WO2018215882A1 - 撮像装置および電子機器 - Google Patents
撮像装置および電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018215882A1 WO2018215882A1 PCT/IB2018/053400 IB2018053400W WO2018215882A1 WO 2018215882 A1 WO2018215882 A1 WO 2018215882A1 IB 2018053400 W IB2018053400 W IB 2018053400W WO 2018215882 A1 WO2018215882 A1 WO 2018215882A1
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- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
- H01L27/14601—Structural or functional details thereof
- H01L27/14636—Interconnect structures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
- H01L27/14643—Photodiode arrays; MOS imagers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching, or capacitors or resistors with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
- H01L29/78645—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film with multiple gate
- H01L29/78648—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film with multiple gate arranged on opposing sides of the channel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching, or capacitors or resistors with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
- H01L29/7869—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film having a semiconductor body comprising an oxide semiconductor material, e.g. zinc oxide, copper aluminium oxide, cadmium stannate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/40—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/40—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled
- H04N25/46—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled by combining or binning pixels
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/766—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors comprising control or output lines used for a plurality of functions, e.g. for pixel output, driving, reset or power
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/77—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/77—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components
- H04N25/778—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components comprising amplifiers shared between a plurality of pixels, i.e. at least one part of the amplifier must be on the sensor array itself
Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to an imaging device.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- the technical field of one embodiment of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- one embodiment of the present invention relates to a process, a machine, a manufacture, or a composition (composition of matter). Therefore, the technical field of one embodiment of the present invention disclosed in this specification more specifically includes a semiconductor device, a display device, a liquid crystal display device, a light-emitting device, a lighting device, a power storage device, a memory device, an imaging device, A driving method or a manufacturing method thereof can be given as an example.
- a semiconductor device refers to any device that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- a transistor and a semiconductor circuit are one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- a memory device, a display device, an imaging device, and an electronic device may include a semiconductor device.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an imaging device having a structure in which a transistor including an oxide semiconductor and having extremely low off-state current is used for a pixel circuit.
- Patent Document 2 A technique for adding a calculation function to an imaging apparatus is disclosed in Patent Document 2.
- an imaging apparatus including a solid-state imaging element such as a CMOS image sensor, high-quality images can be easily captured due to technological development. In the next generation, it is required to mount more intelligent functions in the imaging apparatus.
- image data compression, image recognition, and the like are performed after image data (analog data) is converted into digital data and extracted outside. If this processing can be performed in the imaging apparatus, the cooperation with external devices becomes faster and the convenience for the user is improved. In addition, loads such as peripheral devices and power consumption can be reduced. If complicated data processing can be performed in the state of analog data, the time required for data conversion can be shortened.
- an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide an imaging device capable of performing image processing. Another object is to provide an imaging device capable of recognizing acquired image data. Another object is to provide an imaging device capable of compressing acquired image data.
- Another object is to provide an imaging device with low power consumption. Another object is to provide an imaging device capable of imaging with high sensitivity. Another object is to provide a highly reliable imaging device. Another object is to provide a novel imaging device or the like. Another object is to provide a method for driving the imaging device. Another object is to provide a novel semiconductor device or the like.
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to an imaging device capable of performing arithmetic processing on data while holding the data in a pixel.
- One embodiment of the present invention is an imaging device including a pixel block, a first circuit, and a second circuit, and the image block includes a plurality of pixels and a third circuit.
- the pixel and the third circuit are electrically connected to each other through the first wiring, the pixel has a function of acquiring the first signal by photoelectric conversion, and the pixel converts the first signal to an arbitrary magnification.
- the third circuit is a sum of the second signals output to the first wiring.
- the first circuit binarizes the third signal to generate a fourth signal. Then, the imaging device outputs the fourth signal to the second circuit.
- the second circuit can have a function of performing parallel-serial conversion on the fourth signal.
- the second circuit may include a neural network that uses the fourth signal as input data.
- the plurality of pixels are preferably arranged in a matrix, and any one column is preferably shielded from light.
- the pixel includes a photoelectric conversion element, a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, a fourth transistor, and a first capacitor element, and one electrode of the photoelectric conversion element Is electrically connected to one of the source or drain of the first transistor, the other of the source or drain of the first transistor is electrically connected to one of the source or drain of the second transistor, and the second One of a source and a drain of the transistor is electrically connected to a gate of the third transistor, a gate of the third transistor is electrically connected to one electrode of the first capacitor, and the third transistor One of the source and the drain is electrically connected to the first wiring, and the other electrode of the first capacitor is the source or the drain of the fourth transistor It is one electrically connected, the first and second transistors, can be configured to the channel forming region with a metal oxide.
- the pixel further includes a fifth transistor and a sixth transistor.
- the gate of the fifth transistor is electrically connected to the gate of the third transistor, and one of the source and the drain of the fifth transistor May be electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the sixth transistor.
- the third and fourth transistors preferably include silicon in a channel formation region.
- the third circuit includes a current source circuit, a seventh transistor, an eighth transistor, a ninth transistor, a second capacitor element, and a resistance element.
- the current source circuit includes: The first wiring is electrically connected to one electrode of the second capacitor element, and the one electrode of the second capacitor element is connected to one electrode of the resistor element.
- the other electrode of the second capacitor is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the seventh transistor, and one of the source and the drain of the seventh transistor is the eighth transistor And one of the source and the drain of the eighth transistor can be electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the ninth transistor.
- the seventh to ninth transistors preferably include silicon in a channel formation region.
- the metal oxide preferably includes In, Zn, and M (M is Al, Ti, Ga, Sn, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf).
- the photoelectric conversion element preferably has selenium or a compound containing selenium.
- an imaging device capable of performing image processing can be provided.
- an imaging device capable of recognizing acquired image data can be provided.
- an imaging device with low power consumption can be provided.
- an imaging device that can perform high-sensitivity imaging can be provided.
- a highly reliable imaging device can be provided.
- a novel imaging device or the like can be provided.
- a method for driving the imaging device can be provided.
- a novel semiconductor device or the like can be provided.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an imaging device.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a pixel block 200.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a pixel 100 and a reference pixel 150.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a reference pixel 150.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a current source circuit 210.
- 6 is a timing chart illustrating the operation of the pixel block 200.
- 2A and 2B illustrate a pixel 100 and a pixel block 200.
- FIG. 4A and 4B illustrate a signal output from a pixel block 200 and a signal output from a circuit 302.
- 3A and 3B illustrate a pixel included in a circuit 302.
- 3A and 3B illustrate a circuit 301 and a pixel 100.
- 3A and 3B illustrate a structure of a pixel of an imaging device.
- 3A and 3B illustrate a structure of a pixel of an imaging device.
- 3A and 3B illustrate a structure of a pixel of an imaging device.
- 3A and 3B illustrate a structure of a pixel of an imaging device.
- the perspective view of the package and module which accommodated the imaging device. 10A and 10B each illustrate an electronic device.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a pixel circuit.
- One embodiment of the present invention is an imaging device having an additional function such as image recognition.
- the imaging apparatus can hold analog data (image data) acquired by an imaging operation in a pixel and extract binary data from data obtained by multiplying the analog data and an arbitrary weighting factor.
- processing such as image recognition can be performed. Since enormous amounts of image data can be held in the pixel in the state of analog data, processing can be performed efficiently.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the imaging device includes a pixel array 300, a circuit 301, a circuit 302, a circuit 303, a circuit 304, and a circuit 305.
- the circuits 301 to 305 are not limited to a single circuit configuration and may include a plurality of circuits.
- the pixel array 300 includes a plurality of pixel blocks 200. As shown in FIG. 2, the pixel block 200 includes a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix and a circuit 201.
- One of the plurality of pixels is set as a reference pixel 150, and the other columns are set as pixels 100.
- the pixel 100 can acquire image data, and the reference pixel 150 can output a reset signal.
- the number of pixels is 2 ⁇ 3 as an example, but the present invention is not limited to this. However, it is preferable to provide as many reference pixels as the number of rows.
- the pixel block 200 operates as a product-sum operation circuit, and the circuit 201 has a function of extracting a product of image data and a weighting coefficient from signals output from the pixel 100 and the reference pixel 150.
- the pixel 100 can include a photoelectric conversion element 101, a transistor 102, a transistor 103, a capacitor 104, a transistor 105, and a transistor 106.
- the reference pixel 150 can also have a substantially similar configuration.
- the description of the pixel 100 will be mainly given, and only the portion different from the pixel 100 will be described for the reference pixel 150.
- One electrode of the photoelectric conversion element 101 is electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the transistor 102.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 102 is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 103.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 103 is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitor 104.
- One electrode of the capacitor 104 is electrically connected to the gate of the transistor 105.
- the other electrode of the capacitor 104 is electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the transistor 106.
- the other electrode of the photoelectric conversion element 101 is electrically connected to the wiring 114.
- a gate of the transistor 102 is electrically connected to the wiring 116.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 103 is electrically connected to the wiring 115.
- a gate of the transistor 103 is electrically connected to the wiring 117.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 105 is electrically connected to the wiring 113.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 105 is electrically connected to a GND wiring or the like.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 106 is electrically connected to the wiring 111a.
- a gate of the transistor 106 is electrically connected to the wiring 112.
- a node N is an electrical connection point between the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 102, one of the source and the drain of the transistor 103, one electrode of the capacitor 104, and the gate of the transistor 105.
- the wirings 114 and 115 can function as power supply lines.
- the wiring 114 can function as a high potential power supply line
- the wiring 115 can function as a low potential power supply line.
- the wirings 112, 116, and 117 can function as signal lines that control conduction of the transistors.
- the wirings 111a and 111b can function as signal lines for supplying the pixel 100 with a potential corresponding to a weighting factor.
- the wiring 113 can function as a wiring that electrically connects the pixel 100 and the circuit 201.
- the wiring 153 can function as a wiring that electrically connects the reference pixel 150 and the circuit 201.
- an amplifier circuit and a gain adjustment circuit may be electrically connected to the wiring 113.
- a photodiode can be used as the photoelectric conversion element 101.
- an avalanche photodiode it is preferable to use an avalanche photodiode.
- a light shielding layer 151 is preferably provided over the reference pixel 150 as illustrated in FIG. 4A in order to generate a signal without the contribution of the photoelectric conversion element 101.
- a structure in which the photoelectric conversion element 101 is not provided may be employed.
- the structure shown in FIG. 3 may be employed in which the transistor 103 is always turned on (reset state).
- the transistor 102 can have a function of controlling the potential of the node N.
- the transistor 103 can have a function of initializing the potential of the node N.
- the transistor 105 can have a function of controlling current flowing through the circuit 201 in accordance with the potential of the node N.
- the transistor 106 can have a function of supplying a potential corresponding to a weighting factor to the node N.
- a high voltage may be applied, and a transistor with a high withstand voltage is preferably used as a transistor connected to the photoelectric conversion element 101.
- a transistor with a high withstand voltage is preferably used as a transistor connected to the photoelectric conversion element 101.
- the high breakdown voltage transistor for example, a transistor using a metal oxide in a channel formation region (hereinafter referred to as an OS transistor) or the like can be used.
- an OS transistor is preferably used as the transistor 102 and the transistor 103.
- the OS transistor has a characteristic of extremely low off-state current.
- OS transistors for the transistors 102 and 103, the period during which charge can be held at the node N can be extremely long. Therefore, it is possible to apply a global shutter system in which charge accumulation operation is simultaneously performed in all pixels without complicating a circuit configuration and an operation method. It is also possible to perform a plurality of calculations using the image data while holding the image data in the node N.
- the transistor 105 is desired to have excellent amplification characteristics.
- the transistor 106 since the transistor 106 is frequently turned on and off, it is preferable that the transistor 106 be a transistor that can operate at high speed and has high mobility. Therefore, it is preferable to use a transistor using silicon as a channel formation region (hereinafter referred to as an Si transistor) as the transistors 105 and 106.
- an OS transistor and a Si transistor may be combined arbitrarily. All transistors may be OS transistors or Si transistors.
- the potential of the node N in the pixel 100 is a potential obtained by adding a reset potential and a potential (image data) generated by photoelectric conversion by the photoelectric conversion element 101, and a potential corresponding to a weighting coefficient supplied from the wiring 111a. Determined by capacitive coupling. That is, the signal output from the transistor 105 includes a product of image data and an arbitrary weighting factor.
- the potential of the node N in the reference pixel 150 is determined by capacitive coupling between the reset potential supplied from the wiring 115 and the potential corresponding to the weighting coefficient supplied from the wiring 111b.
- the pixels 100 are electrically connected to each other through a wiring 113, and the reference pixels 150 are electrically connected to each other through a wiring 153. Therefore, the circuit 201 performs an operation using the sum of signals output from the transistors 105 of the respective pixels 100 and the sum of signals output from the transistors 105 of the respective reference pixels 150.
- the circuit 201 includes a current source circuit 210, a capacitor 202, a transistor 203, a transistor 204, a transistor 205, a transistor 206, and a resistance element 207.
- the current source circuit 210 is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitor 202.
- the other electrode of the capacitor 202 is electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the transistor 203.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 203 is electrically connected to the gate of the transistor 204.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor 204 is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 205.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor 205 is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 206.
- One electrode of the resistance element 207 is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitor 202.
- the current source circuit 210 is electrically connected to the wiring 113 and the wiring 153.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 203 is electrically connected to the wiring 218.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 204 is electrically connected to the wiring 219.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 205 is electrically connected to a reference power supply line such as a GND wiring.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 206 is electrically connected to the wiring 212.
- the other electrode of the resistance element 207 is electrically connected to a reference power supply line such as a GND wiring.
- the wiring 219 can function as a power supply line.
- the wiring 219 can function as a high potential power supply line.
- the wiring 218 can function as a wiring for supplying a dedicated potential for reading.
- the wirings 213, 214, 215, and 216 can function as signal lines that control conduction of the transistors.
- the transistor 203 can have a function of resetting the potential of the wiring 211 to the potential of the wiring 218.
- the transistors 204 and 205 can function as a source follower circuit.
- the transistor 206 can have a function of selecting the pixel block 200.
- the current source circuit 210 can have a structure illustrated in FIG. FIG. 5A illustrates a structure using n-ch transistors in which the output side of the transistor 253 is electrically connected to the gate of the transistor 254, the drain of the transistor 254, and the gate of the transistor 224. Yes.
- the transistor 254 and the transistor 224 function as a current mirror circuit.
- An arbitrary signal potential is supplied to the signal lines FG and FGREF, and a constant current can be supplied to the wiring 113 and the wiring 153 by setting the wiring 214 to “H”.
- one or both of an OS transistor and a Si transistor can be used for each transistor.
- circuit 220 included in the current source circuit 210 may have a structure using p-ch transistors as illustrated in FIG.
- the output side of the transistor 262 is electrically connected to the gate of the transistor 262 and the gate of the transistor 261.
- Si transistors it is preferable to use Si transistors for the transistors 261 and 262.
- the circuit 201 can remove the offset component other than the product of the image data (potential X) and the weighting coefficient (potential W) and extract the target WX.
- the flow of WX extraction when the circuit shown in FIG. 5A is used as the current source circuit 210 is as follows.
- the transistor 203 is turned on, and the potential Vr is written from the wiring 218 to the wiring 211.
- the potential Vr is a reference potential used for the reading operation.
- the sum of the currents (IREF) flowing through the reference pixels 150 is k ⁇ (0 ⁇ V th ) 2 .
- k is a constant
- V th is a threshold voltage of the transistor 105.
- ICM 0 ICM when the weight is 0
- ICREF 0 ICREF when the weight is 0
- the sum of the current (Ip) flowing through the pixel 100 is k ⁇ (X ⁇ V th ) 2 .
- the IR 0 IC-ICREF 0 + k ⁇ (0-V th) 2 -k ⁇ (X-V th) 2.
- the weight coefficient W is written in the pixel 100 from the wirings 111a and 111b to the pixel 100 and the reference pixel 150.
- the sum of the currents (IREF) flowing through the reference pixels 150 is k ⁇ (W ⁇ V th ) 2 .
- the sum of the current (Ip) flowing through the pixel 100 is k ⁇ (W + X ⁇ V th ) 2 .
- FIG. 6 is a timing chart for explaining the operation of the pixel block 200. For convenience, the timing of conversion of each signal is shown together, but in practice it is preferable to shift in consideration of the delay in the circuit.
- the potential of the wiring 117 is set to “H”
- the potential of the wiring 116 is set to “H”
- the node N of the pixel 100 and the reference pixel 150 is set to a reset potential.
- the potential of the wiring 111 is set to “L”
- the wirings 112_1 to 112_4 are set to “H”
- a weight coefficient 0 is written.
- the potential of the wiring 116 is maintained at “H” until the period T2, and the potential X (image data) is written to the node N by photoelectric conversion of the photoelectric conversion element 101.
- the wiring 214_1 (the first row wiring 214), the wiring 215_1 (the first row wiring 215), the wiring 214_2 (the second row wiring 214), the wiring 215_2 (the second row wiring 215), and the wiring 216 are connected. “H” is set, and the potential Vr is written to the wiring 211.
- the potential of the wiring 111 is set to a potential corresponding to the weighting coefficient W111, and the potential of the wiring 112_1 is set to “H”, whereby the weighting coefficient W111 is written to the node N of the pixel 100 in the first row.
- the potential of the wiring 111 is set to a potential corresponding to the weighting factor W112, and the potential of the wiring 112_2 is set to “H”, whereby the weighting factor W112 is written to the node N of the pixel 100 in the second row.
- the wiring 213 ⁇ / b> _ ⁇ b> 1 (the first row wiring 213)
- the wiring 214 ⁇ / b> _ ⁇ b> 1 are set to “H”.
- a signal obtained by multiplying the pixel 100 of the pixel block 200 in the second row by an arbitrary weighting coefficient is output.
- a signal obtained by multiplying the pixel 100 of the pixel block 200 in the first row by a weighting factor different from T4 and T5 is output.
- the pixel 100 may be shared by adjacent pixel blocks 200.
- a transistor 107 that can output the same as the transistor 105 is provided in the pixel 100.
- a gate of the transistor 107 is electrically connected to the transistor 105, and one of a source and a drain is electrically connected to the wiring 118.
- FIG. 7B illustrates a pixel 100 (pixels 100a, 100b, 100c, 100d, 100e, 100f, 100g, and 100h) and a circuit 201 (circuits 201a and 201b) in adjacent pixel blocks 200 (pixel blocks 200a and 200b). It is a figure which shows the form of connection. In FIG. 7B, the reference pixel 150 is omitted.
- the pixels 100a, 100b, 100c, and 100d are electrically connected to the circuit 201a through the wiring 113.
- the pixels 100e and 100g are electrically connected to the circuit 201a through the wiring 118.
- the pixels 100e, 100f, 100g, and 100h are electrically connected to the circuit 201b through the wiring 113. Further, the pixels 100b and 100d are electrically connected to the circuit 201b through the wiring 118.
- the pixel block 200a and the pixel block 200b share the pixels 100b, 100d, 100e, and 100g.
- the network between the pixel blocks 200 can be made dense, and the accuracy of image analysis and the like can be improved.
- the weighting coefficient can be output from the circuit 305 shown in FIG. 1 to the wiring 111, and it is preferable to rewrite the weighting coefficient at least once within the frame period.
- a decoder can be used as the circuit 305.
- the circuit 305 may include a D / A converter and an SRAM.
- selection of a pixel to which a weighting factor is input is performed by outputting a signal from the circuit 304 to the wiring 112.
- the circuit 304 may be a shift register in addition to the decoder.
- a signal can be output from the circuit 303 to the wirings 213, 215, and 216 connected to the transistors of the circuit 201.
- a decoder or a shift register can be used for the circuit 303.
- FIG. 8A illustrates a signal output from the pixel block 200.
- the pixel array 300 includes four pixel blocks 200 (a pixel block 200c, a pixel block 200d, a pixel block 200e, and a pixel block 200f). An example having four pixels 100 will be described.
- the signal generation will be described by taking the pixel block 200c as an example, but the pixel blocks 200d, 200e, and 200f can also output signals with similar operations.
- the image data of p11, p12, p21, and p22 is held in the node N in each pixel 100, respectively.
- Weight coefficients (W111, W112, W121, and W122) are input to each pixel 100, and h111 that is the result of the product-sum operation is output to the wiring 212_1 (the wiring 212 in the first column).
- h111 p11 ⁇ W111 + p12 ⁇ W112 + p21 ⁇ W121 + p22 ⁇ W122.
- the weighting factors are not necessarily different, and the same value may be input to the plurality of pixels 100.
- h121 that is the result of the product-sum operation is output from the pixel block 200d to the wiring 212_2 (the wiring 212 in the second column), and the output of the first row of the pixel block 200 is completed.
- h112 that is the result of the product-sum operation is output from the pixel block 200e to the wiring 212_1 through the same process as described above.
- h122 which is the result of the product-sum operation, is output from the pixel block 200f to the wiring 212_2, and the output of the second row of the pixel block 200 is completed.
- h211 and h221 can be output by changing the weighting coefficient in the first row of the pixel block 200 and performing the same process as described above.
- h212 and h222 can be output by changing the weighting coefficient in the second row of the pixel block 200 and performing the same process as described above. The above operation is repeated as necessary.
- the circuit 301 is a circuit that performs an activation function calculation.
- a comparator circuit can be used.
- the comparator circuit outputs the result of comparing the input data with the set threshold value as binary data. That is, the pixel block 200 and the circuit 301 can act as a part of the neural network.
- the data output from the pixel block 200 corresponds to a plurality of bits of image data. Since the data is binarized by the circuit 301, it can be said that the image data is compressed.
- the data binarized by the circuit 301 (h 111 ′, h 121 ′, h 112 ′, h 122 ′, h 211 ′, h 221 ′, h 212 ′, h 222 ′) is sequentially input to the circuit 302.
- the circuit 302 can include a latch circuit, a shift register, and the like, for example. With this configuration, parallel-serial conversion can be performed, and data input in parallel can be output as serial data to the wiring 311 as illustrated in FIG.
- the connection destination of the wiring 311 is not limited. For example, it can be connected to a neural network, a storage device, a communication device, or the like.
- the circuit 302 may include a neural network.
- the neural network has memory cells arranged in a matrix, and each memory cell holds a weight coefficient.
- Data output from the circuit 301 is input to cells in the row direction, and a product-sum operation can be performed in the column direction.
- the number of memory cells illustrated in FIG. 9 is an example and is not limited.
- the neural network shown in FIG. 9 includes a memory cell 320 and a reference memory cell 325, a circuit 340, a circuit 350, a circuit 360, a circuit 360, and a circuit 370 arranged in a matrix.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of the memory cell 320 and the reference memory cell 325.
- Reference memory cells 325 are provided in an arbitrary column.
- the memory cell 320 and the reference memory cell 325 have a similar structure and include a transistor 161, a transistor 162, and a capacitor 163.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 161 is electrically connected to a gate of the transistor 162.
- a gate of the transistor 162 is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitor 163.
- a point where one of the source and the drain of the transistor 161, the gate of the transistor 162, and one electrode of the capacitor 163 are connected is a node NM.
- a gate of the transistor 161 is electrically connected to the wiring WL.
- the other electrode of the capacitor 163 is electrically connected to the wiring RW.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 162 is electrically connected to a reference potential wiring such as a GND wiring.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 161 is electrically connected to the wiring WD.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 162 is electrically connected to the wiring BL.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 161 is electrically connected to the wiring WDref.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 162 is electrically connected to the wiring BLref.
- the wiring WL is electrically connected to the circuit 330.
- a decoder As the circuit 330, a decoder, a shift register, or the like can be used.
- the wiring RW is electrically connected to the circuit 301.
- binary data output from the circuit 301 to the wiring 311_1 and the wiring 311_2 is written.
- the wiring WD and the wiring WDref are electrically connected to the circuit 340.
- a decoder, a shift register, or the like can be used for the circuit 340.
- the circuit 340 may include a D / A converter and an SRAM.
- the circuit 340 can output a weighting factor written to the node NM.
- the wiring BL and the wiring BLref are electrically connected to the circuit 350 and the circuit 360.
- the circuit 350 is a current source circuit and can have a configuration equivalent to that of the current source circuit 210.
- the circuit 360 can have the same configuration as the circuit 201 except for the current source circuit 210.
- the circuit 350 and the circuit 360 can obtain a signal obtained by removing the offset component from the product-sum operation result.
- the circuit 360 is electrically connected to the circuit 370.
- the circuit 370 can have the same structure as the circuit 301 and can also be called an activation function circuit.
- the activation function circuit has a function of performing an operation for converting the signal input from the circuit 360 in accordance with a predefined activation function.
- a sigmoid function, a tanh function, a softmax function, a ReLU function, a threshold function, or the like can be used.
- the signal converted by the activation function circuit is output to the outside as output data.
- the neural network NN can be configured by an input layer IL, an output layer OL, and an intermediate layer (hidden layer) HL.
- Each of the input layer IL, the output layer OL, and the intermediate layer HL has one or a plurality of neurons (units).
- the intermediate layer HL may be one layer or two or more layers.
- a neural network having two or more intermediate layers HL can also be called a DNN (deep neural network). Learning using a deep neural network can also be called deep learning.
- Input data is input to each neuron of the input layer IL.
- Each neuron in the intermediate layer HL receives an output signal from a neuron in the front layer or the back layer.
- the output signal of the neuron in the previous layer is input to each neuron in the output layer OL.
- Each neuron may be connected to all neurons in the preceding and following layers (total connection), or may be connected to some neurons.
- FIG. 11B shows an example of computation by neurons.
- a neuron N and two neurons in the previous layer that output signals to the neuron N are shown.
- Neurons N includes an output x 1 of the neurons in the previous layer, the output x 2 of neurons prior layer is inputted.
- the operation by the neuron includes an operation of adding the product of the output of the neuron in the previous layer and the weight, that is, a product-sum operation (the above x 1 w 1 + x 2 w 2 ).
- This product-sum operation may be performed on software using a program, or may be performed by hardware.
- a product-sum operation is performed using an analog circuit as hardware.
- the processing speed can be improved and the power consumption can be reduced by reducing the circuit scale of the product-sum operation circuit or reducing the number of accesses to the memory.
- the product-sum operation circuit preferably includes an OS transistor. Since the OS transistor has an extremely small off-state current, it is suitable as a transistor constituting an analog memory of a product-sum operation circuit. Note that the product-sum operation circuit may be configured using both the Si transistor and the OS transistor.
- processing of processing captured image data is described in the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention, but the image data can be extracted without processing.
- the sum of the data p11, p12, p21, and p22 is output, but the weighting coefficient to be multiplied by any one pixel 100 is 1.
- image data of one pixel 100 can be extracted.
- image data can be extracted from all the pixels 100 by sequentially selecting the pixels 100 having a weighting factor of 1.
- the circuit 301 preferably has a structure in which a comparator and a switch are arranged in parallel as shown in FIG.
- a signal output from the pixel block 200 is input to the comparator, and a binarized signal is output to the circuit 302.
- a signal output from the pixel block 200 is output to the circuit 302 through a path via a switch.
- the circuit 302 may be provided with an A / D converter.
- the circuit 301 may have a comparator and a selection circuit, and its output may be a circuit 302 or a circuit 306.
- a counter circuit can be used as the circuit 306.
- An A / D converter can be configured by the comparator and the counter circuit. Note that the circuit 306 may be provided in the circuit 302.
- the transistor 100 and the transistor 109 may be provided in the pixel 100.
- the transistor 108 can have a function of outputting a signal (image data) corresponding to the potential of the node N.
- the transistor 109 can have a function of selecting the pixel 100.
- a gate of the transistor 108 is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitor 104.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor 108 is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 109.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 108 is electrically connected to the wiring 121.
- a gate of the transistor 109 is electrically connected to the wiring 119.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 109 is electrically connected to the wiring 120.
- the wiring 119 can function as a signal line for controlling conduction of the transistor 109.
- the wiring 120 can function as an output line.
- the wiring 121 can function as a power supply line.
- the wiring 121 can be a high-potential power supply line.
- the wiring 120 can be electrically connected to a correlated double sampling circuit (CDS circuit) and an A / D converter.
- CDS circuit correlated double sampling circuit
- a / D converter A / D converter
- a structure in which the wiring 113 is further electrically connected through a switch may be employed.
- the output of the transistor 105 and the output of the transistor 108 can be selectively input to the circuit 201.
- image data can be acquired by configuring the circuit 301 as illustrated in FIGS.
- FIG. 13A illustrates the structure of a pixel included in the imaging device.
- a pixel illustrated in FIG. 13A is an example in which a layer 561 and a layer 562 are stacked.
- the layer 561 includes the photoelectric conversion element 101.
- the photoelectric conversion element 101 can be a stack of a layer 565a, a layer 565b, and a layer 565c as illustrated in FIG.
- a photoelectric conversion element 101 illustrated in FIG. 13C is a pn junction photodiode, and for example, a p + type semiconductor can be used for the layer 565a, an n type semiconductor can be used for the layer 565b, and an n + type semiconductor can be used for the layer 565c.
- a p + type semiconductor may be used for the layer 565a
- a p type semiconductor may be used for the layer 565b
- a p + type semiconductor may be used for the layer 565c.
- a pin junction photodiode in which the layer 565b is an i-type semiconductor may be used.
- the pn junction photodiode or the pin junction photodiode can be formed using single crystal silicon. Further, the pin junction photodiode can be formed using a thin film such as amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, or polycrystalline silicon.
- the photoelectric conversion element 101 included in the layer 561 may be a stack of a layer 566a, a layer 566b, a layer 566c, and a layer 566d as illustrated in FIG.
- a photoelectric conversion element 101 illustrated in FIG. 13D is an example of an avalanche photodiode, and the layers 566a and 566d correspond to electrodes, and the layers 566b and 566c correspond to photoelectric conversion portions.
- the layer 566a is preferably a low-resistance metal layer or the like.
- a low-resistance metal layer or the like aluminum, titanium, tungsten, tantalum, silver, or a stacked layer thereof can be used.
- a conductive layer having high light-transmitting property with respect to visible light is preferably used.
- indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, gallium-zinc oxide, indium-gallium-zinc oxide, graphene, or the like can be used. Note that the layer 566d may be omitted.
- the layers 566b and 566c of the photoelectric conversion unit can have a structure of a pn junction photodiode using, for example, a selenium-based material as a photoelectric conversion layer.
- a selenium-based material that is a p-type semiconductor is preferably used for the layer 566b, and a gallium oxide that is an n-type semiconductor is preferably used for the layer 566c.
- a photoelectric conversion element using a selenium-based material has a high external quantum efficiency with respect to visible light.
- amplification of electrons with respect to the amount of incident light can be increased by using avalanche multiplication.
- the selenium-based material has a high light absorption coefficient, it has production advantages such that the photoelectric conversion layer can be formed as a thin film.
- a thin film of a selenium-based material can be formed using a vacuum evaporation method, a sputtering method, or the like.
- selenium-based material examples include crystalline selenium such as single crystal selenium and polycrystalline selenium, amorphous selenium, copper, indium, selenium compound (CIS), or copper, indium, gallium, selenium compound (CIGS), etc. Can be used.
- the n-type semiconductor is preferably formed using a material having a wide band gap and a light-transmitting property with respect to visible light.
- a material having a wide band gap and a light-transmitting property with respect to visible light For example, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, or an oxide in which they are mixed can be used. These materials also have a function as a hole injection blocking layer, and can reduce the dark current.
- a silicon substrate can be used as the layer 562 illustrated in FIG. 13A.
- the silicon substrate includes a Si transistor and the like.
- a circuit for driving the pixel circuit, an image signal reading circuit, an image processing circuit, and the like can be provided using the Si transistor.
- some or all of the transistors included in the peripheral circuits described in Embodiment 1 can be provided in the layer 562.
- the pixel may have a stacked structure of a layer 561, a layer 563, and a layer 562 as illustrated in FIG.
- the layer 563 can include an OS transistor (eg, the transistors 102 and 103 of the pixel 100).
- the layer 562 preferably includes a Si transistor (eg, the transistors 105 and 106 of the pixel 100). Further, part of the transistors included in the peripheral circuit described in Embodiment 1 may be provided in the layer 563.
- the element and the peripheral circuit included in the pixel circuit can be distributed in a plurality of layers, and the elements or the element and the peripheral circuit can be provided to overlap each other, so that the area of the imaging device is reduced.
- the layer 562 may be used as a supporting substrate, and the pixel 100 and the peripheral circuit may be provided in the layer 561 and the layer 563.
- a metal oxide having an energy gap of 2 eV or more, preferably 2.5 eV or more, more preferably 3 eV or more can be used.
- a typical example is an oxide semiconductor containing indium.
- a CAC-OS described later can be used.
- the semiconductor layer is represented by an In-M-Zn-based oxide containing indium, zinc, and M (metal such as aluminum, titanium, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, tin, neodymium, or hafnium). It can be a membrane.
- the atomic ratio of the metal elements of the sputtering target used for forming the In-M-Zn oxide is In ⁇ M, Zn It is preferable to satisfy ⁇ M.
- the atomic ratio of the semiconductor layer to be formed includes a variation of plus or minus 40% of the atomic ratio of the metal element contained in the sputtering target.
- the semiconductor layer an oxide semiconductor with low carrier density is used.
- the semiconductor layer has a carrier density of 1 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 13 / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 11 / cm 3. 3 or less, more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 10 / cm 3 , and an oxide semiconductor having a carrier density of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 / cm 3 or more can be used.
- Such an oxide semiconductor is referred to as a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor. Accordingly, it can be said that the oxide semiconductor has stable characteristics because the impurity concentration is low and the defect state density is low.
- the composition is not limited thereto, and a transistor having an appropriate composition may be used depending on required semiconductor characteristics and electrical characteristics (such as field-effect mobility and threshold voltage) of the transistor.
- the semiconductor layer in order to obtain the required semiconductor characteristics of the transistor, it is preferable that the semiconductor layer have appropriate carrier density, impurity concentration, defect density, atomic ratio of metal element to oxygen, interatomic distance, density, and the like. .
- the concentration of silicon or carbon in the semiconductor layer is 2 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal (concentration obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry) in the semiconductor layer is 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the nitrogen concentration (concentration obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry) in the semiconductor layer is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the semiconductor layer may have a non-single crystal structure, for example.
- the non-single crystal structure includes, for example, a CAAC-OS (C-Axis Aligned Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor, or C-Axis Aligned and A-B-plane Annealed Crystalline Structure, a C-axis aligned crystal, and a C-axis aligned crystal structure. Includes a microcrystalline structure or an amorphous structure. In the non-single-crystal structure, the amorphous structure has the highest density of defect states, and the CAAC-OS has the lowest density of defect states.
- An oxide semiconductor film having an amorphous structure has, for example, disordered atomic arrangement and no crystal component.
- an amorphous oxide film has, for example, a completely amorphous structure and does not have a crystal part.
- the semiconductor layer may be a mixed film including two or more of an amorphous structure region, a microcrystalline structure region, a polycrystalline structure region, a CAAC-OS region, and a single crystal structure region.
- the mixed film may have a single-layer structure or a stacked structure including any two or more of the above-described regions.
- CAC Cloud-Aligned Composite
- the CAC-OS is one structure of a material in which an element included in an oxide semiconductor is unevenly distributed with a size of 0.5 nm to 10 nm, preferably 1 nm to 2 nm, or the vicinity thereof. Note that in the following, in an oxide semiconductor, one or more metal elements are unevenly distributed, and a region including the metal element has a size of 0.5 nm to 10 nm, preferably 1 nm to 2 nm, or the vicinity thereof.
- the state mixed with is also referred to as a mosaic or patch.
- the oxide semiconductor preferably contains at least indium.
- One kind selected from the above or a plurality of kinds may be included.
- a CAC-OS in In-Ga-Zn oxide is an indium oxide (hereinafter referred to as InO).
- X1 (X1 is greater real than 0) and.), or indium zinc oxide (hereinafter, in X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 ( X2, Y2, and Z2 is larger real than 0) and a.), gallium An oxide (hereinafter referred to as GaO X3 (X3 is a real number greater than 0)) or a gallium zinc oxide (hereinafter referred to as Ga X4 Zn Y4 O Z4 (where X4, Y4, and Z4 are greater than 0)) to.) and the like, the material becomes mosaic by separate into, mosaic InO X1 or in X2 Zn Y2 O Z2, is a configuration in which uniformly distributed in the film (hereinafter Also referred to as a cloud-like.) A.
- CAC-OS includes a region GaO X3 is the main component, and In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2, or InO X1 is the main component region is a composite oxide semiconductor having a structure that is mixed.
- the first region indicates that the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the first region is larger than the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the second region. It is assumed that the concentration of In is higher than that in the second region.
- IGZO is a common name and may refer to one compound of In, Ga, Zn, and O.
- ZnO ZnO
- the crystalline compound has a single crystal structure, a polycrystalline structure, or a CAAC structure.
- the CAAC structure is a crystal structure in which a plurality of IGZO nanocrystals have c-axis orientation and are connected without being oriented in the ab plane.
- CAC-OS relates to a material structure of an oxide semiconductor.
- CAC-OS refers to a region observed in the form of nanoparticles mainly composed of Ga in a material structure including In, Ga, Zn and O, and nanoparticles mainly composed of In.
- the region observed in a shape is a configuration in which the regions are randomly dispersed in a mosaic shape. Therefore, in the CAC-OS, the crystal structure is a secondary element.
- the CAC-OS does not include a stacked structure of two or more kinds of films having different compositions.
- a structure composed of two layers of a film mainly containing In and a film mainly containing Ga is not included.
- a region GaO X3 is the main component, and In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 is the main component region, in some cases clear boundary can not be observed.
- the CAC-OS includes a region that is observed in a part of a nanoparticle mainly including the metal element and a nanoparticle mainly including In.
- the region observed in the form of particles refers to a configuration in which each region is randomly dispersed in a mosaic shape.
- the CAC-OS can be formed by a sputtering method under a condition where the substrate is not intentionally heated, for example.
- a CAC-OS is formed by a sputtering method
- any one or more selected from an inert gas (typically argon), an oxygen gas, and a nitrogen gas may be used as a deposition gas. Good.
- the flow rate ratio of the oxygen gas to the total flow rate of the deposition gas during film formation is preferably as low as possible. .
- the CAC-OS has a feature that a clear peak is not observed when measurement is performed using a ⁇ / 2 ⁇ scan by an out-of-plane method, which is one of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement methods. Have. That is, it can be seen from X-ray diffraction that no orientation in the ab plane direction and c-axis direction of the measurement region is observed.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the CAC-OS in an electron beam diffraction pattern obtained by irradiating an electron beam with a probe diameter of 1 nm (also referred to as a nanobeam electron beam), a ring-shaped high luminance region and a plurality of regions in the ring region are provided. A bright spot is observed. Therefore, it can be seen from the electron beam diffraction pattern that the crystal structure of the CAC-OS has an nc (nano-crystal) structure having no orientation in the planar direction and the cross-sectional direction.
- nc nano-crystal
- GaO X3 is a main component by EDX mapping obtained by using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). It can be confirmed that the region and the region mainly composed of In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 are unevenly distributed and mixed.
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the CAC-OS has a structure different from that of the IGZO compound in which the metal element is uniformly distributed, and has a property different from that of the IGZO compound. That is, in the CAC-OS, a region in which GaO X3 or the like is a main component and a region in which In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 is a main component are phase-separated from each other, and a region in which each element is a main component. Has a mosaic structure.
- the region containing In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 as a main component is a region having higher conductivity than a region containing GaO X3 or the like as a main component. That, In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1, is an area which is the main component, by carriers flow, expressed the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor. Therefore, a region where In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 is a main component is distributed in a cloud shape in the oxide semiconductor, whereby high field-effect mobility ( ⁇ ) can be realized.
- areas such as GaO X3 is the main component, as compared to the In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 is the main component area, it is highly regions insulating. That is, a region containing GaO X3 or the like as a main component is distributed in the oxide semiconductor, whereby leakage current can be suppressed and good switching operation can be realized.
- CAC-OS when CAC-OS is used for a semiconductor element, the insulating property caused by GaO X3 and the like and the conductivity caused by In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 act complementarily, thereby increasing the An on-current (I on ) and high field effect mobility ( ⁇ ) can be realized.
- CAC-OS is suitable as a constituent material for various semiconductor devices.
- FIG. 14A illustrates an example of a cross section of the pixel illustrated in FIG.
- the layer 561 includes a pn junction photodiode using silicon as a photoelectric conversion layer as the photoelectric conversion element 101.
- the layer 562 includes a Si transistor, and FIG. 14A illustrates the transistors 102 and 105 included in the pixel circuit.
- the layer 565a can be a p + -type region
- the layer 565b can be an n-type region
- the layer 565c can be an n + -type region.
- the layer 565b is provided with a region 536 for connecting the power supply line and the layer 565c.
- the region 536 can be a p + type region.
- the Si transistor has a planar structure having a channel formation region in a silicon substrate 540. As shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B, the Si transistor 540 has a fin-type structure. The structure which has a semiconductor layer may be sufficient. 16A corresponds to a cross section in the channel length direction, and FIG. 16B corresponds to a cross section in the channel width direction.
- a transistor including a semiconductor layer 545 of a silicon thin film may be used.
- the semiconductor layer 545 can be, for example, single crystal silicon (SOI (Silicon on Insulator)) formed over the insulating layer 546 over the silicon substrate 540.
- SOI Silicon on Insulator
- FIG. 14A illustrates a configuration example in which an electrical connection between an element included in the layer 561 and an element included in the layer 562 is obtained by a bonding technique.
- the layer 561 is provided with an insulating layer 542, a conductive layer 533, and a conductive layer 534.
- the conductive layer 533 and the conductive layer 534 have a region embedded in the insulating layer 542.
- the conductive layer 533 is electrically connected to the layer 565a.
- the conductive layer 534 is electrically connected to the region 536.
- the surfaces of the insulating layer 542, the conductive layer 533, and the conductive layer 534 are planarized so that their heights coincide with each other.
- the layer 562 is provided with an insulating layer 541, a conductive layer 531, and a conductive layer 532.
- the conductive layer 531 and the conductive layer 532 have a region embedded in the insulating layer 541.
- the conductive layer 531 is electrically connected to the power supply line.
- the conductive layer 532 is electrically connected to the source or drain of the transistor 102.
- the surfaces of the insulating layer 541, the conductive layer 531, and the conductive layer 532 are planarized so that their heights coincide with each other.
- the conductive layer 531 and the conductive layer 533 are preferably metal elements having the same main component.
- the conductive layers 532 and 534 are preferably formed using the same metal element as the main component.
- the insulating layer 541 and the insulating layer 542 are preferably formed using the same component.
- Cu, Al, Sn, Zn, W, Ag, Pt, Au, or the like can be used for the conductive layers 531, 532, 533, and 534. From the viewpoint of ease of joining, Cu, Al, W, or Au is preferably used.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, or the like can be used.
- the same metal material as described above is preferably used for each of the combination of the conductive layer 531 and the conductive layer 533 and the combination of the conductive layer 532 and the conductive layer 534. Further, it is preferable to use the same insulating material as described above for each of the insulating layer 541 and the insulating layer 542. With this structure, bonding can be performed in which the boundary between the layer 561 and the layer 562 is a bonding position.
- a surface activated bonding method can be used in which the oxide film on the surface, the adsorption layer of impurities, etc. are removed by sputtering or the like, and the cleaned and activated surfaces are brought into contact with each other for bonding.
- a diffusion bonding method in which the surfaces are bonded to each other using both temperature and pressure can be used. In both cases, bonding at the atomic level occurs, so that excellent bonding not only electrically but also mechanically can be obtained.
- the insulating layers can be bonded to each other after high flatness is obtained by polishing or the like, and then the surfaces that have been subjected to hydrophilic treatment with oxygen plasma or the like are brought into contact with each other for temporary bonding, followed by dehydration by heat treatment to perform the main bonding.
- a bonding method or the like can be used. Since the bonding at the atomic level also occurs in the hydrophilic bonding method, a mechanically excellent bonding can be obtained.
- a method can be used in which the surface is cleaned after polishing, the surface of the metal layer is subjected to an antioxidant treatment, and then subjected to a hydrophilic treatment and bonded.
- the surface of the metal layer may be made of a hardly oxidizable metal such as Au and subjected to a hydrophilic treatment. Note that a bonding method other than the method described above may be used.
- FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view in the case where a pn junction photodiode using a selenium-based material as a photoelectric conversion layer is used for the layer 561 of the pixel illustrated in FIG.
- a layer 566a is provided as one electrode, layers 566b and 566c as photoelectric conversion layers, and a layer 566d as the other electrode.
- the layer 561 can be formed directly on the layer 562.
- the layer 566a is electrically connected to the source or the drain of the transistor 102.
- the layer 566d is electrically connected to the power supply line through the region 536.
- FIG. 15A illustrates an example of a cross section of the pixel illustrated in FIG.
- the layer 561 includes a pn junction photodiode using silicon as a photoelectric conversion layer as the photoelectric conversion element 101.
- the layer 562 includes an Si transistor.
- FIG. 15A illustrates the transistor 105 included in the pixel circuit.
- the layer 562 includes an OS transistor.
- FIG. 15A illustrates the transistors 102 and 103 included in the pixel circuit.
- a layer 561 and a layer 563 are structural examples in which electrical connection is obtained by bonding.
- the OS transistor has a self-aligned structure, but may be a non-self-aligned top gate transistor as shown in FIG.
- the transistors 102 and 103 have a structure including the back gate 535, a configuration without the back gate may be employed.
- the back gate 535 may be electrically connected to a front gate of a transistor provided to face the back gate 535.
- the back gate 535 may be configured to be able to supply a fixed potential different from that of the front gate.
- An insulating layer 543 having a function of preventing hydrogen diffusion is provided between a region where the OS transistor is formed and a region where the Si transistor is formed. Hydrogen in the insulating layer provided in the vicinity of the channel formation region of the transistor 105 terminates a dangling bond of silicon. On the other hand, hydrogen in the insulating layer provided in the vicinity of the channel formation regions of the transistors 102 and 103 is one of the factors that generate carriers in the oxide semiconductor layer.
- the reliability of the transistor 105 can be improved by confining hydrogen in one layer with the insulating layer 543. In addition, since the diffusion of hydrogen from one layer to the other layer is suppressed, the reliability of the transistors 102 and 103 can be improved.
- the insulating layer 543 for example, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxynitride, gallium oxide, gallium oxynitride, yttrium oxide, yttrium oxynitride, hafnium oxide, hafnium oxynitride, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), or the like can be used.
- aluminum oxide, aluminum oxynitride, gallium oxide, gallium oxynitride, yttrium oxide, yttrium oxynitride, hafnium oxide, hafnium oxynitride, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), or the like can be used.
- FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view in the case where a pn junction photodiode using a selenium-based material as a photoelectric conversion layer is used for the layer 561 of the pixel illustrated in FIG.
- the layer 561 can be formed directly on the layer 563.
- the layers 561, 562, and 563 the above description can be referred to.
- FIG. 17A is a perspective view illustrating an example in which a color filter or the like is added to a pixel of the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention. In the perspective view, cross sections of a plurality of pixels are also shown.
- An insulating layer 580 is formed over the layer 561 where the photoelectric conversion element 101 is formed.
- the insulating layer 580 can be formed using a silicon oxide film or the like that has high light-transmitting property with respect to visible light.
- a silicon nitride film may be stacked as a passivation film.
- a dielectric film such as hafnium oxide may be laminated as the antireflection film.
- a light shielding layer 581 may be formed over the insulating layer 580.
- the light shielding layer 581 has a function of preventing color mixture of light passing through the upper color filter.
- a metal layer such as aluminum or tungsten can be used. Further, the metal layer and a dielectric film having a function as an antireflection film may be stacked.
- An organic resin layer 582 can be provided as a planarization film over the insulating layer 580 and the light-blocking layer 581. Further, a color filter 583 (color filters 583a, 583b, 583c) is formed for each pixel. For example, by assigning colors such as R (red), G (green), B (blue), Y (yellow), C (cyan), and M (magenta) to the color filters 583a, 583b, and 583c, a color image is obtained. Can be obtained.
- An insulating layer 586 having a light-transmitting property with respect to visible light or the like can be provided over the color filter 583.
- an optical conversion layer 585 may be used instead of the color filter 583.
- an infrared imaging device can be obtained. If a filter that blocks light having a wavelength shorter than or equal to the near infrared wavelength is used for the optical conversion layer 585, a far infrared imaging device can be obtained. When a filter that blocks light having a wavelength longer than or equal to that of visible light is used for the optical conversion layer 585, an ultraviolet imaging device can be obtained.
- a scintillator is used for the optical conversion layer 585, an imaging device that obtains an image that visualizes the intensity of radiation used in an X-ray imaging device or the like can be obtained.
- radiation such as X-rays transmitted through the subject
- the scintillator it is converted into light (fluorescence) such as visible light or ultraviolet light by a photoluminescence phenomenon.
- the photoelectric conversion element 101 detects the light and acquires image data.
- the imaging device having the configuration may be used for a radiation detector or the like.
- a scintillator contains a substance that emits visible light or ultraviolet light by absorbing energy when irradiated with radiation such as X-rays or gamma rays.
- Gd 2 O 2 S Tb
- Gd 2 O 2 S Pr
- Gd 2 O 2 S Eu
- BaFCl Eu
- distributed to resin or ceramics can be used.
- a microlens array 584 may be provided over the color filter 583. Light passing through individual lenses of the microlens array 584 passes through the color filter 583 directly below and is irradiated to the photoelectric conversion element 101. Alternatively, a microlens array 584 may be provided over the optical conversion layer 585 illustrated in FIG.
- the configuration of the imaging device can be used for the image sensor chip.
- FIG. 18A1 is an external perspective view of the upper surface side of the package containing the image sensor chip.
- the package includes a package substrate 410 for fixing the image sensor chip 450, a cover glass 420, and an adhesive 430 for bonding the two.
- FIG. 18A2 is an external perspective view of the lower surface side of the package.
- BGA Ball grid array
- solder balls as bumps 440.
- FIG. 18A3 is a perspective view of the package shown with the cover glass 420 and part of the adhesive 430 omitted.
- An electrode pad 460 is formed on the package substrate 410, and the electrode pad 460 and the bump 440 are electrically connected through a through hole.
- the electrode pad 460 is electrically connected to the image sensor chip 450 by a wire 470.
- FIG. 18B1 is an external perspective view of the upper surface side of the camera module in which the image sensor chip is housed in a lens-integrated package.
- the camera module includes a package substrate 411 that fixes the image sensor chip 451, a lens cover 421, a lens 435, and the like.
- an IC chip 490 having functions such as a drive circuit and a signal conversion circuit of the imaging device is also provided between the package substrate 411 and the image sensor chip 451, and has a configuration as a SiP (System in package). Yes.
- FIG. 18B2 is an external perspective view of the lower surface side of the camera module.
- the package substrate 411 has a QFN (Quad Flat No-Lead Package) configuration in which mounting lands 441 are provided on a lower surface and a side surface. Note that this configuration is an example, and a QFP (Quad Flat Package) or the above-described BGA may be provided.
- QFN Quad Flat No-Lead Package
- FIG. 18B3 is a perspective view of the module shown with the lens cover 421 and the lens 435 partially omitted.
- the land 441 is electrically connected to the electrode pad 461, and the electrode pad 461 is electrically connected to the image sensor chip 451 or the IC chip 490 by wires 471.
- the image sensor chip By mounting the image sensor chip in a package having the above-described form, mounting on a printed board or the like is facilitated, and the image sensor chip can be incorporated into various semiconductor devices and electronic devices.
- Electronic devices that can use the imaging device according to one embodiment of the present invention include a display device, a personal computer, an image storage device or an image playback device including a recording medium, a mobile phone, a portable game machine, and a portable data terminal , Digital book terminals, video cameras, digital still cameras and other cameras, goggles-type displays (head-mounted displays), navigation systems, sound playback devices (car audio, digital audio players, etc.), copiers, facsimiles, printers, printer multifunction devices Automatic teller machines (ATMs), vending machines, and the like. Specific examples of these electronic devices are shown in FIGS.
- FIG. 19A illustrates a monitoring camera, which includes a support base 951, a camera unit 952, a protective cover 953, and the like.
- the camera unit 952 is provided with a rotation mechanism and the like, and can be imaged all around by being installed on the ceiling.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be provided as one of the components for acquiring an image in the camera unit.
- the surveillance camera is an idiomatic name and does not limit the application.
- a device having a function as a surveillance camera is also called a camera or a video camera.
- FIG. 19B illustrates a video camera, which includes a first housing 971, a second housing 972, a display portion 973, operation keys 974, a lens 975, a connection portion 976, and the like.
- the operation key 974 and the lens 975 are provided in the first housing 971, and the display portion 973 is provided in the second housing 972.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be provided as one of the components for acquiring an image in the video camera.
- FIG. 19C illustrates a digital camera, which includes a housing 961, a shutter button 962, a microphone 963, a light-emitting portion 967, a lens 965, and the like.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be provided as one of the components for acquiring an image in the digital camera.
- FIG. 19D illustrates a wristwatch type information terminal, which includes a display portion 932, a housing and wristband 933, a camera 939, and the like.
- Display unit 932 includes a touch panel for operating the information terminal.
- the display portion 932 and the casing / wristband 933 are flexible and have excellent wearability to the body.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be provided as one of the components for acquiring an image in the information terminal.
- FIG. 19E illustrates an example of a mobile phone, which includes a housing 981, a display portion 982, operation buttons 983, an external connection port 984, a speaker 985, a microphone 986, a camera 987, and the like.
- the mobile phone includes a touch sensor in the display portion 982. All operations such as making a call or inputting characters can be performed by touching the display portion 982 with a finger, a stylus, or the like.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be provided as one of the components for acquiring an image in the mobile phone.
- FIG. 19F illustrates a portable data terminal including a housing 911, a display portion 912, a camera 919, and the like. Information can be input and output by a touch panel function of the display portion 912.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be provided as one of the components for acquiring an image in the portable data terminal.
- FIG. 20 shows a pixel circuit (corresponding to the pixel 100) of the prototyped imaging device.
- the imaging device described in Embodiment 1 has a configuration in which a product (WX) of image data (potential X) and a weighting factor (potential W) is extracted from the difference in output between the pixel 100 and the reference pixel 150.
- the prototype imaging device is configured such that the reference pixel 150 is omitted, double sampling of whether or not a weighting coefficient (potential W) is input is performed, and WX is extracted by calculating the difference externally.
- the pixel circuit of the prototyped imaging device has a configuration including a photodiode PD and transistors Tr1, Tr2, Tr3, Tr4, and Tr5.
- the connection configuration is as shown in FIG.
- the transistor Tr3 has a configuration in which a source and a drain are short-circuited, and acts as a capacitive element (MOSCapacitor).
- Selenium was used for the photoelectric conversion layer of the photodiode PD.
- the transistors Tr1, Tr2, Tr3, Tr4, and Tr5 were made of OS transistors. Other specifications are as shown in Table 1.
- TX, RS, and SE are signal potentials for driving each transistor.
- VPD, VRS, and VPI are power supply potentials, VPD and VPI are high potentials, and VRS is a low potential.
- VBG is a back gate potential for adjusting the threshold voltages of the transistors Tr1 and Tr2.
- BW corresponds to a weighting factor (potential W) and is added to the node N by capacitive coupling.
- the operation of double sampling is as follows. First, the transistors Tr1 and Tr2 are turned on to reset the node N. After the transistor Tr2 is turned off, the potential of the node N is changed by the operation of the photodiode PD. Next, the transistor Tr1 is turned off and BW is supplied as a desired weighting factor to determine the potential of the node N. Next, the transistor Tr5 is turned on to extract the first image signal to the outside.
- the BW is returned to the initial value, and the second image signal is extracted outside. Then, the difference between the first image signal and the second image signal is calculated to extract WX. Note that the order of obtaining the first image signal and the second image signal may be reversed.
- FIG. 21 is a block diagram of a pixel array showing a pixel PIX having the pixel circuit and paths of various signals.
- WMux is a selection circuit that outputs BW corresponding to a weighting coefficient, and includes a transistor corresponding to the transistor 106 illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 22 shows the calculation results when the weighting coefficient (potential W) is changed from 0.4 to 1.0 V with respect to the image data (potential X: ⁇ 0.2 to 1.4 V). At this time, VRES was set to 1.2V. From FIG. 22, it was confirmed that a desired calculation was possible.
- FIG. 24 shows the result when the weighting coefficient supplied to each pixel is given so as to have directionality as shown in FIG.
- the horizontal axis represents the rotation angle of the vertical stripe pattern (no rotation is 0 °)
- the vertical axis represents the digital value after A / D conversion of the output WX.
- FIG. 24 confirms that the output value increases when the direction of the vertical stripes matches the directionality given to the weighting coefficient.
- FIG. 25A is an image obtained by imaging a zebra with a constant weight. With respect to the image, when the weighting factor is given so as to have the directionality in the vertical direction as shown in FIG. 25A, the weighting factor is given the directionality in the horizontal direction as shown in FIG. The pattern detection was verified in the case where it was given.
- the positive weighting factor is + 0.8V
- the negative weighting factor is ⁇ 0.4V.
- FIGS. FIG. 26 (A) shows the result corresponding to FIG. 24 (A), indicating that a zebra vertical stripe pattern can be extracted.
- FIG. 26A shows the result corresponding to FIG. 25B, and it can be seen that a zebra horizontal stripe pattern can be extracted.
Abstract
Description
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である撮像装置について、図面を参照して説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の撮像装置の構成例などについて説明する。
本発明の一態様に係る撮像装置を用いることができる電子機器として、表示機器、パーソナルコンピュータ、記録媒体を備えた画像記憶装置または画像再生装置、携帯電話、携帯型を含むゲーム機、携帯データ端末、電子書籍端末、ビデオカメラ、デジタルスチルカメラ等のカメラ、ゴーグル型ディスプレイ(ヘッドマウントディスプレイ)、ナビゲーションシステム、音響再生装置(カーオーディオ、デジタルオーディオプレイヤー等)、複写機、ファクシミリ、プリンタ、プリンタ複合機、現金自動預け入れ払い機(ATM)、自動販売機などが挙げられる。これら電子機器の具体例を図19に示す。
Claims (12)
- 画素ブロックと、第1の回路と、第2の回路と、を有する撮像装置であって、
前記画像ブロックは、複数の画素と、第3の回路と、を有し、
前記画素と前記第3の回路とは第1の配線を介して電気的に接続され、
前記画素は、光電変換により第1の信号を取得する機能を有し、
前記画素は、前記第1の信号を任意の倍率に乗算して第2の信号を生成し、前記第2の信号を前記第1の配線に出力する機能を有し、
前記第3の回路は、前記第1の配線に出力されている前記第2の信号の和を演算して第3の信号を生成し、前記第3の信号を前記第1の回路に出力する機能を有し、
前記第1の回路は、前記第3の信号を2値化して第4の信号を生成し、前記第4の信号を前記第2の回路に出力する撮像装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記第2の回路は、前記第4の信号をパラレルシリアル変換する機能を有する撮像装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記第2の回路は、前記第4の信号を入力データとするニューラルネットワークを有する撮像装置。 - 請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項において、
前記複数の画素はマトリクス状に配置され、いずれかの一列は遮光されている撮像装置。 - 請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項において、
前記画素は、光電変換素子と、第1のトランジスタと、第2のトランジスタと、第3のトランジスタと、第4のトランジスタと、第1の容量素子と、を有し、
前記光電変換素子の一方の電極は前記第1のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第1のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの他方は、前記第2のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第2のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第3のトランジスタのゲートと電気的に接続され、
前記第3のトランジスタのゲートは前記第1の容量素子の一方の電極と電気的に接続され、
前記第3のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第1の配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第1の容量素子の他方の電極は、前記第4のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第1および前記第2のトランジスタは、チャネル形成領域に金属酸化物を有する撮像装置。 - 請求項5において、
さらに第5のトランジスタと、第6のトランジスタと、を有し、
前記第5のトランジスタのゲートは前記第3のトランジスタのゲートと電気的に接続され、
前記第5のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第6のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続されている撮像装置。 - 請求項5において、
前記第3および前記第4のトランジスタは、チャネル形成領域にシリコンを有する撮像装置。 - 請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項において、
前記第3の回路は、電流源回路と、第7のトランジスタと、第8のトランジスタと、第9のトランジスタと、第2の容量素子と、抵抗素子と、を有し、
前記電流源回路は、前記第1の配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第1の配線は、前記第2の容量素子の一方の電極と電気的に接続され、
前記第2の容量素子の一方の電極は、前記抵抗素子の一方の電極と電気的に接続され、
前記第2の容量素子の他方の電極は、前記第7のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第7のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第8のトランジスタのゲートと電気的に接続され、
前記第8のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は前記第9のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続される撮像装置。 - 請求項8において、
前記第7乃至第9のトランジスタは、チャネル形成領域にシリコンを有する撮像装置。 - 請求項5において、
前記金属酸化物は、Inと、Znと、M(MはAl、Ti、Ga、Sn、Y、Zr、La、Ce、NdまたはHf)と、を有する撮像装置。 - 請求項5において、
前記光電変換素子は、セレンまたはセレンを含む化合物を有する撮像装置 - 請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の撮像装置と、表示装置と、を有する電子機器。
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CN201880033542.5A CN110651468B (zh) | 2017-05-26 | 2018-05-16 | 摄像装置及电子设备 |
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JP2022105562A (ja) | 2022-07-14 |
JP7322239B2 (ja) | 2023-08-07 |
KR20200012917A (ko) | 2020-02-05 |
JP2020156096A (ja) | 2020-09-24 |
DE112018002719T5 (de) | 2020-02-13 |
KR102554664B1 (ko) | 2023-07-11 |
US20210134860A9 (en) | 2021-05-06 |
JPWO2018215882A1 (ja) | 2020-05-21 |
CN114628425A (zh) | 2022-06-14 |
US20230387147A1 (en) | 2023-11-30 |
US11101302B2 (en) | 2021-08-24 |
CN110651468A (zh) | 2020-01-03 |
CN110651468B (zh) | 2022-03-22 |
US20210384239A1 (en) | 2021-12-09 |
US20200176493A1 (en) | 2020-06-04 |
JP2023129625A (ja) | 2023-09-14 |
US11728355B2 (en) | 2023-08-15 |
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