WO2018094773A1 - 凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池 - Google Patents

凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池 Download PDF

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WO2018094773A1
WO2018094773A1 PCT/CN2016/109027 CN2016109027W WO2018094773A1 WO 2018094773 A1 WO2018094773 A1 WO 2018094773A1 CN 2016109027 W CN2016109027 W CN 2016109027W WO 2018094773 A1 WO2018094773 A1 WO 2018094773A1
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lithium
polymer electrolyte
positive electrode
layer
negative electrode
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PCT/CN2016/109027
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
贺艳兵
李喜林
钱坤
李懿洋
罗丹
游从辉
李宝华
杨全红
康飞宇
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清华大学深圳研究生院
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Publication of WO2018094773A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018094773A1/zh

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention belongs to the technical field of power batteries, and in particular relates to a gel polymer electrolyte power battery with high energy density, excellent electrochemical performance and good safety.
  • Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various electronic products and electric vehicles because of their high energy density and long cycle life.
  • the lithium ion power battery still uses a liquid electrolyte, and the liquid electrolyte has a strong thermal reactivity with the positive and negative electrodes, which easily causes the battery to burn and explode; in addition, the power density of the power battery is still low.
  • a power battery generally includes components such as a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte, and a separator.
  • the theoretical specific capacity of silicon is the largest, and the capacity thereof is as high as 4,200 mAh/g.
  • silicon as a negative electrode material has encountered very obvious difficulties in its use, and it has not been widely used in the industry. There are two main factors affecting its application. The first is the first irreversible capacity during battery charging and discharging. Secondly, during battery cycling, the volume shrinkage and expansion of silicon alternate, and the dramatic volume change will cause damage to the surface structure of the electrode. , Battery cycle performance deteriorated dramatically.
  • the graphite anode material has a large advantage in coulombic efficiency and cycle performance compared with silicon.
  • its theoretical ratio is considerably larger than the capacity of 372 mAh/g and silicon. Therefore, in the preparation process of the anode material of the lithium ion battery, graphite and silicon are often prepared into a composite material, which fully combines the advantages of both, and the cycle performance of the composite material is better than that of the simple silicon material, and the specific capacity is higher than that of the graphite.
  • LiCoO 2 is currently the most widely used in commercial lithium ion batteries, and is currently the most mainstream cathode material in the industry.
  • LiNi0 2 has a good layer structure, high specific capacity, low cost, and low toxicity, making it the next generation material that is likely to replace 0>0 2 in commercial applications.
  • nickel is mainly present in the form of Ni 2+ rather than Ni 3+ during high-temperature synthesis, the presence of Ni 2+ will occupy the position of Li + in the layered structure, which It will directly affect the lithium ion conductivity of the battery and the electrochemical performance of the material.
  • the present invention is directed to a gel polymer electrolyte power battery that can be synergistically enhanced by a plurality of interactions between a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material, and a gel polymer electrolyte.
  • a gel polymer electrolyte power battery having high energy density, excellent electrochemical performance, and high safety is obtained.
  • the gel polymer electrolyte of the present invention can provide a good protection against positive electrode materials such as NCA, NCM, and lithium-rich manganese materials, thereby improving the electrochemical performance and safety of batteries containing these positive electrode materials.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a gel polymer electrolyte power battery through a reasonable and ingenious combination of a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material and a gel polymer electrolyte, in view of the deficiencies of the prior art. Interaction, synergy, high energy density, excellent electrochemical performance Performance and high safety gel polymer electrolyte power battery.
  • the gel polymer electrolyte of the present invention can provide good protection for positive electrode materials such as NCA, NCM, and lithium-rich manganese materials, thereby improving the electrochemical performance and safety of batteries including these positive electrode materials.
  • a gel polymer electrolyte power battery comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a gel polymer electrolyte, and a separator, the positive electrode including a cathode current collector and a cathode active material layer coated on a surface of the cathode current collector, the anode An anode current collector layer and a cathode active material layer coated on a surface of the anode current collector, the anode active material layer comprising graphite and a composite material dispersed in a gap of the graphite, the composite material being a silicon carbon material and Or a carbon-tin material, the specific gravity of the graphite is 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4-100 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4; that is, the negative electrode active material of the present invention uses graphite as a skeleton material in the electrode, and the skeleton gap is a silicon carbon material and/or a carbon tin material.
  • the silicon carbon material and/or the carbon tin material provide filling and buffering space, improve the energy density of the electrode, and obtain a macroscopic non-expanding composite electrode during charging and discharging. That is to say, the negative electrode active material layer of such a composition has a low expansion ratio of zero expansion or micro-expansion, and the composite negative electrode also has characteristics of high capacity and high energy density.
  • the positive active material layer includes a nickel cobalt aluminum ternary material LiNi x Co y Al z O 2
  • a nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 and a lithium-rich manganese material Li a Ni x Co y Mn z O 2 , wherein a >i;0 ⁇ 1 , 0 ⁇ y ⁇ l, 0 ⁇ 1, and x+y+z l; these positive electrode materials have higher specific capacity on the one hand, and better structural stability and lower cost on the other hand, Poor electrochemical performance and safety.
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is (20-100): (1-80) ) : (0.01-0.5) ;
  • the polymer monomer is at least one of tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETEA), the initiator is azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and At least one of benzoyl peroxide (BPO).
  • TPGDA tripropylene glycol diacrylate
  • PETEA pentaerythritol tetraacrylate
  • AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
  • BPO benzoyl peroxide
  • the invention adopts a polymer as a skeleton of an electrolyte, and selects a polymer monomer having high mechanical strength and strong oxidation resistance, in-situ polymerization and compounding to form a composite with high mechanical strength, high ionic conductivity, good adhesion and flexibility.
  • Type gel polymer electrolyte thereby improving the battery Rate performance and cycle stability.
  • the liquid electrolyte includes an organic solvent and a lithium salt, and the concentration of the lithium salt is 0.7 m O l / L - 1.2 mol / L ;
  • the solvent includes at least one of an ether, an alkyl carbonate, and a lactone;
  • the lithium salt is lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6 ), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetrafluoroborate At least one of (LiBF 4 ) and lithium perchlorate (LiC10 4 ).
  • alkyl carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate, lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, ethers such as ethylene glycol Methyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
  • the graphite has a particle diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m - 100 ⁇ m.
  • the silicon carbon material is a porous carbon layer coated silicon material
  • the carbon tin material is a porous carbon layer coated tin material
  • the porous carbon layer has a thickness of 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇
  • the porous carbon layer accounts for the silicon
  • the mass ratio of the carbon material or the carbon tin material is 10% - 50 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4, and the porosity of the porous carbon layer is 1% - 90 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4.
  • the composite of the porous carbon-coated silicon material and the porous carbon-coated tin material and graphite can fully combine the advantages of both porous carbon and silicon/tin materials, and the cycle performance is better than that of pure silicon/tin materials. ⁇ Its specific capacity is higher than graphite.
  • the porous carbon layer can also inhibit the expansion of the silicon material/tin material to a certain extent without affecting its ion and electron transport properties.
  • the surface of the anode active material layer is provided with an SEI-like film coating layer, and the composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is expressed by mass percentage. It is: - 96.5% amorphous carbon, 3% - 90 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 lithium compound and 0.5% - 2% binder, the lithium compound being at least one of lithium carbonate, lithium alkyl carbonate and lithium fluoride
  • the SEI film-coated layer has a thickness of 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
  • the arrangement of the SEI-like film coating layer can further insulate the contact between the electrolyte and the silicon particles, and further protect the negative electrode, and the same can improve the first coulombic efficiency of the composite negative electrode. That is, the invention proposes to modify the interface of the negative electrode, construct the SEI film by bionics, improve the coulombic efficiency of the material and the interface compatibility with the gel polymer electrolyte, and promote the application of the silicon carbon material and the carbon tin material in the battery.
  • the SEI film-coated layer is prepared by: adding amorphous carbon, a lithium compound and a binder to a solvent in a ratio to prepare a slurry. Then, spraying or transferring the slurry onto the surface of the negative electrode active material layer, and then performing heat treatment at 70 ° C - 100 ° C. An SEI-like film coating layer is formed. The amorphous carbon, the binder and the lithium compound are added to the solvent in proportion to prepare a slurry to obtain a dispersed and uniformly mixed mixture, so that the composition of the formed SEI-like coating layer is uniformly distributed to ensure uniformity of performance. .
  • the binder is at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber and sodium alginate, and the solvent is water, ethanol and At least one of acetone.
  • a precoat carbon layer is disposed between the cathode current collector and the cathode active material layer, and the thickness of the precoat carbon layer is 0.1 ⁇ -30 ⁇ .
  • the pre-coating carbon layer can improve the adhesion of the active material of the positive electrode material to the positive electrode current collector, improve the electrical conductivity and large rate performance of the electrode, and reduce polarization; in addition, the pre-coated carbon layer can protect the positive electrode current collector and extend the battery. Cycle life.
  • the liquid electrolyte further includes a filling agent, the additive having a mass of 0.5%-10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 of the total mass of the liquid electrolyte.
  • the additive is at least one of ethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, and fluoroethylene carbonate.
  • the preparation method thereof comprises the following steps
  • S2 preparation of the positive electrode: mixing at least one of a nickel-cobalt-aluminum ternary material, a nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material, and a lithium-rich manganese material with a binder and a conductive agent to obtain a positive electrode slurry, and a positive electrode slurry Material coated on the positive current collector
  • S3, the negative electrode and the positive electrode, the separator are prepared into a battery core by a winding process or a lamination process;
  • the statically placed battery cells are placed in an incubator at 60 ° C to 80 ° C for 2 h to 6 h to initiate polymerization of the polymer monomer to form a gel polymer electrolyte power battery.
  • the adhesive is at least one of commonly used adhesives such as PVDF, SBR and sodium alginate;
  • the conductive agent is commonly used in conductive agents such as graphene, conductive carbon black, carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers. At least one.
  • the present invention forms a gel polymer electrolyte by in-situ polymerization, which can well protect the surface of the positive electrode containing NCA, NCM and lithium-rich manganese materials, so that the power
  • the battery has excellent rate performance and high temperature cycle stability, especially gas production performance and safety under extreme conditions are significantly improved compared to conventional liquid electrolyte power batteries.
  • the gel polymer power battery prepared by the method of the invention can restrict the flow of the electrolyte inside the electrode due to the unique three-dimensional network structure of the gel polymer electrolyte, and inhibit the electrolyte and the electrode.
  • the side reaction of the material surface can promote the formation of a very dense and complete SEI protective film at the interface between the electrode (especially the positive electrode) and the electrolyte.
  • This protective film can reduce the loss of active lithium, which ensures excellent rate performance of the battery.
  • high temperature cycle stability In particular, gel polymer power batteries produce 10% to 30 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 of conventional liquid electrolyte batteries at high temperatures or large rate cycles, showing good electrochemical stability and excellent safety.
  • the cycle capacity retention rate of the battery is also superior to that of the conventional liquid electrolyte battery, showing a longer cycle life.
  • the power battery using the gel polymer electrolyte has a cycle life of 20 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 60% longer than that of the liquid electrolyte power battery.
  • the gel polymer power battery can not ignite and burn, showing Good security. Its gas production performance and safety under extreme conditions are significantly improved compared to conventional liquid electrolyte power batteries.
  • the flexibility and elasticity of the gel polymer electrolyte can further buffer the expansion effect of the electrode particles, and the smaller contact area between the polymer electrolyte and the composite anode contributes to the first coulombic efficiency of the battery.
  • the positive electrode current collector is subjected to carbon coating pretreatment by gravure printing before the positive electrode slurry is coated on the positive electrode current collector.
  • Example 1 is a cycle diagram of a battery of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 at 0.5 C/1 C, 25 ° C in the present invention.
  • 2 is a cycle graph of the batteries of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 at 0.5 C/1 C and 45 ° C according to the present invention.
  • Example 3 is a cycle graph of the batteries of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 at 0.5 C/5 C and 25 ° C in the present invention.
  • Example 4 is a graph showing discharge performance of batteries of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 at 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, and 5C magnifications.
  • Example 5 is a graph showing the volume expansion ratio of the batteries of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 which were cycled 300 times at 0.5 C/1 C and 45 ° C in the present invention.
  • Example 6 is a graph showing the volume expansion ratio of the batteries of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 which were circulated 200 times at 0.5 C/5 C and 25 ° C in the present invention.
  • the present embodiment provides a gel polymer electrolyte power battery including a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a gel polymer electrolyte, and a separator, the positive electrode including a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer coated on the surface of the positive electrode current collector,
  • the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer coated on a surface of the negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode active material layer includes graphite and a silicon carbon material dispersed in a gap of the graphite, the specific gravity of the graphite is 50%, and the particle diameter of the graphite is 0.5.
  • silicon carbon material is a porous carbon layer coated silicon material, the thickness of the porous carbon layer is 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇ , the porous carbon layer accounts for 30% of the silicon carbon material, and the porous carbon layer has a porosity of 45%.
  • the positive active material layer includes a nickel cobalt aluminum ternary material LiNi o. 8 Co 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0 1 ⁇ 2 .
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is 98.4: 1.5: 0.1; wherein, the liquid electrolyte includes a solvent, a lithium salt and an additive, wherein the solvent has a composition of ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) in a volume ratio of 1:1:1, and the polymer monomer is Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
  • the hairpin is benzoyl peroxide (BPO)
  • the concentration of lithium salt is lmol/L
  • the lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 )
  • the additive is 1% ethylene carbonate and 2% fluoro Ethylene carbonate.
  • the surface of the anode active material layer is provided with an SEI-like film coating layer, and the composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is: 80% amorphous carbon, 3% lithium carbonate, 5% by mass percentage.
  • the lithium alkyl carbonate and 11% lithium fluoride and 1% of the adhesive polytetrafluoroethylene, the SEI film-like coating layer has a thickness of 20 ⁇ m.
  • a pre-coated carbon layer is disposed between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode active material layer, and the thickness of the pre-coated carbon layer is 20
  • the method for preparing the gel polymer electrolyte power battery comprises the following steps:
  • the slurry is coated on the copper foil to obtain a negative electrode, and the negative electrode coating surface density is 7.37 mg/cm 3 ; then an SEI film-like coating layer is disposed on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer, specifically, amorphous carbon, polytetrafluoroethylene Ethylene, lithium carbonate, lithium alkyl carbonate and lithium fluoride are added to deionized water in proportion to prepare a slurry, and then the slurry is sprayed on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer, and then heat-treated at 75 ° C to form a thickness of 20 ⁇ m.
  • a SEI-like film coating specifically, amorphous carbon, polytetrafluoroethylene Ethylene, lithium carbonate, lithium alkyl carbonate and lithium fluoride are added to deionized water in proportion to prepare a slurry, and then the slurry is sprayed on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer, and then heat-treated at 75 ° C to form a thickness of 20
  • preparation of the positive electrode carbon coating pretreatment of the aluminum foil by gravure printing technology to obtain a thickness of the precoated carbon layer having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m; and then the ternary material LiNi 0 . 8 Co 0 ., A1 0 1 O 2 and the binder PVDF and the conductive agent conductive carbon black are added to the NMP in a mass ratio of 96: 2: 2, and uniformly mixed to obtain a positive electrode slurry, and the positive electrode slurry is coated on the precoated carbon layer to obtain a positive electrode.
  • the positive electrode coated surface density is 13.5 mg/cm 3 ;
  • the anode active material layer comprises graphite and a silicon carbon material dispersed in the gap of the graphite, and the specific gravity of the graphite is 60%; the silicon carbon material is a porous carbon layer coated silicon material, and the porous carbon layer has a thickness of 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇ The porous carbon layer accounts for 20% by mass of the silicon carbon material, and the porous carbon layer has a porosity of 60%.
  • the positive electrode active material layer comprises nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material LiNi o. 6 Co 0. 2 Mn 02 O 2.
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is 97.8: 2: 0.2, and the polymer monomer is two.
  • Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) the initiator is azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN).
  • composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is: 70% amorphous carbon, 10% lithium carbonate, 10% lithium alkyl carbonate
  • the thickness of the SEI-like coating layer is 10 ⁇ m.
  • the anode active material layer comprises graphite and a silicon carbon material dispersed in the gap of the graphite, the specific gravity of the graphite is 80%; the silicon carbon material is a silicon material coated with a porous carbon layer, and the thickness of the porous carbon layer is 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇
  • the porous carbon layer accounts for 25% by mass of the silicon carbon material, and the porosity of the porous carbon layer is 30%.
  • the positive electrode active material layer includes a nickel cobalt aluminum ternary material LiNi 0.7C0 ⁇ . 2 ⁇ 1 0 1 O 2 .
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is 86.95: 13: 0.05, and the polymer monomer is two.
  • Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) the hairpin is benzoyl peroxide (BPO)
  • BPO benzoyl peroxide
  • BPO benzoyl peroxide
  • the additive is 1% ethylene carbonate and 2% vinylene carbonate.
  • the lithium salt is lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6
  • the concentration of the lithium salt is l.lmol/L.
  • the composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is: 50% amorphous carbon, 20% lithium carbonate, 18.5% lithium alkyl carbonate, 10% lithium fluoride, and 1.5% binder sodium alginate.
  • the thickness of the SEI-like film coating layer is 25 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the precoated carbon layer was 5 ⁇ m.
  • the solvent replaces the deionized water with ethanol
  • the spray is replaced by a transfer, and the heat treatment temperature is 80 °C.
  • the anode active material layer comprises graphite and a silicon carbon material dispersed in the gap of the graphite, the specific gravity of the graphite is 90%; the silicon carbon material is a silicon material coated with a porous carbon layer, and the thickness of the porous carbon layer is 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇ Porous carbon The mass ratio of the layer to the silicon carbon material is 15%, and the porosity of the porous carbon layer is 35%.
  • the positive electrode active material layer includes a nickel cobalt aluminum ternary material LiNi o. 6 Co ⁇ . 2 ⁇ 1 02 O 2 .
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is 90: 9.9: 0.1, and the polymer monomer is pentaerythritol. Tetraacrylate (PETEA), the initiator is benzoyl peroxide (BPO).
  • the lithium salt is lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6 ), and the concentration of the lithium salt is 1.2 mol/L, and the additive is 1.5% ethylene carbonate and 1.5% vinylene carbonate.
  • composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is: 88.8% amorphous carbon, 3% lithium carbonate, 2% lithium alkyl carbonate
  • the thickness of the SEI-like coating layer is 28 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the precoated carbon layer was 12 ⁇ m.
  • the temperature of the heat treatment was 75 °C.
  • the anode active material layer comprises graphite and a carbon tin material dispersed in the gap of the graphite, the specific gravity of the graphite is 85%; the carbon tin material is a tin material coated with a porous carbon layer, and the thickness of the porous carbon layer is 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇
  • the porous carbon layer accounts for 18% by mass of the carbon tin material, and the porous carbon layer has a porosity of 45%.
  • the positive electrode active material layer includes a nickel cobalt manganese ternary material LiNi 0.5C0 0 . 3 Mn 02 O 2 .
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is 80: 19.6: 0.4, respectively.
  • the lithium salt is lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), and the concentration of the lithium salt is 0.9 mol/L, and the additive is 0.5% ethylene carbonate and 2.5% vinylene carbonate.
  • composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is: 65% amorphous carbon, 10% lithium carbonate, 8.2% lithium alkyl carbonate
  • the thickness of the SEI-like film coating layer is 18 ⁇ .
  • the thickness of the precoated carbon layer was 3 ⁇ m.
  • the heat treatment temperature is 85 ° C; in S5, the statically placed electric core is placed in an incubator at 70 ° C for 3 h to cause polymerization of the polymer monomer to form a condensation. Glue polymer electrolyte power battery.
  • the anode active material layer comprises graphite and a carbon tin material dispersed in the gap of the graphite, the specific gravity of the graphite is 55 %; the carbon tin material is a tin material coated with a porous carbon layer, and the thickness of the porous carbon layer is 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇
  • the porous carbon layer accounts for 35% by mass of the carbon tin material, and the porous carbon layer has a porosity of 65%.
  • the positive electrode active material layer includes a lithium-rich manganese material Li u Ni 0.75C0 ⁇ . ⁇ 025 O 2 .
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is 74.7:25:0.3, respectively.
  • the lithium salt was lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), and the concentration of the lithium salt was 1.05 mol/L, and the additive was 1.5% of fluoroethylene carbonate and 1.5% of vinylene carbonate.
  • composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is: 75% amorphous carbon, 7.2% lithium carbonate, 8% lithium alkyl carbonate
  • the thickness of the SEI-like coating layer is 16 ⁇ .
  • the thickness of the precoated carbon layer was 13 ⁇ m.
  • the solvent is replaced by acetone instead of deionized water, and the spraying is replaced by transfer, and the heat treatment temperature is 90° C.; in S5, after standing still The cells were placed in a 65 ° C incubator for 5.5 h to initiate polymerization of the polymer monomer to form a gel polymer electrolyte power cell.
  • the anode active material layer includes graphite and a carbon tin material dispersed in a gap of graphite, and the specific gravity of the graphite is 75
  • the carbon tin material is a tin material coated with a porous carbon layer, the porous carbon layer has a thickness of 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇ , the porous carbon layer accounts for 28% by mass of the carbon tin material, and the porous carbon layer has a porosity of 80%.
  • the positive electrode active material layer comprising a lithium manganese-rich material Li L2 Ni o. 85 Co o.iMn 0. 15 O 2.
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is 38.8:61:0.2, respectively.
  • the lithium salt concentration was 1.05 mol/L
  • the addition of the surfactant was 1.2% ethylene carbonate and 1.8% fluoroethylene carbonate.
  • the composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is: 83.7% amorphous carbon, 4% lithium carbonate, 5% lithium alkyl carbonate
  • the thickness of the SEI-like film coating layer is 22 ⁇ m. [0100] The thickness of the precoated carbon layer was 8 ⁇ m.
  • statically placed cells are placed in an incubator at 75 ° C for 4.5 hours to initiate polymerization of the polymer monomer to form a gel polymer electrolyte power battery.
  • the anode active material layer includes graphite and a silicon carbon material dispersed in a gap of graphite, and the specific gravity of the graphite is 75%; the silicon carbon material is a silicon material coated with a porous carbon layer, and the thickness of the porous carbon layer is 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇ m The porous carbon layer accounts for 25% by mass of the silicon carbon material, and the porosity of the porous carbon layer is 55%.
  • the positive electrode active material layer includes a nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material LiNi 0.9C0 0 .o 5 Mn. . . . 5 0 2 .
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is 46.35: 53.5: 0.15, respectively, and the polymer monomer is pentaerythritol. Tetraacrylate (PETEA), the initiator is benzoyl peroxide (BPO).
  • the lithium salt was lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAs F 6 ), and the concentration of the lithium salt was 1.02 mol/L, and the additive was 0.8% of ethylene carbonate and 1.7% of vinylene carbonate.
  • composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is: 80.4% amorphous carbon, 8% lithium carbonate, 7% lithium alkyl carbonate
  • the thickness of the SEI-like coating layer is 32 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the precoated carbon layer was 21 ⁇ m.
  • the temperature of the heat treatment in S I of the preparation method thereof was 95 °C.
  • the anode active material layer includes graphite and a silicon carbon material dispersed in the gap of the graphite, and the specific gravity of the graphite is 82%; the silicon carbon material is a porous carbon layer coated silicon material, and the porous carbon layer has a thickness of 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇ m The porous carbon layer accounts for 16% by mass of the silicon carbon material, and the porosity of the porous carbon layer is 53%.
  • the positive electrode active material layer includes a nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material LiNi 0.85C0 o.iMn. . . . 5 0 2 .
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is 73.25: 26.5: 0.25, and the polymer monomer is two.
  • Tri-propylene Alcohol diacrylate (TPGDA) the initiator is azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN).
  • the lithium salt was lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6 ), and the concentration of the lithium salt was 0.98 mol/L.
  • the composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is: 35% amorphous carbon, 23.3% lithium carbonate, 20% lithium alkyl carbonate, 20% lithium fluoride, and 1.7% binder styrene-butadiene rubber
  • the thickness of the SEI-like film coating layer is 27 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the precoated carbon layer was 9 ⁇ m.
  • the solvent replaces the deionized water with ethanol
  • the spray was replaced by a transfer, and the heat treatment temperature was 85 °C.
  • the anode active material layer includes graphite and a carbon tin material dispersed in a gap of graphite, and the specific gravity of the graphite is 95.
  • the carbon tin material is a tin material coated with a porous carbon layer, the porous carbon layer has a thickness of 5 ⁇ -90 ⁇ , the porous carbon layer accounts for 15% by mass of the carbon tin material, and the porous carbon layer has a porosity of 35%.
  • the positive electrode active material layer comprising a lithium manganese-rich material Li 5 Ni 0.75C0 0. 05 Mn 02 O 2.
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a liquid electrolyte, a polymer monomer, and an initiator, and the mass ratio of the liquid electrolyte, the polymer monomer, and the initiator is 61.6: 38: 0.4, and the additive is 1.3% fluorine. Vinyl carbonate and 1.7% vinylene carbonate.
  • composition of the SEI-like film coating layer is: 40% amorphous carbon, 15% lithium carbonate, 15% lithium alkyl carbonate
  • the thickness of the SEI-like coating layer is 9 ⁇ .
  • the thickness of the precoated carbon layer was 11 ⁇ m.
  • the heat treatment temperature is 95 ° C; in S5, the statically placed electric core is placed in an incubator at 60 ° C for 5.5 h to cause polymerization of the polymer monomer to form Gel polymer electrolyte power battery.
  • the present comparative example provides a battery including a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a gel polymer electrolyte, and a separator, the positive electrode including a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer coated on a surface of the positive electrode current collector, and the negative electrode including a negative electrode current collector and
  • the anode active material layer coated on the surface of the anode current collector, the anode active material layer includes graphite, the particle diameter of the graphite is 0.5 ⁇ -100 ⁇ , and the cathode active material layer includes the nickel cobalt aluminum ternary material LiNi 0 .
  • liquid electrolyte includes solvent, lithium salt and additive, wherein the composition of the solvent is ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and ethyl methyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1:1:1.
  • EMC ethylene carbonate
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
  • EMC pentaerythritol tetraacrylate
  • BPO benzoyl peroxide
  • concentration of lithium salt is 1 mol/L
  • the lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ). It is 1% ethylene carbonate and 2% fluoroethylene carbonate.
  • the method for preparing the battery includes the following steps:
  • the batteries of Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Example 1 were subjected to cycle performance tests (including 25 ° C and 45 ° C under conditions of 0.5 C/1 C and 0.5 C/5 C) and rate performance tests. The results are shown in the table. 1.
  • the cycle curves of the batteries of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 at 0.5 C/1 C and 25 ° C are shown in FIG. 1 , and the batteries of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were at 0.5 C/1 C and 45 ° C.
  • the cycle curve is shown in FIG. 2.
  • the cycle curves of the batteries of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 at 0.5 C/5 C and 25 ° C are shown in FIG. 3, and the batteries of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 are at 0.2 C.
  • the discharge performance at 0.5C, 1C and 5C rates is shown in Fig. 4.
  • the battery of the present invention has more excellent room temperature cycle performance, high temperature cycle performance, and rate performance.
  • FIG. 5 As can be seen from FIG. 5, FIG. 6 and Table 2: The present invention has excellent safety performance.

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Abstract

一种凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池,包括负极、正极、凝胶聚合物电解质和隔膜,负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的复合材料,正极活性物质层包括NCA、NCM、富锂锰材料中的至少一种;凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、聚合物单体和引发剂;聚合物单体为TPGDA和PETEA中的至少一种。通过正极材料、负极材料和凝胶聚合物电解质的合理且巧妙的配搭,通过几者的相互作用,协同增效,能够得到具有高的能量密度、优异的电化学性能和高安全性的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池。凝胶聚合物电解质能够对正极材料起到良好的保护作用,从而提高其电化学性能和安全性。

Description

凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池 技术领域
[0001] 本发明属于动力电池技术领域, 尤其涉及一种能量密度高、 电化学性能优异和 安全性好的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池。
背景技术
[0002] 城市气候不断恶化, 雾霾污染严重, 严重危害人们的健康, 发展新能源电动汽 车成为减少城市污染的必然选择。 电动汽车的规模化应用对锂离子动力电池安 全性和能量密度提出了很高的要求。 锂离子电池具有能量密度高、 循环寿命长 的特性而被广泛应用在各类电子产品和电动汽车中。 但是, 目前锂离子动力电 池仍然用液态电解液, 液态电解液与正负极具有很强的热反应活性, 极易引起 电池燃烧和爆炸; 另外, 动力电池能量密度仍然较低。
[0003] 动力电池一般包括正极、 负极、 电解液和隔膜等组成部件, 其中, 在目前所有 的负极材料中, 硅的理论比容量是最大的, 其容量高达 4200mAh/g。 可是, 硅作 为负极材料, 使用过程中也遇到了非常明显的困难, 其并未能在产业中得到广 泛应用。 影响其应用的主要因素有两个, 首先是电池充放电过程当中首次不可 逆容量过大, 其次, 电池循环过程中, 硅的体积收缩和膨胀交替进行, 剧烈的 体积变化将引起电极表面结构的破坏, 电池循环性能急剧恶化。 如上所述, 石 墨负极材料同硅比起来, 其库伦效率和循环性能均有较大优势。 但其理论比容 量 372mAh/g和硅比起来有相当大的差距。 故锂离子电池负极材料制备过程中, 往往将石墨和硅制备成复合材料, 充分结合两者的优点, 该复合材料循环性能 比单纯的硅材料好, 同吋其比容量又比石墨高。 通常的做法是通过各种方法用 碳材料把硅包裹起来, 使其充分分散在碳材料中形成 Si/C负极材料。 不管是对于 传统的石墨负极材料, 还是目前最有希望用于高比能量锂离子电池的硅碳负极 材料, 或者碳锡负极材料, 在动力电池使用过程中, 因为采用液态电解液, 其 多多少少会引发包括导电性差、 体积膨胀率高、 循环稳定性差, 并且电极与电 解液相容性较差, 导致电解液中的 LiPF 6分解产生微量的氢氟酸腐蚀硅材料, 进 而导致在其表面不能形成稳定的 SEI膜, 从而引起容量的衰减甚至大的安全隐患 等问题。 为了解决这些问题, 除对电极材料本身采取纳米化和复合等优化措施 夕卜, 动力电池体系这些问题的解决还有赖于新型电解质的幵发研究, 尤其是凝 胶聚合物电解质的研发。
[0004] 而正极材料中, 目前 LiCoO 2在商业化锂离子电池中得到了最广泛的应用, 是 目前产业界最主流的正极材料。 然而, LiNi0 2 其良好的层状结构、 高比容量 、 低成本、 低毒, 成为了下一代有可能在商业化应用上取代 0>0 2的材料。 但 是对于 LiNi0 2而言, 因为高温合成过程中, 镍主要会以 Ni 2+的形式而不是 Ni 3+的 形式存在, Ni 2+的存在将会占据层状结构中的 Li +的位置, 这将直接影响电池的 锂离子电导率和材料的电化学性能。
[0005] 为了克服这些问题, 很多研究者尝试用其他金属离子如 Co、 Mn、 A1等替代 Ni 离子。 研究发现, 惨杂 Co和 A1能很明显的改善 LiNi0 2 电化学性能, 这一方面 是因为 Co的加入能够提高 LiNiO 2的结构稳定性和其脱嵌锂的可逆性, 另一方面 是因为 A1的加入能够稳定层状结构, 提高热稳定性。 通过惨杂等方式形成一系 列正极材料, 如 LiNi xCo yAl zO 2 LiNi xCo yMn zO 2 (NCA和 NCM) 以及富锂锰 系列材料等, 这些材料目前在商用锂离子电池中得到广泛应用。 其一方面具有 较高的比容量, 另一方面具有更好的结构稳定性和较低的成本。 但是, 这几种 材料的电化学性能和安全性仍有待进一步的提高。
[0006] 本发明旨在提供一种凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 其通过正极材料、 负极材料 和凝胶聚合物电解质的合理且巧妙的配搭, 通过几者的相互作用, 协同增效, 能够得到具有高的能量密度、 优异的电化学性能和高安全性的凝胶聚合物电解 质动力电池。 尤其的, 本发明的凝胶聚合物电解质能够对 NCA、 NCM、 富锂锰 材料等正极材料起到良好的保护作用, 从而提高包含这几种正极材料的电池的 电化学性能和安全性。
技术问题
[0007] 本发明的目的在于: 针对现有技术的不足, 而提供一种凝胶聚合物电解质动力 电池, 其通过正极材料、 负极材料和凝胶聚合物电解质的合理且巧妙的配搭, 通过几者的相互作用, 协同增效, 能够得到具有高的能量密度、 优异的电化学 性能和高安全性的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池。 尤其的, 本发明的凝胶聚合物 电解质能够对 NCA、 NCM、 富锂锰材料等正极材料起到良好的保护作用, 从而 提高包含这几种正极材料的电池的电化学性能和安全性。
问题的解决方案
技术解决方案
[0008] 为了达到上述目的, 本发明采用如下技术方案:
[0009] 凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 包括负极、 正极、 凝胶聚合物电解质和隔膜, 所 述正极包括正极集流体和涂覆于所述正极集流体表面的正极活性物质层, 所述 负极包括负极集流体和涂覆于所述负极集流体表面的负极活性物质层, 所述负 极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于所述石墨的缝隙内的复合材料, 所述复合材料 为硅碳材料和 /或碳锡材料, 所述石墨的比重为 10<¾-100<¾; 即本发明的负极活性 物质是以石墨作为电极中的骨架材料, 骨架间隙为硅碳材料和 /或碳锡材料, 硅 碳材料和 /或碳锡材料提供填充和缓冲空间, 提高电极能量密度的同吋, 获得充 放电过程中宏观无膨胀的复合电极。 也就是说, 这种组成的负极活性物质层的 膨胀率很低, 为零膨胀或微膨胀, 同吋, 该复合负极还具有高容量和高能量密 度的特点。
[0010] 所述正极活性物质层包括镍钴铝三元材料 LiNi xCo yAl zO 2
、 镍钴锰三元材料 LiNi xCo yMn zO 2和富锂锰材料 Li aNi xCo yMn zO 2中的至少一 种, 其中, a〉i ; 0< χ< 1 , 0< y < l, 0< ζ< 1, 且 x+y+z=l ; 这几种正极材料 一方面具有较高的比容量, 另一方面具有更好的结构稳定性和较低的成本, 只 是电化学性能和安全性不佳。
[0011] 所述凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液 、 聚合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 (20-100) : (1-80) : (0.01-0.5) ;
[0012] 所述聚合物单体为二缩三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯 (TPGDA) 和季戊四醇四丙烯酸 酯 (PETEA) 中的至少一种, 所述引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈 (AIBN) 和过氧化苯 甲酰 (BPO)中的至少一种。 本发明采用聚合物作为电解质的骨架, 选择机械强度 高且抗氧化能力强的聚合物单体, 原位聚合并复合, 形成高机械强度、 高离子 电导率、 良好粘结性和柔韧性的复合型凝胶态聚合物电解质, 从而提高电池的 倍率性能和循环稳定性。
[0013] 作为本发明凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池的一种改进, 所述液态电解液包括有机 溶剂和锂盐, 锂盐的浓度为 0.7mOl/L-1.2mol/L; 所述有机溶剂包括醚、 烷基碳酸 酯和内酯中的至少一种; 所述锂盐为六氟砷酸锂 (LiAsF 6) 、 六氟磷酸锂 (LiPF 6)、 三氟甲基磺酸锂、 四氟硼酸锂 (LiBF 4) 和高氯酸锂 (LiC10 4) 中的至少一 种。 其中, 烷基碳酸酯如碳酸乙烯酯、 碳酸二甲酯、 碳酸丙烯酯、 碳酸二乙酯 、 碳酸甲乙酯、 碳酸亚乙烯酯, 内酯如 γ-丁内酯, 醚如乙二醇二甲醚、 二乙二醇 二甲醚和四乙二醇二甲醚。
[0014] 作为本发明凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池的一种改进, 所述石墨的粒径为 0.5μηι -100μηι。
[0015] 所述硅碳材料为多孔碳层包覆的硅材料, 所述碳锡材料为多孔碳层包覆的锡材 料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι -90μιη, 多孔碳层占所述硅碳材料或碳锡材料的质量 比为 10%-50<¾, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 1%-90<¾。 多孔碳层包覆的硅材料和多孔碳 层包覆的锡材料与石墨的复合可以充分结合多孔碳和硅材料 /锡材料两者的优点 , 其循环性能比单纯的硅 /锡材料好, 同吋其比容量又比石墨高。 多孔碳层还可 以在一定程度上抑制硅材料 /锡材料的膨胀, 同吋又不影响其离子、 电子传输性 能。
[0016] 作为本发明凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池的一种改进, 所述负极活性物质层的表 面设置有类 SEI膜涂覆层, 按质量百分比计, 所述类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: - 96.5%的无定形碳、 3%-90<¾的锂化合物和 0.5%-2%的粘接剂, 所述锂化合物为碳 酸锂、 烷基碳酸锂和氟化锂中的至少一种, 所述类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 1μηι-50 μηι。 类 SEI膜涂覆层的设置可以进一步隔绝电解液和硅颗粒的接触, 对负极进行 进一步的保护, 同吋可以提高复合负极的首次库仑效率。 即本发明提出对负极 进行界面修饰, 仿生构建 SEI膜, 提高材料库仑效率及与凝胶态聚合物电解质的 界面相容性, 推动硅碳材料和碳锡材料在电池中的应用。
[0017] 作为本发明凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池的一种改进, 所述类 SEI膜涂覆层的制 备方法为: 将无定形碳、 锂化合物和粘接剂按比例加入溶剂中调制成浆料, 再 将浆料喷涂或转印于负极活性物质层的表面, 然后在 70°C- 100°C下进行热处理, 形成类 SEI膜涂覆层。 将无定形碳、 粘接剂与锂化合物按比例加入溶剂中调制成 浆料可以得到分散、 混合均匀的混合物, 从而使得形成的类 SEI膜涂覆层的成分 分布均匀, 保证其性能的一致性。
[0018] 作为本发明凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池的一种改进, 所述粘接剂为聚四氟乙烯 、 丁苯橡胶和海藻酸钠中的至少一种, 所述溶剂为水、 乙醇和丙酮中的至少一 种。
[0019] 作为本发明凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池的一种改进, 所述正极集流体与所述正 极活性物质层之间设置有预涂覆碳层, 所述预涂覆碳层的厚度为 0.1μηι-30μιη。 预涂覆碳层的设置可以提高正极材料活性物质与正极集流体的附着力, 提高电 极的电导率和大倍率性能, 减少极化; 另外, 预涂覆碳层可以保护正极集流体 , 延长电池的循环寿命。
[0020] 作为本发明凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池的一种改进, 所述液态电解液还包括添 力口剂, 所述添加剂的质量占所述液态电解液总质量的 0.5%-10<¾, , 所述添加剂 为碳酸乙烯酯、 碳酸亚乙烯酯和氟代碳酸乙烯酯中的至少一种。 这些添加剂可 以在负极表面形成结构稳定的 SEI膜, 增加聚合物电解质和正负极表面的兼容性 , 提高界面离子电导率。
[0021] 作为本发明凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池的一种改进, 其制备方法包括以下步骤
[0022] Sl, 负极的制备: 将石墨、 复合材料、 粘接剂和导电剂混合, 得到负极浆料, 将负极浆料涂布在负极集流体上, 得到负极;
[0023] S2, 正极的制备: 将镍钴铝三元材料、 镍钴锰三元材料和富锂锰材料中的至少 一种与粘接剂和导电剂混合, 得到正极浆料, 将正极浆料涂布在正极集流体上
, 得到正极;
[0024] S3, 将负极与正极、 隔膜通过卷绕工艺或叠片工艺制备成电芯;
[0025] S4, 将聚合物单体、 引发剂混合加入液态电解液中并搅拌均匀, 得到混合溶液
, 然后将混合溶液注入电芯中, 抽真空并静置;
[0026] S5, 将静置后的电芯置入 60°C~80°C的恒温箱中 2h ~6h, 使聚合物单体发生引 发聚合, 形成凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池。 [0027] 其中, 粘接剂为 PVDF、 SBR和海藻酸钠等常用的粘接剂中的至少一种; 导电 剂为石墨烯、 导电炭黑、 碳纳米管和碳纤维等常用的导电剂中的至少一种。
[0028] 即本发明通过原位聚合的方式形成凝胶聚合物电解质, 该凝胶聚合物电解质可 以对含有 NCA、 NCM和富锂锰材料的正极的表面起到良好都保护作用, 使得该 动力电池具有极佳的倍率性能和高温循环稳定性, 尤其产气性能和在极端条件 下的安全性能与常规液态电解质动力电池比起来有非常明显的提高。
发明的有益效果
有益效果
[0029] 具体而言, 采用本发明的方法制备的凝胶聚合物动力电池, 由于其凝胶聚合物 电解质的独特三维网状结构,能够限制电解液在电极内部的流动, 抑制电解液与 电极材料表面的副反应, 同吋能够促进在电极 (尤其是正极) 与电解质界面上 形成非常致密而完整的 SEI保护膜, 该保护膜能够减少活性锂的损失, 这保证了 电池极佳的倍率性能和高温循环稳定性。 尤其是, 凝胶聚合物动力电池在高温 或大倍率循环下的产气量是常规液态电解质电池的 10%~30<¾, 显示出良好的电 化学稳定性和卓越的安全性能。 与此同吋, 电池的循环容量保持率也优于常规 液态电解质电池, 表现出更长的循环寿命。 同等条件下, 使用凝胶聚合物电解 质的动力电池比液态电解质动力电池的循环寿命长 20<¾~60%, 在针刺等极端条 件下, 凝胶聚合物动力电池可以不起火不燃烧, 显示出良好的安全性。 其产气 性能和在极端条件下的安全性能与常规液态电解质动力电池比起来有非常明显 的提高。
[0030] 凝胶聚合物电解质的柔性和弹性还可以进一步缓冲电极颗粒的膨胀效应, 同吋 聚合物电解质与复合负极较小的接触面积, 有助于提高电池的首次库仑效率。
[0031] 作为本发明凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池的一种改进, S2中, 在将正极浆料涂布 在正极集流体上之前, 先利用凹版印刷对正极集流体进行碳涂覆预处理。 。 对附图的简要说明
附图说明
[0032] 下面结合附图和具体实施方式, 对本发明及其有益技术效果进行详细说明。
[0033] 图 1为本发明中实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0.5C/1C、 25°C下的循环曲线图。 [0034] 图 2为本发明中实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0.5C/1C、 45°C下的循环曲线图。
[0035] 图 3为本发明中实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0.5C/5C、 25°C下的循环曲线图。
[0036] 图 4为本发明中实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0.2C、 0.5C、 1C和 5C倍率下的放电 性能图。
[0037] 图 5为本发明中实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0.5C/1C、 45°C下循环 300次的体积 膨胀率图。
[0038] 图 6为本发明中实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0.5C/5C、 25°C下循环 200次的体积 膨胀率图。
实施该发明的最佳实施例
本发明的最佳实施方式
[0039] 实施例 1
[0040] 本实施例提供了一种凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 包括负极、 正极、 凝胶聚合 物电解质和隔膜, 正极包括正极集流体和涂覆于正极集流体表面的正极活性物 质层, 负极包括负极集流体和涂覆于负极集流体表面的负极活性物质层, 负极 活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的硅碳材料, 石墨的比重为 50%, 石 墨的粒径为 0.5μηι-100μιη; 硅碳材料为多孔碳层包覆的硅材料, 多孔碳层的厚度 为 5μηι -90μιη, 多孔碳层占硅碳材料的质量比为 30%, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 45%
[0041] 正极活性物质层包括镍钴铝三元材料 LiNi o.8Co Α\ 0 1Ο 2
[0042] 凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液、 聚 合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 98.4: 1.5: 0.1; 其中, 液态电解液包括溶剂 、 锂盐和添加剂, 其中溶剂的组成为体积比为 1:1:1的碳酸乙烯酯 (EC) 、 二乙 基碳酸酯 (DEC) 和碳酸甲乙酯 (EMC) , 聚合物单体为季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯
(PETEA) , 弓 I发剂为过氧化苯甲酰 (BPO), 锂盐的浓度为 lmol/L, 锂盐为六氟 磷酸锂 (LiPF 6), 添加剂为 1%的碳酸乙烯酯和 2%的氟代碳酸乙烯酯。
[0043] 负极活性物质层的表面设置有类 SEI膜涂覆层, 按质量百分比计, 所述类 SEI膜 涂覆层的组成为: 80%的无定形碳、 3%的碳酸锂、 5%的烷基碳酸锂和 11%的氟 化锂以及 1%的粘接剂聚四氟乙烯, 所述类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 20μηι。 [0044] 正极集流体与正极活性物质层之间设置有预涂覆碳层, 预涂覆碳层的厚度为 20
[0045] 该凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池的制备方法包括以下步骤:
[0046] Sl, 负极的制备: 将石墨、 硅碳材料、 粘接剂 SBR和导电剂碳纳米管按照质量 比 48: 48: 2: 2加入去离子水中, 混合均匀得到负极浆料, 将负极浆料涂布在 铜箔上, 得到负极, 负极涂覆面密度为 7.37mg/cm 3 ; 然后在负极活性物质层的 表面设置类 SEI膜涂覆层, 具体的, 将无定形碳、 聚四氟乙烯、 碳酸锂、 烷基碳 酸锂和氟化锂按比例加入去离子水中调制成浆料, 再将浆料喷涂于负极活性物 质层的表面, 然后在 75°C下进行热处理, 形成厚度为 20μηι的类 SEI膜涂覆层。
[0047] S2, 正极的制备: 利用凹版印刷技术对铝箔进行碳涂覆预处理, 得到厚度为 20 μηι的预涂覆碳层的厚度; 然后将三元材料 LiNi 0.8Co 0.,A1 0 1O 2与粘接剂 PVDF和 导电剂导电炭黑按照质量比 96: 2: 2加入 NMP中, 混合均匀得到正极浆料, 将 正极浆料涂布在预涂覆碳层上, 得到正极, 正极涂覆面密度为 13.5mg/cm 3;
[0048] S3, 将负极与正极、 隔膜通过卷绕工艺制备成电芯;
[0049] S4, 将体积比为 1:1:1的碳酸乙烯酯 (EC) 、 二乙基碳酸酯 (DEC) 和碳酸甲 乙酯 (EMC) 混合成混合溶剂, 然后加入 1^.%的碳酸乙烯酯和 2wt.y 氟代碳 酸乙烯酯, 再加入六氟磷酸锂 (LiPF 6), 使其浓度为 lmol/L, 得到液态电解液, 再将聚合物单体季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯 (PETEA) 、 引发剂过氧化苯甲酰 (BPO)混 合加入液态电解液中并搅拌均匀, 其中, 液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂的 质量比分别为 98.4: 1.5: 0.1, 得到混合溶液, 然后将混合溶液注入电芯中, 抽 真空并静置 lh;
[0050] S5, 将静置后的电芯置入 75°C的恒温箱中 6h, 使聚合物单体发生引发聚合, 随 后对电池进行抽气, 形成凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池。
[0051] 实施例 2
[0052] 与实施例 1不同的是:
[0053] 负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的硅碳材料, 石墨的比重为 60 %; 硅碳材料为多孔碳层包覆的硅材料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι-90μιη, 多孔碳 层占硅碳材料的质量比为 20%, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 60%。 [0054] 正极活性物质层包括镍钴锰三元材料 LiNi o.6Co 0.2Mn 02O 2
[0055] 凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液、 聚 合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 97.8: 2: 0.2, 聚合物单体为二缩三丙二醇二 丙烯酸酯 (TPGDA) , 引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈 (AIBN) 。
[0056] 类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: 70%的无定形碳、 10%的碳酸锂、 10%的烷基碳酸锂
、 9.3%的氟化锂和 0.7%的粘接剂丁苯橡胶, 类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 10μηι。
[0057] 其余同实施例 1, 这里不再赘述。
[0058] 实施例 3
[0059] 与实施例 1不同的是:
[0060] 负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的硅碳材料, 石墨的比重为 80 %; 硅碳材料为多孔碳层包覆的硅材料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι-90μιη, 多孔碳 层占硅碳材料的质量比为 25%, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 30%。
[0061] 正极活性物质层包括镍钴铝三元材料 LiNi 0.7C0 ο.2Α1 0 1O 2
[0062] 凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液、 聚 合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 86.95: 13: 0.05, 聚合物单体为二缩三丙二 醇二丙烯酸酯 (TPGDA) , 弓 I发剂为过氧化苯甲酰 (BPO), 添加剂为 1%的碳酸 乙烯酯和 2%的碳酸亚乙烯酯。 锂盐为六氟砷酸锂 (LiAsF 6
) , 且锂盐的浓度为 l.lmol/L。
[0063] 类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: 50%的无定形碳、 20%的碳酸锂、 18.5%的烷基碳酸 锂、 10%的氟化锂和 1.5%的粘接剂海藻酸钠, 类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 25μηι。
[0064] 预涂覆碳层的厚度为 5μηι。
[0065] 其制备方法的 SI中的类 SEI膜涂覆层的制备方法中, 溶剂用乙醇代替去离子水
, 喷涂用转印取代, 热处理的温度为 80°C。
[0066] 其余同实施例 1, 这里不再赘述。
[0067] 实施例 4
[0068] 与实施例 1不同的是:
[0069] 负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的硅碳材料, 石墨的比重为 90 %; 硅碳材料为多孔碳层包覆的硅材料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι-90μιη, 多孔碳 层占硅碳材料的质量比为 15%, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 35%。
[0070] 正极活性物质层包括镍钴铝三元材料 LiNi o.6Co ο.2Α1 02O 2
[0071] 凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液、 聚 合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 90: 9.9: 0.1, 聚合物单体为季戊四醇四丙烯 酸酯 (PETEA) , 引发剂为过氧化苯甲酰 (BPO)。 锂盐为六氟砷酸锂 (LiAsF 6) , 且锂盐的浓度为 1.2mol/L, 添加剂为 1.5%的碳酸乙烯酯和 1.5%的碳酸亚乙烯酯
[0072] 类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: 88.8%的无定形碳、 3%的碳酸锂、 2%的烷基碳酸锂
、 5%的氟化锂和 1.2%的粘接剂聚四氟乙烯, 类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 28μηι。
[0073] 预涂覆碳层的厚度为 12μηι。
[0074] 其制备方法的 SI中, 热处理的温度为 75°C。
[0075] 其余同实施例 1, 这里不再赘述。
[0076] 实施例 5
[0077] 与实施例 1不同的是:
[0078] 负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的碳锡材料, 石墨的比重为 85 %; 碳锡材料为多孔碳层包覆的锡材料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι-90μιη, 多孔碳 层占碳锡材料的质量比为 18%, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 45%。
[0079] 正极活性物质层包括镍钴锰三元材料 LiNi 0.5C0 0.3Mn 02O 2
[0080] 凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液、 聚 合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 80: 19.6: 0.4。 锂盐为四氟硼酸锂 (LiBF 4) , 且锂盐的浓度为 0.9mol/L, 添加剂为 0.5%的碳酸乙烯酯和 2.5%的碳酸亚乙烯酯
[0081] 类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: 65%的无定形碳、 10%的碳酸锂、 8.2%的烷基碳酸锂
、 15%的氟化锂和 1.8%的丁苯橡胶, 类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 18μηι。
[0082] 预涂覆碳层的厚度为 3μηι。
[0083] 其制备方法的 SI中, 热处理的温度为 85°C; S5中, 将静置后的电芯置入 70°C的 恒温箱中 3h, 使聚合物单体发生引发聚合, 形成凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池。
[0084] 其余同实施例 1, 这里不再赘述。 [0085] 实施例 6
[0086] 与实施例 1不同的是:
[0087] 负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的碳锡材料, 石墨的比重为 55 %; 碳锡材料为多孔碳层包覆的锡材料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι-90μιη, 多孔碳 层占碳锡材料的质量比为 35%, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 65%。
[0088] 正极活性物质层包括富锂锰材料 Li uNi 0.75C0 ο.ιΜη 025 O 2
[0089] 凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液、 聚 合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 74.7: 25: 0.3。 锂盐为四氟硼酸锂 (LiBF 4) , 且锂盐的浓度为 1.05mol/L, 添加剂为 1.5%的氟代碳酸乙烯酯和 1.5%的碳酸亚 乙烯酯。
[0090] 类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: 75%的无定形碳、 7.2%的碳酸锂、 8%的烷基碳酸锂
、 9%的氟化锂和 0.8%的粘接剂海藻酸钠, 类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 16μηι。
[0091] 预涂覆碳层的厚度为 13μηι。
[0092] 其制备方法的 SI中的类 SEI膜涂覆层的制备方法中, 溶剂用丙酮代替去离子水 , 喷涂用转印取代, 热处理的温度为 90°C; S5中, 将静置后的电芯置入 65°C的 恒温箱中 5.5h, 使聚合物单体发生引发聚合, 形成凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池。
[0093] 其余同实施例 1, 这里不再赘述。
[0094] 实施例 7
[0095] 与实施例 1不同的是:
[0096] 负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的碳锡材料, 石墨的比重为 75
%; 碳锡材料为多孔碳层包覆的锡材料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι-90μιη, 多孔碳 层占碳锡材料的质量比为 28%, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 80%。
[0097] 正极活性物质层包括富锂锰材料 Li L2Ni o.85Co o.iMn 0.15O 2
[0098] 凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液、 聚 合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 38.8: 61: 0.2。 锂盐的浓度为 1.05mol/L, 添 力口剂为 1.2%的碳酸乙烯酯和 1.8%的氟代碳酸乙烯酯。
[0099] 类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: 83.7%的无定形碳、 4%的碳酸锂、 5%的烷基碳酸锂
、 6%的氟化锂和 1.3%的粘接剂丁苯橡胶, 类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 22μηι。 [0100] 预涂覆碳层的厚度为 8μηι。
[0101] 其制备方法的 S5中, 将静置后的电芯置入 75°C的恒温箱中 4.5h, 使聚合物单体 发生引发聚合, 形成凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池。
[0102] 其余同实施例 1, 这里不再赘述。
[0103] 实施例 8
[0104] 与实施例 1不同的是:
[0105] 负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的硅碳材料, 石墨的比重为 75 %; 硅碳材料为多孔碳层包覆的硅材料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι-90μιη, 多孔碳 层占硅碳材料的质量比为 25%, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 55%。
[0106] 正极活性物质层包括镍钴锰三元材料 LiNi 0.9C0 0.o5Mn。.。50 2
[0107] 凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液、 聚 合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 46.35 : 53.5: 0.15, 聚合物单体为季戊四醇四 丙烯酸酯 (PETEA) , 引发剂为过氧化苯甲酰 (BPO)。 锂盐为六氟砷酸锂 (LiAs F 6) , 且锂盐的浓度为 1.02mol/L, 添加剂为 0.8%的碳酸乙烯酯和 1.7%的碳酸亚 乙烯酯。
[0108] 类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: 80.4%的无定形碳、 8%的碳酸锂、 7%的烷基碳酸锂
、 3%的氟化锂和 1.6%的粘接剂海藻酸钠, 类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 32μηι。
[0109] 预涂覆碳层的厚度为 21μηι。
[0110] 其制备方法的 S I中热处理的温度为 95°C。
[0111] 其余同实施例 1, 这里不再赘述。
[0112] 实施例 9
[0113] 与实施例 1不同的是:
[0114] 负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的硅碳材料, 石墨的比重为 82 %; 硅碳材料为多孔碳层包覆的硅材料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι-90μιη, 多孔碳 层占硅碳材料的质量比为 16%, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 53%。
[0115] 正极活性物质层包括镍钴锰三元材料 LiNi 0.85C0 o.iMn。.。50 2
[0116] 凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液、 聚 合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 73.25 : 26.5: 0.25, 聚合物单体为二缩三丙二 醇二丙烯酸酯 (TPGDA) , 引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈 (AIBN) 。 锂盐为六氟砷酸 锂 (LiAsF 6) , 且锂盐的浓度为 0.98mol/L。
[0117] 类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: 35%的无定形碳、 23.3%的碳酸锂、 20%的烷基碳酸 锂、 20%的氟化锂和 1.7%的粘接剂丁苯橡胶, 类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 27μηι。
[0118] 预涂覆碳层的厚度为 9μηι。
[0119] 其制备方法的 S 1中的类 SEI膜涂覆层的制备方法中, 溶剂用乙醇代替去离子水
, 喷涂用转印取代, 热处理的温度为 85°C。
[0120] 其余同实施例 1, 这里不再赘述。
[0121] 实施例 10
[0122] 与实施例 1不同的是:
[0123] 负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于石墨的缝隙内的碳锡材料, 石墨的比重为 95
%; 碳锡材料为多孔碳层包覆的锡材料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι-90μιη, 多孔碳 层占碳锡材料的质量比为 15%, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 35%。
[0124] 正极活性物质层包括富锂锰材料 Li 5Ni 0.75C0 0.05Mn 02O 2
[0125] 凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液态电解液、 聚 合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 61.6: 38: 0.4, 添加剂为 1.3%的氟代碳酸乙 烯酯和 1.7%的碳酸亚乙烯酯。
[0126] 类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: 40%的无定形碳、 15%的碳酸锂、 15%的烷基碳酸锂
、 29%的氟化锂和 1%的粘接剂聚四氟乙烯, 类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 9μηι。
[0127] 预涂覆碳层的厚度为 11μηι。
[0128] 其制备方法的 SI中, 热处理的温度为 95°C; S5中, 将静置后的电芯置入 60°C的 恒温箱中 5.5h, 使聚合物单体发生引发聚合, 形成凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池。
[0129] 其余同实施例 1, 这里不再赘述。
[0130] 对比例 1
[0131] 本对比例提供了一种电池, 包括负极、 正极、 凝胶聚合物电解质和隔膜, 正极 包括正极集流体和涂覆于正极集流体表面的正极活性物质层, 负极包括负极集 流体和涂覆于负极集流体表面的负极活性物质层, 负极活性物质层包括石墨, 石墨的粒径为 0.5μηι-100μιη; 正极活性物质层包括镍钴铝三元材料 LiNi 0.8Co ιΑ1 o.,0 20 液态电解液包括溶剂、 锂盐和添加剂, 其中溶剂的组成为体积比为 1:1:1 的碳酸乙烯酯 (EC) 、 二乙基碳酸酯 (DEC) 和碳酸甲乙酯 (EMC) , 聚合物 单体为季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯 (PETEA) , 弓 I发剂为过氧化苯甲酰 (BPO), 锂盐的 浓度为 lmol/L, 锂盐为六氟磷酸锂 (LiPF 6), 添加剂为 1%的碳酸乙烯酯和 2%的氟 代碳酸乙烯酯。
[0132] 该电池的制备方法包括以下步骤:
[0133] Sl, 负极的制备: 将石墨、 粘接剂 SBR和导电剂碳纳米管按照质量比 96: 2: 2 加入去离子水中, 混合均匀得到负极浆料, 将负极浆料涂布在铜箔上, 得到负 极, 负极涂覆面密度为 7.37mg/cm 3;
[0134] S2, 正极的制备: 将三元材料!^^ ^^^^ ^粘接剂!^^?和导电剂导电 炭黑按照质量比 96: 2: 2加入 NMP中, 混合均匀得到正极浆料, 将正极浆料涂 布在铝箔上, 得到正极, 正极涂覆面密度为 13.5mg/cm 3;
[0135] S3, 将负极与正极、 隔膜通过卷绕工艺制备成电芯;
[0136] S4, 将体积比为 1:1:1的碳酸乙烯酯 (EC) 、 二乙基碳酸酯 (DEC) 和碳酸甲 乙酯 (EMC) 混合成混合溶剂, 然后加入 1^.%的碳酸乙烯酯和 2wt.y 氟代碳 酸乙烯酯, 再加入六氟磷酸锂 (LiPF 6), 使其浓度为 lmol/L, 得到液态电解液, 然后将液态电解液注入电芯中, 抽真空并静置 lh, 随后对电池进行抽气, 形成 电池。
[0137] 对实施例 1至 10和对比例 1的电池进行循环性能测试 (包括 25°C和 45°C, 条件为 0.5C/1C和 0.5C/5C) 和倍率性能测试, 所得结果见表 1。 其中, 实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0.5C/1C、 25°C下的循环曲线如图 1所示, 实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0 .5C/1C、 45°C下的循环曲线如图 2所示, 实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0.5C/5C、 25 °C下的循环曲线如图 3所示, 实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0.2C、 0.5C、 1C和 5C倍 率下的放电性能如图 4所示。
[0138] 表 1 : 实施例 1至 10和对比例 1的电池的循环性能测试和倍率性能测试结果。
[] 、 G C循 ϊδδ 25°Cs δ.505€'ΐ1ϊί 200 mi
喷的纖 11持率 后:的¾鞏歸卓 ^的容重保痔率 实施例 i ϋ
例 2 91.5%
实翻 .3: ϊί.3 7:?.-δ · 实施例 4
实施例 5 SS:S¼:
S4.5 ?
实施例 1 74.:S ;
实施例 S: 8&S% 5¾ 实施钶 S': §8 5% 75. ?i
实歸 ύδ S7: 5%: .-p" '
对比树 1 65.5%;
[0139] 由图 1至图 4以及表 1可以看出, 本发明的电池具有更加优异的常温循环性能、 高温循环性能和倍率性能。
[0140] 对实施例 1至 10和对比例 1的电池进行安全性能测试, 包括在 0.5C/1C、 45°C下 循环 300次后的体积膨胀率、 在 0.5C/5C、 25°C下循环 200次后的体积膨胀率, 以 及针刺是否着火, 所得结果见表 2。 其中, 其中, 实施例 1和对比例 1的电池在 0.5 C/1C、 45°C下循环 300次的体积膨胀率、 在 0.5C/5C、 25°C下循环 200次的体积膨 胀率分别见图 5和图 6。
[0141] 表 2: 实施例 1至 10和对比例 1的电池的安全性能测试结果。
[]
Figure imgf000018_0001
[0142] 由图 5、 图 6和表 2可以看出: 本发明具有优异的安全性能。
[0143] 根据上述说明书的揭示和教导, 本发明所属领域的技术人员还可以对上述实施 方式进行变更和修改。 因此, 本发明并不局限于上面揭示和描述的具体实施方 式, 对本发明的一些修改和变更也应当落入本发明的权利要求的保护范围内。 此外, 尽管本说明书中使用了一些特定的术语, 但这些术语只是为了方便说明 , 并不对本发明构成任何限制。

Claims

权利要求书
[权利要求 1] 凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 包括负极、 正极、 凝胶聚合物电解质和 隔膜, 所述正极包括正极集流体和涂覆于所述正极集流体表面的正极 活性物质层, 所述负极包括负极集流体和涂覆于所述负极集流体表面 的负极活性物质层, 其特征在于:
所述负极活性物质层包括石墨和分散于所述石墨的缝隙内的复合材料 , 所述复合材料为硅碳材料和 /或碳锡材料, 所述石墨的比重为 10%-1 00%;
所述正极活性物质层包括镍钴铝三元材料 LiNi xCo yAl zO 2、 镍钴锰三 元材料 LiNi xCo yMn zO 2和富锂锰材料 Li aNi xCo yMn zO 2中的至少一 种, 其中, a〉i ; 0< χ< 1 , 0< y < l, 0< ζ< 1, 且 x+y+z=l ;
所述凝胶聚合物电解质包括液态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂, 且液 态电解液、 聚合物单体和引发剂的质量比分别为 (20-100) : (1-80 所述聚合物单体为二缩三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯 (TPGDA) 和季戊四醇 四丙烯酸酯 (PETEA) 中的至少一种, 所述引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈
(AIBN) 和过氧化苯甲酰 (BPO)中的至少一种。
[权利要求 2] 根据权利要求 1所述的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 其特征在于: 所 述液态电解液包括有机溶剂和锂盐, 锂盐的浓度为 0.7mOl/L-1.2mol/L ; 所述有机溶剂包括醚、 烷基碳酸酯、 内酯和缩酮中的至少一种; 所 述锂盐为六氟砷酸锂 (LiAsF 6) 、 六氟磷酸锂 (LiPF 6)、 三氟甲基磺 酸锂、 四氟硼酸锂 (LiBF 4) 和高氯酸锂 (LiC10 4) 中的至少一种。
[权利要求 3] 根据权利要求 1所述的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 其特征在于: 所 述石墨的粒径为 0.5μηι -ΙΟΟμηΐ;
所述硅碳材料为多孔碳层包覆的硅材料, 所述碳锡材料为多孔碳层包 覆的锡材料, 多孔碳层的厚度为 5μηι -90μιη, 多孔碳层占所述硅碳材 料或碳锡材料的质量比为 10<¾-50<¾, 多孔碳层的孔隙率为 1<¾-90<¾。
[权利要求 4] 根据权利要求 1所述的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 其特征在于: 所 述负极活性物质层的表面设置有类 SEI膜涂覆层, 按质量百分比计, 所述类 SEI膜涂覆层的组成为: 8%-96.5<¾的无定形碳、 3%-90<¾的锂 化合物和 0.5%-2%的粘接剂, 所述锂化合物为碳酸锂、 烷基碳酸锂和 氟化锂中的至少一种, 所述类 SEI膜涂覆层的厚度为 1μηι-50μιη。
[权利要求 5] 根据权利要求 4所述的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 其特征在于: 所 述类 SEI膜涂覆层的制备方法为: 将无定形碳、 锂化合物和粘接剂按 比例加入溶剂中调制成浆料, 再将浆料喷涂或转印于负极活性物质层 的表面, 然后在 70°C-100°C下进行热处理, 形成类 SEI膜涂覆层。
[权利要求 6] 根据权利要求 4或 5所述的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 其特征在于: 所述粘接剂为聚四氟乙烯、 丁苯橡胶和海藻酸钠中的至少一种, 所述 溶剂为水、 乙醇和丙酮中的至少一种。
[权利要求 7] 根据权利要求 1所述的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 其特征在于: 所 述正极集流体与所述正极活性物质层之间设置有预涂覆碳层, 所述预 涂覆碳层的厚度为 0.1μηι-30μιη。
[权利要求 8] 根据权利要求 2所述的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 其特征在于: 所 述液态电解液还包括添加剂, 所述添加剂的质量占所述液态电解液总 质量的 0.5%- 10%, 所述添加剂为碳酸乙烯酯、 碳酸亚乙烯酯和氟代 碳酸乙烯酯中的至少一种。
[权利要求 9] 根据权利要求 2所述的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 其特征在于: 其 制备方法包括以下步骤:
Sl, 负极的制备: 将石墨、 复合材料、 粘接剂和导电剂混合, 得到负 极浆料, 将负极浆料涂布在负极集流体上, 得到负极;
S2, 正极的制备: 将镍钴铝三元材料、 镍钴锰三元材料和富锂锰材料 中的至少一种与粘接剂和导电剂混合, 得到正极浆料, 将正极浆料涂 布在正极集流体上, 得到正极;
S3 , 将负极与正极、 隔膜通过卷绕工艺或叠片工艺制备成电芯;
S4, 将聚合物单体、 引发剂混合加入液态电解液中并搅拌均匀, 得到 混合溶液, 然后将混合溶液注入电芯中, 抽真空并静置; S5, 将静置后的电芯置入 60°C~80°C的恒温箱中 2h ~6h, 使聚合物单 体发生引发聚合, 形成凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池。
[权利要求 10] 根据权利要求 9所述的凝胶聚合物电解质动力电池, 其特征在于: S2 中, 在将正极浆料涂布在正极集流体上之前, 先利用凹版印刷对正极 集流体进行碳涂覆预处理。
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