a conventional time in the mixing micelle preparation method of the art, preferably 5-20 hours, more preferably 12 hours.
  • the organic solvent or solvent is preferably dichloromethane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, acetonitrile, acetone, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF), One or more of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and pyridine.
  • the active material may preferably be used in the form of an aqueous solution of the active material or an organic solution of the active material, depending on the fat solubility or water solubility of the active material.
  • the mass fraction of the aqueous solution of the active material or the organic solution of the active material may not be specifically limited, and is preferably an aqueous solution or an organic solution having a mass volume fraction of 1% to 20%, and the percentage refers to The mass (g) of the active material, as a percentage of the aqueous solution of the active material or the total volume (mL) of the active material organic solution.
  • the organic solvent in the organic solution of the active material may be an organic solvent conventional in the art as long as the active material is well dissolved.
  • the organic solvent is preferably a sulfoxide solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
  • the definition of the emulsifier is the same as described above, and the amounts and proportions of the components are also the same as described above.
  • a preferred embodiment of the method D may be: dissolving PEO-PPO-PEO and doxorubicin in DMSO, adding DMAP (lutidine) at -30 ° C for 3-4 hrs to obtain micelles and mold.
  • DMAP lutidine
  • the mixed micelle of the blank mixed micelle and the supported active material preferably has a particle diameter of 10 to 200 nm (for example, 24.5, 40.9, 24.5, 28.6, 16.7, 24.5, 33.4, 35.5, 66, 27.3, 18.8). 26.9, 23.9, 22.5, 20.7, 46.5, 32.9, 18.3, 23.6, 27, 26.2, 29.6, 28.2, 21.1, 30.7, 42.2, 28.3 or 24.7), more preferably 16.7-30.7 nm.
  • the encapsulation ratio of the mixed micelle of the supported active material is preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, and most preferably 95% or more.
  • the administration route of the mixed micelle of the active material-carrying substance may be conventionally given in the art.
  • the pharmaceutical route is preferably administered by injection, orally or transdermally, for the treatment of a disease and/or medical care. Therefore, the mixed micelle of the active material-carrying substance is usually prepared in the form of an injection, a lyophilized injection, an oral solid preparation, an oral solution, an elixir, an ointment, an elixir or an aerosol.
  • the manner of administration by injection is preferably intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intradermal or subcutaneous.
  • the mixed micelles of the load-carrying substance are added to physiological saline, a phosphate buffer solution or a 5% aqueous glucose solution to prepare an injection for administration by injection.
  • the mixed micelle of the active material when the active material is an antitumor drug, the mixed micelle of the active material generally has a targeting effect on tumor cells and is resistant to multidrug resistance. Role, synergism, attenuation and drug synergy.
  • the mixed micelle comprises an amphiphilic copolymer, a ginsenoside as shown in Formula I, an active substance, an antioxidant, a lyoprotectant, and an emulsifier.
  • the mixed micelle comprises an amphiphilic copolymer, a ginsenoside as shown in Formula I, an active substance, an antioxidant, a lyoprotectant and an emulsifier.
  • room temperature means 10-30 °C.
  • the density of the organic solution of the active material is calculated according to the type of the organic solvent.
  • the density of the organic solution of the active material is 1.1 g/mL.
  • the reagents and starting materials used in the present invention are commercially available.
  • the blank mixed micelle of the invention has the advantages of high efficiency, safety, stability, good uniformity, reliability, simple preparation process, and the like, and can be used for encapsulating an active substance in a medicine, a cosmetic, and a health-care substance.
  • the blank mixed micelle-encapsulated active substance of the present invention is an antitumor drug
  • the obtained mixed active substance-loaded micelle has a targeting effect on tumor cells, anti-multidrug resistance, synergistic attenuating and drugs Synergy.
  • the indicators are even better, especially in terms of drug-forming, anti-multidrug resistance, synergistic attenuation, and drug synergy.
  • the mixed micelle of the present invention can effectively improve the hemolytic property of ginsenosides after micelle formation, and the mixed micelles of the present invention have no hemolysis at 1 mg/ml.
  • the mixed micelle of the invention can effectively improve the stability of the micelle, and the turbidity is observed after being placed for 8 to 12 hours or even more than 24 hours, and the particle size is 15 to 66 nm, and the performance is significantly better than that of the ginsenoside nanomicelle or two.
  • Affinity copolymer nanomicelles can effectively improve the stability of the micelle, and the turbidity is observed after being placed for 8 to 12 hours or even more than 24 hours, and the particle size is 15 to 66 nm, and the performance is significantly better than that of the ginsenoside nanomicelle or two.
  • the mixed micelle of the present invention has good activity against drug-resistant strains such as human lung cancer paclitaxel resistant strain (A549/T), and has a low effective concentration and good drug efficacy.
  • drug-resistant strains such as human lung cancer paclitaxel resistant strain (A549/T)
  • A549/T human lung cancer paclitaxel resistant strain
  • Figure 1 is a graph showing the cell viability of mixed empty, Genexol-PM, and paclitaxel mixed micelles on human lung cancer cells (A549).
  • the upper X-axis represents the logarithm of the ginsenoside concentration (ng ⁇ mL -1 )
  • the lower X-axis represents the logarithm of the paclitaxel concentration (ng ⁇ mL -1 ).
  • Figure 2 is a graph showing the cell viability of mixed empty, Genexol-PM, and paclitaxel mixed micelles against human lung cancer paclitaxel resistant strain (A549/T).
  • the upper X-axis represents the logarithm of the ginsenoside concentration (ng ⁇ mL -1 )
  • the lower X-axis represents the logarithm of the paclitaxel concentration (ng ⁇ mL -1 ).
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing the inhibition of human lung cancer cell line A549 by Control group, Genexol-PM group and paclitaxel mixed micelle group.
  • Figure 4 is a graph showing the inhibition of human lung cancer paclitaxel resistant strain (A549/T) by Control group, Genexol-PM group and paclitaxel mixed micelle group.
  • Ginsenoside Rg5H and ginsenoside Rg3H can be prepared according to the preparation examples in the present application.
  • PEG-DSPE mPEG-PDLLA, mPEG-PLA, PEO-PAsp, PEG-DSPE-NH2, Poloxamer 188 (PEO-PPO-PEO), PEG-PCL, PEG-PLGA, PEG-PBLA, PEG-PBLG PEG-PAsp, PEG-PHis, and vitamin E are commercially available in the art, such as Xi'an Ruiqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
  • Genexol-PM polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid copolymer (mPEG-PDLLA) was used as a film material to prepare paclitaxel freeze-dried nanomicelles, purchased from Samyang Biopharmaceuticals Corporation, Korea.
  • the instruments used in the following examples and application examples are the own instruments of the Southwest University School of Pharmacy.
  • the device model and source information are as follows:
  • Nitrogen blowing instrument HGC-12A, Tianjin Hengao Technology Development Co., Ltd.
  • Ultrapure water manufacturing system (ULUP-IV-10T, Sichuan Youpu Chaochun Technology Co., Ltd.);
  • Constant temperature oscillator (SHA-C, Changzhou Aohua Instrument Co., Ltd.);
  • Ultrasonic cell pulverizer JY92-II, Ningbo Xinzhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
  • High pressure homogenizer (B15, Canada AVSTIN);
  • A549 human lung cancer cells (Nanjing Kaiji Bio);
  • A549/T human lung cancer paclitaxel resistant strain establishment method :
  • the human lung cancer resistant cell line A549/Taxol was established by inducing parental A549 cells with low concentration and continuous induction.
  • the newly revived A549 cells were cultured for 2 or 3 passages under normal conditions to stabilize cell growth.
  • the medium to 1/10 of Taxol parent A549IC 50 as a starting concentration of paclitaxel was added.
  • the medium was replenished the next day, and the concentration of paclitaxel was maintained for routine subculture.
  • the drug concentration was further increased until the cells were stably grown in a medium containing 2.5 mg/L of paclitaxel for 12 months.
  • Preparation of 2% red blood cell suspension Take blood from healthy rabbits, shake in a conical flask containing glass beads for 10 minutes, or stir the blood with a glass rod to remove fibrinogen to defibrate blood. Add about 10 times the amount of 0.9% sodium chloride solution, shake well, centrifuge at 1000-1500 rpm for 15 minutes, remove the supernatant, and precipitate the red blood cells and wash them 2 to 3 times with the 0.9% sodium chloride solution as described above. Until the supernatant does not appear red. The resulting red blood cells were made into a 2% suspension with a 0.9% sodium chloride solution for testing.
  • Test tube number 1 2 3 4 5 2% red blood cell suspension / ml 2.5 2.5 2.5 / 0.9% sodium chloride solution / ml 2.2 2.5 / 4.7 Purified water/ml / / 2.5 / Test solution / ml 0.3 / / 0.3
  • red blood cell agglutination If there is a brownish red or reddish brown flocculent precipitate in the solution, gently invert it 3 times and throw it without dispersing, indicating that there may be red blood cell agglutination. It should be further observed under the microscope, such as red blood cells aggregated into agglomeration.
  • the concentration of the test sample can be adjusted according to the actual situation.
  • mice were purchased from Shanghai Slack Laboratory Animals LLC.
  • Cell culture method The cell strain involved should be placed in a 37 ° C incubator containing 5% CO 2 , using DMEM or RPMI 1640 complete medium (containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/ml streptavidin). Culture), 0.25% trypsin-EDTA digestion and passage, 2-3 times per week.
  • In vitro cell assay method collect tumor cells in logarithmic growth phase, and resuspend the cells in DMEM complete medium (containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin), and the final concentration is 4 ⁇ 10 4 / mL.
  • DMEM complete medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin
  • the final concentration is 4 ⁇ 10 4 / mL.
  • 200 ⁇ l of the above cell suspension 8 ⁇ 10 3 cells/well was added to each well, and cultured in a 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 cell culture incubator for 48 h, respectively.
  • OD 490 (sample) is the OD value of the experimental group
  • OD 490 (control) is the OD value of the blank control group.
  • Tumor volume calculation formula: V abh/2. Where a is the tumor diameter, b is the tumor transverse diameter, and h is the tumor height.
  • Relative tumor volume RTV calculation formula: RTV Vt / V0. Where Vt is the tumor volume at a certain time, and V0 is the tumor volume at the start of administration.
  • T/C (%) TRTV / CRTV ⁇ 100%.
  • TRTV was the treatment group RTV and CRTV was the solvent control group RTV.
  • the formula for calculating the percentage of tumor inhibition (solvent control tumor weight - tumor weight of the administration group) / solvent control tumor weight ⁇ 100%.
  • T/C (%) > 60 was ineffective; T / C (%) ⁇ 60, and compared with the solvent control group, the tumor volume was statistically treated P ⁇ 0.05 was effective.
  • C ( ⁇ M) refers to the concentration
  • the concentration of Taxol+Rg5 refers to the concentration of paclitaxel
  • the concentration of ginsenoside Rg5 in the mixed micelle for example, 5+30 refers to the ginsenoside Rg5 paclitaxel mixed gel.
  • the concentration of paclitaxel in the bundle was 5 ⁇ M, and the concentration of ginsenoside Rg5 was 30 ⁇ M
  • Time (d) refers to time (days).
  • ginsenoside Rg5 blank mixed micelle when present, unless otherwise specified, it refers to the blank mixed micelle formed by the PEG-DSPE and the ginsenoside Rg5 prepared by the method of the first embodiment (abbreviation) Mixed ash; when ginsenoside Rg5 paclitaxel mixed micelles appear, unless otherwise specified, refers to paclitaxel mixed micelles formed by the method of Example 5 and ginsenoside Rg5 (Taxol+Rg5 for short) ).
  • the operating temperature and pressure generally refer to room temperature and normal pressure unless otherwise specified. Wherein, room temperature refers to 10-30 ° C; atmospheric pressure refers to a standard atmospheric pressure.
  • the starting materials were 20(R)-Rh2 and 20(S)-Rh2, respectively, to obtain ginsenoside Rh3H.
  • the starting material was 20(R)-Rh2 acetylated product or 20(S)-Rh2 acetylated product, and ginsenoside Rh3H1(E) and ginsenoside Rh3H1 with HPLC purity above 98% were obtained, respectively.
  • the starting materials were 20(R)-Rg2 and 20(S)-Rg2, respectively, to obtain ginsenoside Rk4H.
  • the starting materials were 20(R)-Rg2 acetylated product and 20(S)-Rg2 acetylated product, respectively, and ginsenoside Rk4H1(E) having a HPLC purity of 98% or more, ginsenoside Rk4H1 ( Z), ginsenoside Rg6H.
  • ginsenoside Rg5H 10 g was taken, dissolved in 50 mL of ethanol, added with 1 g of NaOH, heated to reflux at 80 ° C, air was introduced, and reacted for 5 days, and TLC was detected until the starting point disappeared. After completion of the reaction, 100 mL/time of n-butanol was extracted three times, and the organic phase was combined, concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and crystallized from ethanol three times, and dried to obtain 2.6 g of a ginsenoside Rg5H core having a purity of 98% or more.
  • the starting material was the Rg5H mother nucleus, that is, DC-ginsenoside Rg5H was obtained.
  • PEG-DSPE number average molecular weight of 4000
  • 200 mg of protopanaxadiol PPD 20 mg of VC
  • dissolve in 20 ml of acetonitrile concentrate to concentrate under reduced pressure at 50 ° C, then continue to evaporate to dryness, add 20 ml 5
  • the aqueous solution of glucose was stirred and hydrated at 50 ° C, dissolved and passed through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter to obtain a blank nano-mixed micelle solution. After the test, the average particle diameter was 28.6 nm.
  • mPEG-PDLLA number average molecular weight of 4000
  • 400mg of ginsenoside Rg5H and 50mg of docetaxel dissolve in 20ml of chloroform, spin to concentrate at 45 ° C under reduced pressure, then continue to evaporate to dry, add 20ml
  • the water was purified, stirred and hydrated at 45 ° C, and dissolved to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 24.5 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 95%.
  • PEO-PAsp number average molecular weight is 4800
  • 100mg of ginsenoside Rh1 and 25mg of camptothecin dissolve in 20ml of dichloromethane, spin to concentrate under reduced pressure at 40 ° C, then continue to evaporate to dry, add 20 ml of a 5% dextrose aqueous solution was stirred and hydrated at 40 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 33.4 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was 95%.
  • Example 8 Preparation of propofol 25-methyl-isoginsin saponin Rg3 (iso-Rg3Me) mixed micelles containing PEG-DSPE
  • PEG-DSPE number average molecular weight of 2000
  • 400 mg of iso-Rg3Me and 25 mg of propofol dissolve in 20 ml of ethanol, spin to concentrate at 60 ° C under reduced pressure, then continue to evaporate to dryness, add 20 ml of purified water.
  • the mixture was hydrated at 40 ° C and dissolved to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 35.5 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was 95%.
  • mPEG-PDLLA number average molecular weight is 4000
  • 100mg of chitosan-cholic acid and 300mg of ginsenoside Rg4 and 50mg of homoharringtonine dissolved in 20ml of ether, and concentrated under reduced pressure at 30 °C.
  • the membrane was then evaporated to dryness, and 20 ml of purified water was added thereto, and the mixture was hydrated at 30 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 66 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • mPEG-PLA number average molecular weight of 2400
  • 400 mg of ginsenoside Rh4 and 50 mg of doxorubicin dissolve in 20 ml of methanol, spin to concentrate at 50 ° C under reduced pressure, then continue to evaporate to dryness, add 20 ml of purified
  • the water was stirred and hydrated at 40 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 27.3 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 95%.
  • PEG-PLGA number average molecular weight of 2000
  • 200 mg of ginsenoside Rh2 and 50 mg of oxaliplatin were dissolved in 20 ml of THF, and concentrated under reduced pressure at 55 ° C to form a film, and then evaporated to dryness, and 20 ml of 5 was added.
  • the aqueous solution of glucose was stirred and hydrated at 55 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 18.8 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 95%.
  • PEG-DSPE number average molecular weight is 4000
  • 400mg of ginsenoside Rp1 10mg of vitamin E, 10mg of cholesterol and 50mg of clonazepam, dissolved in 20ml of tetrahydrofuran, concentrated at 60 ° C under reduced pressure to form a film, and then The evaporation was continued to dryness, and 20 ml of a saturated phosphate buffer solution was added thereto, and hydrated at 40 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 26.9 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • mPEG-PDLLA number average molecular weight: 4000
  • 400 mg of ginsenoside Rg3 and 30 mg of indomethacin dissolved in 20 ml of chloroform, concentrated under reduced pressure at 45 ° C to form a film, and then evaporated to dryness, adding 20 ml of 5%
  • the aqueous glucose solution was hydrated at 30 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 23.9 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was 95%.
  • PEG-Phis number average molecular weight of 4000
  • 200 mg of ginsenoside Rh3 and 30 mg of naproxen dissolve in 20 ml of methanol, concentrate to concentrate under reduced pressure at 50 ° C, then continue to evaporate to dryness, add 20 ml 5
  • the aqueous solution of glucose was hydrated at 30 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 22.5 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • PEG-PBLA number average molecular weight of 2000
  • 100 mg of ginsenoside Rg3 (Z) and 30 mg of dihydrotestosterone were dissolved in 20 ml of chloroform, concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 ° C to form a film, and then evaporated to dryness.
  • 20 ml of a 5% dextrose aqueous solution was added, and hydrated at 30 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized to obtain. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 46.5 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • PEG-PAsp number average molecular weight is 4800
  • 100mg of pseudo ginsenoside GQ and 30mg of vitamin K3 dissolve in 20ml of chloroform, concentrate at 45 ° C under reduced pressure and spin to form a film, then continue to evaporate to dry, add 20ml of 5% glucose
  • the aqueous solution was hydrated at 45 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 32.9 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • PEG-PBLG number average molecular weight of 4000
  • ginsenoside Rp2 100 mg
  • ginsenoside Rp2 30 mg
  • biphenyl diester 100 mg
  • dissolve in 20 ml of chloroform concentrate at 40 ° C under reduced pressure and spin to form a film, then continue to evaporate to dryness, add 20 ml 5
  • the aqueous solution of glucose was hydrated at 40 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 18.3 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was 95%.
  • PEG-DSPE-NH2 number average molecular weight of 4000
  • 100mg of pseudo ginsenoside HQ and 30mg of puerarin dissolve in 20ml of chloroform, concentrate at 45 ° C under reduced pressure and spin to form a film, then continue to evaporate to dry, add 20ml A 5% aqueous glucose solution was hydrated at 45 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 23.6 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • PEG-PCL number average molecular weight of 2000
  • ginsenoside Rp3 30mg of cyclosporin A
  • dissolve in 20ml of ethanol concentrate at 60 ° C under reduced pressure and spin to form a film, then continue to evaporate to dryness, add 20ml A 5% aqueous glucose solution was hydrated at 30 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 27 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • Example 24 Preparation of adriamycin-containing ginsenoside Rg2(E) mixed micelles containing PEO-PPO-PEO
  • PEG-PAsp number average molecular weight: 4800
  • 30 mg of cisplatin were dissolved in 50 ml of purified water, and stirred at room temperature for 8 hours to form a complex micelle with PEG-PAsp.
  • 50 mg of ginsenoside Rg3H was added and dissolved by stirring at 60 °C. Filter through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and freeze-dry. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 42.2 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • Example 27 Preparation of irinotecan hydrochloride ginsenoside Rg3E mixed micelle containing PEG-PBLA
  • the organic solvent was removed by rotary evaporation at 60 ° C, filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter, and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 28.3 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • Example 28 Preparation of Eptomycin C ginsenoside Rg2 mixed micelles containing PEG-PHis
  • mPEG-PDLLA number average molecular weight: 4000
  • 100 mg of chitosan-cholic acid and 300 mg of Rg5H1 (E) and 50 mg of homoharringtonine were dissolved in 20 ml of diethyl ether and concentrated at 30 ° C under reduced pressure.
  • the film was formed, and then evaporation was continued to dryness, 20 ml of purified water was added, and the mixture was hydrated at 30 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 66 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • mPEG-PLA number average molecular weight: 2400
  • 400 mg of ginsenoside Rg5H1 (Z) and 50 mg of doxorubicin were dissolved in 20 ml of methanol, and concentrated under reduced pressure at 50 ° C to form a film, and then evaporated to dryness.
  • 20 ml of purified water was added, and the mixture was hydrated at 40 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 27.3 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 95%.
  • PEG-PLGA number average molecular weight: 2000
  • 200 mg of ginsenoside Rk1H and 50 mg of cisplatin were dissolved in 20 ml of THF, and concentrated under reduced pressure at 55 ° C to form a film, and then evaporated to dryness, and 20 ml of 5% was added.
  • the aqueous glucose solution was stirred and hydrated at 55 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 18.8 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 95%.
  • PEG-Phis number average molecular weight: 4000
  • 20(R)-Rh3H and 30 mg of naproxen were dissolved in 20 ml of methanol, concentrated at 50 ° C under reduced pressure to form a film, and then evaporated to dryness.
  • 20 ml of a 5% dextrose aqueous solution was added, hydrated at 30 ° C, and dissolved to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 22.5 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • mPEG-PDLLA number average molecular weight of 4000
  • 100mg of chitosan-cholic acid and 300mg of Rg3H1 (E) and 50mg of homoharringtonine dissolved in 20ml of ether, and concentrated at 30 ° C under reduced pressure.
  • the film was formed, and then evaporation was continued to dryness, 20 ml of purified water was added, and the mixture was hydrated at 30 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 35.5 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was ⁇ 90%.
  • mPEG-PLA number average molecular weight: 2400
  • 400 mg of ginsenoside Rg3H1 (Z) and 50 mg of doxorubicin dissolved in 20 ml of methanol, and concentrated under reduced pressure at 50 ° C to form a film, and then evaporated to dryness.
  • 20 ml of purified water was added, and the mixture was hydrated at 40 ° C to dissolve to obtain a clear micelle solution. It was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and lyophilized. After reconstitution testing, the average particle size was 24.5 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 95%.
  • Ginsenosides (12 in total): ginsenoside Rg5, 20(R)-Rg5H, 20(S)-Rg5H, Rg5H1(E), Rg5H1(Z), Rk1H, S-Rp1, R-Rp1, R-Rh3H, Twelve such as S-Rh3H, Rh3H1 (E), and Rh3H1 (Z).
  • Preparation of ginsenoside nanomicelles Referring to the methods of Preparation Examples 1 to 4 of the aforementioned mixed micelles, different ginsenosides were replaced without adding an amphiphilic copolymer.
  • Preparation of mixed micelles Refer to the preparation method of ginsenoside nanomicelles in this application example, and replace different ginsenosides and amphiphilic polymers.
  • Ginsenoside itself has strong hemolytic activity. After ginsenosides become nanomicelles, HD50 is generally around 50 ug/ml, and hemolytic is stronger than Rp1 or even below 0.5 ug/ml, which is difficult to apply to drug-loading systems. The mixed micelles did not show hemolysis at 1 mg/ml.
  • Preparation of nanomicelle refer to the preparation methods of the above mixed micelles, but without adding ginsenoside or amphiphilic copolymer, respectively, to obtain amphiphilic polymer nanomicelle or ginsenoside nanomicelle . Each sample was tested 3 times to obtain a particle size range of 3 times.
  • the particle size of ginsenoside nanomicelles is generally 60-100nm; the amphiphilic copolymer nano-micelles are generally 300-800nm, even reaching the ⁇ m level, which is difficult to be compatible with organisms.
  • the mixed micelles generally have a particle size of 15 to 60 nm.
  • the mixed micelles have a greatly reduced particle size compared to the ginsenoside nanomicelles and the amphiphilic polymer nanomicelles.
  • Preparation of ginsenoside nanomicelle Refer to the preparation method of mixed micelles in this application example, without adding an amphiphilic copolymer.
  • the ginsenoside nanomicelles will appear turbid after being placed for 2 to 4 hours, and the amphiphilic copolymer nanomicelles will appear turbid after being placed for 3-4 hours, while the mixed micelles can reach 8 to 12 hours. It was even cloudy for more than 24 hours.
  • Ginsenoside Rg5+mPEG-DSPE blank mixed micelles (abbreviation: mixed empty), paclitaxel polymer micelles (referred to as: Genexol-PM), paclitaxel ginsenoside Rg5 and PEG-DSPE mixed micelles (abbreviation: paclitaxel mixed micelles)
  • paclitaxel mixed micelles Efficacy experiments on human lung cancer cells (A549)/human lung cancer paclitaxel resistant strain (A549/T).
  • Preparation of paclitaxel mixed micelles The method of Preparation Example 5 was carried out with reference to the aforementioned mixed micelles.
  • Preparation of mixed empty Refer to the method of the aforementioned mixed micelle preparation example 5, without adding the active substance paclitaxel.
  • Paclitaxel polymer micelles were purchased from Samyang Biopharmaceuticals Corporation (Seoul, Korea).
  • ginsenoside Rg5+mPEG-DSPE blank mixed micelle (abbreviation: mixed empty), paclitaxel polymer micelle produced by Samyang, Korea (abbreviation: Genexol-PM), paclitaxel ginsenoside Rg5 and PEG-DSPE Hybrid micelles (abbreviation: paclitaxel mixed micelles) were used to treat the survival rate of human lung cancer cells (A549) and human lung cancer paclitaxel-resistant strains (A549/T), respectively.
  • paclitaxel mixed micelles have lower IC50 than Genexol-PM for A549, and paclitaxel mixed micelles have lower IC50 than Genexol-PM for paclitaxel resistant human lung cancer resistant strains (A549/T).
  • the cell viability of the paclitaxel mixed micelle group was increased by 3% and 46%, respectively, indicating that the mixed micelle of the present invention is more effective against the drug resistant strain.
  • RTV relative tumor volume
  • the tumor volume of the Control group was the largest, while the paclitaxel mixed micelle group was the smallest, followed by the Genexol-PM group.
  • the tumor inhibition rate of Genexol-PM group was 80%, and the tumor inhibition rate of paclitaxel mixed micelle group was 95%. Compared with the tumor inhibition rate, the tumor inhibition rate was 1.19 times.
  • the tumor volume of the Control group was the largest, while the paclitaxel mixed micelle group was the smallest, followed by the Genexol-PM group.
  • the tumor inhibition rate was 58%, and the paclitaxel mixed micelle group had a tumor inhibition rate of 90%. Compared with the tumor inhibition rate, the tumor inhibition rate was increased by 1.55 times.

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Abstract

一种空白混合胶束及其制备方法和应用。该空白混合胶束包括两亲性共聚物和如式（I）所示的人参皂苷。

Description

一种空白混合胶束及其制备方法和应用
本申请要求申请日为2017年12月26日的中国专利申请CN 201711432287.5的优先权。本申请引用上述中国专利申请的全文。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种空白混合胶束及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
聚合物胶束的一般特征是具有双亲性，即同时具有亲水基与疏水基，疏水基一般在中间形成内核，亲水基一般排布在外面形成外壳。聚合物胶束能将脂溶性药物包裹在其疏水中心，形成载有药物的聚合物胶束，并能以其亲水端溶于水或者醇。聚合物胶束可将药物包裹到胶束内部，延长药物在血液中的循环时间及生物半衰期，或可增加药物在病变部位的蓄积，降低不良反应，或可连接特殊的载体、抗体或配体，使其能够与靶细胞的受体结合，提高治疗效果。
韩国Samyang公司研发的Genexol-PM是以甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚乳酸共聚物(mPEG-PDLLA)为膜材制备紫杉醇冻干纳米胶束，能增加紫杉醇的水溶性，降低药物的毒副作用。CN201110105540.2公布了甲氧基聚乙二醇2000-聚酯嵌段共聚物(mPEG-PDLLA)通过分子自组装形成胶束，再包载难溶性肿瘤药物于聚酯形成的疏水性内核中而制得聚合物胶束，提高了药物最大耐受剂量并降低了毒副作用。CN201611083457.9以PEO-PCL共聚物为胶束载体，制备出了氟苯尼考胶束制剂，提高了氟苯尼考的生物利用度。CN201611054732.4提供了一种具有pH和还原双重敏感的两亲三嵌段共聚物包合阿霉素，该药物体现出良好的生物相容性，降低了抗癌药物的毒性，减少对正常组织的伤害。CN201610847822.2公开了一种PEG-PLA或者PEG-PLA和folate-PEG-PLA的混合聚合物包合紫杉醇的纳米粒。CN201110367315.6公开了一种以聚醚和聚酯的嵌段共聚物为辅料的紫杉醇胶束的制备方法。
如中国药科大学张振海《载药聚合物胶束制备方法的研究进展》所述，聚合物胶束真正进入应用要解决两个难题，其一是聚合物胶束的稳定性问题，其二是聚合物胶束的低浓度问题。如中国药科大学苗先烽《嵌段聚合物胶束的胶束化机理与物理稳定性研究》所述，聚合物胶束的的稳定性是制剂的重要指标。与此同时，两亲性聚合物材料的可生物降解性、潜在毒性、高成本、有机合成难度大、聚合物分子量不具有单一性等问题依然 存在。因此，寻找一种载药能力好、结构和体内稳定、无毒、分子单一、成本低廉、药效良好的胶束膜材，一直是载药技术的重要研究方向。
根据专利CN201310155639.2、CN201380026612.1、US20150297727A1、PCT/CN2013/088558、JP2015-514348等，部分人参皂苷衍生物(如Rg5，Rk1等)可在一定条件下自成胶束并可包载紫杉醇等药物活性成份。但经过进一步的研究发现，人参皂苷衍生物纳米胶束溶血性较强，限制了作为静脉注射剂的使用。
因此，研究开发新型的、载药能力更强、生物兼容性更高、安全性更好的胶束，或降低现有两亲性聚合物的用量以减少生物相容性等缺点是该领域急需解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是为了克服现有的人参皂苷纳米胶束载药系统溶血性太强、动物体内不稳定等缺陷，同时为了解决高分子聚合物胶束膜材生物可降解性不足、膜材分子结构成分不单一、粒径较大、膜材容易引起潜在毒性、膜材价格昂贵等难题，而提供了一种空白混合胶束及其制备方法和应用。本发明的空白混合胶束具有高效、安全、稳定、靶向性强、均一性好、质量稳定和可靠、制备工艺简便等优点，并可用于包封药物、化妆品中的活性物质和具有保健作用的物质中的一种或多种，形成负载活性物质的混合胶束。当本发明的混合胶束包封的活性物质为抗肿瘤药物时，所得的负载活性物质的混合胶束具有对肿瘤细胞的靶向作用、抗多药耐药作用、增效减毒和药物协同作用。具体地，与传统的纳米胶束相比，负载活性物质的混合胶束在成药性和抗多药耐药方面更加突出，且稳定性好、均一性好、安全性高、粒径小，负载活性药物后对于耐药细胞具有更好的疗效。
本发明提供了一种空白混合胶束，所述的空白混合胶束包括两亲性共聚物和如式I所示的人参皂苷：
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000001
其中，R 1和R 2各自独立地为H、-OH、R 10、R 11、R 12或R 13，但R 1和R 2不同时为H或-OH；
R 3为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000003
R 4为H、-OH、酮(＝O)、甲氧基(-OCH 3)、乙氧基(-OEt)、乙酰氧基(-OAc)、正丙氧基(n-propoxy)、异丙氧基(iso-propoxy)、正丙酰氧基(n-propionyloxy)、异丙酰氧基(iso-propionyloxy)、正丁氧基(n-butoxy)、异丁氧基(iso-butoxy)、正丁酰基(n-butyryl)、异丁酰基(iso-butyryl)、苯甲酰基(-OBz)、氟(-F)、氯(-Cl)、溴(-Br)、碘(-I)、氨基(-NH 2)或硫基(-SH)；
R 5为H、-OH、酮(＝O)、甲氧基(-OCH3)或乙酰氧基(-OAc)；
R 6为-OH、甲氧基(-OCH3)、过氧化羟基(-OOH)、乙酰氧基(-OAc)或苯甲酰基(-OBz)；
R 7和R 8独立地为H、-OH、-OCH 3、-OCHO、-OAc或-OBz；
R 10为下述基团中的任一种：-O-Glc、-O-Rha、-O-Lyx、-O-Xyl、-O-Ara(p)、-O-Ara(f)、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(数字表示碳位，→表示连接关系，下同)、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc、-O-Glc(2→1)Rha、-O-Glc(2→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(6→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(6→1)Rha、-O-Glc(2→1)Ara(p)、-O-Glc(6→1)Ara(p)、-O-Glc(2→1)Ara(f)、-O-Glc(6→1)Ara(f)、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Glc、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(6→1) Glc(6→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(4→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(2→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(6→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Rha、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Ara(f)、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Ara(p)、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Glc、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Rha、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Ara(f)、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Ara(p)、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Glc、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Rha、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Ara(f)、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Ara(p)、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Glc、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Rha、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Ara(f)或-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Ara(p)；
R 11为R 10中的一个以上的羟基被R 10所取代，每个R 10(当存在两个以上时)各自独立地相同或不同；
R 12为下述基团中的任一种；
I)-mPEG、-Z-mPEG、-mPEO、-Z-PEO、-mPVP、-Z-PVP、-mEPEG或-Z-EPEG；其中，m为H、烷基或酰基，Z为-CO(CH 2) aCO-、-NH(CH 2) aCO-、-NH(CH 2) bX-或-CO-Ar-CH 2-；其中，X为O、S或NH，Ar为芳基，a为1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8，b为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10；
II)C 4-C 22的脂肪酰基、磷酸酯基、丁二酸酯基、正丁酸酯基、磺酸酯基、苹果酸酯基或硫酸钠盐；
III)Boc-甘氨酸、Boc-丙氨酸、Boc-精氨酸、Boc-赖氨酸、Boc-丝氨酸、乙酰苯丙氨酸、乙酰脯氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸或缬氨酸中的羧基去氢后所形成的基团；
IV)-O-PEO、-O-PVP、-O-PEG、-O-MPEG、-O-EPEG、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Mal或-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Ac；
R 13为下述基团中的任一种；(N,N-二甲基氨基乙基)-氨基甲酰基(简称DC，分子结构式为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000004
)；(N,N-二甲基氨基丙基)-氨基甲酰基(简称DMAPA，分子结构式为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000005
)；N-(N’,N’-二甲基)乙基丁二酸单酰胺(分子结构式为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000006
)或N-(N’,N’-二甲基)丙基丁二酸单酰胺(分子结构式为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000007
)。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，R 1优选为-OH、
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000009
在本发明一优选实施方案中，R 2优选为H、-OH、
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000010
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000011
在本发明一优选实施方案中，R 3优选为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000012
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000013
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000014
进一步优选为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000015
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000016
更优选为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000017
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000018
在本发明一优选实施方案中，R 4优选为-OH、-OAc或＝O。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，R 5优选为H或-OH。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，如式I所示的人参皂苷中的一个以上羟基可选地被R 11所取代；每个R 11(当存在两个或多个时)各自独立地相同或不同。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，如式I所示的人参皂苷中的一个以上羟基可选地被R 12所取代；每个R 12(当存在两个以上时)各自独立地相同或不同。
其中，Glc为吡喃葡萄糖基，Xyl为吡喃木糖基，Rha为吡喃鼠李糖基，Ara(p)为吡喃阿拉伯糖基，Ara(f)为呋喃阿拉伯糖基，Lyx为来苏糖基。
其中，Mal为丙二酰基，Ac为乙酰基，PEG为聚乙二醇，PEO为聚氧乙烯，MPEG为单甲氧基封端的聚乙二醇，EPEG为环氧封端的聚乙二醇，PVP为聚维酮。
其中，在-O-Glc中，Glc的结构式为：
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000019
在-O-Ara(p)中，Ara(p)的结构式为：
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000020
在-O-Lyx中，Lyx的结构式为：
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000021
在-O-Ara(f)中，Ara(f)的结构式为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000022
在-O-Rha中，Rha的结构式为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000023
在-O-Xyl中，Xyl的结构式为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000024
Mal的结构式为
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000025
其中，所述PEG、PEO、PVP和EPEG的数均分子量优选分别独立地为200～20000。
其中，所述的脂肪酰基可为天然存在的饱和或不饱和脂肪酸的酰基、及人工合成的饱和或不饱和的脂肪酸的酰基，优选为硬脂酰基或棕榈酰基。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷优选为表1化合物中的一种或多种，更优选为20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3、20(S)-人参皂苷Rh2、原人参二醇、原人参三醇、人参皂苷Rg5、人参皂苷Rk1、人参皂苷Rh3、人参皂苷Rg2、人参皂苷Rg4、人参皂苷Rh4、人参皂苷Rh1、达母林A、人参皂苷Rg5H、人参皂苷Rg5H1(E)、人参皂苷Rg5H1(Z)、人参皂苷Rk1H、人参皂苷Rh3H、人参皂苷Rh3H1(E)、人参皂苷Rh3H1(Z)、人参皂苷Rp1、25-甲基-异人参皂苷Rg3、异人参皂苷Rg3(E)、异人参皂苷Rg3(Z)、异人参皂苷Rg3H、异人参皂苷Rh2(E)、异人参皂苷Rh2(Z)、人参皂苷Rp2、人参皂苷Rp3、伪人参皂苷GQ、伪人参皂苷HQ、人参皂苷SC-Rp1和人参皂苷DC-Rp1中的一种或多种。
表1
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000026
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000027
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000028
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000029
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000030
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000031
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000032
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000033
所述的空白混合胶束中，所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷的HPLC纯度优选大于或等 于90％，更优选为95％以上，所述的百分比是指所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷的质量在所述的空白混合胶束总质量中的占比百分数。
所述的两亲性共聚物可为普通纳米胶束中常用的两嵌段共聚物和/或三嵌段共聚物。所述的两亲性共聚物优选是指亲水基团和疏水基团连在一起的聚合物，其中所述的亲水基团优选为聚乙二醇(PEG)、单甲氧基聚乙二醇(mPEG)、聚乙烯吡喏烷酮(PVP)、聚氧乙烯(PEO)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、壳聚糖及其衍生物(例如壳聚糖-胆酸)、仿细胞膜磷酰胆碱(PC)和水溶性环糊精衍生物中的一种或多种；所述的疏水基团优选为聚乳酸(PLA、如，聚-D-乳酸(PDLA)、聚-L-乳酸(PLLA)、聚-D,L-乳酸(PDLLA)、聚丙交酯-乙交脂(PLGA)、聚ε-己内酯(PCL)、聚苄基天门冬氨酸(PBLA)、聚谷氨酸苄酯(PBLG)、聚苯乙烯(Pst)、聚异丙基丙烯酰胺(PIPAA)、聚赖氨酸(Plys)、聚天冬氨酸(Pasp)、聚组氨酸(Phis)、磷脂、磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DSPE)、胆固醇(CHO)和疏水性环糊精衍生物(乙基-β-CD)中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的空白混合胶束中，所述的两亲性共聚物优选为mPEG-DSPE、mPEG-PDLLA、mPEG-PLA、PVP-PNIPAM(PNIPA＝聚-N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)、mPEG-PAsp、PEG-DSPE、PEG-DSPE-NH2、PEG-PAsp、PEG-Phis、PEG-PLGA、PEG-PBLG、PEG-PLA、PEG-PBLA、PEG-PCL、PEG-PCLLA、PEO-PAsp、PEO-PGlu、PNIPPA-PAA、PCLLA-PEG-PCLLA、PEO-PPO-PEO、PEO-PLA-PEO、PEG-PLGA-PEG、磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DMPE-PEG)、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DPPE-PEG)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DSPE-PEG)、二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DOPE-PEG)、C8神经酰胺-聚乙二醇(C8Ceramide-PEG)、C16神经酰胺-聚乙二醇(C16Ceramide-PEG)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-琥珀酰(DSPE-PEG Succinyl)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羧基(DSPE-PEG)Carboxylic Acid)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺基(DSPE-PEG Maleimide)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-丙酰胺双巯基吡啶(DSPE-PEG PDP)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-三聚氯氰(DSPE-PEG Cyanur)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-氨基(DSPE-PEG Amine)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-生物素(DSPE-PEG Biotin)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-叶酸(DSPE-PEG Folate)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-叶酸(DSPE-PEG Folate)、二月桂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DLPE-PEG)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-活性酯(DSPE-PEG-NHS)、磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-活性酯(DMPE-PEG-NHS)、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-活性酯(DPPE-PEG-NHS)、二月桂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-活性酯(DLPE-PEG-NHS)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺 -聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺基(DSPE-PEG-Maleimide)、磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺基(DMPE-PEG-Maleimide)、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺基(DPPE-PEG-Maleimide)、二月桂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺基(DLPE-PEG-Maleimide)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-生物素(DSPE-PEG-Biotin)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-荧光素(DSPE-PEG-FITC)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羟基(DSPE-PEG-OH)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-氨基(DSPE-PEG-NH 2)、磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-氨基(DMPE-PEG-NH 2)、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-氨基(DPPE-PEG-NH 2)、二月桂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-氨基(DLPE-PEG-NH 2)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羧基(DSPE-PEG-COOH)、磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羧基(DMPE-PEG-COOH)、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羧基(DPPE-PEG-COOH)、二月桂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羧基(DLPE-PEG-COOH)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-硫基(DSPE-PEG-SH)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-硅烷(DSPE-PEG-Silane)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-叠氮(DSPE-PEG-N 3)、胆固醇-聚乙二醇(Cholesterol PEG)、甲氧基-聚乙二醇-胆固醇(mPEG-CLS)、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-活性酯(Cholesterol PEG NHS ester)、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺(CLS-PEG-Mal)、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-生物素(Cholesterol PEG Biotin)、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-荧光素(Cholesterol PEG fluorescein)、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-羧基(Cholesterol PEG COOH)、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-氨基(Cholesterol PEG NH 2)和胆固醇-聚乙二醇-硫基(Cholesterol PEG SH)中的一种或多种，更优选为mPEG-DSPE、mPEG-PDLLA、mPEG-PLA、PEG-DSPE、PEG-DSPE-NH2、PEG-PAsp、PEG-PBLA、PEG-PBLG、PEG-PCL、PEG-Phis、PEG-PLGA、PEO-PAsp和PEO-PPO-PEO中的一种或多种。其中，所述的聚乙二醇的数均分子量优选为300-50000，更优选为500-10000，例如300、350、500、550、1000、2000、3400、5000、10000、20000、30000、40000或50000。
本发明中，所述的mPEG-DSPE的数均分子量优选为2000。所述的mPEG-PDLLA的数均分子量优选为2000或4000，更优选为2000。所述的mPEG-PLA的数均分子量优选为2400。所述的PEG-DSPE的数均分子量优选为2000或4000。所述的PEG-DSPE-NH2的数均分子量优选为4000。所述的PEG-PAsp的数均分子量优选为4800。所述的PEG-PBLA的数均分子量优选为2000。所述的PEG-PBLG的数均分子量优选为4000。所述的PEG-PCL的数均分子量优选为2000。所述的PEG-Phis的数均分子量优选为4000。所述的PEG-PLGA的数均分子量优选为2000。所述的PEO-PAsp的数均分子量优选为4800。所述的PEO-PPO-PEO的数均分子量优选为4800。所述的DMPE-PEG的数均分子量优选 为350、550、750、1000、2000、3000或5000。所述的DPPE-PEG的数均分子量优选为350、550、750、1000、2000、3000或5000。所述的DSPE-PEG的数均分子量优选为350、550、750、1000、2000、3000、5000、10000、20000、30000或40000。所述的DOPE-PEG的数均分子量优选为350、550、750、1000、2000、3000或5000。所述的C8Ceramide-PEG的数均分子量优选为750、2000或5000。所述的C16Ceramide-PEG的数均分子量优选为750、2000或5000。所述的DLPE-PEG的数均分子量优选为2000或5000。所述的DSPE-PEG-NHS的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、5000、10000、20000、30000或40000。所述的DMPE-PEG-NHS的数均分子量优选为3400或5000。所述的DPPE-PEG-NHS的数均分子量优选为3400或5000。所述的DLPE-PEG-NHS的数均分子量优选为3400或5000。所述的DSPE-PEG-Maleimide的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000。所述的DMPE-PEG-Maleimide的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000。所述的DPPE-PEG-Maleimide的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000。所述的DLPE-PEG-Maleimid的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000。所述的DSPE-PEG-Biotin的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000。所述的DSPE-PEG-FITC的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000。所述的DSPE-PEG-OH的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的DSPE-PEG-NH2的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的DMPE-PEG-NH2的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的DPPE-PEG-NH2的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的DLPE-PEG-NH2的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的DSPE-PEG-COOH的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的DMPE-PEG-COOH的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的DPPE-PEG-COOH的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的DLPE-PEG-COOH的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的DSPE-PEG-SH的数均分子量优选为5000。所述的DSPE-PEG-Silane的数均分子量优选为3400。所述的DSPE-PEG-N3的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的mPEG-CLS的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、5000、10000或20000。所述的Cholesterol PEG NHS ester的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000。所述的CLS-PEG-Mal的数均分子量优选为2000、3400、5000或10000。所述的CLS-PEG-Biotin的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的CLS-PEG-FITC的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000。所述的Cholesterol PEG COOH的数均分子量优选为3400。所述的Cholesterol PEG amine的数均分子量优选为3400。所述的Cholesterol PEG Thiol/Sulfhydril的数均分子量优选为3400。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的两嵌段共聚物优选为mPEG-DSPE、mPEG-PDLLA、mPEG-PLA、PEG-DSPE、PEG-DSPE-NH2、PEG-PAsp、PEG-PBLA、PEG-PBLG、PEG-PCL、PEG-Phis、PEG-PLGA、PEO-PAsp和PEO-PPO-PEO中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的三嵌段共聚物优选为泊洛沙姆(PEO-PPO-PEO)、PEG-PLGA-PEG、PCLLA-PEG-PCLLA、PEO-PLA-PEO和PCL-PEG-PCL中的一种或多种。其中，PEG数均分子量优选在200-20000之间，更优选为1000-15000之间，疏水基团的数均分子量与亲水基团的数均分子量的比例优选为1:1～0.8:1。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的两亲性共聚物、和、所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷的质量比优选为100:1-0.01:1，优选为10:1-0.1:1，更优选为10:1-0.25:1，例如4:1、3:1、2:1、1.67:1、0.67:1、0.5:1或0.25:1。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的空白混合胶束还可进一步包含抗氧化剂、冻干保护剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种。
本发明中，所述的抗氧化剂可为本领域常规的抗氧化剂，优选为焦亚硫酸钠、硫代硫酸钠、没食子酸丙酯、α-生育酚、α-羟基酸、黄酮类化合物、苯丙素酚类化合物、维生素E(VE)、维生素C(VC)、反丁烯二酸、半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、丁羟基茴香醚(BHA)、二丁羟基甲苯(BHT)、硫代二丙酸、亚硫酸盐(如亚硫酸钠)、亚硫酸氢盐(如亚硫酸氢钠)、二硫代氨基苯甲酸类化合物、枸橼酸、苹果酸、山梨醇、甘油、丙二醇、氢醌、羟基香豆素、乙醇胺、磷酸和亚磷酸中的一种或多种。所述的抗氧化剂在空白混合胶束中的含量一般小于等于25％，优选为0.001％-15％，例如3％、6％、14％、0.01％-10％、0.01％-5％或0.1％-1％；所述的百分比(％)是指抗氧化剂的质量与所述的空白混合胶束的总质量的百分比。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的抗氧化剂为维生素E和/或维生素C。
本发明中，所述的冻干保护剂可为本领域常规的冻干保护剂，一般为糖、多元醇、氨基酸和缓冲剂中的一种或多种。其中，所述的糖优选为单糖、双糖和多糖中的一种或多种。所述的单糖优选为葡萄糖、甘露醇、木糖醇和山梨醇中的一种或多种。所述的双糖优选为蔗糖、乳糖、半乳糖和麦芽糖中的一种或多种。所述的多糖优选为海藻糖。所述的多元醇优选为丙二醇和/或丙三醇。所述的氨基酸优选为α-氨基酸，例如苏氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸中的一种或多种。所述的缓冲剂一般是指缓冲溶液。所述的缓冲溶液可为本领域常规的缓冲溶液，优选其pH值在3-10之间，更优选在5-7之间。所述的缓冲溶液优选为生理盐水、乙醇-醋酸缓冲溶液、三羟甲基氨基甲烷缓冲溶液、巴比妥缓冲溶液、甲酸钠缓冲溶液、邻苯二甲酸盐缓冲溶液、枸橼酸盐缓冲溶液、枸橼酸-磷 酸氢二钠缓冲溶液、氨-氯化铵缓冲溶液、硼砂-氯化钙缓冲溶液、醋酸盐缓冲溶液、醋酸-锂盐缓冲溶液、醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液、醋酸-醋酸铵缓冲溶液、磷酸-三乙胺缓冲溶液或磷酸盐缓冲溶液。所述的冻干保护剂在空白混合胶束中的含量一般小于等于80％，例如61.73～75.76％，又例如61.73％、65.36％、65.57％、74.07％、75.19％、75.76％、0.5％-60％、5％-60％或30％-60％；所述的百分比(％)是指冻干保护剂的质量占所述的空白混合胶束总质量的百分比。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的冻干保护剂为5％葡萄糖水溶液、生理盐水和磷酸盐缓冲溶液中的一种或多种。
本发明中，所述的乳化剂优选为阿拉伯胶、西黄薯胶、明胶、白蛋白、酪蛋白、大豆磷脂、卵磷脂、胆固醇、脂肪酸山梨坦(亲油性)、聚山梨酯(20，40，60，80)、聚氧乙烯酯肪酸酯(亲水性)、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚类、聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯共聚物类、蔗糖脂肪酸脂类和单硬脂酸甘油酯等中的一种或多种，例如胆固醇。所述的乳化剂在空白混合胶束中的含量一般小于等于10％，例如0.01％-10％、0.1％-5％或1％-5％；所述的百分比(％)是指乳化剂的质量占所述的空白混合胶束总质量的百分比。
本发明中，所述的助乳化剂优选为正丁醇、乙二醇、乙醇、丙二醇、甘油和聚甘油酯中的一种或多种。所述的助乳化剂在空白混合胶束中的含量一般小于等于10％，例如0.01％-10％、0.1％-5％或1％-5％；所述的百分比(％)是指助乳化剂的质量占所述的空白混合胶束总质量的百分比。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的空白混合胶束包括两亲性共聚物和如式I所示的人参皂苷。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的空白混合胶束包括PEG-DSPE(数均分子量为2000)和人参皂苷Rk1。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的空白混合胶束包括mPEG-PDLLA(数均分子量为2000)和原人参三醇PPT。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的空白混合胶束包括两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷、抗氧化剂和冻干保护剂。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的空白混合胶束包括mPEG-DSPE(数均分子量为2000)、达母林A、VE和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的空白混合胶束包括PEG-DSPE(数均分子量为4000)、原人参二醇PPD、VC和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
本发明中，所述的空白混合胶束可采用本领域常规的制备方法制备得到，一般地， 可采用直接溶解法或透析法。本发明较佳地采用下列方法一或方法二：
方法一包括下列步骤：
(1)将水、两亲性共聚物和如式I所示的人参皂苷混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，得一澄清溶液；
(2)成膜或自成胶束，然后与水或含冻干保护剂的水溶液混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，得一溶液，过滤，冷冻干燥，即得所述的空白混合胶束；
方法二包括下列步骤：
(1)将有机溶剂、或、水和有机溶剂的混合溶剂，与两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，得到一澄清溶液；
(2)除去步骤(1)中所得澄清溶液的有机溶剂，成膜，然后与水或含冻干保护剂的水溶液混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，得一溶液，、过滤，冷冻干燥，即得所述的空白混合胶束。
方法一或方法二中，所述的两亲性共聚物、所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷、所述的抗氧化剂、所述的冻干保护剂、所述的乳化剂和所述的助乳化剂的定义均同前所述。
方法二中的步骤(1)中，所述的有机溶剂可为本领域混合胶束制备方法中常规的有机溶剂，较佳地为腈类溶剂、C1-C4的醇类溶剂、酮类溶剂、醚类溶剂和卤代烃类溶剂中的一种或多种，更佳地为C1-C4的醇类溶剂、腈类溶剂、醚类溶剂和卤代烃类溶剂中的一种或多种。所述的腈类溶剂较佳地为乙腈。所述的C1-C4醇类溶剂较佳地为甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和正丁醇中的一种或多种。所述的醚类溶剂较佳地为乙醚、四氢呋喃。所述的卤代烃类溶剂较佳地为氯仿和/或二氯甲烷。所述的酮类溶剂较佳地为丙酮和/或丁酮。所述的有机溶剂的用量可为本领域混合胶束制备方法中常规的用量，可不作具体限定，一般要求有机溶剂和所有组分混合后能够得到澄清溶液即可，较佳地，所述的有机溶剂与方法二步骤(1)中的所有组分的体积质量比为4-10mL/g。
方法一或方法二中，步骤(1)中，所述的混合的温度可为本领域常规的温度，一般为0-80℃，优选为10-80℃，更优选为30-60℃(例如30、37、40、45、50、55、60℃)。根据本领域常识，在一些情况下，为使混合温度达到80℃，需要在加热条件下进行；又或者当除冻干保护剂的所有原料组分中有对温度敏感的物质例如蛋白质类物质，一般选择在0℃下混合。
方法二的步骤(2)中，所述的除去步骤(1)中澄清溶液的有机溶剂的操作可为本领 域常规操作，一般使用旋转蒸发器、膜蒸发器或者膜透析除去有机溶剂。其中，所述的除去有机溶剂的温度根据需要除去的有机溶剂进行常规选择，一般为25-80℃。
方法一或方法二中的步骤(2)中，所述成膜的方法可为减压旋转浓缩。
方法一或方法二中的步骤(2)中，所述的过滤的操作可为本领域混合胶束制备方法中常规的操作，其目的是除去细菌、固体颗粒等。本发明中，所述的过滤优选为微孔滤膜过滤。所述的微孔滤膜的孔径较佳地为0.22微米。
方法一或方法二中，当所述步骤(2)中与所述膜混合的是冻干保护剂的水溶液时，所述的冻干保护剂的水溶液是指所述的冻干保护剂与水混合形成的水溶液。其中，所述的冻干保护剂的水溶液优选地为5％-10％的冻干保护剂的水溶液，所述的百分比是指冻干保护剂的质量占冻干保护剂水溶液总质量的百分比。所述冻干保护剂优选为5％葡萄糖水溶液、生理盐水或磷酸盐缓冲液。所述的冻干保护剂的水溶液的用量可不作具体限定，只要不影响混合胶束的形成即可，较佳地与步骤(1)有机溶剂的用量相同。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，方法二中，当所述的冻干保护剂的水溶液为缓冲剂时，步骤(2)中成膜的操作结束后，直接与所述的冻干保护剂混合即可。
方法一或方法二中，步骤(2)中，所述的干燥的操作可为本领域常规的操作，优选为冷冻干燥，一般采用冷冻干燥机进行冷冻干燥。所述的冷冻干燥的温度和时间为本领域常规的温度和时间，可不作具体限定。
本发明还提供了一种所述的空白混合胶束在制备负载活性物质的混合胶束中的应用，所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束中的活性物质为药物、化妆品中的活性物质和具有保健功能的物质中的一种或多种。因此，本发明还提供了一种负载活性物质的混合胶束。所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束通常是指将药物中的活性物质中的一种或多种(活性物质)包裹于所述的空白混合胶束中。
本发明中，当所负载的活性物质为多种时，除临床所使用的联合用药方式外，只要所负载的活性物质之间不相互反应，不导致药理活性降低或者发生不良反应即可。
所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束中，所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷和两亲性共聚物、和、所述的药物的质量比优选为100:1-1:1(例如20:1、16.7:1、16:1、12:1、10:1、8.3:1、6:1或4:1)，更优选为25:1-5:1(例如20:1、16.7:1、16:1、12:1、10:1、8.3:1或6:1)，最优选为15:1-5:1(例如12:1、10:1、8.3:1或6:1)。
所述的活性物质中，所述的药物可为本领域常规的药物，优选为抗肿瘤药物、抗炎药物、抗菌药物、镇静催眠药物、抗精神病药物、激素类药物、抗生素类药物、钙离子拮抗剂、抗病毒药物、免疫抑制剂、麻醉剂、心脑血管及血管扩张药物、多聚核苷酸和寡核 苷酸(包括核糖核苷酸和脱氧核糖核苷酸)中的一种或多种。
所述的活性物质中，所述的抗肿瘤药物可为本领域常规的抗恶性肿瘤的药物，优选为紫杉醇、多西他赛、卡巴他赛、盐酸伊立替康、喜树碱、羟基喜树碱、氨基喜树碱、7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱、盐酸拓扑替康、勒托替康(Lurtotecan)、托泊替康、贝洛替康、顺铂、卡铂、奥沙利铂、奈达铂(Nedaplatin)、络铂(Lobaplatin)、赛特铂(Satraplatin)、米铂、戊铂、Aroplatin(L-NDDP)、卡氮芥、苯丁酸氮芥、美法仑、三尖杉酯碱、高三尖杉酯碱、雷公藤甲素、他克莫司、柔红霉素、平阳霉素、盐酸多柔比星、伊达比星、氟尿嘧啶、阿糖胞苷、甲氨蝶呤、磷酸依托泊甙、去氧鬼臼毒素、酒石酸长春瑞滨、硫酸长春新碱、硫酸长春碱、异长春花碱、硫酸长春地辛、替莫唑胺、替加氟、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、达卡巴嗪、埃博霉素A、埃博霉素B、埃博霉素C、埃博霉素D、埃博霉素E、埃博霉素F、硼替佐米、盐酸吉西他滨、磷酸氟达拉滨、卡培他滨、地西他滨、培美曲塞二钠、重组人干扰素a2b、阿拉伯糖苷胞嘧啶、全反式维甲酸、白介素-2、足叶乙苷、胸核苷酸合酶抑制剂、米托蒽醌、米诺地尔、阿奇霉素、盐酸表柔比星、盐酸多柔比星(阿霉素)、盐酸氨柔比星、KRN-5500、他莫昔芬、三苯氧胺、5-氨基酮戊酸(5-ALA)、3’,5’-环胞苷二棕榈酸酯和莪术醇中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的抗肿瘤药物为紫杉醇、多西他赛、喜树碱、高三尖杉酯碱、阿霉素、顺铂、奥沙利铂、埃伯霉素C、盐酸伊立替康和全反式维甲酸中的一种或多种。
所述的活性物质中，所述的抗炎药物优选为吲哚美辛、萘普生、酮铬酸、阿司匹林、对乙酰氨基酚、双氯芬酸、布洛芬、联苯双酯、尼美舒利、罗非昔布和塞来昔布中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的抗炎药物为吲哚美辛、萘普生和联苯双酯中的一种或多种。
所述的活性物质中，所述的抗菌药物优选为两性霉素B、庆大霉素、青霉素G、硝酸益康唑、氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、泊沙康唑、雷夫康唑、卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、阿尼芬净、头孢匹胺钠、头孢噻肟钠、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮、头孢妥仑匹酯、头孢西丁钠、头孢氨苄、头孢呋辛钠、头孢克肟、头孢泊肟、头孢甲肟、头孢地嗪、头孢磺啶、头孢唑南、头孢唑肟、头孢他美酯、头孢特仑酯、头孢布坦、头孢地尼、头孢孟多、头孢替安、头孢雷特、头孢尼西、头孢他啶、头孢拉定、头孢丙烯、头孢唑林钠、头孢羟氨苄、头孢噻吩、头孢硫脒、头孢噻啶、头孢乙氰、头孢替唑、头孢匹林、头孢匹罗、头孢克定、头孢吡肟、夫西地酸钠、氟苯尼考和替加环素中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的抗菌药物为两性霉素B。
所述的活性物质中，所述的抗镇静催眠药物优选为氯硝西泮、地西泮、硝西泮、艾司唑仑、阿普唑仑、巴比妥、苯巴比妥、异戊巴比妥、速可眠和硫喷妥钠中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的抗镇静催眠药物为氯硝西泮。
所述的活性物质中，所述的抗精神病药物优选为氟哌啶醇、氯丙嗪、利派利酮、阿戈美拉汀、氟西汀、帕罗西汀、度洛西汀、舍曲林、氟伏沙明、西酞普兰、艾司西酞普兰、文拉法辛、米氮平、丙咪嗪、阿米替林、氯丙咪嗪、多虑平、瑞美隆、万拉法新、苯乙肼、异卡波肼和反苯环丙胺中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的抗精神病药物为氟哌啶醇。
所述的活性物质中，所述的激素类药物优选为二氢睾酮和/或孕酮。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的激素类药物为二氢睾酮。
所述的活性物质中，所述的抗生素优选为环孢菌素A、制霉素、青霉素、青霉素V、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、苯唑西林、氯唑西林、普鲁卡因青霉素、苄星青霉素、哌拉西林、美洛西林、替卡西林、阿洛西林、美西林、羧苄西林、磺苄西林、呋布西林、萘夫西林、双氯西林、匹氨西林、阿帕西林、阿扑西林、匹美西林、甲氧西林、仑氨西林、福米西林、氟氯西林、卡那霉素、那他霉素、丝裂霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、泰乐菌素、维替泊芬(Verteporfin)、头孢匹胺钠、硫酸奈替米星、阿奇霉素、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、依诺沙星、洛美沙星、培氟沙星、芦氟沙星、司氟沙星、氟罗沙星、莫西沙星、格帕沙星、曲伐沙星、淋沙星、吉米沙星、加替沙星、妥舒沙星、帕珠沙星、司帕沙星、克拉霉素、克林霉素、多粘菌素、妥布霉素、万古霉素、阿奇霉素、多西环素、四环素、土霉素、米诺环素、金霉素、胍甲环素、地美环素、美他环素、依替米星、奈替米星、西索米星、阿米卡星、阿贝卡星、地贝卡星、氨曲南、美罗培南、亚胺培南、硫霉素、帕尼培南、厄他培南、新霉素、巴龙霉素和大观霉素中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的抗生素为环孢菌素A。
所述的活性物质中，所述的钙离子拮抗剂优选为非诺贝特、尼莫地平、硝苯地平、尼卡地平、尼群地平、维拉帕米、氨氯地平、地尔硫卓、氟桂利嗪、普尼拉明、加洛帕米和噻帕米中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的钙离子拮抗剂为非诺贝特。
所述的活性物质中，所述的麻醉剂优选为地氟烷、七氟烷、异氟烷、恩氟烷、丙泊酚、芬太尼、乌拉坦、利多卡因、普鲁卡因、丁卡因、布比卡因、戊巴比妥钠、水合氯醛、氯胺酮、氯醛糖和吗啡中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的麻醉剂为丙泊酚。
所述的活性物质中，所述的心脑血管及血管扩张药物优选为达比加群酯、阿格列汀、藻酸双酯钠、银杏内酯、银杏黄酮、银杏提取物、细辛脑、奥美沙坦酯、瑞格列奈、硫辛酸、灯盏花素、乌拉地尔、烟酸、卡托普利、氯沙坦、葛根素、丹参酮IIA、盐酸沙格雷酯、托品酰胺、氟伐他汀、普伐他汀、辛伐他汀、洛伐他丁、辛伐他汀、美伐他汀、西立伐他汀、罗伐他汀、阿托伐他汀钙和瑞苏伐他汀钙中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的心脑血管及血管扩张药物为葛根素。
所述的活性物质中，所述的多聚核苷酸或寡核苷酸优选是指由碱基A、T、C、G和U中的几种组成的具有遗传等功能的片段，例如SiRNA、反义核酸或小胶质细胞NLRP3基因的RNAi序列。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的多聚核苷酸或寡核苷酸为SiRNA。
所述的活性物质中，所述的化妆品中的活性物质一般是指化妆品中具有营养、改善皮肤状况和预防皮肤疾病的功效的活性物质，优选为熊果酸、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、生物蛋白T4N5、维生素D2、维生素K3、烟酸甲酯、精制蛇油、透明质酸、精油和神经酰胺中的一种或多种。
在本发明一优选实施方案中，所述的化妆品中的活性物质为维生素K3。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷和活性物质。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括mPEG-PDLLA(数均分子量为4000)、人参皂苷Rg5H和多西他赛。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-DSPE(数均分子量为2000)、人参皂苷异Rg3Me和丙泊酚。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括mPEG-PDLLA(数均分子量为4000)、壳聚糖-胆酸、人参皂苷Rg4和高三尖杉酯碱。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括mPEG-PLA(数均分子量为2400)、人参皂苷Rh4和阿霉素。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PBLG(数均分子量为4000)、异人参皂苷Rg2(Z)和全反式维甲酸。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PAsp(数均分子量为4800)、异人参皂苷Rg3H和顺铂。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PBLA(数均分子量为2000)、 异人参皂苷Rg3E和盐酸伊立替康。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-Phis(数均分子量为4000)、人参皂苷Rg2和埃伯霉素C。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷、活性物质和抗氧化剂。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-DSPE(数均分子量为2000)、人参皂苷Rg5、紫杉醇和维生素E(VE)。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷、活性物质和冻干保护剂。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEO-PAsp(数均分子量为4800)、人参皂苷Rh1、喜树碱和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PLGA(数均分子量为2000)、人参皂苷Rh2、奥沙利铂和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括mPEG-PDLLA(数均分子量为4000)、人参皂苷Rg3、吲哚美辛和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-Phis(数均分子量为4000)、Rh3、萘普生和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PCL(数均分子量为2000)、异人参皂苷Rh2(E)、氟哌啶醇和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PBLA(数均分子量为2000)、异人参皂苷Rg3(Z)、二氢睾酮和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PAsp(数均分子量为4800)、伪人参皂苷GQ、维生素K3和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PBLG(数均分子量为4000)、人参皂苷Rp2、联苯双酯和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-DSPE-NH2(数均分子量为4000)、伪人参皂苷HQ、葛根素和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PCL(数均分子量为2000)、人参皂苷Rp3、环孢菌素A和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PCL(数均分子量为2000)、异人参皂苷Rh2(Z)、非诺贝特和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PCL(数均分子量为2000)、异人参皂苷SC-Rp1、两性霉素B和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-PCL(数均分子量为2000)、人参皂苷DC-Rp1、SiRNA和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括泊洛沙姆188(PEO-PPO-PEO)(数均分子量为4800)、异人参皂苷Rg2(E)、阿霉素和5％葡萄糖水溶液。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷、活性物质、抗氧化剂、冻干保护剂和乳化剂。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括PEG-DSPE(数均分子量为4000)、人参皂苷Rp1、氯硝西泮、维生素E、饱和磷酸盐缓冲溶液和胆固醇。
在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束中还可进一步包括其他辅料并包封于膜中。所述的其他辅料可为本领域制备胶束时常规添加的除抗氧化剂和冻干保护剂以外的其他辅料，例如乳化剂或助乳化剂中的一种或多种。
本发明还提供了一种所述的负载活性物质的两亲性共聚物修饰的如式I所示的人参皂苷混合胶束的制备方法。
本发明中，所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束的制备方法可用本领域常规的化学结合法和物理包裹法(例如溶剂蒸发法、透析法或乳化法)。本发明优选为下列任一方法：
方法A(溶剂蒸发法)包括下列步骤：
将两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷、活性物质和有机溶剂混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，除去有机溶剂，成膜，再与水或含冻干保护剂的水溶液混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，形成负载活性物质的混合胶束后，即得负载活性物质的混合胶束溶液，过滤，冷冻干燥后即可；
方法B(透析法)包括下列步骤：
将两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷和有机溶剂混合，再与活性物质混合，用水或含冻干保护剂的水溶液透析，即得负载活性物质的混合胶束溶液，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，过滤，透析液冷冻干燥即可；
方法C(乳化法)包括下列步骤：
将活性物质与有机溶剂混合得混合物A，将两亲性共聚物和如式I所示的人参皂苷与水或缓冲溶液混合得混合物B，混合物A滴加到混合物B中形成油/水(O/W)混合型乳状液，可选地加入抗氧化剂、冻干保护剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，除去有机溶剂，过滤，冷冻干燥后即可；
方法D(化学结合法)包括下列步骤：
将活性物质、两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷和溶剂混合，所述的活性物质、与、两亲性共聚物或如式I所示的人参皂苷上的活性基团发生共价结合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、冻干保护剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，当溶剂中含有有机溶剂需要除去有机溶剂，过滤，冷冻干燥后即可。
方法E(直接溶解法)包括下列步骤：
当活性物质易溶于水时，活性物质、两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷和水中混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，过滤，冷冻干燥后即可。
方法A、B、C、D、E中，各条件和参数参照所述的空白混合胶束的制备方法中的方法一或方法二。
方法B中，所述的透析的操作可为本领域混合胶束制备方法中常规的操作，本发明优选地为将所述的混合胶束溶液置于葡萄糖水溶液(例如0.15mol/L)中或纯水中透析。所述的透析的时间可为本领域混合胶束制备方法中常规的时间，优选为5-20小时，更优选为12小时。
上述各方法中，所述的有机溶剂或溶剂优选为二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、甲醇、乙醇、乙醚、乙腈、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃(THF)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和吡啶中的一种或多种。
上述各方法中，根据所述的活性物质的脂溶性或水溶性，所述的活性物质较佳地还可以所述活性物质的水溶液或者所述活性物质的有机溶液的形式使用。所述的活性物质的水溶液或所述的活性物质的有机溶液的质量分数可不作具体限定，较佳地为质量体积分数为1％-20％的水溶液或有机溶液，所述的百分比是指所述活性物质的质量(g)，占所述活性物质水溶液或者所述活性物质有机溶液总体积(mL)的百分比。所述的活性物质有机溶液中的有机溶剂可为本领域中常规的有机溶剂，只要能够很好的溶解所述的活性物质，即可。本发明中，所述的有机溶剂较佳地为亚砜类溶剂，例如二甲基亚砜(DMSO)。
上述各方法中，所述的两亲性共聚物、所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷、所述的抗氧化剂、所述的冻干保护剂、所述的乳化剂和所述的助乳化剂的定义均同前所述，各成分的用量及比例也均同前所述。
方法D一优选实施方案可为，将PEO-PPO-PEO与阿霉素溶解于DMSO中，在30-50℃，加入DMAP(二甲基吡啶)搅拌3-4hrs，制得胶束与阿霉素的共轭物，加入pH＝7.4溶有如式I所示的人参皂苷的PBS缓冲溶液后，降压浓缩除去有机溶剂，冷冻干燥后即得负载活性物质的混合胶束。
所述的空白混合胶束和所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束，其粒径优选为10-200nm(例如24.5、40.9、24.5、28.6、16.7、24.5、33.4、35.5、66、27.3、18.8、26.9、23.9、22.5、20.7、46.5、32.9、18.3、23.6、27、26.2、29.6、28.2、21.1、30.7、42.2、28.3或24.7)，更优选为16.7-30.7nm。
所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束的包封率优选为80％以上，更优选为90％以上，最优选为95％以上。
当所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束中所述的活性物质为药物和/或具有保健功能的物质时，所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束的给药途径可为本领域常规的给药途径，优选为注射给药、口服给药或透皮给药，用于疾病的治疗和/或医疗保健。因此，所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束通常制备成注射剂、冻干注射剂、口服固体制剂、口服液、搽剂、膏剂、酊剂或气雾剂的形式。其中所述的注射给药的方式优选为静脉注射、肌肉注射、腹腔注射、皮内注射或皮下注射。一般地，将所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束加入到生理盐水、磷酸盐缓冲溶液或5％的葡萄糖水溶液配置成注射液，用于注射给药。
所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束中，当所述的活性物质为抗肿瘤药物时，所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束一般都具有对肿瘤细胞的靶向作用、抗多药耐药作用、增效减毒和药物协同作用。
本发明中，所述的“包括……”还可表述为“由……组成”。
例如：在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束包括两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷、活性物质、抗氧化剂、冻干保护剂和乳化剂。
还可表述为：在本发明一优选实施方式中，所述的混合胶束由两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷、活性物质、抗氧化剂、冻干保护剂和乳化剂组成。
在不违背本领域常识的基础上，上述各优选条件，可任意组合，即得本发明各较佳实例。
本发明中，室温是指10-30℃。
本发明中，所述的冻干保护剂的水溶液或者所述的活性物质的水溶液的密度按照1g/mL计算(即水的密度)，因此，所述的冻干保护剂的水溶液或者所述的活性物质的水溶液的总质量m＝ρ*V。
本发明中，所述的活性物质的有机溶液的密度按照有机溶剂的种类计算，例如当有机溶剂为DMSO时，所述的活性物质的有机溶液的密度为1.1g/mL。
本发明所用试剂和原料均市售可得。
本发明的积极进步效果在于：
(1)本发明的空白混合胶束具有高效、安全、稳定、均一性好、可靠、制备工艺简便等优点，并可用于包封药物、化妆品中的活性物质和具有保健作用的物质中的一种或多种，形成负载活性物质的空白混合胶束。当本发明的空白混合胶束包封的活性物质为抗肿瘤药物时，所得的负载活性物质的混合胶束具有对肿瘤细胞的靶向作用、抗多药耐药作用、增效减毒和药物协同作用。具体地，与传统的混合胶束相比，各项指标更加优秀，尤其是在成药性、抗多药耐药、增效减毒、药物协同作用等方面。
(2)本发明的混合胶束能有效改善人参皂苷成胶束后的溶血性，本发明的混合胶束在1mg/ml未见溶血。
(3)本发明的混合胶束能有效改善胶束的稳定性，放置8～12小时甚至24小时以上才见浑浊，粒径在15～66nm，其性能显著优于人参皂苷纳米胶束或两亲性共聚物纳米胶束。
(4)本发明的混合胶束对于耐药菌株例如人肺癌紫杉醇耐药株(A549/T)具有较好的活性，其起效浓度低，药效好。
附图说明
图1为混合空、Genexol-PM、紫杉醇混合胶束对人肺癌细胞(A549)的细胞存活率曲线图。其中，上X轴表述人参皂苷浓度(ng·mL -1)的对数值，下X轴表示紫杉醇浓度(ng·mL -1)的对数值。
图2为混合空、Genexol-PM、紫杉醇混合胶束对人肺癌紫杉醇耐药株(A549/T)的细胞存活率的曲线图。其中，上X轴表述人参皂苷浓度(ng·mL -1)的对数值，下X轴表示紫杉醇浓度(ng·mL -1)的对数值。
图3为Control组、Genexol-PM组、紫杉醇混合胶束组对人肺癌细胞A549的抑瘤曲线图。
图4为Control组、Genexol-PM组、紫杉醇混合胶束组对人肺癌紫杉醇耐药株(A549/T)的抑瘤曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例的方式进一步说明本发明，但并不因此将本发明限制在所述的实施例范围之中。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法，按照常规方法和条件，或按照商品说明书选择。
1、实验药物：20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3、20(S)-人参皂苷Rh2、原人参二醇、原人参三醇、 人参皂苷Rg5、人参皂苷Rk1、人参皂苷Rh3、人参皂苷Rg2、人参皂苷Rg4、人参皂苷Rh4、人参皂苷Rh1、达母林A、人参皂苷Rp1、25-甲基-异人参皂苷Rg3、异人参皂苷Rg3(E)、异人参皂苷Rg3(Z)、异人参皂苷Rh2(E)、异人参皂苷Rh2(Z)、异人参皂苷Rg2(E)、异人参皂苷Rg2(Z)、人参皂苷Rp2、人参皂苷Rp3、伪人参皂苷GQ、伪人参皂苷HQ、人参皂苷SC-Rp1、人参皂苷DC-Rp1、紫杉醇、多西他赛、顺铂、喜树碱、全反式维甲酸、盐酸伊立替康、奥沙利铂、埃伯霉素C、两性霉素B、吲哚美辛、萘普生、高三尖杉酯碱、阿霉素、氯硝西泮、氟哌啶醇、二氢睾酮、环孢菌素A、非诺贝特、联苯双酯、丙泊酚、葛根素、维生素K3为本领域常规市售可得，例如上海本素医药科技有限公司。
人参皂苷Rg5H、异人参皂苷Rg3H可按本申请中制备实施例制备得到。
PEG-DSPE、mPEG-PDLLA、mPEG-PLA、PEO-PAsp、PEG-DSPE-NH2、泊洛沙姆188(PEO-PPO-PEO)、PEG-PCL、PEG-PLGA、PEG-PBLA、PEG-PBLG、PEG-PAsp、PEG-PHis、维生素E为本领域常规市售可得，例如西安瑞禧生物科技有限公司。
常规SiRNA购自锐博生物。
Genexol-PM，聚乙二醇-聚乳酸共聚物(mPEG-PDLLA)为膜材制备紫杉醇冻干纳米胶束，购自韩国Samyang Biopharmaceuticals Corporation公司。
2、下述实施例和应用实施例中所使用的仪器为西南大学药学院自有仪器设备，其设备型号和来源信息如下：
高效液相色谱仪(Agilent 1100)；
电子天平(TB-215，美国Denver Instrument)；
超声波清洗机(SB3200DT，宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司)；
氮吹仪(HGC-12A，天津市恒奥科技发展有限公司)；
旋转蒸发器(RE-2000A，上海亚荣生化仪器厂)；
超纯水制造系统(ULUP-IV-10T，四川优普超纯科技有限公司)；
恒温振荡器(SHA-C，常州澳华仪器有限公司)；
超声波细胞粉碎机(JY92-II，宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司)；
高压均质机(B15，加拿大AVESTIN)；
激光粒度分析仪(Nano ZS,英国马尔文仪器公司)；
微型挤出器(Mini-extruder，Avanti Polar Lipids Inc)；
光电显微镜(XDS-1B，重庆光电仪器有限公司)；
洁净工作台(SW-CJ-1FD，苏州安泰空气技术有限公司)；
细胞培养箱(CCL-170B-8，新加坡ESCO)；
荧光倒置显微镜(IX-73，日本奥林巴斯)；
小动物活体成像系统(FX PRO，美国Bruker公司)；
3、实验细胞株：
A549人肺癌细胞(南京凯基生物)；
A549/T人肺癌紫杉醇耐药株建立方法：
采用低浓度加量持续诱导法诱导亲本A549细胞建立人肺癌耐药细胞系A549/Taxol。将新复苏的A549细胞常规条件下培养2代或3代，使细胞生长稳定。待细胞消化传代第二天更新培养基时，以Taxol对亲本A549IC 50的1/10为起始浓度加入紫杉醇。加药第二天更新培养基，并维持紫杉醇的浓度常规传代培养。待每个紫杉醇浓度细胞稳定生长后再提高药物浓度继续培养，直到细胞可在含2.5mg/L紫杉醇的培养基中稳定生长，历时十二个月。
4、溶血检测：
2％红细胞混悬液的制备：取健康家兔血液，放入含玻璃珠的锥形瓶中振摇10分钟，或用玻璃棒搅动血液，以除去纤维蛋白原，使成脱纤血液。加入0.9％氯化钠溶液约10倍量，摇匀，每分钟1000～1500转离心15分钟，除去上清液，沉淀的红细胞再用0.9％氯化钠溶液按上述方法洗涤2～3次，至上清液不显红色为止。将所得红细胞用0.9％氯化钠溶液制成2％的混悬液，供试验用。
检查法：取洁净玻璃试管5只，编号1、2号管为供试品管，3号管为阴性对照管，4号管为阳性对照管，5号管为供试品对照管。按下表所示依次加入2％红细胞悬液、0.9％氯化钠溶液、纯化水，混匀后，立即置37±0.5℃的恒温箱中进行温育。3小时后观察溶血和凝聚反应。
试管编号 1、2 3 4 5
2％红细胞悬液/ml 2.5 2.5 2.5 /
0.9％氯化钠溶液/ml 2.2 2.5 / 4.7
纯化水/ml / / 2.5 /
供试品溶液/ml 0.3 / / 0.3
如试管中的溶液呈澄明红色，管底无细胞残留，表明有溶血发生；如红细胞全部下沉，上清液无色透明，或上清液虽有色澄明，但1、2号管和5号管肉眼观察无明显差异，则表明无溶血发生。
若溶液中有棕红色或红棕色絮状沉淀，轻轻倒转3次扔不分散，表明可能有红细胞凝聚发生，应进一步置显微镜下观察，如可见红细胞聚集为凝聚。
结果判断：当阴性对照管无溶血或凝聚发生，阳性对照管有溶血发生，若2支供试品管中的溶液在3小时内均不发生溶血和凝聚，判定供试品符合规定；若有1支供试品管的溶液在3小时内发生溶血和(或)凝聚，应设4支供试品管进行复试，其供试品管的溶液在3小时内均不得发生溶血和(或)凝聚，否则判定供试品不符合规定。
具体实验中，供试品(人参皂苷)浓度可根据实际情况调节。
5、实验动物：昆明小鼠(或称正常小鼠)，购自第三军医大学动物中心；
BALB/C-nu/nu小鼠(或称裸小鼠)，购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司。
6、细胞培养方法：将涉及的细胞株置于含5％CO 2的37℃培养箱中，用DMEM或RPMI1640完全培养基(含10％胎牛血清、100U/ml青霉素、100μg/ml链霉素)培养，0.25％胰酶-EDTA消化传代，每周传代2-3次。
7、给药：对于每次实验，设置阴性对照组(混合空白胶束，简称混合空)、阳性对照组(Genexol-PM)、混合胶束组。设置6个以上浓度梯度、倍半或五倍稀释，每个浓度三复孔。
8、肿瘤细胞抑制浓度IC 50实验方法：将对数生长期的肿瘤细胞用胰酶消化后配制成一定浓度的细胞液，按5000个/孔接种于96孔板，每孔加100μl。次日加入含不同浓度样品及相应溶剂对照的新鲜培养基，每孔加100μl(DMSO终浓度<0.5％)，每样品设10个剂量组，每组设三个平行孔，于37℃培养箱继续培养72h后，弃上清液，每孔加100μl的PBS及10μl的CCK-8，用微型振荡器震荡混匀，继续培养3h，用酶标仪在参考波长630nm，检测波长450nm条件下测定光密度值(OD)，以溶剂对照处理的肿瘤细胞为对照组，按中效方程计算IC 50。
9、体外细胞实验方法：收集对数生长期的肿瘤细胞，将细胞重悬至DMEM完全培养基(含10％胎牛血清、100U/mL青霉素、100μg/mL链霉素)中，终浓度为4×10 4个/mL。在96孔细胞培养板中，每孔加入200μl上述细胞悬液(8×10 3个细胞/孔)，置于37℃、5％CO 2的细胞培养箱内培养48h，将DMEM完全培养基分别换成200μl含不同浓度的抗肿瘤药物，使药物的最终浓度设置为6组以上，以DMEM完全培养基为阴性对照组，每个浓度设4个复孔，实验重复3次。细胞在37℃、5％CO 2的细胞培养箱内培养72h后，每孔加入5mg/mL的MTT溶液20μl，置细胞培养箱内继续培养4h后，弃上清液，每孔加入150μl DMSO，震荡10min后，用连续光谱多功能酶标仪(Tecan infinite M 200,TECAN，瑞士)测定在490nm处的OD值，按下式计算细胞存活率：(细胞存活率(％)＝OD 药物/OD 对照×100％)。
细胞存活率(％)＝OD 490(样品)/OD 490(对照)×100％；
其中，OD 490(样品)为实验组的OD值，OD 490(对照)为空白对照组的OD值。
10、体内药效实验方法：取1×10 7-10×10 7个/mL对数生长期的肿瘤细胞，用1mL注射器缓慢注射至18-20g的裸小鼠右侧腋下皮下，每只裸小鼠注射100μl，观察瘤块生长，直至瘤块体积长至约100mm 3。将动物随机分组开始给药。每隔两天称重并测定肿瘤体积，并用游标卡尺测量肿瘤最长直径和最短直径，处死裸小鼠，测定瘤块体积，计算相对肿瘤体积(RTV)、相对肿瘤增殖率(T/C)和肿瘤抑制百分率，做统计学分析。
肿瘤体积计算公式：V＝abh/2。其中，a为肿瘤直径，b为肿瘤横径，h为肿瘤高度。
相对肿瘤体积RTV计算公式：RTV＝Vt/V0。其中Vt为某一时间的肿瘤体积，V0为开始给药时的肿瘤体积。
相对肿瘤增殖率的计算公式：T/C(％)＝TRTV/CRTV×100％。其中TRTV为治疗组RTV，CRTV为溶剂对照组RTV。
肿瘤抑制百分率的计算公式：肿瘤抑制百分率＝(溶剂对照组瘤重-给药组瘤重)/溶剂对照组瘤重×100％。
疗效评价标准：T/C(％)>60为无效；T/C(％)≦60，并且与溶剂对照组比较，瘤体积经统计学处理P<0.05为有效。
下述应用实施例中C(μM)是指浓度，其中，Taxol+Rg5的浓度是指混合胶束中，紫杉醇的浓度和人参皂苷Rg5的浓度，例如5+30是指人参皂苷Rg5紫杉醇混合胶束中紫杉醇的浓度为5μM，人参皂苷Rg5的浓度为30μM；Time(d)是指时间(天)。
下述应用实施例中，当出现人参皂苷Rg5空白混合胶束时，如未作特别说明，均是指按实施例1方法制得的PEG-DSPE和人参皂苷Rg5形成的空白混合胶束(简称混合空)；当出现人参皂苷Rg5紫杉醇混合胶束时，如未作特别说明，均是指按实施例5方法制得的PEG-DSPE和人参皂苷Rg5形成的紫杉醇混合胶束(简称Taxol+Rg5)。
下述实施例中，对于操作温度和压力，如未作特别说明，一般是指室温和常压。其中，室温是指10-30℃；常压是指一个标准大气压。
一、如式I所示人参皂苷化合物的制备
制备实施例1人参皂苷Rg5H的制备
将10g 20(R)-人参皂苷Rg3溶于20mL吡啶中，冰水浴下滴加10mL醋酸酐，然后再加入适量(一般为催化量，例如1g)催化剂DMAP，缓慢升温至室温，反应10小时，TLC检测至原料点消失，减压浓缩除去有机溶剂，200mL/次乙酸乙酯萃取3次，合并有机相，2M盐酸洗涤3次，饱和碳酸氢钠洗涤3次，无水硫酸钠干燥，减压浓缩至干，得到Rg3乙酰化产物。
取10g Rg3乙酰化产物溶于50mL二氯甲烷中，在冰水浴下，依次加入1g三氟化硼乙醚和1g三乙基硅烷，缓慢升温至室温，在室温下继续反应5-10min，再降温至0℃，加入冰水粹灭反应，用100mL/次饱和碳酸氢钠溶液洗涤3次，无水硫酸钠干燥，减压浓缩至干，得到Rg5H乙酰化产物。
取10g的Rg5H乙酰化产物，溶解于50mL甲醇和二氧六环1：1的混合溶液中，加入2g氢氧化钾，搅拌溶解，加热回流反应10小时，TLC检测至原料点消失，用饱和柠檬酸水溶液中和至pH＝7，用100mL/次乙酸乙酯萃取3次，合并有机相，适量无水硫酸钠干燥，减压浓缩至干，在经高压层析分离，以C18层析分离，甲醇水梯度洗脱，蒸发光散射器(ELSD)检测，产品段浓缩至干，得到人参皂苷Rg5H。
人参皂苷Rg5H：
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.37(1H,d,J＝7.5Hz),5.30(1H,t,J＝6.0Hz),4.91(1H,d,J＝7.5Hz),4.55(1H,m),4.45-4.49(2H,m),4.23-4.33(5H,m),4.12-4.14(2H,m),3.90-3.92(3H,m),3.27(1H,m)，2.28-2.59(2H,m),2.17(1H,m),1.99-2.02(3H,m),1.80-1.89(2H,m),1.64(3H,s),1.61(3H,s),1.41(3H,d,J＝2.8),1.35-1.50(8H,m),1.28(3H,s),1.20(1H,m),1.09(3H,s),1.03(1H,m),0.94(3H,s),0.95(3H,s),0.78(3H,s),0.73(1H,m).
13C NMR(δ,125M):130.8,126.4,106.1,105.1,89.0,83.4,78.4,78.2,78.3,78.0,71.7,71.0,62.9,62.8,77.2,56.4,54.8,51.7,50.4,49.2,48.6,40.0,39.7,39.2,36.9,9,35.2,32.1,31.4,28.2,27.1,26.9,26.8,25.8,23.0,18.5,17.7,17.0,16.6,16.4,15.9.
ESI:770.13(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:792.0215(C 42H 72NaO 12),Cal 792.0230.
制备实施例2人参皂苷Rg5H1(E)、Rg5H1(Z)、Rk1H的制备
称取10g 20(R)-Rg3乙酰化产物，溶解于50mL甲醇中，加入1g钯碳，常温常压下，通入氢气，搅拌4-6小时至反应液不吸氢，TLC检测至原料点消失，过滤掉钯碳，降压浓缩除去甲醇，烘干，得到20(R)-Rg3乙酰化氢化产物。
称取10g 20(R)-Rg3乙酰化氢化产物，溶解于50mL甲苯中，加入10g对甲苯磺酸，慢慢升温至90℃回流，反应4小时，TLC检测至原料点消失，冷却，100mL/次饱和碳酸氢钠溶液洗涤3次，无水硫酸钠干燥，减压浓缩至干，得到乙酰化产物粗品混合物(Rg5H1(E型)、Rg5H1(Z型)和Rk1H的乙酰化产物混合物)。
称取5g乙酰化产物粗品混合物，溶于20mL甲醇中，加入5g甲醇钠，室温下反应10小时，TLC检测至原料点消失，减压浓缩至干，用乙酸乙酯重新溶解，100mL/次水洗3次，无水硫酸钠干燥，减压浓缩至干，得到产品的粗品混合物(Rg5H1(E型)、Rg5H1(Z型)和Rk1H的混合物)。
称取5g的产品的粗品混合物，再经高压层析分离，以C18为填料，甲醇水梯度洗脱，蒸发光散射器(ELSD)，产品段浓缩至干，分别得到1.8g HPLC纯度在98％以上的Rg5H1(E型)、0.2g HPLC纯度在98％以上的Rg5H1(Z型)和0.8g HPLC纯度在98％以上的Rk1H。
人参皂苷Rg5H1(Z)
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.38(1H,d,J＝7.5Hz),5.10(1H,t,J＝6.6Hz),4.91(1H,d,J＝7.5Hz),4.55(1H,m),4.45-4.49(2H,m),4.23-4.33(5H,m),4.12-4.14(2H,m),3.90-3.92(3H,m),3.27(1H,m)，2.28-2.59(2H,m),2.17(1H,m),1.99-2.02(3H,m),1.80-1.89(2H,m),1.64(3H,s),1.61(3H,s),1.41(3H,s),1.35-1.50(8H,m),1.28(3H,s),1.20(1H,m),1.09(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),1.02(1H,m),0.97(3H,s),0.96(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),0.79(3H,s),0.74(1H,m).
13C NMR(δ,125M):138.79,125.86,106.3,105.3,89.2,83.6,78.6,78.4,78.2,78.0,71.9,71.2,63.1,63.0,77.4,56.6,55.0,51.9,50.6,49.4,48.8,40.2,39.9,39.4,37.1,35.4,32.3,31.6,28.4,27.3,26.9,26.9,25.9,23.2,18.7,17.9,17.2,16.8,16.6,16.3.
ESI:770.13(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:770.0321(C 42H 73O 12),Cal 770.0315.
人参皂苷Rg5H1(E)
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.37(1H,d,J＝7.5Hz),5.11(1H,t,J＝7.0Hz),4.91(1H,d,J＝7.5Hz),4.55(1H,m),4.45-4.49(2H,m),4.23-4.33(5H,m),4.12-4.14(2H,m),3.90-3.92(3H,m),3.27(1H,m)，2.28-2.59(2H,m),2.17(1H,m),1.99-2.02(3H,m),1.80-1.89(2H,m),1.64(3H,s),1.61(3H,s),1.41(3H,s),1.35-1.50(8H,m),1.28(3H,s),1.20(1H,m),1.09(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),1.02(1H,m),0.97(3H,s),0.96(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),0.79(3H,s),0.74(1H,m).
13C NMR(δ,125M):138.81,126.55,106.3,105.3,89.2,83.6,78.6,78.4,78.2,78.0,71.9,71.2,63.1,63.0,77.4,56.6,55.0,51.9,50.6,49.4,48.8,40.2,39.9,39.4,37.1,35.4,32.3,31.6,28.4,27.3,26.9,26.9,25.9,23.2,18.7,17.9,17.2,16.8,16.6,16.3.
ESI:770.13(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:770.0321(C 42H 73O 12),Cal 770.0315.
人参皂苷Rk1H
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.37(1H,d,J＝7.5Hz),5.04(1H,br.s),4.91(1H,d,J＝7.5Hz),4.80(1H,m),4.55(1H,m),4.45-4.49(2H,m),4.23-4.33(5H,m),4.12-4.14(2H,m),3.90-3.92(3H,m),3.27(1H,m),2.28-2.59(2H,m),2.17(1H,m),1.99-2.02(3H,m),1.80-1.89(2H,m),1.64(3H,s),1.61(3H,s),1.35-1.50(8H,m),1.28(3H,s),1.20(1H,m),1.09(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),1.02(1H,m),0.97(3H,s),0.96(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),0.79(3H,s),0.74(1H,m).
13C NMR(δ,125M):155.6,108.2,106.3,105.3,89.2,83.6,78.6,78.4,78.2,78.0,71.9,71.2, 63.1,63.0,77.4,56.6,55.0,51.9,50.6,49.4,48.8,40.2,39.9,39.4,37.1,35.4,32.3,31.6,28.4,27.3,26.9,26.9,25.9,23.2,18.7,17.9,17.2,16.8,16.6,16.3.
ESI:770.13(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:770.0321(C 42H 73O 12),Cal 770.0315.
制备实施例3人参皂苷Rh3H的制备
采用制备实施例1相同方法，原料分别为20(R)-Rh2和20(S)-Rh2，得到人参皂苷Rh3H。
人参皂苷Rh3H，
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.11(1H,t,J＝7.0Hz),4.95(1H,d,J＝8.0Hz),4.40(1H,d,J＝11.5Hz),4.40(1H,m),4.24(1H,m),4.21(1H,m),4.05(1H,m),4.02(1H,m),3.93(1H,m),3.38(1H,dd,J＝11.5,4.5Hz),2.46-2.53(2H,m),2.40(1H,dd,J＝21.5,10.5Hz),2.21(1H,m),1.95(1H,m),2.03(2H,m),1.82(1H,m),1.72(2H,m),1.71(3H,s),1.69(3H,s),1.65(3H,s),1.59(1H,m),1.52(2H,m),1.49(2H,m),1.43(2H,m),1.36(1H,m),1.32(3H,s),1.24(1H,m),1.06(1H,m),1.01(3H,s),1.00(H,s),0.99(3H,s),0.81(3H,s),0.76(1,m),0.74(1H,d,J＝10.5Hz).
13C NMR(δ,125M):131.7,127.0,107.9,89.7,79.7,79.3,76.8,72.8,71.8,64.0,57.3,52.7,51.6,51.3,50.1,44.2,41.0,40.6,40.1,37.9,36.1,33.1,32.4,29.1,27.7,27.6,26.8,23.7,23.6,19.4,18.7,18.3,17.7,17.4,16.8,
ESI:607.83(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:607.8921(C 36H 67O 7),[M+H] +,Cal 607.8915.
制备实施例4人参皂苷Rh3H1(E)、人参皂苷Rh3H1(Z)和人参皂苷Rk2H的制备
采用制备实施例2相同方法，原料为20(R)-Rh2乙酰化产物或20(S)-Rh2乙酰化产物，分别得到HPLC纯度在98％以上的人参皂苷Rh3H1(E)、人参皂苷Rh3H1(Z)和人参皂苷Rk2H。
人参皂苷Rh3H1(E)，
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.04(1H,br.s),4.95(1H,d,J＝8.0Hz),4.80(1H,m),4.40(1H,d,J＝11.5Hz),4.40(1H,m),4.24(1H,m),4.21(1H,m),4.05(1H,m),4.02(1H,m),3.93(1H,m),3.38(1H,dd,J＝11.5,4.5Hz),2.46-2.53(2H,m),2.40(1H,dd,J＝21.5,10.5Hz),2.21(1H,m),1.95(1H,m),2.03(2H,m),1.82(1H,m),1.72(2H,m),1.69(3H,s),1.65(3H,s),1.59(1H,m),1.52(2H,m),1.49(2H,m),1.43(2H,m),1.39(3H,m),1.36(1H,m),1.32(3H,s),1.24(1H,m),1.06(1H,m),1.01(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),1.00(H,s),0.99(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),0.81(3H,s),0.76(1,m),0.74(1H,d,J＝10.5Hz).
13C NMR(δ,125M):138.7,125.9,107.9,89.7,79.7,79.3,76.8,72.8,71.8,64.0,57.3,52.7, 51.6,51.3,50.1,44.2,41.0,40.6,40.1,37.9,36.1,33.1,32.4,29.1,27.7,27.6,26.8,23.7,23.6,19.4,18.7,18.3,17.7,17.4,16.8,
ESI:607.83(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:607.8921(C 36H 67O 7),[M+H] +,Cal 607.8915.
人参皂苷Rh3H1(Z)，
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.32(1H,t,J＝7.0Hz),4.95(1H,d,J＝8.0Hz),4.40(1H,d,J＝11.5Hz),4.40(1H,m),4.24(1H,m),4.21(1H,m),4.05(1H,m),4.02(1H,m),3.93(1H,m),3.38(1H,dd,J＝11.5,4.5Hz),2.46-2.53(2H,m),2.40(1H,dd,J＝21.5,10.5Hz),2.21(1H,m),1.95(1H,m),2.03(2H,m),1.82(1H,m),1.72(2H,m),1.70(3H,s),1.69(3H,s),1.59(1H,m),1.52(2H,m),1.49(2H,m),1.43(2H,m),1.39(3H,m),1.36(1H,m),1.32(3H,s),1.24(1H,m),1.06(1H,m),1.01(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),1.00(H,s),0.99(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),0.81(3H,s),0.76(1,m),0.74(1H,d,J＝10.5Hz).
13C NMR(δ,125M):138.7,125.9,107.9,89.7,79.7,79.3,76.8,72.8,71.8,64.0,57.3,52.7,51.6,51.3,50.1,44.2,41.0,40.6,40.1,37.9,36.1,33.1,32.4,29.1,27.7,27.6,26.8,23.7,23.6,19.4,18.7,18.3,17.7,17.4,16.8,
ESI:607.83(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:607.8921(C 36H 67O 7),[M+H] +,Cal 607.8915.
人参皂苷Rk2H
1H NMR(δ,500M):4.95(1H,d,J＝8.0Hz),4.40(1H,d,J＝11.5Hz),4.40(1H,m),4.24(1H,m),4.21(1H,m),4.05(1H,m),4.02(1H,m),3.93(1H,m),3.38(1H,dd,J＝11.5,4.5Hz),2.46-2.53(2H,m),2.40(1H,dd,J＝21.5,10.5Hz),2.21(1H,m),1.95(1H,m),2.03(2H,m),1.82(1H,m),1.72(2H,m),1.70(3H,s),1.69(3H,s),1.59(1H,m),1.52(2H,m),1.49(2H,m),1.43(2H,m),1.39(3H,m),1.36(1H,m),1.32(3H,s),1.24(1H,m),1.06(1H,m),1.01(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),1.00(H,s),0.99(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),0.81(3H,s),0.76(1,m),0.74(1H,d,J＝10.5Hz).
13C NMR(δ,125M):155.6,108.2,107.9,89.7,79.7,79.3,76.8,72.8,71.8,64.0,57.3,52.7,51.6,51.3,50.1,44.2,41.0,40.6,40.1,37.9,36.1,33.1,32.4,29.1,27.7,27.6,26.8,23.7,23.6,19.4,18.7,18.3,17.7,17.4,16.8,
ESI:607.83(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:607.8921(C 36H 67O 7),[M+H] +,Cal 607.8915.
制备实施例5人参皂苷Rk4H的制备
采用制备实施例1相同方法，原料分别为20(R)-Rg2和20(S)-Rg2，得到人参皂苷Rk4H。
人参皂苷Rk4H，
1H NMR(δ,500M):6.46(1H,brs),5.33(1H,t,J＝8.3),5.25(1H,d,J＝7.2),4.92(1H, m),4.77(1H,m),4.66(1H,m),4.52(1H,d,J＝9.8),4.69(1H,m),4.34(1H,m),4.37(1H,m),4.28(1H,m),4.20(1H,m),3.96(1H,m),3.90(1H,m),3.47(1H,dd,J＝4.1,11.6),2.59(1H,m),2.30(1H,m),2.26(1H,m),2.26(3H,m),2.10(3H,s),2.01(1H,m),1.98(2H,m),1.86(1H,m),1.79(3H,m),1.78(3H,d,J＝5.7),1.67(3H,s),1.63(3H,s),1.64(2H,m),1.53(3H,m),1.41(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),1.39(1H,m),1.35(3H,s),1.29(2H,m),1.20(3H,s),0.98(3H,s),0.95(3H,s),0.96(3H,m).
13C NMR(δ,125M):130.8,126.4,102.0,101.9,79.5,78.7,78.4,75.9,78.9,71.3,67.3,74.4,73.1,71.1,63.0,60.9,54.7,51.8,49.7,39.7,48.3,46.1,41.2,40.1,39.4,32.1,35.9,32.2,31.4,27.1,26.7,27.8,25.9,23.0,17.7,17.0,17.2.
ESI:770.23(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:770.0341(C 36H 67O 7),[M+H] +,Cal 770.0328.
制备实施例6人参皂苷Rk4H1(E)、人参皂苷Rk4H1(Z)和人参皂苷Rg6H的制备
采用制备实施例2相同方法，原料为20(R)-Rg2乙酰化产物、20(S)-Rg2乙酰化产物，分别得到HPLC纯度在98％以上的人参皂苷Rk4H1(E)，人参皂苷Rk4H1(Z)，人参皂苷Rg6H。
人参皂苷Rk4H1E,
1H NMR(δ,500M):6.46(1H,brs),5.40(1H,t,J＝8.3),5.25(1H,d,J＝7.2),4.92(1H,m),4.77(1H,m),4.66(1H,m),4.52(1H,d,J＝9.8),4.69(1H,m),4.34(1H,m),4.37(1H,m),4.28(1H,m),4.20(1H,m),3.96(1H,m),3.90(1H,m),3.47(1H,dd,J＝4.1,11.6),2.59(1H,m),2.30(1H,m),2.26(1H,m),2.26(3H,m),2.10(3H,s),2.01(1H,m),1.98(2H,m),1.86(1H,m),1.79(3H,m),1.78(3H,d,J＝5.7),1.71(3H,s),1.67(3H,s),1.63(3H,s),1.64(2H,m),1.53(3H,d,J＝10.5Hz),1.41(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),1.39(1H,m),1.29(2H,m),1.20(3H,s),0.98(3H,s),0.95(3H,s),0.83(3H,d,J＝10.5Hz).
13C NMR(δ,125M):140.2,123.6,102.0,101.9,79.5,78.7,78.4,75.9,78.9,71.3,67.3,74.4,73.1,71.1,63.0,60.9,54.7,51.8,49.7,39.7,48.3,46.1,41.2,40.1,39.4,32.1,35.9,32.2,31.4,27.1,26.7,27.8,25.9,23.0,17.7,17.0,17.2.
ESI:770.23(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:770.0341(C 36H 67O 7),[M+H] +,Cal 770.0328.
人参皂苷Rk4H1Z,
1H NMR(δ,500M):6.46(1H,brs),5.42(1H,t,J＝8.3),5.25(1H,d,J＝7.2),4.92(1H,m),4.77(1H,m),4.66(1H,m),4.52(1H,d,J＝9.8),4.69(1H,m),4.34(1H,m),4.37(1H,m),4.28(1H,m),4.20(1H,m),3.96(1H,m),3.90(1H,m),3.47(1H,dd,J＝4.1,11.6),2.59(1H,m),2.30(1H,m),2.26(1H,m),2.26(3H,m),2.10(3H,s),2.01(1H,m),1.98(2H,m),1.86(1H, m),1.79(3H,m),1.78(3H,d,J＝5.7),1.67(3H,s),1.65(3H,s),1.64(2H,m),1.53(3H,d,J＝10.5Hz),1.41(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),1.39(1H,m),1.29(2H,m),1.20(3H,s),0.98(3H,s),0.95(3H,s),0.83(3H,d,J＝10.5Hz).
13C NMR(δ,125M):140.2,120.4,102.0,101.9,79.5,78.7,78.4,75.9,78.9,71.3,67.3,74.4,73.1,71.1,63.0,60.9,54.7,51.8,49.7,39.7,48.3,46.1,41.2,40.1,39.4,32.1,35.9,32.2,31.4,27.1,26.7,27.8,25.9,23.0,17.7,17.0,17.2.
ESI:770.23(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:770.0341(C 36H 67O 7),[M+H] +,Cal 770.0328.
人参皂苷Rg6H
1H NMR(δ,500M):6.46(1H,brs),5.25(1H,d,J＝7.2),5.04(1H,br.s),4.92(1H,m),4.80(1H,m),4.77(1H,m),4.66(1H,m),4.52(1H,d,J＝9.8),4.69(1H,m),4.34(1H,m),4.37(1H,m),4.28(1H,m),4.20(1H,m),3.96(1H,m),3.90(1H,m),3.47(1H,dd,J＝4.1,11.6),2.5(1H,m),2.30(1H,m),2.26(1H,m),2.26(3H,m),2.10(3H,s),2.01(1H,m),1.98(2H,m),1.86(1H,m),1.79(3H,m),1.78(3H,d,J＝5.7),1.63(3H,s),1.64(2H,m),1.53(3H,d,J＝10.5Hz),1.41(3H,d,J＝2.8Hz),1.39(1H,m),1.35(3H,s),1.29(2H,m),1.20(3H,s),0.98(3H,s),0.95(3H,s),0.83(3H,d,J＝10.5Hz).
13C NMR(δ,125M):155.6,108.2,102.0,101.9,79.5,78.7,78.4,75.9,78.9,71.3,67.3,74.4,73.1,71.1,63.0,60.9,54.7,51.8,49.7,39.7,48.3,46.1,41.2,40.1,39.4,32.1,35.9,32.2,31.4,27.1,26.7,27.8,25.9,23.0,17.7,17.0,17.2.
ESI:770.23(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:770.0341(C 36H 67O 7),[M+H] +,Cal 770.0328.
制备实施例7异人参皂苷Rg3H的制备
取1.5g的异人参皂苷Rg3乙酰化产物，溶解于150mL的乙醇中，加入300mg的5％的钯碳，搅拌，于40℃条件下通入氢气，反应6小时。反应结束后，过滤除去钯碳，滤液用乙酸乙酯萃取3次，合并有机相，减压浓缩至干得到粗品异人参皂苷Rg3H。再经高压层析分离，以C18为填料，甲醇水梯度洗脱，蒸发光散射器(ELSD)检测，产品段浓缩至干，得到0.36g+0.55g HPLC纯度在98％以上的异人参皂苷Rg3H。
异人参皂苷Rg3H，
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.37(1H,d,J＝7.5Hz),4.91(1H,d,J＝7.5Hz),4.55(1H,m),4.45-4.49(2H,m),4.23-4.33(5H,m),4.12-4.14(2H,m),3.90-3.92(3H,m),3.27(1H,m),2.28-2.59(2H,m),2.17(1H,m),1.99-2.02(3H,m),1.80-1.89(3H,m),1.78(3H,d,J＝5.7),1.67-1.71(3H,m),1.64(3H,s),1.61(3H,s),1.41(6H,s),1.35-1.50(10H,m),1.28(3H,s),1.20(1H,m),1.09(3H,m),1.02(1H,m),0.97(3H,s),0.96(3H,m),0.79(3H,s),0.74(1H,m).
13C NMR(δ,125M):106.3,105.3,89.2,83.6,82.3,78.6,78.4,78.2,78.0,71.9,71.2,63.1,63.0,77.4,56.6,55.0,51.9,50.6,49.4,48.8,40.2,39.9,39.4,37.1,35.4,32.3,31.6,30.0,29.8,27.3,26.9,26.9,25.9,23.2,18.7,17.9,17.2,16.8.
ESI:788.05(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:788.0721(M+H) +,(C 42H 73O 13),Cal 788.0728.
制备实施例8 3-硫酸钠-人参皂苷Rg5H(SC-Rg5H)的制备
取10g人参皂苷Rg5H，溶解于50mL乙醇中，加入1g NaOH，加热至80℃回流，通入空气，反应5天，TLC检测至原料点消失。反应结束后，100mL/次正丁醇萃取3次，合并有机相，减压浓缩至干，乙醇结晶3次，烘干，得到2.6g HPLC纯度在98％以上人参皂苷Rg5H母核。
称取10g Rg5H母核，溶解于100mL吡啶中，将反应瓶置于盐水-冰浴中，冷却至0℃，缓慢滴加氯磺酸30mL，然后在室温下反应2小时后，TLC检测至原料点消失。反应结束后，加入0.1M NaOH调节pH＝7.0，正丁醇萃取3次，合并有机相，减压浓缩至干。再经高压层析分离，以C18为填料，甲醇水梯度洗脱，蒸发光散射器(ELSD)，产品段浓缩至干，得到11.4g HPLC纯度在98％以上的Rg5H母核。
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.30(1H,t,J＝6.0Hz),3.96(1H,m),3.80(1H,m),2.28-2.59(2H,m),2.17(1H,m),1.99-2.02(3H,m),1.80-1.89(2H,m),1.64(3H,s),1.61(3H,s),1.41(3H,d,J＝2.8),1.35-1.50(8H,m),1.28(3H,s),1.20(1H,m),1.09(3H,s),1.03(1H,m),0.94(3H,s),0.95(3H,s),0.78(3H,s),0.73(1H,m).
13C NMR(δ,125M):139.7,125.7,78.2,78.3,72.8,69.7,56.6,51.7,51.1,51.0,44.4,40.4,39.7,37.6,35.6,32.8,32.4,30.2,29.0,28.9,28.4,23.8,18.9,17.2,16.7,16.5,16.0,13.2.
LRMS(ESI):523.7916[C 30H 51O 6S])；HRMS(ESI):found 523.7923,[C 30H 51O 6S]).
制备实施例9 3-硫酸钠-异原人参二醇PPD(E)(SC-异PPD(E))的制备
称取10g异原人参二醇PPD(E型)，溶解于100mL吡啶中，将反应瓶置于盐水-冰浴中，冷却至0℃，缓慢滴加氯磺酸30mL，然后撤去冰浴，在室温下反应2小时后，TLC检测至原料点消失。反应结束后，加入0.1M NaOH调节pH＝7.0，正丁醇萃取3次，合并有机相，减压浓缩至干。再经高压层析分离，以C18为填料，甲醇水梯度洗脱，蒸发光散射器(ELSD)，产品段浓缩至干，得到11.4g HPLC纯度在98％以上的3-硫酸钠-异原人参二醇PPD(E型)。
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.40(1H,t,J＝6.0Hz),3.96(1H,m),3.80(1H,m),2.28-2.59(2H,m),2.17(1H,m),1.99-2.02(3H,m),1.80-1.89(2H,m),1.71(3H,s),1.57(3H,s),1.51(3H,s),1.35-1.50(8H,m),1.20(1H,m),1.09(3H,s),1.03(1H,m),0.94(3H,s),0.95(3H,s),0.78(3H, s),0.73(1H,m).
13C NMR(δ,125M):123.8,123.6,78.2,72.8,70.7,56.6,51.7,51.1,51.0,44.4,40.4,39.7,37.6,35.6,32.8,32.4,30.2,29.0,28.9,28.4,23.8,18.9,17.2,16.7,16.5,16.0,13.2.
ESI-MS:539.79[M-Na] -.
制备实施例10 3-(N,N-二甲基氨基乙基)-氨基甲酰基-人参皂苷Rg5H(DC-Rg5H)的制备
采用实施例23相同方法，原料为Rg5H母核，即得DC-人参皂苷Rg5H。
称取10g Rg5H母核，溶解于200mL干燥的二氯甲烷，加入10g DMAP，至于冰浴中冷却至0℃，滴加50mL溶解于二氯甲烷中的三光气(10g)，控制反应温度0～5℃，反应2小时，TLC检测至原料点消失。加入纯化水终止反应，乙酸乙酯萃取3次，合并有机相，减压浓缩至干，乙醇结晶2次，烘干，得到6.5g 3-氯甲酰-人参皂苷Rg5H。
称取5g 3-氯甲酰-人参皂苷Rg5H，溶解于50mL二氯甲烷中，冰浴中冷却至0℃，缓慢滴加含有5mL N,N-二甲基乙二胺的氯仿溶液15mL，控制反应温度在0～5℃，反应4小时，TLC检测至原料点消失。加入纯化水终止反应，氯仿萃取3次，合并有机相，减压浓缩至干，乙醇结晶3次，烘干，得到3.6g 3-(N,N-二甲基氨基乙基)-氨基甲酰基-人参皂苷Rg5H。
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.20(1H,t,J＝6.9Hz),3.80(1H,m),3.75(4H,m),3.42(6H,s),2.70(1H,m),2.20-2.28(4H,m),2.08(1H,m),1.98(2H,m),1.95(1H,m),1.72(1H,m),1.60(1H,m),1.57(3H,s),1.51(3H,s),1.45(3H,m),1.38(1H,m),1.32(3H,m),1.19(1H,m),0.98(1H,m),0.92(3H,s),0.92(3H,d,J＝6.5Hz),0.72(3H,s),0.68(1H,m),0.63(1H,m).
13C NMR(δ,125M):156.1,131.2,125.3,89.0,72.5,60.3,56.5,52.5,51.2,50.8,48.2,46.1,40.2,39.8,39.3,37.1,35.4,33.9,32.6,30.7,28.1,27.1,26.7,25.7,18.5,17.7,17.0,16.6,16.4,15.8.
ESI:559.90(M+H) +,HR-ESI-MS:559.9011(C 35H 63N2O 3),Cal 559.9020.
制备实施例11伪人参皂苷GP的制备
取10g人参皂苷GQ乙酰化产物溶于200mL甲苯中，加入1.5g三氟化硼乙醚，加热至90℃回流4小时，TLC检测至原料点消失，冷却，用100mL/次饱和碳酸氢钠溶液洗涤3次，无水硫酸钠干燥，减压浓缩至干，得到GP乙酰化产物。
取10g的GP乙酰化产物，溶解于50mL甲醇中，加入2g甲醇钠，搅拌溶解，室温下反应10小时，TLC检测至原料点消失，用100mL/次乙酸乙酯萃取3次，合并有机相，适量无水硫酸钠干燥，减压浓缩至干，适量甲醇结晶2次，烘干得到2.2g HPLC纯度在 98％以上的伪人参皂苷GP。
1H NMR(δ,500M):5.25(1H,d,J＝7.8Hz),4.81(1H,d,J＝7.8Hz),4.45(1H,d,J＝10.2Hz),4.36(2H,m),4.21–4.24(3H,m),4.09–4.14(2H,dd,J＝19.2,9.6Hz),3.99–4.05(2H,m),3.79–3.83(3H,m),3.59(1H,td,J＝10.2,4.8Hz),3.16(1H,dd,J＝12.0,4.2Hz),1.33(3H,d,J＝6.5Hz),1.15(s,6H),1.13(3H,d,J＝6.5Hz)1.08(s,3H),0.96(s,3H),0.84(s,3H),0.78(s,3H),0.64(s,3H).
13C NMR(C 5D 5N,150MHz)d:106.2,105.2,88.9,86.8,85.7,83.6,78.4,78.3,78.2,78.1,77.3,71.8,71.7,71.2,70.4,62.9,62.8,56.5,52.2,50.8,49.8,48.5,40.0,39.8,39.3,37.0,35.2,32.9,32.5,31.7,28.9,28.1,27.7,27.3,27.0,26.8,25.5,18.5,18.4,16.6,16.6,15.6.
ESI-MS:m/z 786.03[M+1] +.
二、混合胶束的制备
实施例1含PEG-DSPE的人参皂苷Rk1空白混合胶束的制备
取100mg的PEG-DSPE(数均分子量为2000)和200mg的人参皂苷Rk1，溶于20ml乙醇中，于37℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在37℃搅拌水化，溶解后过0.22μm滤膜，得到空白纳米混合胶束溶液。经检测后，平均粒径为24.5nm。
实施例2含mPEG-PDLLA的原人参三醇PPT空白混合胶束的制备
取200mg的mPEG-PDLLA(数均分子量为2000)和100mg的原人参三醇PPT，溶于20ml甲醇中，于50℃减压浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在50℃搅拌水化，溶解后过0.22μm滤膜，得到空白混合胶束溶液。经检测后，平均粒径为40.9nm。
实施例3含mPEG-DSPE的达母林A空白混合胶束的制备
取200mg的mPEG-DSPE(数均分子量为2000)和400mg的达母林A、20mg VE，溶于20ml乙醇中，于60℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml 5％葡萄糖水溶液，在60℃搅拌水化，溶解后过0.22μm滤膜，得到空白纳米混合胶束溶液。经检测后，平均粒径为24.5nm。
实施例4含PEG-DSPE的原人参二醇PPD空白混合胶束的制备
取100mg的PEG-DSPE(数均分子量为4000)和200mg的原人参二醇PPD、20mg VC，溶于20ml乙腈中，于50℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml 5％葡萄糖水溶液，在50℃搅拌水化，溶解后过0.22μm滤膜，得到空白纳米混合胶束溶液。经检测后，平均粒径为28.6nm。
实施例5含PEG-DSPE的紫杉醇人参皂苷Rg5混合胶束的制备
取200mg的PEG-DSPE(数均分子量为2000)，400mg的人参皂苷Rg5，100mg紫杉醇，100mg VE，溶于200ml甲醇：氯仿＝1：1(体积比)的混合溶液中，于60℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在60℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为16.7nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例6含mPEG-PDLLA的多西他赛人参皂苷Rg5H混合胶束的制备
取200mg的mPEG-PDLLA(数均分子量为4000)和400mg的人参皂苷Rg5H和50mg多西他赛，溶于20ml氯仿中，于45℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在45℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为24.5nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例7：含PEO-PAsp的喜树碱人参皂苷Rh1混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEO-PAsp(数均分子量为4800)和100mg的人参皂苷Rh1和25mg喜树碱，溶于20ml二氯甲烷中，于40℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml5％葡萄糖水溶液，在40℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为33.4nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例8：含PEG-DSPE的丙泊酚25-甲基-异人参皂苷Rg3(异Rg3Me)混合胶束的制备
取100mg的PEG-DSPE(数均分子量为2000)、400mg的异Rg3Me和25mg丙泊酚，溶于20ml乙醇中，于60℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在40℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为35.5nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例9含mPEG-PDLLA和壳聚糖-胆酸的高三尖杉酯碱人参皂苷Rg4混合胶束的制备
取500mg的mPEG-PDLLA(数均分子量为4000)、100mg的壳聚糖-胆酸和300mg的人参皂苷Rg4和50mg高三尖杉酯碱，溶于20ml乙醚中，于30℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在30℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为66nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例10含mPEG-PLA的阿霉素人参皂苷Rh4混合胶束的制备
取100mg的mPEG-PLA(数均分子量为2400)、400mg的人参皂苷Rh4和50mg阿霉素，溶于20ml甲醇中，于50℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在40℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。 经复溶检测后，平均粒径为27.3nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例11含PEG-PLGA的奥沙利铂人参皂苷Rh2混合胶束的制备
取100mg的PEG-PLGA(数均分子量为2000)、200mg的人参皂苷Rh2和50mg奥沙利铂，溶于20ml THF中，于55℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml5％葡萄糖水溶液，在55℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为18.8nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例12含PEG-DSPE的氯硝西泮人参皂苷Rp1混合胶束的制备
取100mg的PEG-DSPE(数均分子量为4000)、400mg的人参皂苷Rp1、10mg维生素E、10mg胆固醇和50mg氯硝西泮，溶于20ml四氢呋喃中，于60℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml饱和磷酸盐缓冲溶液，在40℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为26.9nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例13含mPEG-PDLLA的吲哚美辛人参皂苷Rg3混合胶束的制备
取100mg的mPEG-PDLLA(数均分子量为4000)、400mg的人参皂苷Rg3和30mg吲哚美辛，溶于20ml氯仿，于45℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml5％葡萄糖水溶液，在30℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为23.9nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例14含PEG-PHis的萘普生人参皂苷Rh3混合胶束的制备
取100mg的PEG-Phis(数均分子量为4000)和200mg的人参皂苷Rh3和30mg萘普生，溶于20ml甲醇中，于50℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml 5％葡萄糖水溶液，在30℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为22.5nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例15含PEG-PCL的氟哌啶醇异人参皂苷Rh2(E)混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEG-PCL(数均分子量为2000)、100mg的异人参皂苷Rh2(E)和30mg氟哌啶醇，溶于20ml氯仿，于45℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml5％葡萄糖水溶液，在30℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为20.7nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例16含PEG-PBLA的二氢睾酮异人参皂苷Rg3(Z)的混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEG-PBLA(数均分子量为2000)、100mg的异人参皂苷Rg3(Z)和30mg二氢睾酮，溶于20ml氯仿，于40℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml5％葡萄糖水溶液，在30℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干 燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为46.5nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例17含PEG-PAsp的维生素K3伪人参皂苷GQ混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEG-PAsp(数均分子量为4800)和100mg的伪人参皂苷GQ和30mg维生素K3，溶于20ml氯仿，于45℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml5％葡萄糖水溶液，在45℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为32.9nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例18含PEG-PBLG的联苯双酯人参皂苷Rp2混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEG-PBLG(数均分子量为4000)、100mg的人参皂苷Rp2和30mg联苯双酯，溶于20ml氯仿，于40℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml 5％葡萄糖水溶液，在40℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为18.3nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例19含PEG-DSPE-NH2的葛根素伪人参皂苷HQ混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEG-DSPE-NH2(数均分子量为4000)、100mg的伪人参皂苷HQ和30mg葛根素，溶于20ml氯仿，于45℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml 5％葡萄糖水溶液，在45℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为23.6nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例20含PEG-PCL的环孢菌素A人参皂苷Rp3混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEG-PCL(数均分子量为2000)、100mg的人参皂苷Rp3和30mg环孢菌素A，溶于20ml乙醇，于60℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml 5％葡萄糖水溶液，在30℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为27nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例21含PEG-PCL的非诺贝特异人参皂苷Rh2(Z)混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEG-PCL(数均分子量为2000)、100mg的异人参皂苷Rh2(Z)和30mg非诺贝特，溶于20ml氯仿，于45℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml5％葡萄糖水溶液，在45℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为26.2nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例22含PEG-PCL的两性霉素B人参皂苷SC-Rp1混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEG-PCL(数均分子量为2000)、200mg的人参皂苷SC-Rp1，20mg脱氧胆酸钠和30mg两性霉素B，溶于100ml纯化水中，于60℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml 5％葡萄糖水溶液，在50℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为29.6nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例23含PEG-PCL的siRNA人参皂苷DC-Rp1混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEG-PCL(数均分子量为2000)、100mg的人参皂苷DC-Rp1和30mg SiRNA，溶于50ml生理盐水中，于室温下，搅拌12小时，经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为28.2nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例24：含PEO-PPO-PEO的阿霉素异人参皂苷Rg2(E)混合胶束的制备
取300mg的泊洛沙姆188(PEO-PPO-PEO)(数均分子量为4800)、100mg的阿霉素溶解于DMSO中，在30-50℃，加入10ml的溶有20mg的DMAP的二甲基吡啶中，搅拌3-4小时，制得胶束与阿霉素的共轭物，加入50ml的pH＝7.4溶有2mg/ml异人参皂苷Rg2(E)的PBS缓冲溶液后，降压浓缩除去有机溶剂，过0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥后即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为21.1nm，包封率≧90％。经检测，该胶束在pH 7.4稳定，但在pH 6.6-7.2能释放阿霉素。
实施例25含PEG-PBLG的全反式维甲酸异人参皂苷Rg2(Z)混合胶束的制备
取200mg的PEG-PBLG(数均分子量为4000)、300mg的异人参皂苷Rg2(Z)，溶于20ml二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中，于30℃搅拌溶解。再加入50mg的全反式维甲酸，室温下搅拌12小时。然后将混合溶液置于透析袋中，用纯化水透析8小时，透析液过0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为30.7nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例26含PEG-PAsp的顺铂异人参皂苷Rg3H混合胶束的制备
取200mg的PEG-PAsp(数均分子量为4800)和30mg的顺铂，溶解于50ml纯化水中，在室温下搅拌8小时，使得顺铂与PEG-PAsp形成配合物胶束。再加入50mg的异人参皂苷Rg3H，60℃搅拌溶解。过0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为42.2nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例27：含PEG-PBLA的盐酸伊立替康异人参皂苷Rg3E混合胶束的制备
取200mg的PEG-PBLA(数均分子量为2000)和400mg的异人参皂苷Rg3，用50ml的50％乙醇水溶液溶解，得空白胶束溶液。将50mg的盐酸伊立替康溶解于10ml的氯仿中，室温激烈搅拌下，将药液滴加到到50ml的空白胶束溶液中，形成油水混合溶液【或混合溶液高速剪切10分钟、或高压均质2-4次，或剪切和均质联合使用】，继续搅拌2小时。然后在60℃下，旋转蒸发除去有机溶剂，过0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为28.3nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例28：含PEG-PHis的埃伯霉素C人参皂苷Rg2混合胶束的制备
取400mg的PEG-Phis(数均分子量为4000)和200mg的人参皂苷Rg2，溶于20ml二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中，于室温搅拌溶解。再加入50mg的埃伯霉素C，室温下搅拌12 小时。然后将混合溶液置于透析袋中，用纯化水透析8小时，透析液过0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为24.7nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例29含mPEG-PDLLA和壳聚糖-胆酸的高三尖杉酯碱人参皂苷Rg5H1(E)混合胶束的制备
取500mg的mPEG-PDLLA(数均分子量为4000)、100mg的壳聚糖-胆酸和300mg的Rg5H1(E)和50mg高三尖杉酯碱，溶于20ml乙醚中，于30℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在30℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为66nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例30含mPEG-PLA的阿霉素人参皂苷Rg5H1(Z)混合胶束的制备
取100mg的mPEG-PLA(数均分子量为2400)、400mg的人参皂苷Rg5H1(Z)和50mg阿霉素，溶于20ml甲醇中，于50℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在40℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为27.3nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例31含PEG-PLGA的顺铂人参皂苷Rk1H混合胶束的制备
取100mg的PEG-PLGA(数均分子量为2000)、200mg的人参皂苷Rk1H和50mg顺铂，溶于20ml THF中，于55℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml 5％葡萄糖水溶液，在55℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为18.8nm，包封率≧95％。
实施例32含PEG-PHis的萘普生人参皂苷Rh3H混合胶束的制备
取100mg的PEG-Phis(数均分子量为4000)和200mg的20(R)-Rh3H和30mg萘普生，溶于20ml甲醇中，于50℃减压浓缩旋转成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml 5％葡萄糖水溶液，在30℃水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为22.5nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例33含mPEG-PDLLA和壳聚糖-胆酸的高三尖杉酯碱人参皂苷Rg3H1(E)混合胶束的制备
取500mg的mPEG-PDLLA(数均分子量为4000)、100mg的壳聚糖-胆酸和300mg的Rg3H1(E)和50mg高三尖杉酯碱，溶于20ml乙醚中，于30℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在30℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为35.5nm，包封率≧90％。
实施例34含mPEG-PLA的阿霉素人参皂苷Rg3H1(Z)混合胶束的制备
取100mg的mPEG-PLA(数均分子量为2400)、400mg的人参皂苷Rg3H1(Z)和50mg 阿霉素，溶于20ml甲醇中，于50℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml纯化水，在40℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。经0.22μm滤膜过滤，冷冻干燥即得。经复溶检测后，平均粒径为24.5nm，包封率≧95％。
应用例1人参皂苷纳米胶束和混合胶束的溶血性研究
人参皂苷(共计12个)：人参皂苷Rg5、20(R)-Rg5H、20(S)-Rg5H、Rg5H1(E)、Rg5H1(Z)、Rk1H、S-Rp1、R-Rp1、R-Rh3H、S-Rh3H、Rh3H1(E)、Rh3H1(Z)等12个。
人参皂苷纳米胶束的制备：参照前述混合胶束的制备实施例1～4的方法，不加入两亲性共聚物，更换不同的人参皂苷。
混合胶束的制备：参照本应用例中人参皂苷纳米胶束的制备方法，更换不同的人参皂苷和两亲性聚合物。
表2
编号 溶血性(HD50) 编号 溶血性(HD50)
Rg5纳米胶束 45-50ug/ml Rg5+PEG-DSPE混合胶束 1mg/ml未见溶血
Rg5H纳米胶束 120-130ug/ml Rg5H+PEG-DSPE混合胶束 1mg/ml未见溶血
Rg5H1(E)纳米胶束 70-80ug/ml Rg5H1(E)+mPEG-PDLLA混合胶束 1mg/ml未见溶血
Rg5H1(Z)纳米胶束 70-80ug/ml Rg5H1(Z)+mPEG-PLA混合胶束 1mg/ml未见溶血
Rk1H纳米胶束 70-80ug/ml Rk1H+PEO-PAsp混合胶束 1mg/ml未见溶血
Rp1纳米胶束 ≤0.5ug/ml Rp1+PEG-PCL混合胶束 1mg/ml未见溶血
Rh3H纳米胶束 35-40ug/ml Rh3H+PEG-PAsp混合胶束 1mg/ml未见溶血
Rh3H1(E)纳米胶束 35-40ug/ml Rh3H1(E)+PEG-PHis混合胶束 1mg/ml未见溶血
Rh3H1(Z)纳米胶束 35-40ug/ml Rh3H1(Z)+PEG-PHis混合胶束 1mg/ml未见溶血
结论：人参皂苷本身具有较强的溶血性，人参皂苷成纳米胶束后，HD50一般在50ug/ml左右，溶血性较强的如Rp1甚至在0.5ug/ml以下，难以应用于载药系统；而混合胶束在1mg/ml未见溶血。
混合胶束相比于人参皂苷纳米胶束大幅度降低了人参皂苷纳米胶束的溶血性。
应用例2混合胶束的纳米粒径研究
纳米胶束的制备：参照前述混合胶束的制备实施例1～4方法，但分别不加入人参皂苷或两亲性共聚物，而制得两亲性聚合物纳米胶束或人参皂苷纳米胶束。每个样品检测3次，获得3次的粒径范围。
混合胶束：参照本应用例中纳米胶束的制备方法，更换不同皂苷和两亲性聚合物，每个样品检测3次，获得3次的粒径范围。
表3
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000034
结论：在同一条件下，人参皂苷纳米胶束的粒径一般在60～100nm；两亲性共聚物纳米胶束一般在300～800nm，甚至达到了μm级别，难以与生物体很好地相容；而混合胶束的粒径一般在15～60nm。
由此可知，混合胶束相比于人参皂苷纳米胶束、两亲性聚合物纳米胶束，粒径得到了大幅度的降低。
应用例3混合胶束的制剂稳定性研究
混合胶束的制备：取200mg的两亲性共聚物，400mg的人参皂苷，50mg紫杉醇，50mg VE，溶于20ml甲醇：氯仿＝1：1(体积比)的混合溶液中，于60℃减压旋转浓缩成膜，然后继续蒸发至干，加入20ml 5％葡萄糖水溶液，在60℃搅拌水化，溶解得到澄清胶束溶液。将胶束溶液至于4℃冷柜中，观察溶液呈现浑浊或析出固体所需时间，24小时后终止实验。
人参皂苷纳米胶束的制备：参照本应用例中混合胶束的制备方法，不加入两亲性共聚物。
两亲性共聚物纳米胶束的制备：参照本应用例中混合胶束的制备方法，不加入人参皂苷。
表4
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000035
结论：在同一条件下下，人参皂苷纳米胶束放置2～4小时即出现浑浊，两亲性共聚物纳米胶束放置3～4小时即出现浑浊，而混合胶束可达8～12小时，甚至24小时以上才出现浑浊。
由此可知，混合胶束的制剂稳定性比皂苷或聚合物纳米胶束的稳定性得到大幅度的提升。
应用例4体外细胞实验与体内动物实验
人参皂苷Rg5+mPEG-DSPE空白混合胶束(简称：混合空)、紫杉醇聚合物胶束(简称：Genexol-PM)、紫杉醇人参皂苷Rg5与PEG-DSPE混合胶束(简称：紫杉醇混合胶束)对人肺癌细胞(A549)/人肺癌紫杉醇耐药株(A549/T)的药效实验。
备注：因在预实验中，紫杉醇人参皂苷Rg5胶束在小白鼠体内不稳定，造成小白鼠死亡，因此，紫杉醇人参皂苷纳米胶束未纳入体内对比研究。
紫杉醇混合胶束的制备：参考前述混合胶束制备实施例5的方法。
混合空的制备：参考前述混合胶束制备实施例5的方法，不加入活性物质紫杉醇。
紫杉醇聚合物胶束采购自韩国Samyang Biopharmaceuticals Corporation(Seoul,Korea)。
1、体外细胞活力实验
根据体外细胞实验方法，测定人参皂苷Rg5+mPEG-DSPE空白混合胶束(简称：混合空)、韩国Samyang生产的紫杉醇聚合物胶束(简称：Genexol-PM)、紫杉醇人参皂苷Rg5与PEG-DSPE混合胶束(简称：紫杉醇混合胶束)分别处理人肺癌细胞(A549)和人肺癌紫杉醇耐药株(A549/T)后细胞的存活率。
按表5和表6中设置7个药物浓度，具体实验数据见表5和表6，以及图1和图2。
表5
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000036
由表5和图1可知：混合空对人肺癌细胞(A549)的活性较弱；紫杉醇高浓度时(200ng/mL)，Genexol-PM与紫杉醇混合胶束对人肺癌细胞(A549)的活性相当；随着紫杉醇用药浓度降低(100、50、25、12.5、6.5ng/mL)，紫杉醇混合胶束对人肺癌细胞(A549)比Genexol-PM体现出更好的活性。
表6
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000037
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000038
由表6和图2可知：混合空和Genexol-PM对耐紫杉醇人肺癌细胞(A549/T)的活性较弱，紫杉醇高浓度时(100μg/mL)，Genexol-PM与紫杉醇混合胶束对人肺癌细胞(A549/T)的活性相当；随着紫杉醇用药浓度降低(50、25、12.5、6.5、3.125、1.5625μg/mL)，紫杉醇混合胶束对人肺癌紫杉醇耐药株(A549/T)比Genexol-PM体现出更好的活性。
2、体外细胞IC 50实验
根据IC 50实验方法，测定混合空、Genexol-PM、紫杉醇混合胶束分别对人肺癌细胞(A549)、人肺癌紫杉醇耐药株(A549/T)的IC 50值，实验数据如表7：
表7
项目 A549细胞株(ng/mL) A549/T细胞株(μg/mL)
混合空 / /
Genexol-PM 62.49 22.20
紫杉醇混合胶束 60.66 12.08
由表7可知：紫杉醇混合胶束比Genexol-PM对A549的IC50更低，紫杉醇混合胶束对耐紫杉醇人肺癌耐药株(A549/T)的IC50比Genexol-PM也更低，同细胞株相比，紫杉醇混合胶束组的细胞药效比Genexol-PM组分别提高了3％和46％，说明本发明的混合胶束对耐药菌株更为有效。
3、体内药效实验
根据体内药效实验方法，将27只皮下荷瘤裸鼠随机分为3组(每组9只)，分别设为空白对照组(Control组，0.9％NaCl)、Genexol-PM组、紫杉醇混合胶束组。将相应制剂经尾静脉注射(按照25mg·kg -1的剂量给药)。每隔两天记录每组小鼠的体重变化，并用游标卡尺测量肿瘤最长直径和最短直径，瘤体积由以下公式计算：V＝(dmax×dmin 2)/2，其中dmin和dmax分别为肿瘤的短径和长径(mm)；根据测量的结果计算相对肿瘤体积(relative tumor volume，RTV)，计算公式为：RTV＝Vt/V0。其中V0为给药时测量的肿瘤体积，Vt为每隔两天测量的肿瘤体积。
3.1、Control组、Genexol-PM组、紫杉醇混合胶束组对人肺癌细胞(A549)的抑瘤作用的比较(药效)，具体实验数据见表8和图3。
表8
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000039
由表8和图3可知：相同时间下，Control组的肿瘤体积最大，而紫杉醇混合胶束组最小，其次为Genexol-PM组。Genexol-PM组抑瘤率为80％、紫杉醇混合胶束组抑瘤率为95％，相比，抑瘤率提高了1.19倍。
3.2、Control组、Genexol-PM组、紫杉醇混合胶束组对人肺癌紫杉醇耐药株(A549/T)的抑瘤作用的比较(药效)，具体实验数据见表9和图4。
表9
Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-000040
由表9和图4可知：相同时间下，Control组的肿瘤体积最大，而紫杉醇混合胶束组最小，其次为Genexol-PM组。Genexol-PM组抑瘤率为58％、紫杉醇混合胶束组抑瘤率为90％，相比，抑瘤率提高了1.55倍。
虽然以上描述了本发明的具体实施方式，但是本领域的技术人员应当理解，这些仅是举例说明，在不背离本发明的原理和实质的前提下，可以对这些实施方式做出多种变更或修改。因此，本发明的保护范围由所附权利要求书限定。

Claims (13)

  1. 一种空白混合胶束，其特征在于，所述的空白混合胶束包括两亲性共聚物和如式I所示的人参皂苷：
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100001
    其中，R 1和R 2各自独立地为H、-OH、R 10、R 11、R 12或R 13，但R 1和R 2不同时为H或-OH；
    R 3为
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100002
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100003
    R 4为H、-OH、＝O、-OCH 3、-OEt、-OAc、正丙氧基、异丙氧基、正丙酰氧基、异丙酰氧基、正丁氧基、异丁氧基、正丁酰基、异丁酰基、-OBz、-F、-Cl、-Br、-I、-NH 2 或-SH；
    R 5为H、-OH、＝O、-OCH3或-OAc；
    R 6为-OH、-OCH3、-OOH、-OAc或-OBz；
    R 7和R 8独立地为H、-OH、-OCH 3、-OCHO、-OAc或-OBz；
    R 10为下述基团中的任一种：-O-Glc、-O-Rha、-O-Lyx、-O-Xyl、-O-Ara(p)、-O-Ara(f)、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(数字表示碳位，→表示连接关系，下同)、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc、-O-Glc(2→1)Rha、-O-Glc(2→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(6→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(6→1)Rha、-O-Glc(2→1)Ara(p)、-O-Glc(6→1)Ara(p)、-O-Glc(2→1)Ara(f)、-O-Glc(6→1)Ara(f)、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Glc、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(4→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(2→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(6→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Rha、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Ara(f)、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(2→1)Ara(p)、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Glc、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Rha、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Ara(f)、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Ara(p)、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Glc、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Rha、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Xyl、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Ara(f)、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(2→1)Ara(p)、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Glc、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Rha、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Lyx、-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Ara(f)或-O-Glc(6→1)Glc(6→1)Ara(p)；
    R 11为R 10中的一个以上的羟基被R 10所取代，每个R 10(当存在两个以上时)各自独立地相同或不同；
    R 12为下述基团中的任一种；
    I)-mPEG、-Z-mPEG、-mPEO、-Z-PEO、-mPVP、-Z-PVP、-mEPEG或-Z-EPEG；其中，m为H、烷基或酰基，Z为-CO(CH 2) aCO-、-NH(CH 2) aCO-、-NH(CH 2) bX-或-CO-Ar-CH 2-；其中，X为O、S或NH，Ar为芳基，a为1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8，b为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10；
    II)C 4-C 22的脂肪酰基、磷酸酯基、丁二酸酯基、正丁酸酯基、磺酸酯基、苹果酸酯基或硫酸钠盐；
    III)Boc-甘氨酸、Boc-丙氨酸、Boc-精氨酸、Boc-赖氨酸、Boc-丝氨酸、乙酰苯丙氨酸、乙酰脯氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸或缬氨酸中的羧基去 氢后所形成的基团；
    IV)-O-PEO、-O-PVP、-O-PEG、-O-MPEG、-O-EPEG、-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Mal或-O-Glc(2→1)Glc(6→1)Ac；
    R 13为下述基团中的任一种；
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100004
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100005
  2. 如权利要求1所述的空白混合胶束，其特征在于，所述的两亲性共聚物和所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷的质量比为100:1-0.01:1，优选为10:1-0.1:1，更优选为10:1-0.25:1；
    和/或，所述R 1为-OH、
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100006
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100007
    和/或，所述R 2为H、-OH、
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100008
    和/或，所述R 3为
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100009
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100010
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100011
    优选为
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100012
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100013
    更优选为
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100014
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100015
    和/或，所述R 4为-OH、-OAc或＝O；
    和/或，所述R 5为H或-OH；
    和/或，所述如式I所示的人参皂苷中的一个以上羟基可选地被一个或多个R 11所取代；每个R 11各自独立地相同或不同；
    和/或，所述如式I所示的人参皂苷中的一个以上羟基可选地被R 12所取代；每个R 12各自独立地相同或不同；
    和/或，所述PEG、PEO、PVP和EPEG的数均分子量分别独立地为200～20000；
    和/或，所述的脂肪酰基为天然存在的饱和或不饱和脂肪酸的酰基、及人工合成的饱和或不饱和的脂肪酸的酰基，优选为硬脂酰基或棕榈酰基。
  3. 如权利要求1或2所述的空白混合胶束，其特征在于，所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷为下列化合物中的一种或多种：
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100016
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100017
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100018
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100019
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100020
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100021
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100022
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100023
    Figure PCTCN2018118136-appb-100024
    ，优选为20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3、20(S)-人参皂苷Rh2、原人参二醇、原人参三醇、人参皂苷Rg5、人参皂苷Rk1、人参皂苷Rh3、人参皂苷Rg2、人参皂苷Rg4、人参皂苷Rh4、人参皂苷Rh1、达母林A、人参皂苷Rg5H、人参皂苷Rg5H1(E)、人参皂苷Rg5H1(Z)、人参皂苷Rk1H、人参皂苷Rh3H、人参皂苷Rh3H1(E)、人参皂苷Rh3H1(Z)、人参皂苷Rp1、25-甲基-异人参皂苷Rg3、异人参皂苷Rg3(E)、异人参皂苷Rg3(Z)、异人参皂苷Rg3H、异人参皂苷Rh2(E)、异人参皂苷Rh2(Z)、人参皂苷Rp2、人参皂苷Rp3、伪人参皂苷GQ、伪人参皂苷HQ、人参皂苷SC-Rp1和人参皂苷DC-Rp1中的一种或多种。
  4. 如权利要求1-3中至少一项所述的空白混合胶束，其特征在于，所述的两亲性共聚物为两嵌段共聚物和/或三嵌段共聚物；
    所述的两亲性共聚物中的亲水基团优选为聚乙二醇、单甲氧基聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡喏烷酮、聚氧乙烯、聚乙烯醇、壳聚糖及其衍生物、仿细胞膜磷酰胆碱和水溶性环糊精衍生物中的一种或多种；所述的聚乙二醇的数均分子量优选为300-50000，更优选为500-10000，例如300、350、500、550、1000、2000、3400、5000、10000、20000、30000、40000或50000；
    所述的两亲性共聚物中的疏水基团优选为聚乳酸、聚-L-乳酸、聚-D,L-乳酸、聚丙交 酯-乙交脂、聚ε-己内酯、聚苄基天门冬氨酸、聚谷氨酸苄酯、聚苯乙烯、聚异丙基丙烯酰胺、聚赖氨酸、聚天冬氨酸、聚组氨酸、磷脂、磷脂酰乙醇胺、二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺、胆固醇和疏水性环糊精衍生物中的一种或多种。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的空白混合胶束，其特征在于，所述的两亲性共聚物为mPEG-DSPE、mPEG-PDLLA、mPEG-PLA、PVP-PNIPAM、mPEG-PAsp、PEG-DSPE、PEG-DSPE-NH2、PEG-PAsp、PEG-Phis、PEG-PLGA、PEG-PBLG、PEG-PLA、PEG-PBLA、PEG-PCL、PEG-PCLLA、PEO-PAsp、PEO-PGlu、PNIPPA-PAA、PCLLA-PEG-PCLLA、PEO-PPO-PEO、PEO-PLA-PEO、PEG-PLGA-PEG、磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇、二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇、C8神经酰胺-聚乙二醇、C16神经酰胺-聚乙二醇、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-琥珀酰、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羧基、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺基、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-丙酰胺双巯基吡啶、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-三聚氯氰、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-氨基、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-生物素、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-叶酸、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-叶酸、二月桂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-活性酯、磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-活性酯、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-活性酯、二月桂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-活性酯、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺基、磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺基、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺基、二月桂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺基、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-生物素、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-荧光素、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羟基、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-氨基、磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-氨基、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-氨基、二月桂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-氨基、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羧基、磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羧基、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羧基、二月桂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-羧基、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-硫基、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-硅烷、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-叠氮、胆固醇-聚乙二醇、甲氧基-聚乙二醇-胆固醇、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-活性酯、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-生物素、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-荧光素、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-羧基、胆固醇-聚乙二醇-氨基和胆固醇-聚乙二醇-硫基中的一种或多种，优选为mPEG-DSPE、mPEG-PDLLA、mPEG-PLA、PEG-DSPE、PEG-DSPE-NH2、PEG-PAsp、PEG-PBLA、PEG-PBLG、PEG-PCL、PEG-Phis、PEG-PLGA、PEO-PAsp和PEO-PPO-PEO中的一种或多种；
    所述的mPEG-DSPE的数均分子量优选为2000；
    所述的mPEG-PDLLA的数均分子量优选为优选为2000或4000，更优选为2000；
    所述的mPEG-PLA的数均分子量优选为2400；
    所述的PEG-DSPE的数均分子量优选为2000或4000；
    所述的PEG-DSPE-NH2的数均分子量优选为4000；
    所述的PEG-PAsp的数均分子量优选为4800；
    所述的PEG-PBLA的数均分子量优选为2000；
    所述的PEG-PBLG的数均分子量优选为4000；
    所述的PEG-PCL的数均分子量优选为2000；
    所述的PEG-Phis的数均分子量优选为4000；
    所述的PEG-PLGA的数均分子量优选为2000；
    所述的PEO-PAsp的数均分子量优选为4800；
    所述的PEO-PPO-PEO的数均分子量优选为4800；
    所述的DMPE-PEG的数均分子量优选为350、550、750、1000、2000、3000或5000；
    所述的DPPE-PEG的数均分子量优选为350、550、750、1000、2000、3000或5000；
    所述的DSPE-PEG的数均分子量优选为350、550、750、1000、2000、3000、5000、10000、20000、30000或40000
    所述的DOPE-PEG的数均分子量优选为350、550、750、1000、2000、3000或5000；
    所述的C8Ceramide-PEG的数均分子量优选为750、2000或5000；
    所述的C16Ceramide-PEG的数均分子量优选为750、2000或5000；
    所述的DLPE-PEG的数均分子量优选为2000或5000；
    所述的DSPE-PEG-NHS的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、5000、10000、20000、30000或40000；
    所述的DMPE-PEG-NHS的数均分子量优选为3400或5000；
    所述的DPPE-PEG-NHS的数均分子量优选为3400或5000；
    所述的DLPE-PEG-NHS的数均分子量优选为3400或5000；
    所述的DSPE-PEG-Maleimide的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000；
    所述的DMPE-PEG-Maleimide的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000；
    所述的DPPE-PEG-Maleimide的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000；
    所述的DLPE-PEG-Maleimid的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000；
    所述的DSPE-PEG-Biotin的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000；
    所述的DSPE-PEG-FITC的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000；
    所述的DSPE-PEG-OH的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的DSPE-PEG-NH2的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的DMPE-PEG-NH2的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的DPPE-PEG-NH2的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的DLPE-PEG-NH2的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的DSPE-PEG-COOH的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的DMPE-PEG-COOH的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的DPPE-PEG-COOH的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的DLPE-PEG-COOH的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的DSPE-PEG-SH的数均分子量优选为5000；
    所述的DSPE-PEG-Silane的数均分子量优选为3400；
    所述的DSPE-PEG-N3的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的mPEG-CLS的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、5000、10000或20000；
    所述的Cholesterol PEG NHS ester的数均分子量优选为1000、2000、3400、5000或10000；
    所述的CLS-PEG-Mal的数均分子量优选为2000、3400、5000或10000；
    所述的CLS-PEG-Biotin的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的CLS-PEG-FITC的数均分子量优选为2000、3400或5000；
    所述的Cholesterol PEG COOH的数均分子量优选为3400；
    所述的Cholesterol PEG amine的数均分子量优选为3400；
    所述的Cholesterol PEG Thiol/Sulfhydril的数均分子量优选为3400；
    所述的两嵌段共聚物优选为mPEG-DSPE、mPEG-PDLLA、mPEG-PLA、PEG-DSPE、PEG-DSPE-NH2、PEG-PAsp、PEG-PBLA、PEG-PBLG、PEG-PCL、PEG-Phis、PEG-PLGA、PEO-PAsp和PEO-PPO-PEO中的一种或多种；
    所述的三嵌段共聚物优选为PEO-PPO-PEO、PEG-PLGA-PEG、PCLLA-PEG-PCLLA、PEO-PLA-PEO和PCL-PEG-PCL中的一种或多种。
  6. 如权利要求1-5中至少一项所述的空白混合胶束，其特征在于，所述的空白混合胶束还可包含抗氧化剂、冻干保护剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种；
    所述的抗氧化剂优选为焦亚硫酸钠、硫代硫酸钠、没食子酸丙酯、维生素C、α-生育酚、α-羟基酸、黄酮类化合物、苯丙素酚类化合物、维生素E、反丁烯二酸、半胱氨酸、 蛋氨酸、丁羟基茴香醚、二丁羟基甲苯、硫代二丙酸、亚硫酸盐、亚硫酸氢盐、二硫代氨基苯甲酸类化合物、枸橼酸、苹果酸、山梨醇、甘油、丙二醇、氢醌、羟基香豆素、乙醇胺、磷酸和亚磷酸中的一种或多种，更优选为维生素E和/或维生素C；
    所述的抗氧化剂在空白混合胶束中的含量优选小于等于25％，更优选为0.001％-15％，例如3％、6％、14％、0.01％-10％、0.01％-5％或0.1％-1％；所述的百分比是指抗氧化剂的质量与所述的空白混合胶束的总质量的百分比；
    所述的冻干保护剂优选为糖、多元醇、氨基酸和缓冲剂中的一种或多种，更优选为5％葡萄糖水溶液、生理盐水和磷酸盐缓冲溶液中的一种或多种；所述的糖优选为单糖、双糖和多糖中的一种或多种；所述的单糖优选为葡萄糖、甘露醇、木糖醇和山梨醇中的一种或多种；所述的双糖优选为蔗糖、乳糖、半乳糖和麦芽糖中的一种或多种；所述的多糖优选为海藻糖；所述的多元醇优选为丙二醇和/或丙三醇；所述的氨基酸优选为α-氨基酸，例如苏氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸中的一种或多种；
    所述的缓冲溶液优选为pH值在3-10之间的缓冲溶液，更优选pH值在5-7之间的缓冲溶液；所述的缓冲溶液优选为生理盐水、乙醇-醋酸缓冲溶液、三羟甲基氨基甲烷缓冲溶液、巴比妥缓冲溶液、甲酸钠缓冲溶液、邻苯二甲酸盐缓冲溶液、枸橼酸盐缓冲溶液、枸橼酸-磷酸氢二钠缓冲溶液、氨-氯化铵缓冲溶液、硼砂-氯化钙缓冲溶液、醋酸盐缓冲溶液、醋酸-锂盐缓冲溶液、醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液、醋酸-醋酸铵缓冲溶液、磷酸-三乙胺缓冲溶液或磷酸盐缓冲溶液；
    所述的冻干保护剂在空白混合胶束中的含量优选小于等于80％，例如61.73～75.76％，又例如61.73％、65.36％、65.57％、74.07％、75.19％、75.76％、0.5％-60％、5％-60％或30％-60％；所述的百分比是指冻干保护剂的质量占所述的空白混合胶束总质量的百分比；
    所述的乳化剂优选为阿拉伯胶、西黄薯胶、明胶、白蛋白、酪蛋白、大豆磷脂、卵磷脂、胆固醇、脂肪酸山梨坦、聚山梨酯、聚氧乙烯酯肪酸酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚类、聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯共聚物类、蔗糖脂肪酸脂类和单硬脂酸甘油酯等中的一种或多种，例如胆固醇；
    所述的乳化剂在空白混合胶束中的含量优选小于等于10％，例如0.01％-10％、0.1％-5％或1％-5％；；所述的百分比是指乳化剂的质量占所述的空白混合胶束总质量的百分比；
    所述的助乳化剂优选为正丁醇、乙二醇、乙醇、丙二醇、甘油和聚甘油酯中的一种或多种；
    所述的助乳化剂在空白混合胶束中的含量优选小于等于10％，例如0.01％-10％、0.1％-5％或1％-5％；所述的百分比是指助乳化剂的质量占所述的空白混合胶束总质量的百分比。
  7. 一种如权利要求1-6中至少一项所述的空白混合胶束的制备方法，其中，其包括下列方法一或方法二：
    方法一包括下列步骤：
    (1)将水、两亲性共聚物和如式I所示的人参皂苷混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，得一澄清溶液；
    (2)成膜或自成胶束，然后与水或含冻干保护剂的水溶液混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，得一溶液，过滤，冷冻干燥，即得所述的空白混合胶束；
    方法二包括下列步骤：
    (1)将有机溶剂、或、水和有机溶剂的混合溶剂，与两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，得到一澄清溶液；
    (2)除去步骤(1)中所得澄清溶液的有机溶剂，成膜，然后与水或含冻干保护剂的水溶液混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，得一溶液，、过滤，冷冻干燥，即得所述的空白混合胶束；
    方法一或方法二中，所述的两亲性共聚物如权利要求1、4或5任一项所述，所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷如权利要求1-3任一项所述，所述的抗氧化剂、所述的冻干保护剂、所述的乳化剂和所述的助乳化剂如权利要求6所述。
  8. 如权利要求7所述的制备方法，其特征在于，
    方法二中的步骤(1)中，所述的有机溶剂可为腈类溶剂、C 1-C 4的醇类溶剂、酮类溶剂、醚类溶剂和卤代烃类溶剂中的一种或多种，较佳地为C 1-C 4的醇类溶剂、腈类溶剂、醚类溶剂和卤代烃类溶剂中的一种或多种；所述的腈类溶剂较佳地为乙腈；所述的C 1-C 4醇类溶剂较佳地为甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和正丁醇中的一种或多种；所述的醚类溶剂较佳地为乙醚、四氢呋喃；所述的卤代烃类溶剂较佳地为氯仿和/或二氯甲烷；所述的酮类溶剂较佳地为丙酮和/或丁酮；所述的有机溶剂与方法二步骤(1)中的所有组分的体积质量比为4-10mL/g；
    和/或，方法一或方法二中，步骤(1)中，所述的混合的温度为0-80℃，优选为10-80℃，优选为30-60℃；
    和/或，方法二的步骤(2)中，所述的除去步骤(1)中澄清溶液的有机溶剂的操作为使用旋转蒸发器、膜蒸发器或者膜透析除去有机溶剂；所述的除去有机溶剂的温度为25-80℃；
    和/或，方法一或方法二中的步骤(2)中，所述成膜的方法为减压旋转浓缩；
    和/或，方法一或方法二中的步骤(2)中，所述的过滤为微孔滤膜过滤；所述的微孔滤膜的孔径较佳地为0.22微米；
    和/或，方法一或方法二中，当所述步骤(2)中与所述膜混合的是冻干保护剂的水溶液时，所述的冻干保护剂的水溶液为5％-10％的冻干保护剂的水溶液，所述的百分比是指冻干保护剂的质量占冻干保护剂水溶液总质量的百分比；
    和/或，方法一或方法二中，步骤(2)中，所述的干燥为冷冻干燥。
  9. 一种如权利要求1-6中至少一项所述的空白混合胶束在制备负载活性物质的混合胶束中的应用，所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束中的活性物质为药物、化妆品中的活性物质和具有保健功能的物质中的一种或多种。
  10. 一种负载活性物质的混合胶束，其特征在于，所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束是指将药物、化妆品中的活性物质和具有保健作用的物质中的一种或多种包封于如权利要求1-6中至少一项所述的空白混合胶束中。
  11. 如权利要求9所述的应用或如权利要求10所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束，其特征在于，所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷和两亲性共聚物、和、所述的药物的质量比为100:1-1:1，例如20:1、16.7:1、16:1、12:1、10:1、8.3:1、6:1或4:1；优选为25:1-5:1，例如20:1、16.7:1、16:1、12:1、10:1、8.3:1或6:1；更优选为15:1-5:1，例如12:1、10:1、8.3:1或6:1；
    和/或，所述的药物为抗肿瘤药物、抗炎药物、抗菌药物、镇静催眠药物、抗精神病药物、激素类药物、抗生素类药物、钙离子拮抗剂、抗病毒药物、免疫抑制剂、麻醉剂、心脑血管及血管扩张药物、多聚核苷酸和寡核苷酸中的一种或多种；
    所述的抗肿瘤药物优选为紫杉醇、多西他赛、卡巴他赛、盐酸伊立替康、喜树碱、羟基喜树碱、氨基喜树碱、7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱、盐酸拓扑替康、勒托替康、托泊替康、贝洛替康、顺铂、卡铂、奥沙利铂、奈达铂、络铂、赛特铂、米铂、戊铂、Aroplatin、卡氮芥、苯丁酸氮芥、美法仑、三尖杉酯碱、高三尖杉酯碱、雷公藤甲素、他克莫司、柔红霉素、平阳霉素、盐酸多柔比星、伊达比星、氟尿嘧啶、阿糖胞苷、甲氨蝶呤、磷酸依托泊甙、去氧鬼臼毒素、酒石酸长春瑞滨、硫酸长春新碱、硫酸长春碱、异长春花碱、硫酸长春地辛、替莫唑胺、替加氟、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、达卡巴嗪、埃博霉素A、埃博霉素B、埃博霉素C、埃博霉素D、埃博霉素E、埃博霉素F、硼替佐米、盐酸吉西他滨、磷酸氟达拉滨、卡培他滨、地西他滨、培美曲塞二钠、重组人干扰素a2b、阿拉伯糖苷胞嘧啶、全反式维甲酸、白介素-2、足叶乙苷、胸核苷酸合酶抑制剂、米托蒽醌、米诺地尔、 阿奇霉素、盐酸表柔比星、盐酸多柔比星、盐酸氨柔比星、KRN-5500、他莫昔芬、三苯氧胺、5-氨基酮戊酸、3’,5’-环胞苷二棕榈酸酯和莪术醇中的一种或多种；更优选为紫杉醇、多西他赛、喜树碱、高三尖杉酯碱、阿霉素、顺铂、奥沙利铂、埃伯霉素C、盐酸伊立替康和全反式维甲酸中的一种或多种；
    所述的抗炎药物优选为吲哚美辛、萘普生、酮铬酸、阿司匹林、对乙酰氨基酚、双氯芬酸、布洛芬、联苯双酯、尼美舒利、罗非昔布和塞来昔布中的一种或多种，更优选为吲哚美辛、萘普生和联苯双酯中的一种或多种；
    所述的抗菌药物优选为两性霉素B、庆大霉素、青霉素G、硝酸益康唑、氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、泊沙康唑、雷夫康唑、卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、阿尼芬净、头孢匹胺钠、头孢噻肟钠、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮、头孢妥仑匹酯、头孢西丁钠、头孢氨苄、头孢呋辛钠、头孢克肟、头孢泊肟、头孢甲肟、头孢地嗪、头孢磺啶、头孢唑南、头孢唑肟、头孢他美酯、头孢特仑酯、头孢布坦、头孢地尼、头孢孟多、头孢替安、头孢雷特、头孢尼西、头孢他啶、头孢拉定、头孢丙烯、头孢唑林钠、头孢羟氨苄、头孢噻吩、头孢硫脒、头孢噻啶、头孢乙氰、头孢替唑、头孢匹林、头孢匹罗、头孢克定、头孢吡肟、夫西地酸钠、氟苯尼考和替加环素中的一种或多种，更优选为两性霉素B；
    所述的抗镇静催眠药物优选为氯硝西泮、地西泮、硝西泮、艾司唑仑、阿普唑仑、巴比妥、苯巴比妥、异戊巴比妥、速可眠和硫喷妥钠中的一种或多种，更优选为氯硝西泮；
    所述的抗精神病药物优选为氟哌啶醇、氯丙嗪、利派利酮、阿戈美拉汀、氟西汀、帕罗西汀、度洛西汀、舍曲林、氟伏沙明、西酞普兰、艾司西酞普兰、文拉法辛、米氮平、丙咪嗪、阿米替林、氯丙咪嗪、多虑平、瑞美隆、万拉法新、苯乙肼、异卡波肼和反苯环丙胺中的一种或多种；更优选为氟哌啶醇；
    所述的激素类药物优选为二氢睾酮和/或孕酮，更优选为二氢睾酮；
    所述的抗生素优选为环孢菌素A、制霉素、青霉素、青霉素V、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、苯唑西林、氯唑西林、普鲁卡因青霉素、苄星青霉素、哌拉西林、美洛西林、替卡西林、阿洛西林、美西林、羧苄西林、磺苄西林、呋布西林、萘夫西林、双氯西林、匹氨西林、阿帕西林、阿扑西林、匹美西林、甲氧西林、仑氨西林、福米西林、氟氯西林、卡那霉素、那他霉素、丝裂霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、泰乐菌素、维替泊芬、头孢匹胺钠、硫酸奈替米星、阿奇霉素、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、依诺沙星、洛美沙星、培氟沙星、芦氟沙星、司氟沙星、氟罗沙星、莫西沙星、格帕沙星、曲伐沙星、淋沙星、吉米沙星、加替沙星、妥舒沙星、帕珠沙星、司帕沙星、克拉霉素、克林霉素、多粘菌素、妥布霉素、万古霉素、阿奇霉素、多西环素、四环素、土霉素、米诺环素、金霉素、胍甲环素、地美环素、美他 环素、依替米星、奈替米星、西索米星、阿米卡星、阿贝卡星、地贝卡星、氨曲南、美罗培南、亚胺培南、硫霉素、帕尼培南、厄他培南、新霉素、巴龙霉素和大观霉素中的一种或多种，更优选为环孢菌素A；
    所述的钙离子拮抗剂优选为非诺贝特、尼莫地平、硝苯地平、尼卡地平、尼群地平、维拉帕米、氨氯地平、地尔硫卓、氟桂利嗪、普尼拉明、加洛帕米和噻帕米中的一种或多种，更优选为非诺贝特；
    所述的麻醉剂优选为地氟烷、七氟烷、异氟烷、恩氟烷、丙泊酚、芬太尼、乌拉坦、利多卡因、普鲁卡因、丁卡因、布比卡因、戊巴比妥钠、水合氯醛、氯胺酮、氯醛糖和吗啡中的一种或多种，更优选为丙泊酚；
    所述的心脑血管及血管扩张药物优选为达比加群酯、阿格列汀、藻酸双酯钠、银杏内酯、银杏黄酮、银杏提取物、细辛脑、奥美沙坦酯、瑞格列奈、硫辛酸、灯盏花素、乌拉地尔、烟酸、卡托普利、氯沙坦、葛根素、丹参酮IIA、盐酸沙格雷酯、托品酰胺、氟伐他汀、普伐他汀、辛伐他汀、洛伐他丁、辛伐他汀、美伐他汀、西立伐他汀、罗伐他汀、阿托伐他汀钙和瑞苏伐他汀钙中的一种或多种，更优选为葛根素；
    所述的多聚核苷酸或寡核苷酸优选是指由碱基A、T、C、G和U中的几种组成的具有遗传等功能的片段，例如SiRNA、反义核酸或小胶质细胞NLRP3基因的RNAi序列，更优选为SiRNA；
    所述的化妆品中的活性物质优选为熊果酸、超氧化物歧化酶、生物蛋白T4N5、维生素D2、维生素K3、烟酸甲酯、精制蛇油、透明质酸、精油和神经酰胺中的一种或多种，更优选为维生素K3。
  12. 一种如权利要求9或10所述的负载活性物质的混合胶束的制备方法，其特征在于，其包括下列任一方法
    方法A包括下列步骤：
    将两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷、活性物质和有机溶剂混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，除去有机溶剂，成膜，再与水或含冻干保护剂的水溶液混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，形成负载活性物质的混合胶束后，即得负载活性物质的混合胶束溶液，过滤，冷冻干燥后即可；
    方法B包括下列步骤：
    将两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷和有机溶剂混合，再与活性物质混合，用水或含冻干保护剂的水溶液透析，即得负载活性物质的混合胶束溶液，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，过滤，透析液冷冻干燥即可；
    方法C包括下列步骤：
    将活性物质与有机溶剂混合得混合物A，将两亲性共聚物和如式I所示的人参皂苷与水或缓冲溶液混合得混合物B，将混合物A滴加到混合物B中形成油/水混合型乳状液，可选地加入抗氧化剂、冻干保护剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，除去有机溶剂，过滤，冷冻干燥后即可；
    方法D包括下列步骤：
    将活性物质、两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷和溶剂混合，所述的活性物质、与、两亲性共聚物或如式I所示的人参皂苷上的活性基团发生共价结合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、冻干保护剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，当溶剂中含有有机溶剂需要除去有机溶剂，过滤，冷冻干燥后即可；
    方法E包括下列步骤：
    当活性物质易溶于水时，活性物质、两亲性共聚物、如式I所示的人参皂苷和水中混合，可选地加入抗氧化剂、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的一种或多种，过滤，冷冻干燥后即可；
    方法A、B、C、D或E中所述的两亲性共聚物如权利要求1、4或5任一项所述，所述的如式I所示的人参皂苷如权利要求1-3任一项所述，所述的抗氧化剂、所述的冻干保护剂、所述的乳化剂和所述的助乳化剂如权利要求6所述。
  13. 如权利要求12所述的制备方法，其特征在于，
    方法B中，所述的透析的操作包括下列步骤：将所述的混合胶束溶液置于葡萄糖水溶液中或纯水中透析；所述的透析的时间为5-20小时，优选为12小时；
    和/或，所述的有机溶剂或溶剂为二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、甲醇、乙醇、乙醚、乙腈、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃、二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜和吡啶中的一种或多种；
    和/或，方法A、B、C、D或E中，根据所述活性物质的脂溶性或水溶性，所述的活性物质以所述活性物质的水溶液或者所述活性物质的有机溶液的形式使用；所述的活性物质的水溶液或所述的活性物质的有机溶液优选质量体积分数为1％-20％的水溶液或有机溶液，所述的百分比是指所述活性物质的质量占所述活性物质水溶液或者所述活性物质有机溶液总体积的百分比。
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