WO2018180714A1 - ポリオレフィン微多孔膜、非水電解液系二次電池用セパレータ、及び非水電解液系二次電池 - Google Patents
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜、非水電解液系二次電池用セパレータ、及び非水電解液系二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- microporous membrane
- polyolefin microporous
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- tensile elongation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/28—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/26—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a solid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. leaching out
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/417—Polyolefins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/443—Particulate material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/446—Composite material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/463—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their shape
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/494—Tensile strength
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2323/06—Polyethene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2423/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2423/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2423/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2423/06—Polyethene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a polyolefin microporous membrane, a separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Microporous membranes are used in various fields such as filters such as filtration membranes and dialysis membranes, separators for batteries and separators for electrolytic capacitors.
- filters such as filtration membranes and dialysis membranes
- separators for batteries and separators for electrolytic capacitors.
- a polyolefin microporous film using polyolefin as a resin material is excellent in chemical resistance, insulation, mechanical strength, etc., and has shutdown characteristics, and thus has been widely used as a battery separator in recent years.
- Secondary batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries, are widely used as batteries for personal computers, mobile phones and the like because of their high energy density. Secondary batteries are also used as motor drive power sources for electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles.
- the porosity is 10% or more and less than 55%
- the tensile strength of MD and TD is 50 to 300 MPa
- the total of MD tensile strength and TD tensile strength is 100 to 600 MPa
- the tensile elongation of MD and TD is 10
- a polyolefin microporous membrane is described that is ⁇ 200% and the sum of MD tensile elongation and TD tensile elongation is 20 to 250%. According to Patent Document 1, this polyolefin microporous membrane is said to be difficult to deform and excellent in film resistance and stress relaxation properties.
- Patent Document 2 a ratio of the tensile strength in the length direction to the tensile strength in the width direction is 0.75 to 1.25, and the thermal shrinkage in the width direction at 120 ° C. is less than 10%.
- a porous membrane is described. According to Patent Document 2, this polyolefin microporous film is said to have good resistance to foreign matters and the like.
- Patent Document 3 includes polypropylene, has a transverse breaking strength of 100 to 230 MPa, a transverse tensile breaking elongation of 10 to 110%, and a longitudinal tensile breaking strength with respect to the transverse tensile breaking strength of 0.8.
- Polyolefin microporous membranes of ⁇ 1.3 are described.
- the bubble point is 500 to 700 kPa
- the ratio of length direction (MD) tensile strength / width direction (TD) tensile strength is 1.0 to 5.5
- the shutdown temperature is 130 to 140.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane at 0 ° C. is described. According to Patent Document 4, this polyolefin microporous membrane is said to achieve both good cycle characteristics and high voltage resistance characteristics.
- JP 2006-124652 A International Publication No. 2010/070930 International Publication No. 2009/123015 JP 2013-234263 A
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 describe polyolefin microporous membranes that have improved tensile strength and tensile elongation while maintaining battery characteristics. However, with the recent improvement in battery performance, further improvement in impact resistance is described. Is required. In addition, it is more difficult to achieve both strength and elongation and battery performance such as output characteristics and cycle characteristics, and there is a need for a separator that has both impact resistance and battery characteristics such as output characteristics. Yes.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a microporous polyolefin membrane that is extremely excellent in impact resistance.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a polyolefin microporous membrane that, when used as a battery separator, has both high impact resistance and battery characteristics (output characteristics, dendrite resistance, etc.).
- the present invention is a polyolefin microporous membrane having the following characteristics (1) to (5).
- (1) The tensile strength (MPa) and tensile elongation (%) in the MD direction and TD direction satisfy the following relational expression (I). [(Tensile strength in MD direction ⁇ tensile elongation in MD direction / 100) 2 + (tensile strength in TD direction ⁇ tensile elongation in TD direction / 100) 2 ] 1/2 ⁇ 300 Formula (I)
- the tensile strength in the MD direction and the TD direction is 196 MPa or more.
- the maximum pore diameter measured using a palm porometer is 60 nm or less.
- (4) The average flow pore diameter measured using a palm porometer is 40 nm or less.
- the porosity is 40% or more.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention may have the following property (6).
- (6) Ratio of tensile strength in MD direction and TD direction (tensile strength in MD direction / tensile strength in TD direction) is 0.8 or more and 1.2 or less.
- the polyolefin microporous film of the present invention may have the following property (7).
- Ratio of tensile elongation in MD direction and TD direction is 0.75 or more and 1.25 or less.
- the polyolefin microporous film of the present invention may have the following property (8).
- the tensile elongation in the MD direction and the TD direction is 90% or more, respectively.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane may have a puncture strength converted to a film thickness of 12 ⁇ m of 5N or more.
- membrane may satisfy
- the present invention is also a separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention.
- the present invention is also a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including the separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is extremely excellent in impact resistance and, when used as a battery separator, achieves both impact resistance and battery characteristics (output characteristics, dendrite resistance, cycle characteristics) at a high level. Can do.
- polyolefin microporous membrane refers to a microporous membrane containing polyolefin as a main component, for example, a microporous membrane containing 90% by mass or more of polyolefin with respect to the total amount of the microporous membrane.
- a microporous membrane containing 90% by mass or more of polyolefin with respect to the total amount of the microporous membrane.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of this embodiment satisfies the following formula (I) in relation to the tensile strength (MPa) and the tensile elongation (%) in the MD direction and the TD direction.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane satisfies the following formula (I)
- impact resistance can be improved. [(Tensile strength in MD direction ⁇ tensile elongation in MD direction / 100) 2 + (tensile strength in TD direction ⁇ tensile elongation in TD direction / 100) 2 ] 1/2 ⁇ 300 Formula (I).
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present embodiment has a relationship between the tensile strength (MPa) and the tensile elongation (%) in the MD direction and the TD direction, from the viewpoint of further improving the impact resistance. ) Is more preferable, and (III) is more preferable.
- the upper limit of the value of [(tensile strength in MD direction ⁇ tensile elongation in MD direction / 100) 2 + (tensile strength in TD direction ⁇ tensile elongation in TD direction / 100) 2 ] 1/2 is, for example, 1000 or less, preferably 800 or less, more preferably 600 or less.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of this embodiment has a tensile strength in the MD direction and TD direction of 196 MPa or more, preferably 200 MPa or more, and more preferably 230 MPa or more.
- the tensile strength is in the above range, the film strength is excellent, a high tension can be applied when the electrode body is wound in the battery manufacturing process, and film breakage due to foreign matter or impact is suppressed in the battery.
- the upper limit of the tensile strength in the MD direction and the TD direction is preferably 500 MPa or less, more preferably 450 MPa or less, and further preferably 400 MPa or less, from the viewpoint of shrinkage resistance.
- about tensile strength it can measure by the method based on ASTMD882 using a strip-shaped test piece of width 10mm.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of this embodiment preferably has a tensile elongation in the MD direction and TD direction of 90% or more, respectively.
- the tensile elongation is in the above range, when a shock is applied in the battery, the film breakage of the separator and the occurrence of a short circuit (short circuit) are suppressed due to its flexibility.
- the upper limit of the tensile elongation of MD direction and TD direction is not specifically limited, For example, it is 400% or less, Preferably it is 300% or less, More preferably, it is 200% or less.
- the tensile elongation is in the above range, the winding property is good without winding and deforming the separator when the electrode is wound.
- the tensile elongation can be measured by a method based on ASTM D-882A.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present embodiment preferably has a ratio of tensile strength in the MD direction and TD direction (tensile strength in the MD direction / tensile strength in the TD direction) of 0.8 or more and 1.2 or less.
- the ratio of the tensile strength is within the above range, the force is applied more uniformly to the impact in all directions, so that the impact resistance is improved and the film breakage and the short circuit (short circuit) can be more stably suppressed. it can.
- the ratio of the tensile elongation in the MD direction and the TD direction is preferably 0.75 or more and 1.25 or less. .
- the ratio of tensile elongation is in the above range, the force is applied more uniformly to impacts in all directions, so impact resistance is improved, and film breakage and short-circuiting (short-circuiting) are suppressed more stably. Can do.
- the ratio between the tensile strength and the tensile elongation is preferably close to 1 from the viewpoint of more stably suppressing film breakage against impact in all directions. Further, when the tensile strength in the MD direction is too large, tearing in the MD direction may occur. If the tensile strength in the TD direction is too high, the TD direction tears or the electrode tab bonding part may be disconnected, and short-circuiting may occur easily.
- the puncture strength of the polyolefin microporous membrane is preferably 5N or more, more preferably 5.2N or more, and further preferably 6N or more, when converted to a film thickness of 12 ⁇ m.
- the upper limit of puncture strength is not specifically limited, For example, it is 10 N or less.
- the puncture strength is in the above range, the polyolefin microporous membrane is excellent in membrane strength and can exhibit a good balance of physical properties.
- a secondary battery using the polyolefin microporous membrane as a separator is excellent in resistance to unevenness and impact of the electrode, and the occurrence of a short circuit of the electrode is suppressed.
- the puncture strength is the maximum load (N when a polyolefin microporous film having a film thickness T 1 ( ⁇ m) is punctured at a speed of 2 mm / sec with a needle having a spherical surface (curvature radius R: 0.5 mm) and a diameter of 1 mm. ) Is a measured value. Further, for a polyolefin microporous film having a film thickness T 1 ( ⁇ m), the puncture strength (N / 12 ⁇ m) in terms of a film thickness of 12 ⁇ m can be obtained by the following formula.
- Puncture strength (12 ⁇ m conversion) Measured puncture strength (N) ⁇ 12 ( ⁇ m) / film thickness T 1 ( ⁇ m) [Film thickness]
- the upper limit of the film thickness of the polyolefin microporous membrane is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 20 ⁇ m or less, preferably 17 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 13 ⁇ m or less. When the film thickness is within the above range, the permeability and film resistance are excellent, and the battery capacity can be improved by thinning the film.
- the lower limit of the film thickness is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 4 ⁇ m or more. When the film thickness is in the above range, the film strength is further improved.
- the porosity of the polyolefin microporous membrane is preferably 40% or more, more preferably 40% or more and 70% or less. Further, the upper limit of the porosity is more preferably 60% or less, and further preferably 55% or less, from the viewpoint of film forming property, mechanical strength, and insulation. When the porosity is within the above range, the amount of electrolyte retained can be increased, high ion permeability can be ensured, and the output characteristics are excellent.
- the output characteristics When the porosity is low, when used as a battery separator, the output characteristics may be inferior due to an increase in fibrils that impede ion permeation and a decrease in the electrolyte content, and due to by-products generated during the battery reaction. Clogging may increase and cycle characteristics may deteriorate rapidly.
- the porosity can be in the above range by adjusting the composition of the polyolefin resin, the draw ratio and the like in the production process.
- the porosity is measured by the following formula (1), which compares the weight w 1 of the microporous membrane with the weight w 2 of the polymer without pores equivalent to the weight (a polymer having the same width, length and composition). it can.
- Porosity (%) (w 2 ⁇ w 1 ) / w 2 ⁇ 100 (1).
- the average pore size (average flow pore size) of the polyolefin microporous membrane is 40 nm or less, preferably 10 nm or more and 40 nm or less.
- the average pore diameter is in the above range, the balance between strength and permeability is excellent, and at the same time, self-discharge derived from coarse pores is suppressed.
- the average pore diameter exceeds 40 nm, the ion permeation channel selectively concentrates on the coarse pores, which causes an increase in electrical resistance and a deterioration in cycle characteristics due to local clogging of electrolyte decomposition byproducts. Sometimes.
- the average pore diameter is a value measured by a method (half dry method) based on ASTM E1294-89.
- a palm porometer manufactured by PMI (model number: CFP-1500A) can be used as a measuring instrument, and Galwick (15.9 dyn / cm) can be used as a measuring liquid.
- the maximum pore diameter (bubble point diameter: BP diameter) is preferably 60 nm or less, and more preferably 30 nm or more and 60 nm or less.
- the maximum pore diameter exceeds 60 nm, the positive electrode and the negative electrode may contact each other (minute short circuit), or may be destroyed by lithium dendrites (dendrites), resulting in a short circuit.
- the maximum hole diameter is too small, the electric resistance of the battery becomes high, the cycle performance becomes insufficient, and the capacity retention during high-speed discharge may be low.
- the upper limit of the air permeability resistance in terms of the film thickness of 12 ⁇ m of the polyolefin microporous film is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 300 seconds / 100 cm 3 Air / 12 ⁇ m or less, preferably 200 seconds / 100 cm 3 Air / 12 ⁇ m or less. .
- the lower limit of the air resistance is, for example, 50 seconds / 100 cm 3 Air or more.
- the air resistance is a value P 1 (seconds / 100 cm 3 ) that can be measured with an air permeability meter (manufactured by Asahi Seiko Co., Ltd., EGO-1T) in accordance with JIS P-8117 Oken type testing machine method. Air).
- the air resistance P 2 (second / 100 cm 3 Air / 12 ⁇ m) converted to a film thickness of 12 ⁇ m is a value that can be obtained by the following equation. .
- Formula: P 2 P 1 (second / 100 cm 3 Air) ⁇ 12 ( ⁇ m) / film thickness T 1 ( ⁇ m) 2.
- the production method of the polyolefin microporous membrane is not particularly limited as long as the polyolefin microporous membrane having the above-described characteristics can be obtained, and known production methods of polyolefin microporous membrane can be used.
- a manufacturing method of the polyolefin microporous film of this embodiment a wet film forming method is preferable from the viewpoint of easy control of the structure and physical properties of the film.
- a wet film forming method for example, the methods described in the specifications of Japanese Patent No. 2132327 and Japanese Patent No. 3347835, International Publication No. 2006/137540, and the like can be used.
- melt-kneading method for example, a method using a twin-screw extruder described in the specifications of Japanese Patent No. 2132327 and Japanese Patent No. 3347835 can be used. Since the melt-kneading method is well-known, description is abbreviate
- Polyolefin resin examples of the polyolefin resin used as a raw material include polyethylene and polypropylene.
- the polyethylene is not particularly limited, and various polyethylenes can be used. For example, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMwPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), medium density polyethylene, branched low density polyethylene, linear low density. Polyethylene or the like is used.
- UHMwPE ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- medium density polyethylene medium density polyethylene
- branched low density polyethylene linear low density.
- Polyethylene or the like is used.
- the polyethylene may be a homopolymer of ethylene or a copolymer of ethylene and another ⁇ -olefin.
- ⁇ -olefin examples include propylene, butene-1, hexene-1, pentene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, octene, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, styrene and the like.
- the polyolefin resin preferably contains ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMwPE).
- UHMwPE ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
- strength of the polyolefin fine porous film obtained can be improved.
- the fibrils of the polyolefin microporous membrane can be refined (densified), and a membrane having a small pore diameter can be expressed uniformly over the entire membrane.
- ultra high molecular weight polyethylene can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types, For example, 2 or more types of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene from which Mw differs may be mixed and used.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene is 1 ⁇ 10 6 or more (100,000 or more), preferably 2 ⁇ 10 6 or more and less than 4 ⁇ 10 6 .
- Mw is in the above range, the film forming property is good.
- Mw of the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene is 4 ⁇ 10 6 or more, the viscosity of the melt becomes too high, so that there may be a problem in the film forming process such that the resin cannot be extruded from the die.
- Mw is a value measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
- the content of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, based on 100% by mass of the entire polyolefin resin.
- the upper limit of content of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene is not specifically limited, For example, it is 50 mass% or less.
- the film strength and the air resistance can be made compatible at a high level by adjusting the stretching conditions described later.
- Polyolefin resin high density polyethylene (HDPE, density: 0.942 g / cm 3 or higher) can contain.
- the polyolefin resin preferably contains ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and high density polyethylene.
- the melt extrusion characteristics are excellent, and the uniform stretch processing characteristics are excellent.
- the high density polyethylene include those having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1 ⁇ 10 4 or more and less than 1 ⁇ 10 6 .
- Mw is a value measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
- the content of the high-density polyethylene is preferably 50% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less, more preferably 50% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less, with respect to 100% by mass of the entire polyolefin resin.
- the polyolefin resin may include polypropylene.
- the polypropylene is not particularly limited, and a propylene homopolymer, a copolymer of propylene and another ⁇ -olefin and / or diolefin (propylene copolymer), or a mixture thereof can be used.
- the content of polypropylene is, for example, from 0% by mass to less than 10% by mass, and preferably from 0% by mass to 5% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the total polyolefin resin.
- the pore diameter of the resulting polyolefin microporous membrane tends to increase.
- the polyolefin resin can contain other resin components other than polyethylene and polypropylene as necessary.
- resin components for example, a heat resistant resin or the like can be used.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane is an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, an antistatic agent, an ultraviolet absorber, an antiblocking agent, a filler, a crystal nucleating agent, and a crystallization retarder as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- Various additives such as these may be contained.
- the solvent for film formation any solvent that can sufficiently dissolve the polyolefin resin can be used without particular limitation.
- the solvent for film formation is preferably a liquid at room temperature in order to enable stretching at a relatively high magnification.
- the film-forming solvent include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons such as nonane, decane, decalin, paraxylene, undecane, dodecane, and liquid paraffin, and mineral oil fractions having boiling points corresponding to these.
- phthalic acid esters which are liquid at room temperature such as dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate. Among these, it is preferable to use a non-volatile liquid solvent such as liquid paraffin.
- a solid solvent and the film-forming solvent may be mixed and used.
- a solid solvent include stearyl alcohol, seryl alcohol, and paraffin wax.
- the blending ratio of the polyolefin resin and the film-forming solvent in the polyolefin solution is not particularly limited, but is preferably 20 to 35 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polyolefin resin solution.
- the ratio of the polyolefin resin is within the above range, swell and neck-in can be prevented at the die exit when extruding the polyolefin solution, and the moldability and self-supporting property of the extruded molded body (gel-shaped molded body) are improved.
- the polyolefin solution prepared above is fed from an extruder to a die, extruded into a sheet shape, and the obtained extruded product is cooled to form a gel-like sheet.
- the cooling is preferably performed to 90 ° C., which is lower than the crystal dispersion temperature (Tcd) of the polyolefin resin, more preferably 50 ° C. or less, and even more preferably 40 ° C. or less.
- Tcd crystal dispersion temperature
- the polyolefin microphase separated by the film-forming solvent can be immobilized.
- the cooling rate is within the above range, the crystallization degree is maintained in an appropriate range, and a gel-like sheet suitable for stretching is obtained.
- a method of contacting with a cooling medium such as cold air or cooling water, a method of contacting with a cooling roll, or the like can be used, but it is preferable that the cooling is performed by contacting with a roll cooled with a cooling medium.
- a plurality of polyolefin solutions having the same or different compositions may be fed from a plurality of extruders to a single die, laminated there in a layer form, and extruded into a sheet form.
- a method for forming the gel-like sheet for example, the methods disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2132327 and Japanese Patent No. 3347835 can be used.
- the stretching of the gel sheet is also called wet stretching.
- the stretching may be uniaxial stretching or biaxial stretching, but biaxial stretching is preferred.
- biaxial stretching any of simultaneous biaxial stretching, sequential stretching and multistage stretching (for example, a combination of simultaneous biaxial stretching and sequential stretching) may be used, but sequential stretching is preferable, and stretching in the MD direction (machine direction, longitudinal direction).
- TD direction width direction, transverse direction.
- the MD direction and the TD direction are separately stretched, it is considered that the stretching tension is applied only in each direction during the stretching, and the molecular orientation easily proceeds.
- the TD direction is a direction orthogonal to the MD direction when the microporous film is viewed in a plane.
- the final area draw ratio (surface ratio) in the drawing process needs to be 30 times or more and 150 times or less.
- the area stretching ratio is preferably 35 times or more and 120 times or less.
- the ratio of the draw ratio in the MD direction and the TD direction (the draw ratio in the MD direction / the draw ratio in the TD direction) needs to be 0.7 or more and 1.0 or less.
- the ratio of the draw ratio is in the above range, the MD and TD directions have a good balance with respect to the tensile strength and tensile elongation of the resulting polyolefin microporous membrane, the membrane strength can be further improved, and the impact resistance is improved. improves. From the viewpoint of further improving the film strength, it is preferable that the draw ratio in the TD direction is larger than the draw ratio in the MD direction.
- the reason for this is not particularly limited, but when stretching in the TD direction after stretching in the MD direction, the molecular orientation once oriented in the MD direction is less likely to be oriented in the TD direction due to stretching in the MD direction. Therefore, it is considered that the molecular orientation can be advanced more uniformly in both directions by stretching in the TD direction at a larger magnification.
- the draw ratio in this step means the draw ratio of the gel-like sheet immediately before being used for the next step on the basis of the gel-like sheet immediately before this step.
- the ratio of the draw ratio in the MD direction and the TD direction (the draw ratio in the MD direction / the draw ratio in the TD direction) is preferably 0.75 or more and 1.0 or less.
- the stretching temperature is preferably in the range of not less than the crystal dispersion temperature (Tcd) of the polyolefin resin and not more than the melting point of the polyolefin resin.
- the melting point of the polyolefin resin refers to the melting point of the polyolefin resin in the gel sheet.
- the stretching temperature when the stretching temperature is equal to or higher than the crystal dispersion temperature (Tcd) of the polyolefin resin, the polyolefin resin in the gel-like sheet can be sufficiently softened and the stretching tension can be lowered, so that the film forming property is improved and the stretching is performed. The film breakage at the time is suppressed, and stretching at a high magnification becomes possible.
- the stretching temperature can be, for example, 100 ° C. or higher and 127 ° C. or lower.
- the stretching temperature is the temperature of the gel sheet, and when there is a temperature difference between the front and back surfaces such as roll stretching, it means the center temperature in the thickness direction.
- the stretching temperature in the MD direction is 100 ° C. or higher and 110 ° C. or lower, preferably 103 ° C. or higher and 110 ° C. or lower.
- the stretching temperature in the TD direction is 115 ° C. or higher and 127 ° C. or lower, preferably 115 ° C. or higher and 125 ° C.
- the film forming solvent is removed from the stretched gel-like sheet to obtain a microporous film.
- the removal of the solvent is performed using a cleaning solvent. Since the polyolefin phase is phase-separated from the film-forming solvent phase, removing the film-forming solvent consists of fibrils that form a fine three-dimensional network structure, and pores (voids) that communicate irregularly in three dimensions. A porous membrane having the following is obtained. Since the cleaning solvent and the method for removing the film-forming solvent using the same are known, the description thereof is omitted. For example, the methods disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2132327 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-256099 can be used.
- the microporous membrane from which the film-forming solvent has been removed is dried by a heat drying method or an air drying method.
- the drying temperature is preferably equal to or lower than the crystal dispersion temperature (Tcd) of the polyolefin resin, and particularly preferably 5 ° C. or more lower than Tcd. Drying is preferably carried out until the residual washing solvent is 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, with the microporous membrane being 100% by mass (dry weight).
- Tcd crystal dispersion temperature
- the microporous membrane after drying may be subjected to heat treatment.
- heat treatment method heat setting treatment and / or heat relaxation treatment can be used.
- the heat setting treatment is a heat treatment in which heating is performed while keeping the dimension of the film in the TD direction unchanged.
- the thermal relaxation treatment is a treatment for thermally contracting the film in the MD direction and / or TD direction during heating.
- the heat setting treatment is preferably performed by a tenter method or a roll method.
- a thermal relaxation treatment method a method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-256099 can be given.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably within the range of Tcd to Tm of the polyolefin resin, more preferably within the range of the second stretching temperature ⁇ 5 ° C of the microporous membrane, and within the range of the second stretching temperature ⁇ 3 ° C of the microporous membrane. Particularly preferred.
- microporous membrane after drying may be re-stretched at a predetermined area stretch ratio in at least uniaxial direction. Stretching of the microporous membrane after drying is also referred to as dry stretching.
- the obtained polyolefin microporous membrane may be subjected to a crosslinking treatment and a hydrophilic treatment.
- the crosslinking treatment is performed by irradiating the polyolefin microporous film with ionizing radiation such as ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, and electron beams.
- ionizing radiation such as ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, and electron beams.
- electron beam irradiation an electron dose of 0.1 to 100 Mrad is preferable, and an acceleration voltage of 100 to 300 kV is preferable.
- the meltdown temperature of the microporous membrane is increased by the crosslinking treatment.
- the hydrophilic treatment can be performed by monomer grafting, surfactant treatment, corona discharge, or the like. Monomer grafting is preferably performed after the crosslinking treatment.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane may be a single layer, or a layer composed of a polyolefin microporous membrane may be laminated.
- the multilayer polyolefin microporous membrane can be made into two or more layers.
- the composition of the polyolefin resin constituting each layer may be the same or different.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane may be a laminated polyolefin porous membrane by laminating a porous layer other than the polyolefin resin on at least one surface thereof.
- stack coating layers such as an inorganic particle layer containing a binder and an inorganic particle.
- the binder component constituting the inorganic particle layer is not particularly limited, and known components can be used.
- acrylic resin, polyvinylidene fluoride resin, polyamideimide resin, polyamide resin, aromatic polyamide resin, polyimide resin, etc. can be used.
- the inorganic particles constituting the inorganic particle layer are not particularly limited, and known materials can be used.
- the porous binder resin may be laminated on at least one surface of the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the final area stretching ratio (surface ratio) in the stretching process described above, the ratio of the stretching ratio in the MD direction and the TD direction (stretching ratio in the MD direction / stretching ratio in the TD direction), the MD and TD directions By adjusting the stretching temperature as appropriate, it is extremely excellent in impact resistance, and when used as a battery separator, both impact resistance and battery characteristics (output characteristics, dendrite resistance, etc.) are compatible at a high level.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane can be provided.
- Measurement method and evaluation method [Film thickness] The film thickness at 5 points in the range of 95 mm ⁇ 95 mm of the microporous membrane was measured with a contact thickness meter (Lightmatic manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation), and the average value was obtained.
- d C ⁇ ⁇ / P
- d ( ⁇ m) is the pore diameter of the microporous membrane
- ⁇ (mN / m) is the surface tension of the liquid
- P (Pa) is the pressure
- C is a constant.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the polyolefin microporous membrane was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method under the following conditions.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- ⁇ Measurement device GPC-150C manufactured by Waters Corporation Column: Shodex UT806M manufactured by Showa Denko KK -Column temperature: 135 ° C
- Injection volume 500 ⁇ l
- Detector Differential refractometer (RI detector) manufactured by Waters Corporation -Calibration curve: A polyethylene conversion constant (0.46) was used from a calibration curve obtained using a monodisperse polystyrene standard sample.
- N -A slurry was prepared by dispersing in methylpyrrolidone (NMP). This slurry was applied to one side of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m serving as a positive electrode current collector with a die coater at an active material coating amount of 250 g / m 2 and an active material bulk density of 3.00 g / cm 3 . And after drying at 130 degreeC for 3 minute (s) and compression-molding with the roll press machine, it cut
- NMP methylpyrrolidone
- a slurry was prepared by dispersing 96.9% by mass of artificial graphite as an active material, 1.4% by mass of ammonium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose and 1.7% by mass of styrene-butadiene copolymer latex as a binder in purified water.
- This slurry was coated with a die coater on one side of a 12 ⁇ m thick copper foil serving as a negative electrode current collector at a high packing density of 106 g / m 2 of active material and a bulk density of 1.55 g / cm 3 of active material. It was attached. And after drying at 120 degreeC for 3 minute (s) and compression-molding with the roll press machine, it cut
- a strip-shaped negative electrode, a separator, a strip-shaped positive electrode, and a separator were stacked in this order, and the electrode plate laminate was fabricated by winding a plurality of times in a spiral shape with a winding tension of 250 gf.
- the electrode plate laminate is housed in a stainless steel container having an outer diameter of 18 mm and a height of 65 mm, and an aluminum tab derived from the positive electrode current collector is provided on the container lid terminal part, and is made of nickel derived from the negative electrode current collector. The tab was welded to the container wall. And after drying for 12 hours at 80 degreeC under vacuum, the said nonaqueous electrolyte solution was inject
- ⁇ Impact resistance test> The assembled battery is first charged with a constant current of 500 mA, and after each battery voltage reaches 4.20 V, the battery is fully charged by charging each constant voltage until the current value becomes 10 mA or less. It was. Next, a fully charged cylindrical battery was installed so that the long side lies sideways, and a rod having a diameter of 15.8 mm having a mass of 9.1 kg from a height of 61 cm was dropped on the central flat surface of the battery. Shocked. What caused the battery to ignite due to this shock even once in the 3 times test ⁇ ignited even if it did not ignite during the 3 times test, but caused smoke even once, ignited or smoked once during the 3 times test The case where was not confirmed was evaluated as “Good”.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- the obtained sample cell was put in a thermostatic bath at 25 ° C. and allowed to stand for 3 hours, and then the resistance of the cell was measured at an amplitude of 20 mV using an AC impedance measuring device (manufactured by Hioki Electric Co., Ltd.).
- the measured resistance component value of the cell (the real value when the imaginary axis value is 0) is plotted against the number of porous films placed in the cell, and the slope is obtained by linear approximation of this plot. It was.
- Those porous membrane resistance value of the film ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2) was the 1.4 ⁇ cm 2 / 10 ⁇ m or less ⁇ (good), it was ⁇ (poor) to in excess of 1.4 ⁇ cm 2 / 10 ⁇ m.
- the film resistance is 1.4 ⁇ cm 2 / 10 ⁇ m or less, when used as a battery separator in a secondary battery, it is expected that the output characteristics of the battery is improved.
- a wound body was prepared using a tab attached to a positive electrode (manufactured by Yayama Co., Ltd.) and a negative electrode (manufactured by Yayama Co., Ltd.) and each microporous membrane.
- ⁇ Cycle performance test> A cycle performance test was performed under the following charge / discharge conditions using the above test battery. Charging: 1C, 4.35V constant current constant voltage charging, cut-off current 0.05C Discharge: 1C, 3V constant current discharge Measurement temperature: 25 ° C The test was carried out using three test batteries, and the ratio of the 200th charge capacity based on the 1C charge capacity of the first time, that is, the average value of the capacity retention rate, was derived and used as an index of cycle performance. A sample having an average capacity retention rate of 85% or more was evaluated as “good” and a sample having a capacity retention rate of less than 85% was evaluated as “poor”.
- the capacity maintenance rate is 85% or more, it can be determined that the charge capacity can be sufficiently retained even after repeated charge and discharge for a long period of time, and a good battery can be expected.
- Example 5 As the polyolefin resin, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMwPE) with Mw of 2.5 ⁇ 10 6 and high density polyethylene (HDPE) with Mw of 2.8 ⁇ 10 5 are included in the blending ratio (mass%) shown in Table 1, respectively.
- UHMwPE ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- Table 1 shows the polyolefin resin concentration with respect to 100 parts by mass in total of the polyolefin resin and the film-forming solvent in the polyolefin solution.
- the polyolefin solution was fed from a twin screw extruder to a T die and extruded.
- the extruded product was cooled while being taken up by a cooling roll to form a gel-like sheet.
- the gel sheet was wet-stretched in the MD direction and the TD direction under the conditions shown in Table 1.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of this embodiment is extremely excellent in impact resistance when incorporated into a secondary battery as a separator. Moreover, since the polyolefin microporous film of this embodiment can achieve both impact resistance and battery characteristics, it can be suitably used as a separator for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
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Abstract
Description
(1)MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度(MPa)及び引張伸度(%)が下記関係式(I)を満たす。
[(MD方向の引張強度×MD方向の引張伸度/100)2+(TD方向の引張強度×TD方向の引張伸度/100)2]1/2≧300・・・式(I)
(2)MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度が196MPa以上である。
(3)パームポロメーターを用いて測定した最大孔径が60nm以下である。
(4)パームポロメーターを用いて測定した平均流量孔径が40nm以下である。
(5)空孔率が40%以上である。
(6)MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度の比(MD方向の引張強度/TD方向の引張強度)が、0.8以上1.2以下である。
(7)MD方向及びTD方向の引張伸度の比(MD方向の引張伸度/TD方向の引張伸度)が0.75以上1.25以下である。
(8)MD方向及びTD方向の引張伸度が、それぞれ90%以上である。
[(MD方向の引張強度×MD方向の引張伸度/100)2+(TD方向の引張強度×TD方向の引張伸度/100)2]1/2≧350・・・(II)。
本明細書において、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜とは、ポリオレフィンを主成分として含む微多孔膜をいい、例えば、ポリオレフィンを微多孔膜全量に対して90質量%以上含む微多孔膜をいう。以下、本実施形態のポリオレフィン微多孔膜の物性について説明する。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜においては、高い引張強度又は高い引張伸度を有するだけでは耐衝撃耐性が十分でないことがある。本発明者は、より高い衝撃耐性を有するポリオレフィン微多孔膜を得るためには、MD方向(機械方向、長手方向、縦方向)及びTD方向(ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を平面でみたときに、MD方向に直交する方向:幅方向、横手方向)の両方の方向において、高い引張強度と高い引張伸度とをバランス良く有すること(良等方性)が重要であることを見出した。また、本発明者は、MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度(MPa)及び引張伸度(%)が特定の関係を有する場合、耐衝撃性に非常に優れるポリオレフィン微多孔膜となることを見出した。
[(MD方向の引張強度×MD方向の引張伸度/100)2+(TD方向の引張強度×TD方向の引張伸度/100)2]1/2≧300・・・式(I)。
[(MD方向の引張強度×MD方向の引張伸度/100)2+(TD方向の引張強度×TD方向の引張伸度/100)2]1/2≧330・・・式(II)
[(MD方向の引張強度×MD方向の引張伸度/100)2+(TD方向の引張強度×TD方向の引張伸度/100)2]1/2≧350・・・式(III)。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度が、それぞれ196MPa以上であり、好ましくは200MPa以上であり、より好ましくは230MPa以上である。引張強度が上記範囲である場合、膜強度により優れ、電池製造工程における電極体巻回時に高いテンションをかけることができ、かつ、電池内において異物や衝撃などによる破膜が抑制される。また、MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度の上限は、耐収縮性の観点から、好ましくは500MPa以下であり、より好ましくは450MPa以下であり、さらに好ましくは400MPa以下である。なお、引張強度については、幅10mmの短冊状試験片を用いて、ASTM D882に準拠した方法により測定することができる。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、MD方向及びTD方向の引張伸度が、それぞれ90%以上であることが好ましい。引張伸度が上記範囲である場合、電池内において衝撃を受けた際に、その柔軟性により、セパレータの破膜、及び、ショート(短絡)の発生を抑制する。また、MD方向及びTD方向の引張伸度の上限は、特に限定されないが、例えば、400%以下であり、好ましくは300%以下、より好ましくは200%以下である。引張伸度が上記範囲である場合、電極巻回時に、セパレータが伸びて変形することなく、巻回性が良好である。なお、引張伸度は、ASTM D-882Aに準拠した方法により測定することができる。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度の比(MD方向の引張強度/TD方向の引張強度)が、好ましくは0.8以上1.2以下である。引張強度の比が上記範囲である場合、全方向の衝撃に対して、より均一に力がかかるため、耐衝撃性が向上し、より安定して破膜及びショート(短絡)を抑制することができる。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、MD方向及びTD方向の引張伸度の比(MD方向の引張伸度/TD方向の引張伸度)が、好ましくは0.75以上1.25以下である。引張伸度の比が上記範囲である場合、全方向の衝撃に対して、より均一に力がかかるため、耐衝撃性が向上し、より安定して破膜及びショート(短絡)を抑制することができる。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の突刺強度は、膜厚12μmに換算した突刺強度が好ましくは5N以上であり、より好ましくは5.2N以上であり、さらに好ましくは6N以上である。突刺し強度の上限は、特に限定されないが、例えば、10N以下である。突刺強度が上記範囲である場合、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の膜強度に優れ、かつ良好な物性バランスを示すことができる。また、このポリオレフィン微多孔膜をセパレータとして用いた二次電池は、電極の凹凸や衝撃等に対する耐性に優れ、電極の短絡の発生などが抑制される。
式:突刺強度(12μm換算)=測定された突刺強度(N)×12(μm)/膜厚T1(μm)
[膜厚]
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の膜厚の上限は、特に限定されないが、例えば、20μm以下であり、好ましくは、17μm以下、より好ましくは13μm以下である。膜厚が上記範囲である場合、透過性や膜抵抗により優れ、また、薄膜化により電池容量を向上させることができる。一方、膜厚の下限は、特に限定されないが、好ましくは2μm以上、より好ましくは3μm以上、さらに好ましくは4μm以上である。膜厚が上記範囲である場合、より膜強度が向上する。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の空孔率は、電池用セパレータとして用いる場合、好ましくは40%以上であり、より好ましくは40%以上70%以下である。また、空孔率の上限は、製膜性、機械的強度及び絶縁性の観点から、より好ましくは60%以下であり、さらに好ましくは55%以下である。空孔率が上記範囲であることにより、電解液の保持量を高め、高いイオン透過性を確保することができ、出力特性に優れる。空孔率が低い場合、電池用セパレータとして用いた場合、イオン透過を妨げるフィブリルの増加、及び電解液含有量の減少により出力特性が劣る事があり、かつ電池反応中に発生する副生成物による目詰まりが増加し、サイクル特性が急激に悪化する事がある。空孔率は、製造過程において、ポリオレフィン樹脂の組成や延伸倍率などを調節することにより、上記範囲とできる。
空孔率(%)=(w2-w1)/w2×100・・・(1)。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の平均孔径(平均流量孔径)は、40nm以下であり、好ましくは10nm以上40nm以下である。平均孔径が上記範囲である場合、強度と透過性のバランスに優れると同時に、粗大孔に由来する自己放電が抑制される。また、平均孔径が40nmを超える場合、イオン透過流路が選択的に粗大孔に集中する事による電気抵抗の増加や、電解液分解副生成物の局所的な目詰まりによるサイクル特性の悪化を起こすことがある。平均孔径は、ASTM E1294-89に準拠した方法(ハーフドライ法)により測定される値である。測定器としてPMI社製のパームポロメータ(型番:CFP-1500A)を、測定液としてGalwick(15.9dyn/cm)を用いることができる。
最大孔径(バブルポイント径:BP径)は、好ましくは60nm以下であり、より好ましくは、30nm以上60nm以下である。最大孔径が60nmを超える場合、正極と負極が互いに接触(微小短絡)が発生したり、リチウム樹枝状結晶(デンドライト)によって破壊されて、短絡が生じたりすることがある。一方、最大孔径が小さ過ぎる場合、電池の電気抵抗が高くなり、サイクル性能が不十分となって、高速放電時の容量保持率が低くなることがある。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の膜厚12μm換算の透気抵抗度の上限は、特に限定されないが、例えば、300秒/100cm3Air/12μm以下であり、好ましくは200秒/100cm3Air/12μm以下である。また、透気抵抗度の下限は、例えば、50秒/100cm3Air以上である。透気抵抗度が上記範囲である場合、電池用セパレータとして用いた際、イオン透過性に優れ、このセパレータを組み込んだ二次電池は、インピーダンスが低下し出力特性やレート特性が向上する。透気抵抗度は、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を製造する際の延伸条件などを調節することにより、上記範囲とすることができる。
式:P2=P1(秒/100cm3Air)×12(μm)/膜厚T1(μm)
2.ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法は、上記の特性を有するポリオレフィン微多孔膜が得られれば、特に限定されず、公知のポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法を用いることができる。本実施形態のポリオレフィン微多孔膜の製造方法としては、膜の構造及び物性の制御の容易性の観点から湿式の製膜方法が好ましい。湿式の製膜方法としては、例えば、日本国特許第2132327号及び日本国特許第3347835号の明細書、国際公開2006/137540号等に記載された方法を用いることができる。
まず、原料となるポリオレフィン樹脂と成膜用溶剤とを溶融混練して、ポリオレフィン溶液を調製する。溶融混練方法としては、例えば日本国特許第2132327号及び日本国特許第3347835号の明細書に記載の二軸押出機を用いる方法を利用することができる。溶融混練方法は公知であるので説明を省略する。
原料となるポリオレフィン樹脂としては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどを用いることができる。ポリエチレンとしては、特に限定されず、種々のポリエチレンを用いることができ、例えば、超高分子量ポリエチレン(UHMwPE)、高密度ポリエチレン(HDPE)、中密度ポリエチレン、分岐状低密度ポリエチレン、直鎖状低密度ポリエチレン等が用いられる。なお、ポリエチレンは、エチレンの単独重合体であってもよく、エチレンと他のα-オレフィンとの共重合体であってもよい。α-オレフィンとしては、プロピレン、ブテン-1、ヘキセン-1、ペンテン-1、4-メチルペンテン-1、オクテン、酢酸ビニル、メタクリル酸メチル、スチレン等が挙げられる。
成膜用溶剤としては、ポリオレフィン樹脂を十分に溶解できる溶剤であれば特に限定されずに用いることができる。成膜用溶剤は、比較的高倍率の延伸を可能とするために、溶剤は室温で液体であるのが好ましい。成膜用溶剤としては、例えば、ノナン、デカン、デカリン、パラキシレン、ウンデカン、ドデカン、流動パラフィン等の脂肪族、環式脂肪族又は芳香族の炭化水素、及び沸点がこれらに対応する鉱油留分、並びにジブチルフタレート、ジオクチルフタレート等の室温では液状のフタル酸エステルなどが挙げられる。中でも、流動パラフィンのような不揮発性の液体溶剤を用いるのが好ましい。なお、溶融混練状態では、ポリオレフィン樹脂と混和するが、室温では固体の溶剤と、上記成膜用溶剤とを混合して用いてもよい。このような固体溶剤として、ステアリルアルコール、セリルアルコール、パラフィンワックス等が挙げられる。
ポリオレフィン溶液中、ポリオレフィン樹脂と成膜用溶剤との配合割合は、特に限定されないが、ポリオレフィン樹脂溶液100質量部に対して、ポリオレフィン樹脂20~35質量部であることが好ましい。ポリオレフィン樹脂の割合が上記範囲内であると、ポリオレフィン溶液を押し出す際にダイ出口でスウェルやネックインが防止でき、押出し成形体(ゲル状成形体)の成形性及び自己支持性が良好となる。
次いで、上記で調製したポリオレフィン溶液を押出機からダイに送給し、シート状に押し出し、得られた押出し成形体を冷却することによりゲル状シートを形成する。冷却はポリオレフィン樹脂の結晶分散温度(Tcd)以下である90℃まで冷却することが好ましく、より好ましくは50℃以下、さらに好ましくは40℃以下まで行うのが好ましい。冷却により、成膜用溶剤によって分離されたポリオレフィンのミクロ相を固定化することができる。冷却速度が上記範囲内であると結晶化度が適度な範囲に保たれ、延伸に適したゲル状シートとなる。冷却方法としては冷風、冷却水等の冷媒に接触させる方法、冷却ロールに接触させる方法等を用いることができるが、冷媒で冷却したロールに接触させて冷却させることが好ましい。なお、同一または異なる組成の複数のポリオレフィン溶液を、複数の押出機から一つのダイに送給し、そこで層状に積層し、シート状に押出してもよい。ゲル状シートの形成方法として、例えば日本国特許第2132327号公報及び日本国特許第3347835号公報に開示の方法を利用することができる。
次いで、ゲル状シートを少なくとも一軸方向に延伸する。ゲル状シートの延伸は、湿式延伸ともいう。延伸は一軸延伸でも二軸延伸でもよいが、二軸延伸が好ましい。二軸延伸の場合、同時二軸延伸、逐次延伸及び多段延伸(例えば同時二軸延伸及び逐次延伸の組合せ)のいずれでもよいが、逐次延伸が好ましく、MD方向(機械方向、長手方向)に延伸した後、TD方向(幅方向、横手方向)に延伸することが好ましい。MD方向とTD方向との延伸を別々に行う場合、延伸の際に、各方向にのみ延伸張力がかかり、分子配向が進みやすくなると考えられる。なお、TD方向とは、微多孔膜を平面でみたときにMD方向に直交する方向である。
次いで、上記延伸後のゲル状シートから成膜用溶剤を除去して微多孔膜を得る。溶剤の除去は、洗浄溶媒を用いて洗浄を行う。ポリオレフィン相は成膜用溶剤相と相分離しているので、成膜用溶剤を除去すると、微細な三次元網目構造を形成するフィブリルからなり、三次元的に不規則に連通する孔(空隙)を有する多孔質の膜が得られる。洗浄溶媒及びこれを用いた成膜用溶剤の除去方法は公知であるので説明を省略する。例えば日本国特許第2132327号明細書や特開2002-256099号公報に開示の方法を利用することができる。
次いで、成膜用溶剤を除去した微多孔膜を、加熱乾燥法又は風乾法により乾燥する。乾燥温度はポリオレフィン樹脂の結晶分散温度(Tcd)以下であることが好ましく、特にTcdより5℃以上低いのが好ましい。乾燥は、微多孔膜を100質量%(乾燥重量)として、残存洗浄溶媒が5質量%以下になるまで行うことが好ましく、3質量%以下になるまで行うことがより好ましい。残存洗浄溶媒が上記範囲内である場合、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の空孔率が維持され、透過性の悪化が抑制される。
また、乾燥後の微多孔膜に熱処理を施してもよい。熱処理方法としては、熱固定処理及び/又は熱緩和処理を用いることができる。熱固定処理とは、膜のTD方向の寸法が変わらないように保持しながら加熱する熱処理である。熱緩和処理とは、膜を加熱中にMD方向及び/又はTD方向に熱収縮させる処理である。熱固定処理は、テンター方式又はロール方式により行うのが好ましい。例えば、熱緩和処理方法としては特開2002-256099号公報に開示の方法があげられる。熱処理温度はポリオレフィン樹脂のTcd~Tmの範囲内が好ましく、微多孔膜の第二の延伸温度±5℃の範囲内がより好ましく、微多孔膜の第二の延伸温度±3℃の範囲内が特に好ましい。
[膜厚]
微多孔膜の95mm×95mmの範囲内における5点の膜厚を接触厚み計(株式会社ミツトヨ製ライトマチック)により測定し、平均値を求めた。
微多孔膜の重量w1とそれと等価な空孔のないポリマーの重量w2(幅、長さ、組成の同じポリマー)とを比較した、以下の式によって、測定した。
空孔率(%)=(w2-w1)/w2×100
[バブルポイント細孔径(最大孔径)及び平均流量孔径]
PMI社のパームポロメーター(商品名、型式:CFP-1500A)を用いて、Dry-up、Wet-upの順で測定した。Wet-upには表面張力が既知のGalwick(商品名)で十分に浸した微多孔膜に圧力をかけ、空気が貫通し始める圧力から換算される孔径をバブルポイント細孔径(最大孔径)とした。平均流量孔径については、Dry-up測定で圧力、流量曲線の1/2の傾きを示す曲線と、Wet-up測定の曲線が交わる点の圧力から孔径を換算した。圧力と孔径の換算は下記の数式を用いた。
d=C・γ/P
式中、「d(μm)」は微多孔膜の孔径、「γ(mN/m)」は液体の表面張力、「P(Pa)」は圧力、「C」は定数とした。
先端が球面(曲率半径R:0.5mm)の直径1mmの針で、膜厚T1(μm)の微多孔膜を2mm/秒の速度で突刺したときの最大荷重L1(N)を測定した。また、最大荷重の測定値L1を、式:L2=(L1×12)/T1により、膜厚を12μmとしたときの最大荷重L2(12μm換算)(N/12μm)を算出した。
膜厚T1(μm)の微多孔膜に対して、JIS P-8117王研式試験機法に準拠して、透気度計(旭精工株式会社製、EGO-1T)で測定した透気抵抗度P1(sec/100cm3 Air)を測定した。また、式:P2=(P1×12)/T1により、膜厚を12μmとしたときの透気抵抗度P2(12μm換算)(sec/100cm3 Air/12μm)を算出した。
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜の重量平均分子量(Mw)は以下の条件でゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)法により求めた。
・測定装置:Waters Corporation製GPC-150C
・カラム:昭和電工株式会社製Shodex UT806M
・カラム温度:135℃
・溶媒(移動相):o-ジクロルベンゼン
・溶媒流速:1.0 ml/分
・試料濃度:0.1 wt%(溶解条件:135℃/1h)
・インジェクション量:500μl
・検出器:Waters Corporation製ディファレンシャルリフラクトメーター(RI検出器)
・検量線:単分散ポリスチレン標準試料を用いて得られた検量線から、ポリエチレン換算定数(0.46)を使用した。
MD引張強度及びTD引張強度については、幅10mmの短冊状試験片を用いて、ASTM D882に準拠した方法により測定した。
ASTM D-882Aに準拠した方法により測定した。
下記の手順に従って円筒電池を作製し、衝撃試験を実施した。
活物質としてリチウムコバルト複合酸化物LiCoO2を92.2質量%、導電剤としてリン片状グラファイトとアセチレンブラックをそれぞれ2.3質量%、バインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)3.2質量%をN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)中に分散させてスラリーを調製した。このスラリーを、活物質塗付量250g/m2、活物質嵩密度3.00g/cm3にて、正極集電体となる厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔の片面にダイコーターで塗布した。そして、130℃で3分間乾燥し、ロールプレス機で圧縮成形した後、幅約57mmに切断して帯状にした。
活物質として人造グラファイト96.9質量%、バインダーとしてカルボキシメチルセルロースのアンモニウム塩1.4質量%とスチレン-ブタジエン共重合体ラテックス1.7質量%を精製水中に分散させてスラリーを調製した。このスラリーを、活物質塗付量106g/m2、活物質嵩密度1.55g/cm3という高充填密度にて、負極集電体となる厚さ12μmの銅箔の片面にダイコーターで塗付した。そして、120℃で3分間乾燥し、ロールプレス機で圧縮成形した後、幅約58mmに切断して帯状にした。
エチレンカーボネート/エチルメチルカーボネート=1/2(体積比)の混合溶媒に、溶質としてLiPF6を濃度1.0mol/lとなるように溶解させて調製した。
実施例、比較例に記載のセパレータを、60mmにスリットして帯状にした。
帯状負極、セパレータ、帯状正極、セパレータの順に重ね、250gfの巻取張力で渦巻状に複数回捲回することで電極板積層体を作製した。この電極板積層体を、外径が18mmで高さが65mmのステンレス製容器に収納し、正極集電体から導出したアルミニウム製タブを容器蓋端子部に、負極集電体から導出したニッケル製タブを容器壁に溶接した。そして、真空下80℃で12時間の乾燥を行った後、アルゴンボックス内にて容器内に上記非水電解液を注入し、封口した。
組立てた電池をまず、500mAの定電流で充電し、電池電圧がそれぞれ4.20Vに到達した後は、それぞれの定電圧で電流値が10mA以下になるまで充電して満充電状態の電池を得た。次いで、満充電状態の円筒型電池を長辺が横となるように設置し、61cmの高さから質量9.1kgの直径15.8mmの棒を電池の中心平坦面上に落下させて各電池に衝撃を与えた。3回試験中1度でもこの衝撃により電池が発火を生じたものを×、3回試験中、発火はしないが1度でも発煙を生じたものを△、3回試験中1度も発火や発煙が確認されなかったものを○と評価した。
最大孔径が60nm未満のものを○とし、その他を×とした。最大孔径が60nmを超える大孔径となると、リチウムイオン二次電池に特有のLi金属が析出することで発生するリチウム樹枝状結晶(デンドライト)が孔の中にまで入り込みやすくなる傾向がある。それによってセパレータが破壊されやすくなり、電池の設計によっては微小短絡につながる。
多孔質フィルムから、直径19mmの円形状の測定用サンプル5枚と直径16mmの円形状の測定用サンプル20枚を切り出した。また、CR2032型コインセルの部材(ケース、PPガスケット、スペーサー(直径16mm、厚み1mm)、ワッシャー、キャップ)(宝泉株式会社製)を用意した。
多孔質フィルムの膜抵抗の値(Ω・cm2)が1.4Ωcm2/10μm以下であったものを○(良好)、1.4Ωcm2/10μmを超えるものを×(不良)とした。
<試験用電池の作製>
正極(株式会社八山製)、負極(株式会社八山製)にタブ付けされたものと各微多孔膜を使用して巻回体を作製した。次いで、アルミラミネート袋内に巻回体を設置し、電解液(1.1mol/L,LiPF6,エチレンカーボネート/エチルメチルカーボネート/ジエチレンカーボネート=3/5/2(体積比)に0.5重量%ビニレンカーボネート、2重量%フルオロエチレンカーボネートを添加したもの)を750μL滴下し真空ラミネータにて封止した。これを300mAhの試験用電池とした。
上記の試験用電池を用いてサイクル性能試験を以下の充放電条件にて実施した。
充電:1C、4.35V定電流定電圧充電、カットオフ電流0.05C
放電:1C、3V定電流放電
測定温度:25℃
3個の試験用電池にて実施し、1回目の1C充電容量を基にした200回目の充電容量の割合すなわち容量維持率の平均値を導出し、サイクル性能の指標とした。容量維持率の平均値が85%以上であるものを○(良好)、85%未満であるものを×(不良)とした。
ポリオレフィン樹脂としてMwが2.5×106の超高分子量ポリエチレン(UHMwPE)及びMwが2.8×105である高密度ポリエチレン(HDPE)をそれぞれ表1に示す配合比(質量%)で含むポリオレフィン樹脂と、流動パラフィン(成膜用溶剤)と、酸化防止剤としてテトラキス[メチレン-3-(3,5-ジターシャリーブチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)-プロピオネート]メタン(ポリオレフィン樹脂100質量部当たり0.2質量部)とを、二軸押出機を用いて溶融混練し、ポリオレフィン溶液を調製した。なお、ポリオレフィン溶液中の、ポリオレフィン樹脂及び成膜用溶剤の合計100質量部に対するポリオレフィン樹脂濃度を表1に示す。ポリオレフィン溶液を、二軸押出機からTダイに供給し、押し出した。押出し成形体を、冷却ロールで引き取りながら冷却し、ゲル状シートを形成した。ゲル状シートを、表1に示す条件でMD方向及びTD方向に湿式延伸した。湿式延伸したゲル状シートから塩化メチレンを用いて流動パラフィンを除去、乾燥し、得られたポリオレフィン微多孔膜をテンター延伸機を用いて表1に示した温度と倍率でTD方向に再延伸後、同じ温度で熱緩和処理を実施した。熱緩和処理する量である緩和率(%)は、熱緩和処理前のTD方向フィルム幅をL1、熱緩和処理後のTD方向フィルム幅L2として以下に示す式により算出した。
式:緩和率(%)= (L1-L2)/L1×100
得られたポリオレフィン微多孔膜の評価結果等を表1に記載した。
表1または表2に示す条件とした以外は、実施例と同様の条件でポリオレフィン微多孔膜を製造した。得られたポリオレフィン微多孔膜の評価結果等を表1(実施例1~5、比較例1~比較例4)、または表2(比較例5~比較例13)に記載した。
Claims (10)
- 下記の特性(1)~(5)を有する、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
(1)MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度(MPa)及び引張伸度(%)が下記関係式(I)を満たす。
[(MD方向の引張強度×MD方向の引張伸度/100)2+(TD方向の引張強度×TD方向の引張伸度/100)2]1/2≧300・・・式(I)
(2)MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度が196MPa以上である。
(3)パームポロメーターを用いて測定した最大孔径が60nm以下である。
(4)パームポロメーターを用いて測定した平均流量孔径が40nm以下である。
(5)空孔率が40%以上である。 - 下記の特性(6)を有する、請求項1に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
(6)MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度の比(MD方向の引張強度/TD方向の引張強度)が、0.8以上1.2以下である。 - 下記の特性(7)を有する、請求項1又は請求項2に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
(7)MD方向及びTD方向の引張伸度の比(MD方向の引張伸度/TD方向の引張伸度)が0.75以上1.25以下である。 - 下記の特性(8)を有する、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
(8)MD方向及びTD方向の引張伸度が、それぞれ90%以上である。 - 膜厚が20μm以下である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- 膜厚12μmに換算した突刺強度が5N以上である、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- MD方向及びTD方向の引張強度(MPa)及び引張伸度(%)が下記関係式(II)を満たす、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
[(MD方向の引張強度×MD方向の引張伸度/100)2+(TD方向の引張強度×TD方向の引張伸度/100)2]1/2≧350・・・(II) - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜を用いてなる非水電解液系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 少なくとも一方の表面に、無機粒子及びバインダー樹脂を含むコーティング層が設けられた請求項8に記載の非水電解液系二次電池用セパレータ。
- 請求項8又は請求項9に記載の非水電解液系二次電池用セパレータを含む非水電解液系二次電池。
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