WO2017206693A1 - 具有作为co2给体的阴离子的有机胺盐类化合物及其作为发泡剂的用途 - Google Patents

具有作为co2给体的阴离子的有机胺盐类化合物及其作为发泡剂的用途 Download PDF

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WO2017206693A1
WO2017206693A1 PCT/CN2017/083949 CN2017083949W WO2017206693A1 WO 2017206693 A1 WO2017206693 A1 WO 2017206693A1 CN 2017083949 W CN2017083949 W CN 2017083949W WO 2017206693 A1 WO2017206693 A1 WO 2017206693A1
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group
compound
weight
halogen
optionally substituted
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PCT/CN2017/083949
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English (en)
French (fr)
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毕戈华
毕玉遂
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山东理工大学
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Priority to KR1020187025916A priority Critical patent/KR20190004692A/ko
Priority to JP2018562596A priority patent/JP6800248B2/ja
Priority to EP17805638.8A priority patent/EP3466916B1/en
Priority to KR1020217006849A priority patent/KR102358338B1/ko
Priority to AU2017273484A priority patent/AU2017273484B2/en
Priority to CA3024202A priority patent/CA3024202C/en
Priority to ES17805638T priority patent/ES2903100T3/es
Priority to DK17805638.8T priority patent/DK3466916T3/da
Priority to US16/063,889 priority patent/US11261153B2/en
Priority to RU2018146032A priority patent/RU2716711C1/ru
Publication of WO2017206693A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017206693A1/zh

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    • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
    • C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
    • C08J9/06—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent
    • C08J9/10—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent developing nitrogen, the blowing agent being a compound containing a nitrogen-to-nitrogen bond
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    • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
    • C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
    • C08J9/06—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent
    • C08J9/10—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent developing nitrogen, the blowing agent being a compound containing a nitrogen-to-nitrogen bond
    • C08J9/104—Hydrazines; Hydrazides; Semicarbazides; Semicarbazones; Hydrazones; Derivatives thereof
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    • C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
    • C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
    • C08J9/125—Water, e.g. hydrated salts
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    • C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
    • C08J2203/02—CO2-releasing, e.g. NaHCO3 and citric acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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    • C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
    • C08J2203/14—Saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. butane; Unspecified hydrocarbons
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    • C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
    • C08J2203/14—Saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. butane; Unspecified hydrocarbons
    • C08J2203/142—Halogenated saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. H3C-CF3
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    • C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
    • C08J2203/20—Ternary blends of expanding agents
    • C08J2203/204—Ternary blends of expanding agents of chemical foaming agent and physical blowing agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C08J2325/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2325/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
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    • C08J2327/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2327/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08J2327/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing chlorine atoms
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    • C08J2375/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2375/04—Polyurethanes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
    • C08J9/06—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent
    • C08J9/08—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent developing carbon dioxide

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an organic amine salt compound having an anion as a CO 2 donor and its use as a foaming agent, and more particularly to provide an anion having not only a CO 2 donor but also a hydroxyalkyl group or a hydroxyalkyl group.
  • foam materials such as polyurethane foam or PVC foam or polystyrene foam.
  • polyurethane rigid foam As a new polymer material, polyurethane rigid foam is light in quality, high in strength and has very low thermal conductivity. It is a high-quality thermal insulation material widely used in refrigerating and heat preservation, especially chemical weapons refrigerating and heat preservation, building energy saving, solar energy, Industries such as automobiles and refrigerators, such as refrigerators and freezers.
  • the most important raw material in the production of polyurethane rigid foams is a blowing agent. At present, these blowing agents are all chlorofluorocarbons except cyclopentane. Due to their destruction of the ozone layer, governments have already signed the "Montreal Protocol" international convention to restrict and phase out and ban such products. China is also a signatory to the agreement for production and use.
  • HCFC-141b difluorodichloroethane
  • cyclopentane the second-generation chlorofluorocarbon blowing agent HCFC-141b (monofluorodichloroethane) and cyclopentane.
  • the developed countries such as Europe and the United States have already banned the use of HCFC-141b.
  • the Chinese government will The consumption of HCFC-141b is frozen at the consumption level in 2009 and 2010. In 2015, it eliminated 20% of the consumption, and promised to completely ban production and use until 2025.
  • the developed countries in Europe and America use the third.
  • blowing agents pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa) and pentafluorobutane (HFC-365) have high GWP (greenhouse effect potential), so Europe and the United States will be banned before 2019 The use of third generation blowing agents.
  • Honeywell of the United States has developed a fourth-generation physical foaming agent, chlorotrifluoropropene (LBA), which has zero ODP (potential value for damage to the ozone layer) and is relatively environmentally friendly than the third generation. , but the GWP is greater than 1, and the product is expensive.
  • these physical foaming agents themselves and the production process involve chlorine and fluorine, environmental problems are still difficult to completely solve, will be eliminated.
  • the prior art discloses direct use of CO 2 as a polyurethane blowing agent, but in view of the escape of CO 2 gas and its poor solubility in the raw material MDI and polyester polyol and/or polyether polyol, the CO 2 gas is The foaming composition is not uniformly dispersed, and the foaming process is not easily controlled.
  • the prior art discloses directly using a small amount of water as a polyurethane blowing agent, but in view of the hydrogen bonding of water molecules and the poor solubility of water in polyester polyols and/or polyether polyols, water molecules are microscopically Drop form exists in foaming In compositions such as polyether polyol components, local overreaction and foaming are caused in the foamed material. If water is used as the blowing agent, more urea bonds are contained in the polyurethane foam, which greatly affects the strength and thermal insulation properties of the foam. In addition, if the amount of water used as a blowing agent is slightly increased, the performance and dimensional stability of the polyurethane foam are significantly affected. If water is the sole blowing agent, the polyurethane foam will suffer from shrinkage, scorching, and insequential heat insulation.
  • the foaming agent for example, water
  • the foaming agent in the prior art cannot be dispersed into the foaming composition at the molecular level, thereby causing uneven distribution of cells and uneven size of the cells, ultimately affecting the foamed material.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a polyurethane foaming agent and a process for the preparation thereof which are free of chlorofluorocarbons and which do not destroy the atmospheric ozone layer.
  • a foaming material such as a polyurethane foam or a PVC foamed material or a polystyrene foamed material.
  • the novel organic amine salt compound is suitable as a foaming agent. It produces CO 2 gas during the foaming process.
  • the inventors of the present application have unexpectedly found that an anion having a -n valence as a CO 2 donor is easily decomposed to produce CO 2 gas at an elevated temperature, even when foaming is carried out at a lower temperature, as described below.
  • the anion having a -n valence as a CO 2 donor can be activated by an NCO group contained in an isocyanate monomer such as MDI and TDI to rapidly release CO 2 gas.
  • the foaming agent can be sufficiently dissolved in the foaming raw material (such as polyether polyol or polyester polyol) or has good mutual solubility with the foaming raw material, and the present invention
  • the blowing agent can be uniformly dispersed in the foaming composition to uniformly foam, the distribution of cells in the polyurethane foam is relatively uniform, and the size of the cells is relatively uniform.
  • the blowing agent compound of the present invention contains a hydroxyl group and/or an amino group
  • the decomposition product produced after the decomposition of the blowing agent releases CO 2 still contains a hydroxyl group and/or an amino group
  • the molecular weight of the decomposition product is low, they are Suitable as a chain extender or crosslinker to react with isocyanate to form a polymer, and when the molecular weight of the decomposition products is relatively high (for example, the number average molecular weight is 100-3000), they can replace a part of the polyester polyol in the foaming composition.
  • Alcohol or polyether polyols for example, based on prior art foaming compositions, suitably reduce the amount of polyester polyol or polyether polyol.
  • Those skilled in the art can calculate the amount of the blowing agent of the present invention and the polyester polyol and/or poly according to the average hydroxyl value of the blowing agent of the present invention and the average hydroxyl value of the polyester polyol or the polyether polyol.
  • the amount of ether polyol used in particular, in the process of foaming using a polyol and a polyisocyanate, if the organic amine salt compound of the present invention is used as a foaming agent, the organic amine salt compound serves both as a "foaming point" and as a "chain extension point". "and / or "crosslinking point” significantly enhances the mechanical strength and mechanical strength of the cells, and the obtained polyurethane foam has good dimensional stability. Therefore, the present invention has been completed based on the above three aspects.
  • an anion as a CO 2 donor means an anion capable of decomposing to release CO 2 upon heating or during foaming.
  • an organic amine salt compound i.e., an organic alcohol amine salt compound
  • an organic amine salt compound mixture i.e., an organic alcohol amine salt compound mixture having the following general formula (I):
  • B m+ is or contains: a +1 valent ammonium ion, a +1 valent cerium ion (H 3 + N-NH 2 ), a +2 valent cerium ion (H 3 + N-NH 3 + ), and/or m a cation of one or more organic amines B of a + NR 3 R 4 H group and/or a + NR 3 H- group;
  • a n- is one or more selected from the group consisting of:
  • R a O-COO - an organic monocarbonate: R a O-COO - wherein R a is a C 1 -C 26 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbyl), or C 1 -C 26 acyl (preferably C 1 -C 10 acyl, more preferably C 1 -C 2 acyl);
  • R b is a C 1 -C 16 alkylene group (preferably a C 2 -C 10 alkylene group, more preferably a C 2 -C 6 alkylene group) optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen, and R b 'is optional a trivalent C 2 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen (more preferably a trivalent C 3 -C 15 alkylene group);
  • R' is H, a C 1 -C 26 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy or amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbyl group), or a C 1 -C 26 acyl group (preferably a C 1 -C 10 acyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 7 acyl group); or
  • R c is a C 1 -C 26 alkylene group (preferably a C 2 -C 10 alkylene group, more preferably a C 2 -C 6 alkylene group) optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 are independently selected from: H, R, a C 1 -C 7 aliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, More preferably C 2 -C 3 alkyl) (for example, hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl), a C 3 -C 7 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (such as cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl) Or, optionally, a C 6 -C 10 aromatic hydrocarbon group (preferably phenyl or methylphenyl) substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 (for example 1 or 2) is an R group bonded to the N atom, or the formula
  • the compound of (I) has at least one (for example 1 or 2) R groups bonded to N;
  • R group is selected from one or more of the following groups:
  • R 1a , R 2a , R 3a or R 4a are each independently selected from: H, C 1 -C 7 aliphatic optionally substituted by hydroxy or amino or halogen A hydrocarbyl group, a C 3 -C 7 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen, or a C 6 -C 10 aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen.
  • an organic amine salt compound i.e., an organic alcohol amine salt compound
  • an organic amine salt compound mixture i.e., an organic alcohol amine salt compound mixture having the following general formula (I):
  • a n- is one or more selected from the group consisting of:
  • R a is a C 1 -C 26 hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbon group, more preferably C a 1- C 3 hydrocarbyl group, a C 1 -C 26 acyl group (preferably a C 1 -C 10 acyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 2 acyl group);
  • R b is a C 1 -C 16 alkylene group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 2 -C 10 alkylene group, more preferably a C 2 -C 6 alkylene group such as -CH 2 -CH 2 -), R b ' is a trivalent C 2 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (more preferably a trivalent C 3 -C 15 alkylene group such as -CH 2 -CH(CH 2 -)- CH 2 -etc);
  • R' is H, a C 1 -C 26 hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbon group, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbon group), a C 1 -C 26 acyl group ( Preferred is a C 1 -C 10 acyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 7 acyl group; or
  • R c is a C 1 -C 26 alkylene group (preferably a C 2 -C 10 alkylene group, more preferably a C 2 -C 6 alkylene group) optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 are independently selected from: H, R, a C 1 -C 7 aliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, More preferably C 2 -C 3 alkyl) (for example, hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl), a C 3 -C 7 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (such as cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl) Or, optionally, a C 6 -C 10 aromatic hydrocarbon group (preferably phenyl or methylphenyl) substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 is an R group (ie, an NR group) bonded to the N atom.
  • R group ie, an NR group
  • the compound of the formula (I) has at least one (for example 1 or 2) R groups bonded to N (ie at least one NR group);
  • R group is selected from one or more of the following groups:
  • R 1a , R 2a , R 3a or R 4a are each independently selected from: H, optionally a C 1 -C 7 aliphatic hydrocarbon group substituted with a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen, a C 3 -C 7 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen (such as a cyclobutyl group or a cyclohexyl group), or, optionally, A C 6 -C 10 aromatic hydrocarbon group (such as phenyl or methylphenyl) substituted with a hydroxyl group or an
  • an organic amine salt compound i.e., an organic alcohol amine salt compound
  • an organic amine salt compound mixture i.e., an organic alcohol amine salt compound mixture having the following general formula (I)
  • B m+ is or contains: a +1 valent ammonium ion, a +1 valent cerium ion (H 3 + N-NH 2 ), a +2 valent cerium ion (H 3 + N-NH 3 + ), and/or m a cation of one or more organic amines B of a + NR 3 R 4 H group and/or a + NR 3 H- group;
  • At least one of A n- and B m+ comprises fluorene and/or comprises fluorenyl or substituted fluorenyl;
  • a n- is one or more selected from the group consisting of:
  • R a O-COO - an organic monocarbonate: R a O-COO - wherein R a is a C 1 -C 26 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbyl), or C 1 -C 26 acyl (preferably C 1 -C 10 acyl, more preferably C 1 -C 2 acyl);
  • R b is a C 1 -C 16 alkylene group (preferably a C 2 -C 10 alkylene group, more preferably a C 2 -C 6 alkylene group) optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen, and R b 'is optional a trivalent C 2 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen (more preferably a trivalent C 3 -C 15 alkylene group);
  • R' is H, a C 1 -C 26 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy or amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbyl group), or a C 1 -C 26 acyl group (preferably a C 1 -C 10 acyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 7 acyl group); or
  • R c is a C 1 -C 26 alkylene group (preferably a C 2 -C 10 alkylene group, more preferably a C 2 -C 6 alkylene group) optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 are independently selected from: H, R, a C 1 -C 7 aliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, More preferably C 2 -C 3 alkyl) (for example, hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl), a C 3 -C 7 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (such as cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl) Or, optionally, a C 6 -C 10 aromatic hydrocarbon group (preferably phenyl or methylphenyl) substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 (for example 1 or 2) is an R group bonded to the N atom, or the formula
  • the compound of (I) has at least one (for example 1 or 2) R groups bonded to N;
  • R group is selected from one or more of the following groups:
  • R 1a , R 2a , R 3a or R 4a are each independently selected from: H, C 1 -C 7 aliphatic optionally substituted by hydroxy or amino or halogen A hydrocarbyl group, a C 3 -C 7 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen, or a C 6 -C 10 aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen.
  • a n- is (a) carbamate or carbazate
  • at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 in the compound of the above formula (I) is an R group bonded to an N atom
  • the compound of the formula (I) has at least one (for example 1 or 2) R groups bonded to N and at least one (for example 1 or 2) a fluorenyl or substituted fluorenyl group
  • a n- is (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g) or (h)
  • the compound comprises an organic amine B and the organic amine B has at least one (for example 1 or 2) R-bonded R groups and at least one (for example 1 or 2) fluorenyl or substituted fluorenyl groups.
  • At least one of A n- and B m+ comprising fluorene and/or comprising a fluorenyl or substituted fluorenyl group means that the compound of formula (I) comprises at least one cerium ion and/or comprises at least one cerium Or a substituted thiol; more specifically, if A n- is one selected from (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g) or (h) Or more than, then B m+ is or contains: +1 valence cesium ion (H 3 + N-NH 2 ), +2 valence cesium ion (H 3 + N-NH 3 + ) and/or having a fluorenyl group or substituted hydrazino group (e.g., the hydrazino or substituted hydrazino group corresponding to a - + NR 3 R 4 H and groups or / - + NR 3 H- group) cationic organic amine B one or more (
  • an organic amine salt compound having the following general formula (I):
  • B m+ is or contains: a +1 valent ammonium ion, a +1 valent cerium ion (H 3 + N-NH 2 ), a +2 valent cerium ion (H 3 + N-NH 3 + ), and/or m a cation of one or more organic amines B of a + NR 3 R 4 H group and/or a + NR 3 H- group;
  • a n- is one or more selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 are independently selected from: H, R, a C 1 -C 7 aliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, More preferably C 2 -C 3 alkyl) (for example, hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl), a C 3 -C 7 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (such as cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl) Or, optionally, a C 6 -C 10 aromatic hydrocarbon group (preferably phenyl or methylphenyl) substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen;
  • a n- is (a) carbamate or carbazate, at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 in the compound of the above formula (I) is a N atom a linked R group, or the compound of the formula (I) has at least one R group bonded to N; or when A n- is (b), (c) or (d), the pass
  • the compound of formula (I) comprises an organic amine B and the organic amine B has at least one R group bonded to N,
  • R group is selected from one or more of the following groups:
  • R 1a , R 2a , R 3a or R 4a are each independently selected from: H, a C 1 -C 7 aliphatic group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen.
  • the organic amine compound B having at least one NR group is formed by at least one of the N atoms of each of the molecules of the organic amine compound (M), ammonia and/or hydrazine. Or formed by substituting a plurality of R groups.
  • the compound of the formula (I) when A n- is (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g) or (h) An average of from 1 to 5.5 R groups per molecule, preferably from 1.3 to 5 R groups, more preferably from 1.5 to 2 R groups, and these R groups are present in an organic amine having at least one NR group In the compound B; or when A n- is (a) carbamate or carbazate, the compound of the formula (I) has an average of from 1 to 5.5 R groups per molecule, preferably from 1.3 to 5 R groups, more preferably 1.5-2 R groups, and these R groups are present in the organic amine compound B and/or the anion (a).
  • R is hydroxypropyl, ie HO-CH 2 -CH 2 (CH 3 )- or HO-CH 2 (CH 3 )-CH 2 -, hydroxyethyl and/or hydroxy Chloropropyl.
  • a compound of the formula (I) having an R group for example a monoalcoholamine salt
  • a group having two R groups The molar ratio of the compound of the formula (I) (for example, the diolamine salt) is from 1:0 to 1:2.5, preferably from 1:0.3 to 1:2, preferably from 1:0.5 to 1:1.
  • a n- [B m+ ] p may also be represented by a chemical formula or a formula ABp. They are alcohol amine salt compounds. They therefore appear in the form of ionic compounds in the presence of water.
  • a or A n- is one or more selected from the group consisting of:
  • n 1 or 2 or 3.
  • substituted fluorenyl group means a fluorenyl group substituted with the substituent R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 described above.
  • a compound of the formula (I) or a mixture of compounds in which A n- is a formate (c) has a pH of from 5.5 to 6.5.
  • the compound or compound mixture of formula (I) has an alkali metal and alkaline earth metal content of from 0 to 200 ppm by mass, more preferably less than 100 ppm, more preferably less than 10 ppm, most preferably less than the detection limit or zero. Ppm.
  • the content of water in the compound or compound mixture of the formula (I) is from 0 to 40% by weight, preferably 5-35 wt%, more preferably 10-30 wt%, still more preferably 15-25 wt%.
  • the compound or mixture of compounds of the formula (I) contains 22 to 96% by weight, preferably 25 to 95% by weight, preferably 27 to 90% by weight, preferably 30 to 85% by weight, preferably 40 to 80% by weight, more preferably a salt of 45-75 wt% of a monoolamine (for example monoethanolamine and/or monopropanolamine) and a salt of a glycolamine (for example diethanolamine and/or dipropanolamine) (ie the sum of the two: monoalcoholamine) Salt + glycol amine salt) based on the total weight of the compound of formula (I) or a mixture of compounds.
  • a monoolamine for example monoethanolamine and/or monopropanolamine
  • a glycolamine for example diethanolamine and/or dipropanolamine
  • the compound or mixture of compounds of the formula (I) contains from 15 to 90% by weight, preferably from 17 to 88% by weight, preferably from 20 to 85% by weight, preferably from 25 to 80% by weight, more preferably from 30 to 70% by weight, of the monoolamine (for example monoethanolamine) And/or monopropanolamine) and a glycolamine (for example diethanolamine and/or dipropanolamine) (ie the sum of the two: monoalcoholamine + glycolamine), based on the compound or compound of the formula (I) The total weight of the mixture.
  • the monoolamine for example monoethanolamine
  • a glycolamine for example diethanolamine and/or dipropanolamine
  • the compound of formula (I) contains from 1.5 to 5 R groups per molecule on average.
  • cerium ion means: +1 valent cerium ion (H 3 + N-NH 2 ) or +2 valent cerium ion (H 3 + N-NH 3 + ). That is, the cerium ion is or includes: a +1 valent cerium ion (H 3 + N-NH 2 ) and a +2 valent cerium ion (H 3 + N-NH 3 + ).
  • the compound of the formula (I) has at least one of the above R groups per molecule.
  • the R group is the same or different from the C 1 -C 7 aliphatic hydrocarbon group (preferably C 1 -C 4 alkyl) optionally substituted by hydroxy or amino or halogen, optionally by hydroxy or An amino- or halogen-substituted C 3 -C 7 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group (such as cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl), or a C 6 -C 10 aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group or an amino group or a halogen (preferably a phenyl group or a group) Phenylphenyl).
  • C 1 -C 7 aliphatic hydrocarbon group preferably C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • An amino- or halogen-substituted C 3 -C 7 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group such as cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl
  • a C 6 -C 10 aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxyl group
  • the - + NR 3 R 4 H group means a -NR 3 R 4+ H group
  • the - + NR 3 H- group means a -NR 3 ( + H)- group
  • the organic amine B has ⁇ m (e.g., m to m + 3) primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amine groups, and optionally has a quaternary ammonium group.
  • CH 3 CH 2 + NH 2 H ie, ethylamine cation, CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 + H
  • B 1+ CH 3 CH 2 + NH 2 H or CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 + H
  • m 1
  • B ethylamine.
  • the primary, secondary and/or tertiary amine group is selected from the group consisting of a -NR 3 R 4 group and a -NR 3 - group.
  • the organic amine compound B is an organic amine having from m to m + 3 primary, secondary and/or tertiary amine groups, and optionally having a quaternary ammonium group.
  • the organic amine compound B has an organic amine compound of 2 to 200 carbon atoms (preferably 3 to 50, more preferably 3 to 20, more preferably 3 to 12). Typically, it has the R groups described above.
  • an organic amine compound B or an organic amine compound having ⁇ m (for example, m to m + 3) primary, secondary and/or tertiary amine groups and optionally having a quaternary ammonium group B, combined with m + H ions, becomes B m+ .
  • a n- is a combination or mixture of two or more of the above anions selected from (a) to (h), and/or B m+ is a combination or mixture of two or more of the above organic amine cations,
  • the compound of formula (I) is a mixture.
  • p B m+ may be the same or different, or p B may be the same or different.
  • p B m+ are different, or p B are different.
  • the invention therefore also provides a blowing agent comprising an organic amine salt compound of the formula (I) or an organic amine salt combination A mixture of substances, or which consists or consists essentially of an organic amine salt compound of the formula (I) or a mixture of organic amine salt compounds.
  • a n- is one or more selected from the group consisting of: (a), (c), (d), (e), (f); or (h) .
  • a single A n- having a valence of +2 or +3 can form a salt with one or more B m+ , respectively.
  • a single organic amine ion B m+ having a plurality of -N + R 3 R 4 H groups and/or -N + R 3 H- groups can form a salt with one or more A n- .
  • ammonium formate, cesium formate or an organic amine salt of formic acid is itself a relatively stable compound, and the decomposition temperature is generally higher than 100 ° C, for example, the melting point of ammonium formate is as high as 116 ° C.
  • ammonium formate, cesium formate or organic amine salts of formic acid are used as the polyurethane blowing agent, they are found to become unstable upon contact with isocyanate (such as MDI) because of ammonium formate, cesium formate or organic amine formate.
  • the salt reacts with the NCO group to form unstable anhydride groups, and then quickly separates the carbon dioxide and also releases carbon monoxide. Therefore, in practical applications, attention should be paid to ventilation and explosion protection.
  • R a O-COO - is an anion or acid radical formed from a hydrocarbyl hydrocarbon ester such as methyl hydrogen carbonate or hydrogencarbonate.
  • (f) - OOC-N(R 1 )-R b -N(R 2 )-COO - or R b '(-N(R 1 )-COO - ) 3 are respectively derived from an alkylene bis(carbamic acid) Or an anion or acid radical formed by an alkylene tris(carbamic acid).
  • (h) - OOC-OR c O-COO - is an anion or an acid radical formed from an alkylene dicarbonate such as ammonium ethylene dicarbonate NH 4 OOC-OCH 2 CH 2 O-COONH 4 .
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from: H, R, a C 1 -C 4 aliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen (for example methyl or ethyl or propyl), A cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen, or a phenyl group or a methylphenyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen.
  • R 1a , R 2a , R 3a or R 4a are each independently selected from: H, a C 1 -C 3 aliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by hydroxy or amino or halogen, optionally substituted by hydroxy or amino or halogen. a C 3 -C 6 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group, or a C 6 -C 7 aromatic hydrocarbon group (such as phenyl or methylphenyl) optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen.
  • R 1a , R 2a , R 3a or R 4a are each independently selected from: H, methyl or ethyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or amino or halogen, or optionally substituted by hydroxy or amino or halogen. Or a isopropyl group, a cyclohexyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen, or a phenyl group or a methylphenyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group or an amino group or a halogen.
  • R 1a , R 2a , R 3a or R 4a are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H, methyl, chloromethyl, bromomethyl, ethyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl.
  • the organic amine salt compound of the formula (I) contains an alcohol amine compound or an alcohol amine compound residue. That is, the organic amine salt compound of the formula (I) is one or more organic amine salt compounds having an anion A n- as a CO 2 donor and containing an alcohol amine compound or an alcohol amine compound residue.
  • a n- is one or more selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 1 R 2 N-COO - or R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO - wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl or hydroxy Propyl;
  • R' is H, a C 1 -C 26 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy or amino group or a halogen (preferably a C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbyl group, more preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group), C 1 -C 26 An acyl group (preferably a C 1 -C 10 acyl group, more preferably a formyl group, an acetyl group or a propionyl group).
  • amino and/or amine groups in the ammonia, hydrazine or organic amine compound B is neutralized by the anion A n- , that is, the salt formation ratio of the amino group and/or the amine group is 50-100%.
  • the anion A n- that is, the salt formation ratio of the amino group and/or the amine group is 50-100%.
  • 65-100% of the amino and/or amine groups in the ammonia, hydrazine or organic amine compound B are neutralized by the anion A n- .
  • 75-100% of the amino group and/or the amine group in the ammonia, hydrazine or organic amine compound B is neutralized by the anion A n- . More preferably, 75-90% of the amino and/or amine groups in the ammonia, hydrazine or organic amine compound B are neutralized by the anion A n- .
  • the pH of the other compound of the formula (I) is generally from 7.5 to 10, preferably at pH 7.8. 9.5, more preferably pH 8-9.
  • 50-95% of the amino and/or amine groups (i.e., -N + R 3 R 4 H groups and/or -N + R 3 H- groups) in ammonia, hydrazine or organic amine compound B are When the anion A n- is neutralized, the compound of the formula (1) is relatively stable at this time.
  • An organic amine ion (B m+ ) wherein the compound B is an organic amine compound (M) having an at least one (preferably at least two) NH covalent bond (ie, having at least one active hydrogen bonded to N), ammonia, and / or ⁇ formed as a starting material.
  • the NR group in B or B m+ is obtained by the above one or more R groups on at least one N atom of each molecule of the organic amine compound (M), ammonia and/or hydrazine Substituted to form.
  • the compound B is an organic amine compound having an NR group (or NH covalent bond).
  • the organic amine compound B having an NR group is obtained by the above one or more R groups on at least one N atom of each molecule of the organic amine compound (M), ammonia and/or hydrazine. Substituted to form.
  • R 1 and R 2 are H, more preferably R 1 is H and R 2 is an H or R group (for example hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl or hydroxychloropropyl).
  • the organic amine compound (M) that is, the organic amine compound (M) having at least one NH (i.e., NH covalent bond or H having at least one N bond, is an active hydrogen), is selected from the group consisting of Organic amine compounds in the following:
  • C 1 -C 24 hydrocarbyl amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, amylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, mercaptoamine, mercaptoamine, Dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, eicosylamine, tetracosylamine, unsubstituted or substituted (eg halogen substituted) aniline, not a substituted or substituted (e.g., halogen substituted) benzylamine, cyclohexylamine, methylcyclohexylamine, cyclohexylmethylamine, N-methylcyclohexylamine or N-methylbenzylamine, and the like;
  • primary amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine
  • Di(C 1 -C 16 hydrocarbyl)amines (secondary amines, ie monoamines having a secondary amine group), such as dimethylamine, diethylamine, methylethylamine, dipropylamine, A Propylamine, ethylpropylamine, dibutylamine, ethylbutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine, dioctylamine, dinonylamine, dinonylamine , bis(dodecyl)amine, di(tetradecyl)amine, di(hexadecyl)amine, di(octadecyl)amine, di(octadecyl)amine or di (twenty Tetraalkyl)amine, etc.;
  • a C 2 -C 14 alkylene diamine optionally substituted with a hydroxy group on a C 2 -C 14 alkylene group (wherein the two amine groups are each independently a primary or secondary amino group), such as ethylenediamine, N -methylethylenediamine, N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine, N-methyl, N'ethyl-1,3-propanediamine, butanediamine (including Various isomers such as 1, 2 or 1,3- or 1,4-butanediamine), pentamethylenediamine (including various isomers), hexamethylenediamine (including various isomers), 3 - hydroxymethyl-hexanediamine, heptanediamine (including various isomers), 3-hydroxymethyl-heptanediamine, octanediamine (including various isomers), 3,5-dihydroxyoctyl Diamine, decanediamine (including various isomers), decanediamine (including various isomers),
  • a C 4 -C 16 polyalkylene polyamine optionally substituted with a hydroxy group on a C 2 -C 14 alkylene group, such as diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, Pentaethylene hexamine, dipropylene triamine, tripropylene tetramine, tetrapropylene pentamine, pentapropylene hexamine, dibutylene triamine, tributylene tetramine, tetrabutylene Amine, triethylenediamine, dimethyldiethyltriamine, tris(2-hydroxy-1,3-propylene)tetramine or tetrakis(2-hydroxy-1,3-propylene)pentamine ;Wait;
  • organic triamines having four primary amino groups or optionally substituted C 5 -C 18 hydroxy four organic amines such as 1,3 ,5-triamino-cyclohexane, 1,3,5-tris(aminoethyl)-cyclohexane, 1,3,5-tris(aminopropyl)-1,3,5-hexahydrotriazine , 1,3,5-tris(methylaminopropyl)-1,3,5-hexahydrotriazine, or, melamine, pentaerythritol, etc.; or
  • C 2 -C 10 alcohol amines such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, monopropanolamine, dipropanolamine, monoisopropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, monobutanolamine, or dibutanolamine, etc. .
  • (M) is selected from the group consisting of:
  • Ethylenediamine N-methyl-ethylenediamine, N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine, N-methyl, N'ethyl-1,3-propanediamine , butanediamine (including various isomers such as 1, 2 or 1,3- or 1,4-butanediamine), pentamethylenediamine (including various isomers), hexamethylenediamine (including various Isomer), 3-hydroxymethyl-hexanediamine, p or m-phenylenediamine, 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-diphenylmethanediamine (MOCA), or piperazine;
  • MOCA 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-diphenylmethanediamine
  • Diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, or tetraethylenepentamine Diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, or tetraethylenepentamine
  • Monoethanolamine monopropanolamine, monoisopropanolamine, or monobutanolamine.
  • B m+ is m (eg 2-10, such as 3, 4, 5) -N + R 3 other than the +1 valent ammonium ion ( + NH 4 ) or strontium ion
  • the compound B is derived from the above organic amine compound (M), ammonia and/or hydrazine as a starting material or as an initiator with an epoxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin,
  • a reaction is carried out by reacting epoxy bromopropane, butylene oxide, or epichlorohydrin or styrene oxide, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
  • the salt of the compound B with A n- is composed of the above organic amine compound (M), ammonia and/or hydrazine with (a) a salt formed by one or more anions of (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (h) as a starting material or as an initiator, and an epoxide (eg ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, butylene oxide, or epichlorohydrin or styrene oxide, and mixtures of any two or more thereof) Formed by the reaction.
  • M organic amine compound
  • ammonia and/or hydrazine with (a) a salt formed by one or more anions of (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (h) as a starting material or as an initiator, and an epoxide (eg ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, butylene oxide, or epic
  • n- is (a), (b), (c), (d), and any of B m (e), (f ) or (h), with m + yes (e.g. 1 or 2-10, such as 3, 4, 5) -N + R 3 R 4 H groups and / or -N + R 3 H- groups of organic amine ions (ie, B m + is not +1 valence Ammonium ion ( + NH 4 ) or cerium ion, that is, when B is not ammonia or hydrazine, the compound (I) is in a solvent (preferably a protic solvent, an alcohol solvent or DMF, such as water) Optionally selected from the group consisting of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) in the presence of a catalyst such as aqueous ammonia or an organic amine such as ethylamine, diethylamine or triethylamine.
  • a catalyst such as aqueous ammonia or an organic amine such as e
  • ammonium or phosphonium salt formed by one or more anions of (f) or (h) with ammonia or hydrazine [eg ammonium carbamate, hydroxyalkyl or hydroxyalkylalkoxy substituted ammonium carbamate ( R 1 R 2 N-COO -+ NH 4 ), bismuth carbamate, ammonium thioglycolate, hydrazinium carbazate, ammonium carbonate (CO 3 2- ( + NH 4 ) 2 ), cesium carbonate, cesium carbonate, carbonic acid Ammonium hydroxide, cesium hydrogencarbonate, cesium formate or ammonium formate, and a mixture of two or more thereof; or the anion formed with one or more of the above organic amine compounds (M)
  • An amine salt for example, an aminoamine carbamate, a hydroxyalkyl or hydroxyalkylalkoxy substituted carbamate organic amine salt, a guanidinoic acid organic amine salt, an N
  • a reaction is formed by reacting propane, epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, butylene oxide or styrene oxide, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
  • the solvent described herein is selected from one or more of the following, but is not limited to: methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of less than 400, and polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of less than 300. , glycerin, glycerol formate or water.
  • a n- is (a) R 1 R 2 N-COO - anion and B m+ is a +1 valent ammonium ion ( + NH 4 ) or a cerium ion [ie, a +1 valent cerium ion (H 3 + When N-NH 2 ) or a +2 valium ion (H 3 + N-NH 3 + )], the compound (I) is R 1 R 2 N-COO -+ NH 4 or R 1 R 2 N- COO - H 3 + N-NH 2 or (R 1 R 2 N-COO - ) 2 (H 3 + N-NH 3 + ), wherein one or both of R 1 or R 2 is the above R group.
  • a n- is (a) R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO - anion and B m+ is a +1 valent ammonium ion ( + NH 4 ) or a cerium ion [ie, a +1 valent cerium ion (H 3 + When N-NH 2 ) or +2 valium ion (H 3 + N-NH 3 + )], the compound (I) is R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO -+ NH 4 or R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO - H 3 + N-NH 2 or (R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO - ) 2 (H 3 + N-NH 3 + ), wherein one or both of R 1 or R 2 is The above R group.
  • R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO -+ NH 4 or R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO - H 3 + N-NH 2 or (R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO - ) 2 (H 3 + N-NH 3 + ) already has an R group and, therefore, can also be used directly as a compound of the formula (I) or as a blowing agent, of course, these compounds R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO -+ NH 4 Or R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO - H 3 + N-NH 2 or (R 1 R 2 N-NH-COO - ) 2 (H 3 + N-NH 3 + ) may further be combined with the above epoxide The reaction is carried out to obtain a compound of the formula (I) having an alcoholamine compound or an alcoholamine residue in the cationic portion.
  • n- is (g) anion and B m+ is having m (for example 2-10, such as 3, 4, 5)-N + R 3 R 4 H groups and/or -N + R
  • the organic amine ion of the 3 H-group (ie, B m+ is not a +1 valent ammonium ion ( + NH 4 ) or a cesium ion, ie, when B is not ammonia or hydrazine)
  • the compound (I) is passed
  • the orthoformate compound is in a solvent (preferably a protic solvent, an alcohol solvent or DMF), optionally in the presence of a catalyst such as aqueous ammonia or an organic amine such as ethylamine, diethylamine or triethylamine.
  • the water is present in an amount sufficient to hydrolyze at least two ester groups of the orthoformate compound, more preferably, the water is present in an amount sufficient to hydrolyze the three ester groups of the orthoformate compound.
  • the hydrolysis catalyst of orthoformate is generally a basic compound, preferably an organic amine.
  • the organic amine compound B having at least one of the above NR groups is composed of ammonia, hydrazine and/or the above-described organic amine compound (M) and the above Epoxides (such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, butylene oxide (including various isomers such as 1,2-butylene oxide, 2, 3-butylene oxide), epoxy chlorobutane (including various isomers such as 1,2-epoxy-4-chlorobutane, 2,3-epoxy-1-chlorobutane) or styrene
  • Epoxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, butylene oxide (including various isomers such as 1,2-butylene oxide, 2, 3-butylene oxide), epoxy chlorobutane (including various isomers such as 1,2-epoxy-4-chlorobutane, 2,3-epoxy-1-chlorobutane) or
  • the average value of q (i.e., the degree of polymerization of the epoxide) is as defined above.
  • the average value of q can be selected according to the specific application of the polyurethane foam.
  • a thermally insulating polyurethane foam in particular a closed cell polyurethane foam
  • the orthoformate compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of the original tris(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl esters, preferably the original tris(C 1 -C 7 )alkyl esters.
  • trimethyl orthoformate, triethyl orthoformate, methyldiethyl orthoformate, tripropyl orthoformate, methyldipropyl orthoformate, tributyl orthoformate, triphenyl orthoformate Ester, tribenzyl orthoformate, diethyl acetyl orthoformate, ethyl acetyl orthoformate, tri(ethylene glycol) orthoformate, tris(diethylene glycol) orthoformate, original Tris(triethylene glycol) formate, tris(tetraethylene glycol) orthoformate, tris(polyethylene glycol (degree of polymerization 5-10)) ester, tris(propylene glycol) orthoformate, orthoformic acid Tris(dipropy
  • the solvent used in the hydrolysis of the orthoformate is selected from one or more of the following, but is not limited to: methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of less than 400.
  • the present invention also provides a process for preparing an organic amine salt compound having an anion as a CO 2 donor, or wherein A n- is (a), (b), (c) a method of the compound of the above formula (I), wherein the anion of any one or more of (d), (e), (f) or (h) comprises a first raw material and a second raw material
  • a solvent preferably a protic solvent or an alcohol solvent
  • a catalyst for example, aqueous ammonia, or an organic amine such as ethylamine, diethylamine or triethylamine
  • R 1 R 2 N-COONH 4 R 1 R 2 N-COOH of an organic amine compound (M) salt thereof, R 1 R 2 N-COOH hydrazine salts (e.g., carbamic acid hydrazide), R 1 R 2 N- NH -COONH 4 (for example ammonium thioformate), a phosphonium salt of R 1 R 2 N-NH-COOH (for example, hydrazinium carbazate), or an organic amine compound (M) salt of R 1 R 2 N-NH-COOH
  • R 1 or R 2 is independently selected from: H, a C 1 -C 7 aliphatic hydrocarbon group (preferably C 1 -C 4 alkyl) optionally substituted by hydroxy or amino or halogen, optionally by hydroxy or amino or halogen-substituted C 3 -C 7 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group (e.g. cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl), or an optionally substituted
  • HO-COONH 4 i.e., ammonium hydrogencarbonate), cesium hydrogencarbonate, or hydrogencarbonate of an organic amine compound (M);
  • R a O-COONH 4 a sulfonium salt of R a O-COOH, or an organic amine compound (M) salt of R a O-COOH;
  • the second starting material is one or more selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R a , R b , R b ', R c are as defined above
  • R 1a , R 2a , R 3a or R 4a are as defined above
  • the organic amine compound (M) is as above Defined.
  • the molar ratio of the first raw material to the second raw material is generally 1:1.3-5. It is preferably 1:1.5 to 4.5, more preferably 1:1.6-4, for example 1:1.5 to 1:3.
  • the first starting material is one or more selected from the group consisting of:
  • Ammonium carbamate, organic amine amine carbamate M (abbreviated as carbamate), guanidine carbamate, ammonium thioglycolate, hydrazinium carbazate, organic amine compound (M) salt of H 2 N-NH-COOH, N-substituted Ammonium urethane (R 1 R 2 N-COO - + NH 4 , or an ammonium salt called R 1 R 2 N-COOH, where R 1 and R 2 are not simultaneously H), N-substituted aminocarboxylic acid organic amine M salt (ie, a salt formed by R 1 R 2 N-COOH with M, abbreviated as amine amide, R 1 and R 2 are not H), ammonium carbonate, organic amine M salt (ie, H 2 CO 3 Salt formed with M, abbreviated as amine carbonate), cesium carbonate, cesium carbonate, ammonium formate, organic amine M salt (ie, a salt formed by formic
  • + MH means a cation formed by combining an organic amine M with one or more hydrogen ions (H + ).
  • the second starting material is one or more selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present invention also provides for the preparation of an anion wherein A n- is any one or more of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (h)
  • a process for a compound of formula (I), which process comprises: in a solvent (preferably a protic solvent or DMF, such as water), optionally in a catalyst (such as aqueous ammonia, or an organic amine such as ethylamine, diethylamine) Or one or more anions selected from (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (h) and ammonia or in the presence of triethylamine
  • a solvent preferably a protic solvent or DMF, such as water
  • a catalyst such as aqueous ammonia, or an organic amine such as ethylamine, diethylamine
  • anions selected from (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (h) and ammonia or in the presence of
  • a method comprising two steps of pre-addition and post-neutralization may be employed, i.e., the above-described method of preparing a compound of formula (I) includes: , ammonia, hydrazine or one or more of the above organic amine compounds (M), and the above-mentioned epoxides as a second raw material (for example, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin) , butylene oxide (including various isomers such as 1,2-butylene oxide, 2,3-butylene oxide), epoxy chlorobutane (including various isomers such as 1,2-ring Oxy-4-chlorobutane, 2,3-epoxy-1-chlorobutane) or a styrene oxide, and a mixture of any two or more thereof, is reacted, and then the resulting compound is anion A a corresponding acid of the precursor of n
  • n- is a pH formate (c) a compound of formula (I) in the range of 5.5 to 6.5, more usually 5.5-6.0 range.
  • the present invention also provides a process for preparing an orthoformic acid organic amine salt compound having an anion as a CO 2 donor, or preparing an anion wherein A n- is (g) A method of a compound of formula (I), the method comprising: a orthoformate compound in a solvent (preferably a protic solvent, an alcohol solvent such as water), optionally in a catalyst (eg, aqueous ammonia, or an organic amine, Hydrolysis in the presence of, for example, ethylamine, diethylamine or triethylamine, and in the presence of an organic amine M belonging to an organic alcohol amine or a compound B belonging to an organic alcohol amine having at least one of the above NR groups and water reaction.
  • the water is present in an amount sufficient to hydrolyze at least two ester groups of the orthoformate compound, more preferably, the water is present in an amount sufficient to hydrolyze the three ester groups of the orthoformate compound.
  • the organic amine compound B is formed by reacting hydrazine and optionally ammonia as a starting material or as an initiator with an epoxide selected from the following One of these epoxides Kind or more:
  • the compound of the formula (I) is a mercaptoamine compound (i.e., a compound of the formula (I) according to the third embodiment), in A n- or B m+ At least one includes a fluorenyl group or a substituted fluorenyl group.
  • at least one of the first materials comprises or contains a mercapto group.
  • at least one of the organic alcohol amine compounds B contains a mercapto group or a substituted mercapto group.
  • the compound B belonging to the organic amine having at least one of the above-mentioned NR groups is composed of ammonia, hydrazine and/or an organic amine as described above.
  • Compound (M) and an epoxide for example, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, butylene oxide (including various isomers such as 1,2-butylene oxide, 2,3-butylene oxide), epoxy chlorobutane (including various isomers such as 1,2-epoxy-4-chlorobutane, 2,3-epoxy-1-chlorobutane) or A styrene oxide, and a mixture of any two or more of them, is prepared by carrying out a reaction.
  • q is the average value (i.e., the degree of polymerization of the epoxide) as defined above.
  • the molar ratio of the ammonia or organic amine compound (M) to the epoxide is preferably from 1.3 to 7, more preferably from 1.5 to 4. More preferably, it is 1.5-3.
  • the compound of the formula (I) wherein A n- is (g) is suitable as a blowing agent for the preparation of a heat-insulating polyurethane foam.
  • the present invention also provides a process for producing a compound of the formula (I) wherein A n- is an anion represented by (g), the method comprising: ammonia or one or more of the above organic amine compounds (M), Reacting with an epoxide as a second starting material to prepare an organic amine compound B having at least one of the above NR groups (i.e., at least one N-bonded R group); then, the orthoformate compound is in a solvent (preferably a protic solvent, an alcohol solvent such as water), optionally in the presence of a catalyst such as aqueous ammonia or an organic amine such as ethylamine, diethylamine or triethylamine, and in the form of an organic alcohol amine
  • a solvent preferably a protic solvent, an alcohol solvent such as water
  • a catalyst such as aqueous ammonia or an organic amine such as ethylamine, diethylamine or triethylamine
  • the hydrolysis reaction is carried
  • the orthoformate compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of the original tris(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl esters, preferably the original tris(C 1 -C 7 )alkyl esters.
  • the original tris(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl esters preferably the original tris(C 1 -C 7 )alkyl esters.
  • the R group in the orthoformate conforms to the characteristics of (1a), (2a) or (3a).
  • the solvent is selected from one or more of the following: methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of less than 400, polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of less than 300, glycerin, glyceride Or water.
  • the first material comprises or contains a mercapto group, or at least one of the first materials comprises or contains a mercapto group.
  • Earthworm is a toxic, flammable and explosive compound. Therefore, you should carefully read the relevant use knowledge and strictly implement the relevant requirements and regulations.
  • an organic amine salt compound or compound mixture having an anion as a CO 2 donor obtained by the method of the fifth and/or sixth embodiment described above.
  • the compound or mixture of compounds contains from 22 to 96% by weight, preferably from 25 to 95% by weight, preferably from 27 to 90% by weight, preferably from 30 to 85% by weight, preferably from 40 to 80% by weight, more preferably from 45 to 75% by weight, of the monoolamine (for example The salt of the monoethanolamine and/or monopropanolamine and the salt of the glycolamine (for example diethanolamine and/or dipropanolamine) (i.e.
  • the compound or mixture of the compounds contains from 15 to 90% by weight, preferably from 17 to 88% by weight, preferably from 20 to 85% by weight, preferably from 25 to 80% by weight, more preferably from 30 to 70% by weight, of the monoolamine (for example monoethanolamine) And/or monopropanolamine) and a glycolamine (for example diethanolamine and/or dipropanolamine) (ie the sum of the weights of the two alcoholamines), based on the total weight of the compound or mixture of compounds.
  • the monoolamine for example monoethanolamine
  • monopropanolamine for example diethanolamine and/or dipropanolamine
  • a glycolamine for example diethanolamine and/or dipropanolamine
  • an organic amine salt compound having the formula (I), and an organic having an anion as a CO 2 donor obtained by the methods of the fifth and sixth embodiments described above
  • an amine salt compound as a foaming agent, especially as a polyurethane foaming agent, a polystyrene foaming agent or a polyvinyl chloride foaming agent.
  • foaming agent especially as a polyurethane foaming agent, a polystyrene foaming agent or a polyvinyl chloride foaming agent.
  • the present invention provides the use of the foaming agent of the present invention as a polystyrene foaming agent or a polyvinyl chloride foaming agent, wherein A n- is one or more selected from the group consisting of:
  • ammonium formate melting point 116 ° C
  • formic acid organic amine M salt it is generally considered that they are not suitable for polyurethane foaming.
  • the inventors of the present application have unexpectedly discovered through extensive research work that when ammonium formate (melting point 116 ° C) or formic acid organic amine M salt is contacted with an isocyanate group, it can react with an NCO group to form an unstable acid anhydride, and then rapidly The carbon dioxide gas and carbon monoxide are liberated, so the necessary measures should be taken for ventilation and explosion protection in practical applications.
  • cesium formate has similar properties.
  • ammonium formate and an epoxide when ammonium formate and an epoxide are used to prepare a compound of the formula (I), it is preferred to first react with formic acid and aqueous ammonia to obtain an aqueous solution of ammonium formate, and then add a small amount of an organic amine (for example, methylamine, two Methylamine or trimethylamine, ethylamine or diethylamine), dehydrated by heating or concentrated under reduced pressure or concentrated in vacuo (for example, such that the water content is from 7 to 15% by weight, for example, about 10% by weight), and then epoxide is introduced ( The reaction is carried out as ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide to obtain a formic acid amine salt (I).
  • an organic amine for example, methylamine, two Methylamine or trimethylamine, ethylamine or diethylamine
  • dehydrated by heating or concentrated under reduced pressure or concentrated in vacuo for example, such that the water
  • the addition of a small amount of an organic amine such as methylamine, dimethylamine or trimethylamine, ethylamine or diethylamine enables the use of formic acid amine salt (I) for formulating a foaming composition ("white In the case of "material", crystallization and precipitation were prevented in the foaming composition ("white material”).
  • an organic amine such as methylamine, dimethylamine or trimethylamine, ethylamine or diethylamine
  • formic acid amine salt (I) for formulating a foaming composition
  • white material crystallization and precipitation were prevented in the foaming composition
  • the compound of the formula (I) is prepared using cesium formate and an epoxide
  • properties or application effects similar or equivalent to those when the compound of the formula (I) is prepared using ammonium formate and an epoxide are obtained.
  • the compound of the formula (I) can be prepared by directly reacting formic acid with an alcohol amine compound.
  • a catalyst such as methylamine, dimethylamine, an alcohol amine or other amine catalyst may be used.
  • Bimetallic catalysts classes, or pressurized heating.
  • At least one alcohol amine compound (which is an organic amine compound (M) having at least one N-H) selected from the following alcohol amine compounds:
  • C 2 -C 12 alcohol amines such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, monopropanolamine, dipropanolamine, tripropanolamine, monoisopropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanol Amine, monobutanolamine, dibutanolamine, or tributylamineamine,
  • blowing agent can also be used directly as a blowing agent, especially as a polyurethane blowing agent, a polystyrene blowing agent or a polyvinyl chloride blowing agent, although these are not preferred.
  • a blowing agent especially as a polyurethane blowing agent, a polystyrene blowing agent or a polyvinyl chloride blowing agent, although these are not preferred.
  • these organic amine salt compounds are considered in terms of foaming efficiency, odor of the blowing agent, cell fineness, and dimensional stability of the finished polyurethane foam ( Ia) (they are not prepared in situ by reaction of an organic amine compound (M) with an epoxide) are not preferred.
  • anions from (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g) and/or (h) are combined with ammonia, hydrazine and/or organic
  • the salt formed by the amine (M) is directly reacted with an epoxide to obtain a compound of the formula (I).
  • bis(hydroxyethylamine) carbonate, bis(hydroxypropylamine) carbonate, hydrogencarbonate (hydroxyethylamine) salt, and hydrogencarbonate (hydroxypropylamine) salt are particularly suitable as a foaming agent for polymerization.
  • Styrene foaming or PVC foaming are particularly suitable as a foaming agent for polymerization.
  • a carbonate of a polyalkylenepolyamine which does not belong to the compound of the above formula (I), such as a carbonate of diethylenetriamine, a carbonate of triethylenetetramine, a tetramethylene-5 Amine carbonate, carbonate of dipropylene triamine, carbonate of tripropylene tetraamine, carbonate of tetrapropylene pentamine, also suitable as a foaming agent for polystyrene Foam or PVC foaming.
  • a formic acid amine salt blowing agent containing (c) formate is not directly usable for a polystyrene foaming agent or a polyvinyl chloride foaming agent.
  • ammonium formate or cesium formate is more miscible with the polymer polyol, that is, ammonium formate or cesium formate can be directly dissolved in the polymer polyol, so that ammonium formate or cesium formate can It is directly used as a polyurethane foaming agent. Therefore, the present application also provides the use of ammonium formate as a foaming agent, especially as a polyurethane foaming agent.
  • ammonium formate is an aqueous solution or an aqueous solution of cesium formate containing a small amount (for example, 0.5 to 15% by weight, such as 1 to 8% by weight, more preferably 2 to 6% by weight) of an organic amine such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine or monoethanolamine
  • a small amount for example, 0.5 to 15% by weight, such as 1 to 8% by weight, more preferably 2 to 6% by weight
  • an organic amine such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine or monoethanolamine
  • the foaming agent of the present invention i.e., the compound of the formula (I) or the organic amine salt compound having an anion as a CO 2 donor obtained by the method of the fifth or sixth embodiment described above
  • the compound of formula (I) contains from 1.5 to 5 R groups per molecule on average.
  • the R group is HOCH 2 CH 2 -, HOCH 2 CH(CH 3 )-, HOCH(CH 3 )CH 2 -, HOCH 2 CH(C 6 H 5 )-, HOCH (C 6 H 5 )CH 2 -, HOCH 2 CH(CH 2 Cl)-, HOCH(CH 2 Cl)CH 2 -, HOCH 2 CH(CBr 3 )- or HOCH(CBr 3 )CH 2 -.
  • the present invention further provides a polyurethane foaming composition
  • a polyurethane foaming composition comprising: 0.01 to 100% by weight of the compound of the above formula (I) (or by the second and third above) An organic amine salt compound having an anion as a CO 2 donor obtained by the method of the embodiment); 0-50% by weight of a physical foaming agent; 0-5 wt% of water, and 0.0-99.99% by weight of a polymerization Polyol; wherein the weight percentage is based on the total weight of the polyurethane foaming composition.
  • the foaming composition of the present invention contains a total of from 0.5 to 4% by weight of water, more preferably from 0.8 to 2.5% by weight, still more preferably from 1 to 2.2% by weight of water.
  • the foaming composition further comprises: a foam stabilizer, a catalyst, a flame retardant, and the like.
  • a foam stabilizer e.g., a foam stabilizer, a catalyst, a flame retardant, and the like.
  • the polymer polyol is selected from the group consisting of polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polyether-polyester polyols, polycarbonate diols, polycarbonate-polyester polyols, polycarbonate-polyether polyols , polybutadiene polyol or polysiloxane polyol.
  • the polymer polyol generally has an average functionality of from 2 to 16, preferably from 2.5 to 10, more preferably from 3 to 8.
  • the physical blowing agent is selected from at least one of the group consisting of n-pentane, isopentane, cyclopentane, other alkanes having a boiling point in the range of 0-100 ° C, HCFC-141b, HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc, LBA, FEA-1100, other chlorofluorocarbons having a boiling point in the range of 0-100 ° C, esters such as methyl formate.
  • the foaming composition of the present invention is transparent or clear; preferably, the polyurethane rigid foaming composition is transparent or clear or translucent or milky white but uniform, or polyurethane foam foaming
  • the composition is a clear or milky white homogeneous liquid. This indicates that the blowing agent of the present invention is dissolved or uniformly dispersed in the polymer polyol.
  • the blowing or blowing agent compositions of the present invention are combined with most of the polyether polyol to form a clear or clear system.
  • the blowing agent or blowing agent composition of the present invention is mixed with a polyester polyol to form a clear or clear system, but it is possible that it is mixed with a small amount of polyester polyol to form a milky white but Uniform system.
  • the polyurethane foaming composition of the present invention (commonly referred to as "white material”) has the following characteristics: 1.
  • An alcohol amine salt or an alcohol amine compound for example, a compound of the formula (I) releases CO 2 after thermal decomposition, while residual alcohol Amines); 2, transparent or clear or translucent or milky white but homogeneous liquid; 3, in the case of heating (for example, 40-80 ° C temperature) or in the addition of acid (more inorganic acid or organic than carbonic acid) In the case of acid), CO 2 is released, the peak decomposition temperature is generally between 45 and 65 ° C; 4.
  • the foaming composition ie "white material”
  • isocyanate or polyisocyanate eg MDI or TDI
  • the mixed material becomes milky white in an instant (for example, 0.2-4 seconds, such as 1-2 seconds).
  • the material rapidly becomes milky white, accompanied by a rapid expansion of the volume, but the process is not the actual initiation of the foam, after which the material begins to rise.
  • water or water and a physical foaming agent are used as the foaming agent, the foaming whitening and lifting are simultaneously performed and are delayed.
  • the foaming composition may contain a small amount of water as a co-blowing agent
  • the compound of the general formula (I) of the present invention preferentially decomposes to release CO 2 , that is, preferentially foaming
  • the addition of a small amount of water does not affect the foaming process or affect the properties of the finished polyurethane foam. That is, in some cases, a small amount of water is present in the blowing compound of the compound of the formula (I), which is in the form of a single molecule which is associated or associated with the compound of the formula (I), or It is advantageous for foaming or does not participate in foaming, that is, does not consume NCO groups.
  • the inventors of the present application have found through research that a small amount of water (i.e., associative water) present in the compound of the formula (I), that is, a blowing agent, does not even participate in the reaction, i.e., does not consume NCO groups. This finding was unexpected.
  • the polyurethane foaming composition of the present invention contains a compound of the formula (I) wherein A n- is (f) HCOO - (formate), it is preferred that the polyurethane of the present invention is produced.
  • the foam composition (commonly known as “white material”) contains 1-5 weight of water. The aim is to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) released during the foaming process.
  • the present invention also provides a polyurethane foam material which is formed by reacting a polyurethane foaming composition as described above with a polyisocyanate monomer (such as MDI and/or TDI) and/or an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer.
  • a polyisocyanate monomer such as MDI and/or TDI
  • the weight ratio of the polyurethane foaming composition to the polyisocyanate monomer and/or the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer is, for example, in the range of from 0.5:1 to 2:1, preferably from 0.5:1 to 1:1. Within the range (for the polyurethane rigid foam type foaming composition) or preferably in the range of 1:1 to 2:1 (for the polyurethane soft foam type foaming composition).
  • the weight ratio is such that the equivalent ratio of the active hydrogen of the foaming composition to the -NCO group contained in the polyisocyanate monomer and/or the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer is from 0.6 to 1.2:1, more preferably 0.7. -0.9:1, ie a slight excess of NCO relative to active hydrogen.
  • the invention also provides the use of the polyurethane foam material, which is used for polyurethane spraying, refrigerator and freezer insulation, container insulation, building insulation board, color steel plate, cold storage board, pipeline insulation, LNG transportation insulation, high resilience foam, low rebound Foam, etc.
  • the organic amine salt compound of formula (I) has at least two active hydrogens, for example 2-10, preferably 3-6.
  • the active hydrogen is present in the form of a primary amine group, a secondary amine group or a hydroxyl group. Therefore, the organic amine salt compound of the formula (I) is capable of releasing CO 2 to participate in foaming, is also involved in chain extension and/or crosslinking, and enhances the strength (ie, mechanical strength and/or mechanical strength) of the cells, so that The obtained polyurethane foam (which was made in a laboratory-made square mold by hand stirring) had good dimensional stability.
  • the density of the polyurethane foam is less than 25 kg/m 3
  • the polyurethane foam obtained by using only water as a foaming agent in the prior art has a severe shrinkage phenomenon, but the general formula (I) of the present invention is used.
  • the polyurethane foam obtained by using the compound as a foaming agent (this foam is made in a laboratory-made square mold by hand stirring) has excellent dimensional stability, especially at ambient conditions or room temperature for at least 5 months. In the case of time, there is almost no visible shrinkage.
  • the finished foam prepared by the present invention (density ⁇ 25 kg/m 3 ) is placed at room temperature (23 ⁇ 2 ° C) for 5 months, polyurethane
  • the shrinkage ratio (length dimension change rate ⁇ L or width dimension change rate ⁇ w or thickness dimension change rate ⁇ r ) of the foam is generally less than 7%, more preferably less than 5%, further preferably less than 3%, even more preferably Less than 1%.
  • organic amine salt compound of the formula (I) of the present invention can be specifically designed according to various application fields of the polyurethane foam to be prepared.
  • the foaming composition of the present invention (commonly referred to as "white material") is used to prepare a polyurethane foam material used as a heat insulating material for a refrigerator, a refrigerator, a refrigerated container, or a refrigerated truck, or for preparing a high rebound, low rebound, etc.
  • a polyurethane foam material used as a heat insulating material for a refrigerator, a refrigerator, a refrigerated container, or a refrigerated truck, or for preparing a high rebound, low rebound, etc.
  • the molar ratio of the first raw material to the second raw material is generally 1 : 1.3-3.5, preferably 1: 1.5-3.
  • the foaming composition of the present invention (commonly referred to as "white material") is used for spray coating
  • the molar ratio of the first raw material to the second raw material is generally 1:2.8-5, preferably 1:3 to 4.5, more preferably 1:3.3-4.
  • the reaction temperature for preparing the compound of the formula (I) is between 0 and 200 ° C, for example 10 ° C, 20 ° C, 30 ° C, 40 ° C, 50 ° C, 60 ° C, 70 ° C, 80 ° C, 90 ° C, 100 ° C, 110 ° C, 120 ° C, 130 ° C, 130 ° C, 150 ° C, 160 ° C, 170 ° C, 180 ° C and 190 ° C.
  • the pressure of the reaction is between 0.1 and 1.5 MPa, such as 0.3 MPa, 0.6 MPa, 0.9 MPa and 1.2 MPa.
  • the reaction time is between 0.5 and 20 hours, for example, 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours.
  • the decomposition temperature of the compound of the formula (I) of the present invention is generally between 45 and 120 ° C, preferably between 50 and 70 ° C, or its decomposition temperature is between 45 and 70 ° C when exposed to isocyanate.
  • the compound of the formula (I) according to the invention or the blowing agent of the invention has a suitable decomposition temperature or has a suitable decomposition temperature when contacted with isocyanate, on the one hand stable at room temperature, and on the other hand in polyurethane foaming During the process, when the foaming reaction system is heated, the carbon dioxide gas can be released at a reasonable speed, so that the foamed material has desirable properties such as distribution density of cells and size uniformity of cells.
  • the most preferred blowing agents in the present invention are carbamates and/or carbonates of the formula (I) due to their suitable decomposition temperatures, suitable carbon dioxide release rates, excellent celluloids.
  • the blowing agent of the invention (especially for carbamates and/or carbonates) has a relatively high pH value (pH > 7.5) and has a high acid acid content per unit weight (or a large amount of CO 2 emission) And, as a foaming agent, especially as a polyurethane foaming agent, it has a high reactivity.
  • the compound of the formula (I) of the present invention has a solubilizing group, that is, an R group, and the compound (I) can be uniformly dissolved or distributed at a molecular level in a polymer polyol such as a polyether polyol and/or a polyester polyol.
  • a polymer polyol such as a polyether polyol and/or a polyester polyol.
  • PVC polyvinyl chloride
  • PS polystyrene
  • the compound of the formula (I) of the present invention has an alcohol amine residue or has an alcohol amine compound, and the decomposition product, that is, the alcohol amine compound produced after the decomposition of the blowing agent (I) releases CO 2 still contains at least two Active hydrogens, which are suitable as chain extenders and/or crosslinkers, the compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention are distinguished both as "foaming points” and as “chain extension points” and/or “crosslinking points”
  • the mechanical strength and mechanical strength of the cells, the obtained polyurethane foam has good dimensional stability, and the polyurethane foam finished product has almost no shrinkage observed after being placed for several months or even one year, without collapse or sputum. Bubble phenomenon. Especially after a long period of time (for example, 10 days) at a higher temperature (for example, 40-60 ° C, or even 40-70 ° C), it still has good dimensional stability.
  • the compound of the formula (I) of the present invention is not easily volatilized and does not contain metal ions (metal ions are corrosive to metal substrates), And all or most of the replacement of the chlorofluorocarbon foaming agent is therefore of great significance for environmental protection, and the foaming effect is remarkably superior to the foaming effect when other foaming agents are used in the prior art.
  • the thermal insulation properties of the foam can be significantly improved as compared with the use of cyclopentane alone.
  • a chlorofluorocarbon such as HCFC-141b or HFC-365mfc
  • the thermal insulation properties of the foam can be significantly improved as compared with the use of the chlorofluorocarbon alone.
  • a specific polyether polyol which is preferably miscible or miscible with the relevant blowing agent is usually selected around a blowing agent or a specific chlorofluorocarbon blowing agent, and the blowing agent of the present invention is used without selecting a specific one.
  • Polyether polyols or polyester polyols have a wide range of utility, and various types of polyester polyols and/or polyether polyols can be used in the foaming composition.
  • the foaming agent of the present invention has an amine group and itself has an autocatalytic function, which can reduce the use of the polyurethane foaming catalyst, and can at least reduce the use of the pre-catalyst or even eliminate the pre-catalyst.
  • the polyurethane foaming agent provided by the invention does not contain chlorofluorocarbons or does not contain chlorofluorocarbons, ODP (potential value for destruction of the ozone layer) is 0, and GWP (greenhouse effect potential value) is equal to 1, is the most environmentally friendly polyurethane foaming agent, the performance is relatively good, the low temperature performance is extremely excellent, the thermal conductivity measured under the condition of minus 160 degrees Celsius is about 20% lower than the best physical foaming agent, this excellent
  • the characteristics can be used for the insulation of natural gas long-distance transportation pipelines. Another characteristic is that the use of cyclopentane can greatly reduce the thermal conductivity of foam materials.
  • the polyurethane foaming agent provided by the invention can replace all existing halogen-containing hydrocarbon (containing halogen) physical foaming agents, and meets the production application of the polyurethane material.
  • the dimensional change rate or shrinkage ratio of the polyurethane foam prepared by using the foaming agent of the present invention or the compound of the general formula (I) as a foaming agent (this foam is produced by using a manual stirring in a laboratory-made square mold) ⁇ 4.5%, preferably ⁇ 1.5%, more preferably ⁇ 0.5% (according to the Chinese national standard GB/T 8811-2008, the placement time may be as required in the standard, or even, the placement time is 5 months).
  • the thermal conductivity w/m ⁇ k (10 ° C) is between 0.01900 and 0.02200, preferably between 0.01910 and 0.02150.
  • the compound or mixture of the formula (I) according to the invention contains a small amount of water which is bound or associated with a molecule of an alcoholamine salt compound of the formula (I) in a single molecule and, therefore, exists in a single molecular form.
  • the water is very beneficial for foaming and helps to improve the performance of the foam product.
  • a small amount of water is also used as a blowing agent or an auxiliary blowing agent in the prior art, these waters are usually present in the form of water clusters or water clusters (ie, in the form of micro-droplets), especially individual water clusters. Having different sizes can result in uneven foaming of the foaming composition, especially resulting in localized collapse of the foam, affecting various properties of the foam product.
  • Figure 1 is an infrared spectrum of the product of Example A-3.
  • Figure 2 is an infrared spectrum of the product of Example A-4.
  • Figure 3 is an infrared spectrum of the product of Example B-6.
  • Example 4 is a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the foam of Example 4.
  • Figure 5 is a SEM of the comparative foam 4-1 of Example 4.
  • Figure 6 is a SEM of the reference foam 4-2 of Example 4.
  • Figure 7 is a SEM of the comparative foam 4-3 of Example 4.
  • Figure 8 is a SEM of the reference foam 4-4 of Example 4.
  • Figure 9 is a SEM of the foam of Example 16.
  • 10, 12 and 14 are photographs showing the appearance of a polyurethane foam using Compound A-4 as a foaming agent of the present invention.
  • Figure 11, Figure 13, and Figure 15 are photographs of the appearance of a comparative polyurethane foam foamed with water.
  • Figure 16 is a SEM of the polystyrene foam of Example 34.
  • Figure 17 is an infrared spectrum of the compound of Example 36 (mercaptolamine salt).
  • the conventional polyether polyols and polyester polyols used in the preparation of polyurethane foams or in foaming compositions are selected from the following varieties: polyethers 4110, 450, 400A, MN500, SU380, SA380, 403, SA460, G350; polyester CF6320, DM2003, YD6004, AKS7004, CF6255.
  • the commonly used catalyst is selected from the group consisting of: 33LV (A-33): 33% solution of triethylenediamine in dipropylene glycol, N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, 70% bis(dimethylamino) Dipropylene glycol solution of ethyl ether, 70% potassium octoate in diethylene glycol solution, dibutyltin dilaurate, PT303, PT304, potassium acetate, PC-8 (N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine), PC -5, PC-41, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, JXP-508, JXP-509, TMR-2, TMR-3, TMR-4.
  • 33LV A-33
  • 33% solution of triethylenediamine in dipropylene glycol N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, 70% bis(dimethylamino) Dipropylene glycol solution of ethy
  • Common flame retardants TCPP, TCEP, DMMP, ammonium chloride, aluminum hydroxide powder, DM1201, DM1301, tetrabromophthalic anhydride diol.
  • Commonly used silane surfactants DC8545, AK-158, AK-8805, AK-8812, AK-8809, AK-8818, AK-8860, DCI990, DC5188, DC6070, DC3042, DC3201.
  • Non-silane surfactant LK-221, LK-443.
  • SAFETY INSTRUCTION In the present invention, where it is involved in the use of an epoxy compound, for safety reasons, the reaction must be carried out under an inert gas (such as nitrogen or argon) before and after the reactants are added to the reactor to prevent explosion. . Further, in the case of adding ethylene oxide, for the sake of safety, it is preferred to add it to the reactor in portions, and the propylene oxide may be added to the reactor at one time or in batches.
  • the reactor is typically a pressure reactor equipped with a cooling unit unless otherwise stated.
  • the epoxy compound is slowly added to the reactor in batches, and for those relatively safe
  • the epoxy compound is also slowly added to the reactor in batches to control the reaction conditions such as the reaction rate to ensure safety. Hydrazine hydrate is also a flammable and explosive toxic compound, so it must be carried out in accordance with the relevant requirements and regulations.
  • the properties of the foam were tested in accordance with the Chinese National Standard GB/T 26689-2011 (rigid polyurethane foam for refrigerators and freezers).
  • the size of the sample is typically 10*10*2.5 cm.
  • the thermal conductivity is carried out in accordance with GB/T 10294-2008 or GB/T 10295-2008.
  • the average temperature is 10 ° C, and the temperature difference between the hot and cold plates is 15 to 20 ° C.
  • the apparent (core) density was tested in accordance with GB/T 6343-2009.
  • Low temperature dimensional stability is tested according to GB/T 8811-2008 at -30 °C ⁇ 2 °C.
  • the compressive strength was tested in accordance with GB/T 8813-2008.
  • the closed cell ratio (ie, the percentage of closed cell volume) was tested in accordance with GB/T 10799-2008.
  • the content of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal ions was measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Seiko Instruments, Inc.; SAS/727) to be below the detection limit. By gas chromatography, the molar ratio of monopropanolamine to dipropanolamine was 1:0.06.
  • Compound A-1 contains about 75 wt% of a salt of both monopropanolamine and dipropanolamine. It also contains a portion of the water. In addition, the compound A-1 contains about 55 wt% of a single Propylamine and dipropanolamine (after heating compound A-1 to release carbon dioxide).
  • Compound A-1 is a transparent or clear liquid which is stable at room temperature or under ambient conditions. It is suitable as a polyurethane foaming agent.
  • the basic characteristics of HFC-245fa, LBA and pentafluorobutane are as follows:
  • the GWP greenhouse effect potential
  • the decomposition temperature is relatively high, overcoming some low boiling point (less than 20 ° C) physical blowing agents such as HFC-245fa, LBA.
  • Many disadvantages such as pentafluorobutane, such as GWP is much larger than 1, lower boiling point, and more volatile, while the compound A-1 of the present invention has a GWP equal to 1, a relatively high boiling point, is not volatile, and an ODP (destruction of the ozone layer).
  • the potential value is 0, does not destroy the atmospheric ozone layer; it is not volatile and easy to transport and store.
  • Example A-5 (preferred by the present invention)
  • Example A-6 (preferred by the present invention)
  • Liquid chromatography analysis and gas chromatography analysis indicated that Compound B-1 was a mixture containing various alcohol amines. The content of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal ions was determined to be below the detection limit by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Seiko Instruments, Inc.; SAS/727). By gas chromatography, the molar ratio of monopropanolamine to dipropanolamine was 1:0.22.
  • Compound B-1 contains about 78% by weight of monopropanolamine and dipropyl a salt of both alcoholamines. Compound B-1 contained about 56% by weight of monopropanolamine and dipropanolamine.
  • the decomposition temperature is between 45 and 70 °C. Liquid chromatography analysis and gas chromatography analysis indicated that Compound B-2 was a mixture containing various alkanolamines.
  • Example C-1 was repeated except that 15 kg of propylene oxide was used instead of 12 kg of ethylene oxide, and propylene oxide was not added to the reactor in batches, but was added in one portion.
  • Compound C-2 was obtained.
  • the above compounds C-1, C-2 and C-3 immediately release carbon dioxide gas upon contact with the isocyanate, and also emit a small amount of carbon monoxide gas, overcoming the disadvantages of a general physical blowing agent such as methyl formate.
  • the compound C-4, C-5 or C-6 immediately emits carbon dioxide gas upon contact with the isocyanate, and also emits a small amount of carbon monoxide gas, overcoming the disadvantages of the general physical blowing agent.
  • the isocyanate compound first reacts with the NCO group to form a less stable carbonic anhydride.
  • the inventors have unexpectedly discovered that when compound D-1 is mixed with a polyether polyol and/or a polyester polyol, for example, a foaming composition ("white material") is formulated, compound D-1 dissolved in the white material
  • the decomposition temperature can be increased to 45-65 °C. This allows the compound D-1 to have a suitable decomposition temperature and, therefore, is suitable for use in polyurethane foaming.
  • the composition was foamed, and then 95.5 parts of isocyanate MDI (PM200, Yantai Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd.) was added thereto, and the mixture was uniformly stirred and foamed to obtain a polyurethane foam.
  • MDI isocyanate
  • the sample was taken, and after cutting with a blade, the cell was observed by magnifying 100 times with SEM. As shown in Figure 4, the cell diameter was 205 microns.
  • Example 4 As a comparison, this Example 4 was repeated except that 5 parts by weight of water and 12 parts by weight of cyclopentane (1:2.4 by weight) were used as a foaming agent to obtain a comparative foam 4-1; as shown in Fig. 5, The cell diameter was 396 microns.
  • Example 4 was repeated except that the compound A-4 of the present invention and cyclopentane (1:1.5 by weight) were used as a foaming agent to obtain a reference foam 4-2; as shown in Fig. 6, the cell diameter was It is 306 microns.
  • this Example 4 was repeated except that water + LBA + cyclopentane (1:1:1 by weight) was used as a blowing agent to obtain Comparative Foam 4-3, as shown in Fig. 7, the cell diameter was 495 microns.
  • This Example 4 was repeated except that the compound A-4, LBA and cyclopentane (1:1.2:1.3 by weight) of the present invention were used as a foaming agent to obtain a reference foam 4-4, as shown in Fig. 8, The pore diameter is 335 microns.
  • the foam appears fine, uniform, and dense, and the number of cells per unit area is significantly larger. It can be seen from Fig. 5 and Fig. 7 that the diameter of the cells is obviously uneven, and the number of cells per unit area is significantly less.
  • test data in the above list is the test data made by the foam samples prepared by the conventional foaming box and the self-made foaming model. It is a manually prepared free foam sample.
  • the shrinkage rate (dimension change rate) is measured according to the Chinese national standard GB/T 8811-2008, but the placement time is 5 months. The same below.
  • the product of the embodiment 4 is fine, uniform and compact. As shown in FIG. 4, it has good heat insulation performance and can meet various performance requirements in the field of refrigerators and freezers.
  • the product of Example 5 is capable of meeting various performance requirements in polyurethane pipe insulation.
  • the product of Example 6 is very fine, uniform and compact, and can meet the requirements of various performances of LNG (liquefied natural gas) conveying cold preservation applications.
  • the product of Example 7 can meet the various performance requirements of the polyurethane insulation board.
  • the product of Example 8 can meet various performance requirements of polyurethane color steel plates and cold storage plates.
  • Examples 12-20 were repeated as in Examples 2-10, except that the blowing agent was as shown in Table 2.
  • test data in each of the above lists is the test data made by the foam samples prepared by the conventional foaming box and the self-made foaming model, and is a manually prepared free foam sample.
  • the product of Example 14 has good thermal insulation properties and can meet various performance requirements in the field of refrigerators and freezers.
  • the product of Example 15 is capable of meeting various performance requirements in polyurethane pipe insulation.
  • the foam product of Example 16 appears to be more delicate, uniform, and dense, as shown in Fig. 9, and therefore, it can meet various performance requirements of LNG (liquefied natural gas) conveying cold preservation applications.
  • the product of Example 17 can meet the various performance requirements of the polyurethane insulation board.
  • the product of Example 18 can meet various performance requirements of polyurethane color steel sheets and cold storage sheets.
  • Examples 24-26 were repeated as in Examples 21-23, except that the blowing agent was as shown in Table 2.
  • the closed cell ratio was >97%.
  • test data in the above list is made from foam samples prepared using conventional foaming boxes and homemade foaming models.
  • the test data is a manually prepared free bubble sample.
  • Example 28 was repeated except that only 15 parts by weight of cyclopentane was used as the blowing agent.
  • test data in each of the above lists is the test data made by the foam samples prepared by the conventional foaming box and the self-made foaming model, and is a manually prepared free foam sample.
  • test data in each of the above lists is the test data made by the foam samples prepared by the conventional foaming box and the self-made foaming model, and is a manually prepared free foam sample.
  • CT refers to the time of launch
  • GT refers to the drawing time
  • the reactivity of the white material in the above white material system of CFA-CP is basically unchanged, and it is generally considered that it can be placed at room temperature for more than half a year after being placed at 50 ° C for 51 days.
  • the thermal conductivity value of the foam prepared by mixing CFA-CP is also stable.
  • the following is a sample prepared by sampling at different time intervals (the same conditions as in Example 9) and the thermal conductivity of the foam. Tested, the results are as follows:
  • Example 5 we configured a white material prepared entirely using CFA in a conventional white material formulation and allowed to stand at room temperature for 3 months. The white matter activity and the thermal conductivity of the foam were measured every other month. The results are as follows:
  • the TFT in the table refers to the peeling time of the crust.
  • Example 5 The above Example 5 was repeated, but the amount of the blowing agent was changed to 15 parts by weight of the compound A-4, and at the same time, the above Example 5 was repeated as a comparison, but only water was used as the foaming agent, and the respective white materials were separately prepared and For the respective foam materials, it was observed whether the stability of the change of the two foam materials with time was changed with the same density of the obtained foam materials.
  • the preparation time was April 16, 2015, and the density was 22 kg/m 3 .
  • Figure 10 and Figure 12 show the initial appearance of the foam of the present invention
  • Figures 11 and 13 show the foam prepared by using water as a foaming agent. Initial appearance.
  • Figure 14 is the product of the present invention, the appearance and size of the product has almost no change
  • Figure 15 shows that the comparative sample has shrunk, polyurethane experts believe that when the foam density
  • the problem of shrinkage in the case of foaming with water at about 25 kg/m 3 is unavoidable, which is the biggest difference between CFA and water.
  • water foaming is used in the field of building exterior wall spraying, etc. The foam will shrink over time and the thermal conductivity will deteriorate.
  • the temperature of each section of the extruder is: a section of 85 ° C ⁇ 95 ° C, two sections of 95 ° C ⁇ 105 ° C, three sections, 105 ° C ⁇ 115 ° C, four sections 115 ° C ⁇ 125 ° C; The temperature is from 125 ° C to 130 ° C; the screw rotation speed is from 5 rpm to 9 rpm
  • each section of the extruder is: 145 °C ⁇ 150 °C, two sections 155 °C ⁇ 165 °C, three sections, 175 °C ⁇ 185 °C, four sections 180 °C ⁇ 195 ° C; mold temperature 195 ° C ⁇ 205 ° C; screw speed of 5 rpm ⁇ 9 rpm.
  • the obtained profile had a specific gravity of 0.55 g/cm 3 .
  • control pressure does not exceed 0.3 MPa, and then slowly add a total of 1200g of propylene oxide (molecular weight 58.08) in batches, after the addition, control temperature 45-70 ° C, the pressure is stirred below 0.3MPa for 1 hour Then, the temperature is lowered to 50 ° C, and unnecessary water and unreacted propylene oxide are removed under reduced pressure at 600 mHg, stirring is started, and 800-1200 g of carbon dioxide is introduced into the reaction vessel, and the temperature is controlled at 45-60 ° C to control the pressure.
  • the decomposition temperature of the compound is in the range of 45-70 °C.
  • the carbon dioxide is quickly released after heating to 55 °C.
  • the infrared spectrum of the compound is shown in Figure 17.
  • a polystyrene resin powder 100 parts by weight of a polystyrene resin powder, 6 parts by weight of diethylenetriamine carbonate, an average particle size of 175 micrometers of calcium carbonate, 0.3 parts by weight of zinc stearate, and 0.3 parts by weight of a toner ( Weichang brand, produced by Shenzhen Weichang Pigment Co., Ltd.) is put into a mixer and mixed at a temperature of 30-40 ° C to obtain a polystyrene foaming composition, and then a single screw extruder (length to diameter ratio of the screw) In 28:1) extrusion molding, the temperature of each section of the extruder is: a section of 85 ° C ⁇ 95 ° C, two sections of 95 ° C ⁇ 105 ° C, three sections, 105 ° C ⁇ 115 ° C, four sections of 115 ° C ⁇ 125 ° C; The mold temperature is 125 ° C to 130 ° C; the screw speed is 5 r
  • the color toner (Weichang brand, produced by Shenzhen Weichang Pigment Co., Ltd.) is put into a mixer and mixed at a temperature of 30-40 ° C to obtain a polyvinyl chloride foaming composition, and then a single screw extruder is used ( The length-to-diameter ratio of the screw is extruded at 28:1).
  • each section of the extruder is: 145 °C ⁇ 150 °C, two sections 155 °C ⁇ 165 °C, three sections, 175 °C ⁇ 185 °C, four sections 180 °C ⁇ 195 ° C; mold temperature 195 ° C ⁇ 205 ° C; screw speed of 5 rpm ⁇ 9 rpm.
  • the obtained profile had a specific gravity of 0.53 g/cm 3 .

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Abstract

具有通式（I）的有机胺盐化合物：An-[Bm+]p 。式中，An-是作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子，其中n＝1,2或3； Bm+是或包含：铵离子，肼离子和/或有机胺B阳离子；其中m＝1-10；0<p≤（n/m）和其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：（a）氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根；（b）碳酸根；（c）甲酸根；（d）碳酸氢根；（e）有机单碳酸根；（f）有机多氨基甲酸根，（g）原甲酸根；或（h）有机多碳酸根，该通式（I）化合物具有至少一个是与N原子连接的羟烷基，即具有醇胺残基。它们可作为聚氨酯发泡剂，大部分的发泡剂可用作聚苯乙烯发泡剂或聚氯乙烯发泡剂。

Description

具有作为CO2给体的阴离子的有机胺盐类化合物及其作为发泡剂的用途 技术领域
本发明涉及具有作为CO2给体的阴离子的有机胺盐类化合物及其作为发泡剂的用途，更具体地说，提供不仅具有作为CO2给体的阴离子而且具有羟烷基或羟烷基烷氧基基团作为增溶基团或C2-C14烃基(如2-氯乙基、3-氯丙基或苯乙基)作为增溶基团的新型有机胺盐类化合物，及其在发泡材料如聚氨酯泡沫体或PVC发泡材料或聚苯乙烯发泡等材料中的应用。
技术背景
聚氨酯硬泡作为一种高分子新材料，其质量轻、强度高并具有极低的热导率，是优质的绝热保温材料，广泛应用于冷藏保温、尤其化学武器冷藏保温、建筑节能、太阳能、汽车、冰箱冰柜等家电等产业。聚氨酯硬泡生产中最重要的原料是发泡剂。目前这些发泡剂除了环戊烷以外都是含氯氟烃物质，由于它们对大气臭氧层的破坏所以各国政府早已签订了“蒙特利尔协定书”的国际公约，限制和逐步淘汰、禁止该类产品的生产和使用，中国也是该协定书的签约国。
目前中国还在使用的是第二代含氯氟烃发泡剂HCFC-141b(一氟二氯乙烷)和环戊烷，欧美等发达国家早已禁止使用HCFC-141b，中国政府2013年就将HCFC-141b的消费量冻结在2009年和2010年的消费水平上，2015年淘汰冻结20％的消费量，并承诺提前至2025年完全禁止生产和使用，目前欧美等发达国家使用的是第三代发泡剂五氟丙烷(HFC-245fa)和五氟丁烷(HFC-365)，第二、三代发泡剂的GWP(温室效应潜能值)都很高，因此欧美将在2019年以前禁止第三代发泡剂的使用。为此美国霍尼韦尔公司又开发出了第四代物理发泡剂一氯三氟丙烯(LBA)，它的ODP(对臭氧层的破坏的潜能值)虽然为零，比第三代相对环保，但GWP大于1，而且该产品价格昂贵。总之除了环戊烷以外的这些物理发泡剂本身以及生产过程中都涉及氯氟元素，环保问题依然难以彻底解决，都将被淘汰。
现有技术公开了直接将CO2作为聚氨酯发泡剂，但是，鉴于CO2气体的逃逸和它在原料MDI和聚酯多元醇和/或聚醚多元醇中的溶解度不好，使得CO2气体在发泡组合物中无法均匀地分散，并且发泡过程不容易控制。
另外，现有技术公开了直接将少量的水作为聚氨酯发泡剂，但是，鉴于水分子的氢键作用和水在聚酯多元醇和/或聚醚多元醇中的溶解度不好，水分子以微滴的形式存在于发泡 组合物(如聚醚多元醇组分)中，在发泡材料中造成局部过度反应和发泡。如果用水作为发泡剂，则在聚氨酯泡沫材料中包含较多的脲键，大大影响泡沫材料的强度和绝热性能。此外，如果作为发泡剂的水的用量稍稍提高，则会显著影响到聚氨酯泡沫体的性能和尺寸稳定性。如果将水作为唯一的发泡剂，则聚氨酯泡沫体会遭遇收缩、焦烧和绝热性能差的问题(shrinkage,scorching,inadequate heat insulation)。
总之，现有技术中的发泡剂(例如水)无法以分子水平被分散到发泡组合物中，从而造成泡孔的分布不均匀和泡孔的尺寸不均匀，最终影响到发泡材料的强度性能和绝热性质。
发明内容
为克服现有技术中存在的缺点，本发明的发明目的是提供一种聚氨酯发泡剂及其制备方法，不含氯氟烃，不会破坏大气臭氧层。
本发明的目的是提供不仅具有作为CO2给体的阴离子而且具有羟烷基或羟烷基烷氧基基团作为增溶基团或C2-C14烃基(如2-氯乙基、3-氯丙基或苯乙基)作为增溶基团的新型有机胺盐类化合物，及其在发泡材料如聚氨酯泡沫体或PVC发泡材料或聚苯乙烯发泡材料中的应用。
该新型有机胺盐类化合物适合作为发泡剂。它在发泡过程中产生CO2气体。本申请的发明人意外地发现，作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子在升高的温度下容易分解产生CO2气体，甚至在较低的温度下进行发泡时，下面所述的作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子能够被异氰酸酯单体如MDI和TDI所含的NCO基团激活，快速释放出CO2气体。另外，由于具有增溶基团，使得发泡剂能够充分溶于发泡原料(如聚醚多元醇或聚酯多元醇)中或与发泡原料之间有很好的互溶性，本发明的发泡剂能够均匀地分散于发泡组合物中以便均匀地发泡，在聚氨酯泡沫体中泡孔的分布也比较均匀，并且泡孔的尺寸比较均匀。另外，本发明的发泡剂化合物含有羟基和/或氨基，在该发泡剂分解释放出CO2之后所产生的分解产物仍然含有羟基和/或氨基，当分解产物的分子量较低时，它们适合作为扩链剂或交联剂与异氰酸酯发生反应形成聚合物，而当分解产物的分子量较高(例如数均分子量为100-3000)时，它们可替代发泡组合物中的一部分聚酯多元醇或聚醚多元醇，例如在现有技术的发泡组合物的基础上适当减少聚酯多元醇或聚醚多元醇的用量。本领域的技术人员能够根据本发明所述的发泡剂的平均羟值以及聚酯多元醇或聚醚多元醇的平均羟值来计算本发明发泡剂的用量和聚酯多元醇和/或聚醚多元醇的用量。尤其，在采用多元醇和多异氰酸酯进行发泡的过程中，如果采用本发明的有机胺盐类化合物作为发泡剂，则，有机胺盐类化合物既作为“发泡点”又作为“扩链点”和/或“交联点”，显著增强了泡孔的力学强度和机械强度，所获得的聚氨酯 泡沫体具有良好的尺寸稳定性。因此，基于上述三个方面，完成了本发明。
在本申请中，“作为CO2给体的阴离子”是指在加热的情况下或在发泡过程中能够分解而释放出CO2的阴离子。
根据本发明的第一个实施方案，提供具有以下通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物(即，有机醇胺盐化合物)或有机胺盐化合物混合物(即，有机醇胺盐化合物混合物)：
An-[Bm+]p    (I)
式中，An-是作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子，其中n＝1,2或3；
Bm+是或包含：+1价的铵离子、+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)、+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)和/或具有m个的-+NR3R4H基团和/或-+NR3H-基团的一种或多种有机胺B的阳离子；
其中m＝1-10，优选m＝1-5，更优选m＝1-2；
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000001
和
其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
(a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根：R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；
(b)碳酸根：CO3 2-；
(c)甲酸根：HCOO-；
(d)碳酸氢根：HO-COO-；
(e)有机单碳酸根：RaO-COO-，其中Ra是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)，或C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C2酰基)；
(f)有机多氨基甲酸根：-OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COO-，或Rb'(-N(R1)-COO-)3，
式中，Rb是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C16亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优选C2-C6亚烃基)，Rb'是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的三价C2-C20烃基(更优选三价C3-C15亚烃基)；
(g)
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000002
式中，R’是H、任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)，或C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C7酰基)；或
(h)有机多碳酸根：-OOC-ORcO-COO-，
式中，Rc是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优 选C2-C6亚烃基)；
其中，R1,R2,R3或R4独立地选自：H，R，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基，更优选C2-C3烷基)(例如，羟乙基或羟丙基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)；
前提条件是：在上述通式(I)的化合物中R1,R2,R3或R4中至少一个(例如1或2个)是与N原子连接的R基团，或所述通式(I)的化合物具有至少一个(例如1或2个)与N键接的R基团；
其中该R基团选自于下列基团中的一种或多种：
(1a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)]q-,例如H(OCH2CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH3))q-、H(OCH(CH3)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(C6H5))q-、H(OCH(C6H5)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH2Cl))q-、H(OCH(CH2Cl)CH2)q-或H(OCH2CH(CBr3))q-；
(2a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)]q-；或
(3a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)CH(R4a)]q-；
其中q的值或平均值是q＝1-50；R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基。
根据本发明的第二个实施方案，提供具有以下通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物(即，有机醇胺盐化合物)或有机胺盐化合物混合物(即，有机醇胺盐化合物混合物)：
An-[Bm+]p  (I)
式中，An-是作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子，其中n＝1,2或3；
Bm+是或包含：+1价的铵离子(+NH4)和/或具有m个的-+NR3R4H基团和/或-+NR3H-基团(即，具有m个的与+H结合以形成阳离子的伯胺、仲胺和/或叔胺基团)的一种或多种有机胺B的阳离子(即由一种或多种有机胺B形成的阳离子)，简称有机胺阳离子；其中m＝1-10，如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10个；
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000003
其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
(a)氨基甲酸根：R1R2N-COO-；
(b)碳酸根：CO3 2-；
(c)甲酸根：HCOO-；
(d)碳酸氢根：HO-COO-；
(e)有机(基)单碳酸根：RaO-COO-，其中Ra是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)、C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C2酰基)；
(f)有机(基)多氨基甲酸根：-OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COO-，或Rb'(-N(R1)-COO-)3，
式中，Rb是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C16亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优选C2-C6亚烃基，如-CH2-CH2-)，Rb'是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的三价C2-C20烃基(更优选三价C3-C15亚烃基，如-CH2-CH(CH2-)-CH2-等)；
(g)
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000004
(即HC(OR’)O2 2-)，或
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000005
(即HCO3 3-)，
式中，R’是H、任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)、C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C7酰基)；或
(h)有机(基)多碳酸根：-OOC-ORcO-COO-，
式中，Rc是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优选C2-C6亚烃基)；
其中，R1,R2,R3或R4独立地选自：H，R，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基，更优选C2-C3烷基)(例如，羟乙基或羟丙基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)；
前提条件是：在上述通式(I)的化合物中R1,R2,R3或R4中至少一个(例如1或2个)是与N原子连接的R基团(即N-R基团)，或所述通式(I)的化合物具有至少一个(例如1或2个)与N键接的R基团(即至少一个N-R基团)；
其中该R基团选自于下列基团中的一种或多种：
(1a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)]q-,例如H(OCH2CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH3))q-、H(OCH(CH3)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(C6H5))q-、H(OCH(C6H5)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH2Cl))q-、H(OCH(CH2Cl)CH2)q-或H(OCH2CH(CBr3))q-；
(2a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)]q-；或
(3a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)CH(R4a)]q-；
其中q的值或平均值是q＝1-50，优选1-20，更优选1-5,更优选q＝1-4，更优选q＝1-3，特别优选q＝1-2.5，更特别优选q＝1.5-2.0，按q的平均值计算，或q是5-50,更优选10-20； R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(如苯基或甲基苯基)。
根据本发明的第三个实施方案，提供具有以下通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物(即，有机醇胺盐化合物)或有机胺盐化合物混合物(即，有机醇胺盐化合物混合物)，即，提供以下通式(I)的具有肼基的醇胺盐类化合物：
An-[Bm+]p    (I)
式中，An-是作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子，其中n＝1,2或3；
Bm+是或包含：+1价的铵离子、+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)、+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)和/或具有m个的-+NR3R4H基团和/或-+NR3H-基团的一种或多种有机胺B的阳离子；
并且，An-和Bm+中的至少一种包含肼和/或包含肼基或取代肼基；
其中m＝1-10，优选m＝1-5；更优选m＝1-2；
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000006
和
其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
(a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根：R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；
(b)碳酸根：CO3 2-；
(c)甲酸根：HCOO-；
(d)碳酸氢根：HO-COO-；
(e)有机单碳酸根：RaO-COO-，其中Ra是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)，或C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C2酰基)；
(f)有机多氨基甲酸根：-OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COO-，或Rb'(-N(R1)-COO-)3，
式中，Rb是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C16亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优选C2-C6亚烃基)，Rb'是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的三价C2-C20烃基(更优选三价C3-C15亚烃基)；
(g)
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000007
式中，R’是H、任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)，或C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C7酰基)；或
(h)有机多碳酸根：-OOC-ORcO-COO-，
式中，Rc是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优选C2-C6亚烃基)；
其中，R1,R2,R3或R4独立地选自：H，R，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基，更优选C2-C3烷基)(例如，羟乙基或羟丙基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)；
前提条件是：在上述通式(I)的化合物中R1,R2,R3或R4中至少一个(例如1或2个)是与N原子连接的R基团，或所述通式(I)的化合物具有至少一个(例如1或2个)与N键接的R基团；
其中该R基团选自于下列基团中的一种或多种：
(1a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)]q-,例如H(OCH2CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH3))q-、H(OCH(CH3)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(C6H5))q-、H(OCH(C6H5)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH2Cl))q-、H(OCH(CH2Cl)CH2)q-或H(OCH2CH(CBr3))q-；
(2a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)]q-；或
(3a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)CH(R4a)]q-；
其中q的值或平均值是q＝1-50；R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基。
优选的是，当An-是(a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根时，在上述通式(I)的化合物中R1,R2,R3或R4中至少一个(例如1或2个)是与N原子连接的R基团，并且所述通式(I)的化合物具有至少一个(例如1或2个)与N键接的R基团和至少一个(例如1或2个)肼基或取代肼基；或当An-是(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)、(g)或(h)时，所述通式(I)的化合物包含有机胺B并且该有机胺B具有至少一个(例如1或2个)与N键接的R基团和至少一个(例如1或2个)肼基或取代肼基。
在本申请中，“An-和Bm+中的至少一种包含肼和/或包含肼基或取代肼基”是指通式(I)化合物包含至少一个肼离子和/或包含至少一个肼基或取代肼基；更具体地说，如果An-是选自于(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)、(g)或(h)中的一种或多种时,则Bm+是或包含：+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)、+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)和/或具有肼基或取代肼基(例如该肼基或取代肼基对应于-+NR3R4H基团和/或-+NR3H-基团)的一种或多种有机胺B的阳离子(即，有机胺B具 有肼基或取代肼基)，或如果An-是(a)肼基甲酸根R1R2N-NH-COO-时，则Bm+是或包含：+1价的铵离子、+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)、+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)和/或具有m个的-+NR3R4H基团和/或-+NR3H-基团的一种或多种有机胺B的阳离子，该有机胺B具有或不具有肼基或取代肼基。
根据本发明的第四个实施方案，提供具有以下通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物：
An-[Bm+]p    (I)
式中，An-是作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子，其中n＝1或2；
Bm+是或包含：+1价的铵离子、+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)、+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)和/或具有m个的-+NR3R4H基团和/或-+NR3H-基团的一种或多种有机胺B的阳离子；
其中m＝1-10，优选m＝1-5，更优选m＝1-2；
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000008
和
其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
(a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根：R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；
(b)碳酸根：CO3 2-；
(c)甲酸根：HCOO-；或
(d)碳酸氢根：HO-COO-；
其中，R1,R2,R3或R4独立地选自：H，R，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基，更优选C2-C3烷基)(例如，羟乙基或羟丙基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)；
前提条件是：当An-是(a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根时，在上述通式(I)的化合物中R1,R2,R3或R4中至少一个是与N原子连接的R基团，或所述通式(I)的化合物具有至少一个与N键接的R基团；或当An-是(b)、(c)或(d)时，所述通式(I)的化合物包含有机胺B并且该有机胺B具有至少一个与N键接的R基团，
其中该R基团选自于下列基团中的一种或多种：
(1a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)]q-,例如H(OCH2CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH3))q-、H(OCH(CH3)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(C6H5))q-、H(OCH(C6H5)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH2Cl))q-、H(OCH(CH2Cl)CH2)q-或H(OCH2CH(CBr3))q-；
(2a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)]q-；或
(3a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)CH(R4a)]q-；
其中q的值或平均值是q＝1-50；R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，任选被羟基 或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基。
在本申请中，优选，具有至少一个N-R基团的有机胺类化合物B是通过在所述有机胺类化合物(M)、氨和/或肼的每一个分子的至少一个N原子上被上述一个或多个R基团所取代而形成的。
在本申请中，优选的是，当An-是(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)、(g)或(h)时，通式(I)的化合物每分子平均具有1-5.5个的R基团，优选1.3-5个的R基团，更优选1.5-2个的R基团，并且这些R基团存在于具有至少一个N-R基团的有机胺类化合物B中；或当An-是(a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根时，通式(I)的化合物每分子平均具有1-5.5个的R基团，优选1.3-5个的R基团，更优选1.5-2个的R基团，并且这些R基团存在于有机胺类化合物B和/或阴离子(a)中。
在本申请中，优选的是，R是羟丙基，即HO-CH2-CH2(CH3)-或HO-CH2(CH3)-CH2-，羟乙基和/或，羟基氯丙基。
在本申请中，优选的是，在通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物中，具有一个R基团的通式(I)化合物(例如单醇胺盐)与具有两个R基团的通式(I)化合物(例如二醇胺盐)的摩尔比是1:0至1:2.5，优选1:0.3至1:2，优选1:0.5至1:1。
在本申请中，An-[Bm+]p也可以表示为化学式或通式ABp。它们是醇胺盐化合物。因此在水的存在下它们呈现为离子化合物的形式。
在本申请中，优选的是，其中A或An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
(a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根：R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；
(b)碳酸根：CO3 2-；或
(d)碳酸氢根：HO-COO-。
在本申请中，优选的是，
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000009
优选，m＝1或2或3。
在本申请中，优选，取代肼基是指被以上所述的取代基R1,R2,R3或R4所取代的肼基。
在本申请中，一般来说，其中An-是甲酸根(c)的通式(I)化合物或化合物混合物的pH为5.5-6.5。除了其中An-是甲酸根(c)的通式(I)化合物(pH＝5.5-6.5)之外，通式(I)的其它化合物的pH为7.5-10，优选7.8-9.5，更优选pH 8-9。优选，通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物的碱金属和碱土金属的含量为0-200ppm(质量)，更优选低于100ppm，更优选低于10ppm，最优选为低于检测极限或为0 ppm。
优选，在本申请中，通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物中水的含量为0-40wt％，优选 5-35wt％，更优选10-30wt％，更优选15-25wt％。相应地，在本申请中，通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物含有22-96wt％，优选25-95wt％，优选27-90wt％，优选30-85wt％，优选40-80wt％，更优选45-75wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)的盐和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)的盐(即两者之和：单醇胺的盐+二醇胺的盐)，基于通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物的总重量。或者，通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物含有15-90wt％，优选17-88wt％，优选20-85wt％，优选25-80wt％，更优选30-70wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)(即两者之和：单醇胺+二醇胺)，基于通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物的总重量。
优选，通式(I)的化合物平均每分子含有1.5-5个R基团。
在本申请中，肼离子是指：+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)或+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)。即，肼离子是或包括：+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)和+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)。
在本申请中，通式(I)化合物每分子具有至少一个上述R基团。
在本申请中，R基团与下列基团相同或不同：任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)。
在本申请中，-+NR3R4H基团是指-NR3R4+H基团，-+NR3H-基团是指-NR3(+H)-基团。一般，有机胺B具有≥m个(例如m至m+3个)的伯胺、仲胺和/或叔胺基团，和任选地具有季铵基团。举例来说，CH3CH2 +NH2H(即乙胺阳离子，CH3CH2 NH2 +H)是由乙胺与一个+H离子相结合所形成的，这里B1+＝CH3CH2 +NH2H或CH3CH2 NH2 +H，m＝1，B＝乙胺。在上式中，伯胺、仲胺和/或叔胺基团选自于-NR3R4基团和-NR3-基团。
有机胺类化合物B是具有m至m+3个的伯胺、仲胺和/或叔胺基团，和任选地具有季铵基团的有机胺类。优选，有机胺类化合物B具有2-200个碳原子(优选3-50个、更优选3-20个、更优选3-12个)的有机胺化合物。一般，它具有以上所述的R基团。
在本申请中，有机胺类化合物B，或具有≥m个(例如m至m+3个)的伯胺、仲胺和/或叔胺基团和任选地具有季铵基团的有机胺类化合物B，与m个+H离子相结合而变成了Bm+。
优选的是，An-是选自于(a)-(h)中的两种以上的上述阴离子的结合或混合物，和/或Bm+是两种以上的上述有机胺阳离子的结合或混合物，因此，通式(I)化合物是一种混合物。
本申请中，p个Bm+可相同或不同，或p个B可相同或不同。优选的是，p个Bm+不同，或p个B不同。
本发明因此还提供一种发泡剂，它包括具有通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物或有机胺盐化合 物混合物，或，它由或主要由具有通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物或有机胺盐化合物混合物所组成。
另外，提供一种实施方案，其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：(a)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)；或(h)。
一般，在通式(I)中，具有+2或+3价的单个An-能够分别与一个或多个Bm+成盐。而，具有多个的-N+R3R4H基团和/或-N+R3H-基团的单个有机胺离子Bm+能够与一个或多个An-成盐。
对于(c)HCOO-而言，甲酸铵、甲酸肼或甲酸有机胺盐本身是比较稳定的化合物，分解温度一般高于100℃，例如甲酸铵的熔点高达116℃。然而，当将甲酸铵、甲酸肼或甲酸有机胺盐用作聚氨酯发泡剂时，发现它们在接触到异氰酸酯(如MDI)时却变得不稳定，原因是甲酸铵、甲酸肼或甲酸有机胺盐与NCO基团反应生成了不稳定的酸酐基团,然后迅速分解放出二氧化碳，同时也放出一氧化碳，因此在实际应用中应注意通风、防爆。
同理，下列阴离子在接触到异氰酸酯(如MDI)时也变得不稳定：(e)RaO-COO-；(f)-OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COO-或Rb'(-N(R1)-COO-)3；或(h)-OOC-ORcO-COO-；
优选，(e)RaO-COO-是由碳酸氢烃基酯(例如碳酸氢甲酯或碳酸氢乙酯)所形成的阴离子或酸根。
优选，(f)-OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COO-或Rb'(-N(R1)-COO-)3分别是由亚烃基二(氨基甲酸)或亚烃基三(氨基甲酸)所形成的阴离子或酸根。
优选，(h)-OOC-ORcO-COO-，是由亚烃基二碳酸(例如亚乙基二碳酸铵NH4OOC-OCH2CH2O-COONH4)所形成的阴离子或酸根。
优选，例如，当通式(I)化合物作为发泡剂用于制备绝热型的聚氨酯泡沫材料时，尤其闭孔型的聚氨酯泡沫材料时，从发泡效率、发泡剂的气味、绝热性能和泡孔尺寸稳定性以及聚氨酯泡沫体成品的尺寸稳定性考虑，q＝1-5,更优选q＝1-4，更优选q＝1-3，特别优选q＝1-2.5，更特别优选q＝1.5-2.0，按q的平均值计算。因此，更优选的是，B是两种以上化合物的混合物。更优选的是，B中包含至少一个N-H基团(N-H共价键，即，与N连接的H)。
R1,R2,R3和R4独立地选自：H，R，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C4脂肪族烃基(例如甲基或乙基或丙基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的环丁基或环己基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的苯基或甲基苯基。
优选，R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C3 脂肪族烃基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C6环脂族烃基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C7芳族烃基(如苯基或甲基苯基)。
更优选，R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，甲基或任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的乙基，或任选被羟基或者氨基或卤素取代的丙基或异丙基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的环己基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的苯基或甲基苯基。
更优选，R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，甲基，氯甲基，溴甲基，乙基，环己基，或，苯基。
一般来说，通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物含有醇胺化合物或醇胺化合物残基。也就是说，通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物是具有作为CO2给体的阴离子An-并且含有醇胺化合物或醇胺化合物残基的一种或多种有机胺盐化合物。
优选，An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
(a)R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；其中R1和R2各自独立地是氢、甲基、乙基、羟甲基、羟乙基或羟丙基；
(b)CO3 2-；
(c)HCOO-；
(d)HO-COO-；或
(g)
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000010
(即HC(OR’)O2 2-)，或
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000011
(即HCO3 3-)，
式中，R’是H、任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选甲基、乙基、丙基)、C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选甲酰基、乙酰基或丙酰基)。
在本申请中，“任选地”表示进行或不进行，表示取代或不取代。“任选的”表示有或没有。
一般，在通式(I)的化合物中，氨、肼或有机胺化合物B中的氨基和/或胺基(即-N+R3R4H基团和/或-N+R3H-基团)的50-100％被阴离子An-中和，也就是说，氨基和/或胺基的成盐率为50-100％。优选，氨、肼或有机胺化合物B中的氨基和/或胺基的65-100％被阴离子An-中和。更优选，氨、肼或有机胺化合物B中的氨基和/或胺基的75-100％被阴离子An-中和。更优选，氨、肼或有机胺化合物B中的氨基和/或胺基的75-90％被阴离子An-中和。
除了其中An-是甲酸根(c)的通式(I)化合物(pH＝5.5-6.5)之外，其它的通式(I)化合物的pH一般为7.5-10，优选，为pH 7.8-9.5，更优选pH 8-9。例如，当氨、肼或有机胺化合物B中 的氨基和/或胺基(即-N+R3R4H基团和/或-N+R3H-基团)的50-95％被阴离子An-中和时,此时通式(1)化合物是相对稳定的。
当氨、肼或有机胺化合物B中的氨基和/或胺基的100％被阴离子An-中和时,则通式(I)变成了以下通式：
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000012
在本申请中，为了简单起见，具有m个(其中m＝1-10个，如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10个)的-N+R3R4H基团和/或-N+R3H-基团的有机胺离子可以认为是+m价的有机胺离子。
优选，对于具有m个(例如m＝1或m＝2-10，如3、4、5个)的-N+R3R4H基团和/或-N+R3H-基团的有机胺离子(Bm+)，其中化合物B是由具有至少一个(优选至少两个)N-H共价键(即具有至少一个与N键接的活性氢)的有机胺类化合物(M)、氨和/或肼作为起始原料所形成的。即，在B或Bm+中的N-R基团是通过在所述有机胺类化合物(M)、氨和/或肼的每一个分子的至少一个N原子上被上述一个或多个R基团所取代而形成的。即，化合物B是具有N-R基团(或N-H共价键)的有机胺类化合物。优选，具有N-R基团的有机胺类化合物B是通过在所述有机胺类化合物(M)、氨和/或肼的每一个分子的至少一个N原子上被上述一个或多个R基团所取代而形成的。
优选的是，R1和R2中至少一个是H，更优选R1是H和R2是H或R基团(例如羟乙基或羟丙基或羟基氯丙基)。
优选，有机胺类化合物(M)，即，具有至少一个N-H(即，N-H共价键或具有至少一个与N键接的H，为活性氢)的有机胺类化合物(M)，是选自于下列这些中的有机胺类化合物：
C1-C24烃基胺类(伯胺类)，例如甲胺，乙胺，丙胺，丁基胺，戊基胺，己基胺，庚基胺，辛基胺，壬基胺，癸基胺,十二烷基胺，十四烷基胺，十六烷基胺，十八烷基胺，二十烷基胺，二十四烷基胺，未取代或取代(如卤素取代)的苯胺，未取代或取代(如卤素取代)的苄基胺，环己基胺，甲基环己基胺，环己基甲基胺，N-甲基环己基胺或N-甲基苄胺，等等；
二(C1-C16烃基)胺类(仲胺类，即具有一个仲胺基的单胺类)，例如二甲胺，二乙基胺，甲基乙基胺，二丙基胺，甲基丙基胺，乙基丙基胺，二丁基胺，乙基丁基胺，二戊基胺，二己基胺，二庚基胺，二辛基胺，二壬基胺，二癸基胺，二(十二烷基)胺，二(十四烷基)胺，二(十六烷基)胺，二(十八烷基)胺，二(二十烷基)胺或二(二十四烷基)胺，等等；
任选在C2-C14亚烃基上被羟基取代的C2-C14亚烃基二胺类(其中两个胺基各自独立地是伯胺基或仲胺基)，例如乙二胺，N-甲基乙二胺，N,N’-二甲基乙二胺，1,3-丙二胺，N-甲基,N’ 乙基-1,3-丙二胺，丁二胺(包括各种异构体，如1，2或1,3-或1,4-丁二胺)，戊二胺(包括各种异构体)，己二胺(包括各种异构体)，3-羟甲基-己二胺，庚二胺(包括各种异构体)，3-羟甲基-庚二胺，辛二胺(包括各种异构体)，3,5-二羟基辛二胺，壬二胺(包括各种异构体)，癸二胺(包括各种异构体)，3,6-二羟基癸二胺，十二烷二胺，十四烷二胺，p或m-苯二胺，3,3’-二氯-4,4’-二苯基甲烷二胺(MOCA)，或哌嗪，等等；
任选在C2-C14亚烷基上被羟基取代的C4-C16多亚烷基多胺类，例如二亚乙基三胺，三亚乙基四胺，四亚乙基五胺，五亚乙基六胺，二亚丙基三胺，三亚丙基四胺，四亚丙基五胺，五亚丙基六胺，二亚丁基三胺，三亚丁基四胺，四亚丁基五胺，三亚乙基二胺，二甲基二乙基三胺，三(2-羟基-1,3-亚丙基)四胺或四(2-羟基-1,3-亚丙基)五胺；等；
具有三个伯胺基的任选被羟基取代的C3-C18有机三胺类或具有四个伯胺基的任选被羟基取代的C5-C18有机四胺类，例如1,3,5-三氨基-环己烷，1,3,5-三(氨基乙基)-环己烷，1,3,5-三(氨基丙基)-1,3,5-六氢化三嗪，1,3,5-三(甲基胺丙基)-1,3,5-六氢化三嗪，或，三聚氰胺，季戊四胺，等等；或
C2-C10醇胺类，例如一乙醇胺，二乙醇胺，一丙醇胺，二丙醇胺，单异丙醇胺，二异丙醇胺，单丁醇胺，或二丁醇胺，等。
更优选的是，(M)选自于：
甲胺，乙胺，丙胺，丁基胺，戊基胺，己基胺，未取代或取代(如卤素取代)的苯胺，未取代或取代(如卤素取代)的苄基胺，环己基胺，或甲基环己基胺；
二甲胺，二乙基胺，甲基乙基胺，二丙基胺，或甲基丙基胺；
乙二胺，N-甲基-乙二胺，N,N’-二甲基乙二胺，1,3-丙二胺，N-甲基,N’乙基-1,3-丙二胺，丁二胺(包括各种异构体，如1，2或1,3-或1,4-丁二胺)，戊二胺(包括各种异构体)，己二胺(包括各种异构体)，3-羟甲基-己二胺，p或m-苯二胺，3,3’-二氯-4,4’-二苯基甲烷二胺(MOCA)，或哌嗪；
二亚乙基三胺，三亚乙基四胺，或四亚乙基五胺；
1,3,5-三氨基-环己烷，1,3,5-三(氨基乙基)-环己烷，1,3,5-三(氨基丙基)-1,3,5-六氢化三嗪，1,3,5-三(甲基胺丙基)-1,3,5-六氢化三嗪，或，三聚氰胺，季戊四胺；
或
一乙醇胺，一丙醇胺，一异丙醇胺，或单丁醇胺。
一般来说，当Bm+是除+1价的铵离子(+NH4)或肼离子之外的具有m个(例如2-10个，如3、4、5个)的-N+R3R4H基团和/或-N+R3H-基团的有机胺离子时(即，Bm+不是+1价的铵 离子(+NH4)或肼离子，即，当B不是氨或肼时)，化合物B是由上述有机胺类化合物(M)、氨和/或肼作为起始原料或作为引发剂与环氧化物(如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、环氧丁烷、或环氧氯丁烷或苯乙烯氧化物，和它们中任何两种或多种的混合物)进行反应所形成的。
更具体地说，化合物B与An-形成的盐，或B与A所的盐，或简单地说，化合物B，是由上述有机胺类化合物(M)、氨和/或肼与(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)或(h)中的一种或多种阴离子所形成的盐作为起始原料或作为引发剂，与环氧化物(如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、环氧丁烷、或环氧氯丁烷或苯乙烯氧化物，和它们中任何两种或多种的混合物)进行反应所形成的。
另外，当An-是(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)或(h)中的任何一种并且Bm+是具有m个(例如1或2-10个，如3、4、5个)的-N+R3R4H基团和/或-N+R3H-基团的有机胺离子时(即，Bm+不是+1价的铵离子(+NH4)或肼离子，即，当B不是氨或肼时)，所述化合物(I)是在溶剂(优选质子性溶剂、醇类溶剂或DMF，例如水)中，任选地在催化剂(例如氨水，或有机胺类，如乙胺，二乙胺或三乙胺)存在下，由选自于(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)或(h)中的一种或多种阴离子与氨或肼形成的铵盐或肼盐[例如氨基甲酸铵，羟烷基或羟烷基烷氧基取代的氨基甲酸铵(R1R2N-COO-+NH4)，氨基甲酸肼，肼基甲酸铵，肼基甲酸肼，碳酸铵(CO3 2-(+NH4)2)，碳酸肼，碳酸铵肼，碳酸氢铵，碳酸氢肼，甲酸肼或甲酸铵，和它们中的两种或多种的混合物]或所述阴离子与上述一种或多种有机胺化合物(M)形成的有机胺盐(例如氨基甲酸有机胺盐，羟烷基或羟烷基烷氧基取代的氨基甲酸有机胺盐，肼基甲酸有机胺盐，N-羟烷基或N-羟烷基烷氧基取代的肼基甲酸有机胺盐，碳酸有机胺盐、碳酸氢有机胺盐、甲酸有机胺盐，和它们中的两种或多种的混合物)，与环氧化物(如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、环氧丁烷或苯乙烯氧化物，和它们中任何两种或多种的混合物)进行反应所形成的。一般，这里所述的溶剂选自下列这些中的一种或多种，但不限于：甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、乙二醇、分子量小于400的聚乙二醇、分子量小于300的聚丙二醇、甘油、甲酸甘油酯或水。
另外，当An-是(a)R1R2N-COO-阴离子并且Bm+是+1价的铵离子(+NH4)或肼离子[即，+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)或+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)]时，所述化合物(I)是R1R2N-COO-+NH4或R1R2N-COO-H3 +N-NH2或(R1R2N-COO-)2(H3 +N-NH3 +)，其中R1或R2中一个或两个是上述的R基团。这些化合物R1R2N-COO-+NH4或R1R2N-COO-H3 +N-NH2或(R1R2N-COO-)2(H3 +N-NH3 +)已经具有R基团，因此，也可直接用作通式(I)化合物或用作发泡剂，当然，这 些化合物R1R2N-COO-+NH4或R1R2N-COO-H3 +N-NH2或(R1R2N-COO-)2(H3 +N-NH3 +)也可进一步与上述环氧化物进行反应，获得在阳离子部分中具有醇胺化合物或醇胺残基的通式(I)化合物。当An-是(a)R1R2N-NH-COO-阴离子并且Bm+是+1价的铵离子(+NH4)或肼离子[即，+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)或+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)]时，所述化合物(I)是R1R2N-NH-COO-+NH4或R1R2N-NH-COO-H3 +N-NH2或(R1R2N-NH-COO-)2(H3 +N-NH3 +)，其中R1或R2中一个或两个是上述的R基团。这些化合物R1R2N-NH-COO-+NH4或R1R2N-NH-COO-H3 +N-NH2或(R1R2N-NH-COO-)2(H3 +N-NH3 +)已经具有R基团，因此，也可直接用作通式(I)化合物或用作发泡剂，当然，这些化合物R1R2N-NH-COO-+NH4或R1R2N-NH-COO-H3 +N-NH2或(R1R2N-NH-COO-)2(H3 +N-NH3 +)也可进一步与上述环氧化物进行反应，获得在阳离子部分中具有醇胺化合物或醇胺残基的通式(I)化合物。
一般，当An-是(g)阴离子并且Bm+是具有m个(例如2-10个，如3、4、5个)-N+R3R4H基团和/或-N+R3H-基团的有机胺离子时(即，Bm+不是+1价的铵离子(+NH4)或肼离子，即，当B不是氨或肼时)，所述化合物(I)是通过原甲酸酯类化合物在溶剂(优选质子性溶剂、醇类溶剂或DMF)中，任选地在催化剂(例如氨水，或有机胺类，如乙胺，二乙胺或三乙胺)存在下，并且在属于有机醇胺类的有机胺M或具有至少一个上述N-R基团的属于有机醇胺类的化合物B和水的存在下进行水解反应所形成的。优选的是，所述水的存在量足以使得原甲酸酯类化合物的至少两个酯基发生水解，更优选，水的存在量足以使得原甲酸酯类化合物的三个酯基发生水解。原甲酸酯的水解催化剂一般是碱性化合物，优选有机胺。优选，具有至少一个上述N-R基团(即，至少一个与N键接的R基团)的有机胺类化合物B是由氨、肼和/或以上所述的有机胺化合物(M)与以上所述的环氧化物类(例如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、环氧丁烷(包括各种异构体如1,2-环氧丁烷，2,3-环氧丁烷)、环氧氯丁烷(包括各种异构体如1,2-环氧-4-氯丁烷，2,3-环氧-1-氯丁烷)或苯乙烯氧化物，和它们中任何两种或多种的混合物)进行反应所制备的。在该R基团中，q的平均值(即环氧化物的聚合度)如以上所定义。q的平均值能够根据聚氨酯泡沫材料的具体应用来选择。优选，当用于制备绝热型的聚氨酯泡沫材料时，尤其闭孔型的聚氨酯泡沫材料时，从发泡效率、发泡剂的气味、绝热性能和泡孔尺寸稳定性以及聚氨酯泡沫体成品的尺寸稳定性考虑，或当用于开孔或半开孔的聚氨酯泡沫材料时，从发泡效率、发泡剂的气味、泡孔细腻度以及聚氨酯泡沫体成品的尺寸稳定性考虑，q＝1-5，更优选q＝1.2-4.5，更优选q＝1.3-4，特别优选q＝1.5-3.5，按q的平均值计算。
优选地，原甲酸酯类化合物是选自下列这些化合物中的一种或多种：原甲三(C1-C8)烃 基酯类，优选原甲三(C1-C7)烃基酯类，例如，原甲酸三甲酯、原甲酸三乙酯、原甲酸甲基二乙基酯、原甲酸三丙酯、原甲酸甲基二丙基酯、原甲酸三丁酯、原甲酸三苯基酯、原甲酸三苄基酯、乙酰基原甲酸二乙基酯、乙酰基原甲酸乙基甲基酯、原甲酸三(乙二醇)酯、原甲酸三(二乙二醇)酯、原甲酸三(三乙二醇)酯、原甲酸三(四乙二醇)酯、原甲酸三(聚乙二醇(聚合度＝5-10))酯、原甲酸三(丙二醇)酯、原甲酸三(二丙二醇)酯、原甲酸三(三丙二醇)酯、原甲酸三(四丙二醇)酯、原甲酸三(聚丙二醇(聚合度＝5-10))酯。
优选，原甲酸酯的水解过程中所使用的溶剂选自下列这些中的一种或多种，但不限于：甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、乙二醇、分子量小于400的聚乙二醇、分子量小于300的聚丙二醇、甘油、甲酸甘油酯或水。
为了制备上述通式(I)的化合物，可采用多种制备方法来制备它们。仅仅作为举例，下面分别描述几种代表性的制备方法。
根据本发明的第五个实施方案，本发明还提供制备具有作为CO2给体的阴离子的有机胺盐类化合物的方法，或制备其中An-是(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)或(h)中的任何一种或多种的阴离子的以上所述通式(I)的化合物的方法，该方法包括第一原料与第二原料在溶剂(优选质子性溶剂或醇类溶剂)中，任选地在催化剂(例如氨水，或有机胺类，如乙胺，二乙胺或三乙胺)存在下，进行反应，其中第一原料是选自于下列这些化合物中的一种或多种：
R1R2N-COONH4，R1R2N-COOH的有机胺类化合物(M)盐，R1R2N-COOH的肼盐(例如氨基甲酸肼)，R1R2N-NH-COONH4(例如肼基甲酸铵),R1R2N-NH-COOH的肼盐(例如肼基甲酸肼)，或R1R2N-NH-COOH的有机胺类化合物(M)盐，其中R1或R2独立地选自：H，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)；
(NH4)2CO3，碳酸肼，碳酸铵肼，或碳酸有机胺类化合物(M)盐；
HCOONH4，甲酸肼，或甲酸有机胺类化合物(M)盐；
HO-COONH4(即碳酸氢铵)，碳酸氢肼，或有机胺类化合物(M)的碳酸氢盐；
RaO-COONH4，RaO-COOH的肼盐，或RaO-COOH的有机胺类化合物(M)盐；
NH4 OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COONH4，Rb'(-N(R1)-COO)3(NH4)3，HOOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COOH的肼盐，HOOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COOH的有机胺类化合物(M)盐，Rb'(-N(R1)-COOH)3的肼盐，或Rb'(-N(R1)-COOH)3的有机胺类化合物(M)盐；或
NH4OOC-ORcO-COONH4，HOOC-ORcO-COOH的肼盐，或HOOC-ORcO-COOH的有 机胺类化合物(M)盐；
第二原料是选自于下列这些化合物中的一种或多种：
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000013
或苯乙烯氧化物(styrene oxide)；
其中R1，R2，Ra，Rb，Rb'，Rc如以上所定义，R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a如以上所定义，和有机胺类化合物(M)如以上所定义。
优选，在制备其中An-是(a)-(f)或(h)的通式(I)的化合物的反应中，第一原料与第二原料的摩尔比一般是1:1.3－5，优选1:1.5－4.5，更优选1:1.6－4，例如1:1.5至1:3。
优选，第一原料是选自于下列这些化合物中的一种或多种：
氨基甲酸铵，氨基甲酸有机胺M(简称氨基甲酸胺)，氨基甲酸肼，肼基甲酸铵，肼基甲酸肼，H2N-NH-COOH的有机胺类化合物(M)盐，N-取代胺基甲酸铵(R1R2N-COO-+NH4，或称作R1R2N-COOH的铵盐，R1和R2不同时是H)，N-取代胺基甲酸有机胺M盐(即，R1R2N-COOH与M形成的盐，简称胺基甲酸胺，R1和R2不同时是H)，碳酸铵，碳酸有机胺M盐(即，H2CO3与M形成的盐，简称碳酸胺)，碳酸肼，碳酸铵肼，甲酸铵，甲酸有机胺M盐(即，甲酸与M形成的盐，简称甲酸胺)，甲酸肼，碳酸氢铵，碳酸氢有机胺M盐(即，M的碳酸氢盐，简称碳酸氢胺)，碳酸氢肼，RaO-COONH4，RaO-COOH的M盐，RaO-COOH的肼盐，NH4OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COONH4，Rb'(-N(R1)-COONH4)3，HOOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COOH的M盐，HOOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COOH的肼盐，Rb'(-N(R1)-COOH)3的M盐，Rb'(-N(R1)-COOH)3的肼盐，NH4OOC-ORcO-COONH4，HOOC-ORcO-COOH的有机胺M盐，或HOOC-ORcO-COOH的肼盐，其中M是以上所述的有机胺类化合物(M)。
在本申请中，+MH是指有机胺M与一个或多个氢离子(H+)相结合所形成的阳离子。
优选，第二原料是选自于下列这些化合物中的一种或多种：
环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、环氧丁烷(包括各种异构体如1,2-环氧丁烷，2,3-环氧丁烷)、环氧氯丁烷(包括各种异构体如1,2-环氧-4-氯丁烷，2,3-环氧-1-氯丁烷)或苯乙烯氧化物。
优选，本发明还提供制备其中An-是(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)或(h)中的任何一种或多种的阴离子的通式(I)的化合物的方法，该方法包括：在溶剂(优选质子性溶剂或DMF，例如水)中，任选地在催化剂(例如氨水，或有机胺类，如乙胺，二乙胺或三乙胺)存在下，由 选自于(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)或(h)中的一种或多种阴离子与氨或肼形成的铵盐或肼盐(例如氨基甲酸铵，在氨基上被羟烷基或羟烷基烷氧基取代的氨基甲酸铵，氨基甲酸肼，肼基甲酸铵，肼基甲酸肼，碳酸铵，碳酸肼，碳酸铵肼，甲酸肼，甲酸铵，碳酸氢肼，或碳酸氢铵，和它们中的两种或多种的混合物)或所述阴离子与上述一种或多种有机胺化合物(M)形成的有机胺盐(例如氨基甲酸有机胺M盐，在氨基上被羟烷基或羟烷基烷氧基取代的氨基甲酸有机胺M盐，肼基甲酸有机胺M盐，N-羟烷基或N-羟烷基烷氧基取代的肼基甲酸有机胺M盐，碳酸有机胺M盐、甲酸有机胺M盐或碳酸氢有机胺M盐，和它们中的两种或多种的混合物)作为第一原料，与作为第二原料的以上所述环氧化物(例如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、环氧丁烷(包括各种异构体如1,2-环氧丁烷，2,3-环氧丁烷)、环氧氯丁烷(包括各种异构体如1,2-环氧-4-氯丁烷，2,3-环氧-1-氯丁烷)或苯乙烯氧化物，和它们中任何两种或多种的混合物)进行反应。或者，作为一种替代方法(它是不太优选的方案)，可采用包括预先加成和后中和两个步骤的方法，即，上述的制备通式(I)的化合物的方法包括：首先，氨、肼或上述一种或多种有机胺化合物(M)，与作为第二原料的以上所述环氧化物(例如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、环氧丁烷(包括各种异构体如1,2-环氧丁烷，2,3-环氧丁烷)、环氧氯丁烷(包括各种异构体如1,2-环氧-4-氯丁烷，2,3-环氧-1-氯丁烷)或苯乙烯氧化物，和它们中任何两种或多种的混合物)进行反应，然后，所得化合物与属于阴离子An-的前驱体的相应酸(即，能够生成选自于(a)-(g)中的一种或多种阴离子的一种或多种酸化合物或酸性化合物(例如CO2，氨基甲酸，或甲酸)进行中和反应。优选，中和到pH不低于7.5，更优选不低于7.8，更优选不低于8。甲酸铵(熔点116℃)、甲酸肼或甲酸有机胺M盐发泡剂的pH值在5.5-6.5范围，更通常在5.5-6.0范围。其中An-是甲酸根(c)的通式(I)化合物的pH在5.5-6.5范围，更通常在5.5-6.0范围。
根据本发明的第六个实施方案，本发明本发明还提供制备具有作为CO2给体的阴离子的原甲酸有机胺盐类化合物的方法，或制备其中An-是(g)表示的阴离子的通式(I)的化合物的方法，该方法包括：原甲酸酯类化合物在溶剂(优选质子性溶剂、醇类溶剂，例如水)中，任选地在催化剂(例如氨水，或有机胺类，如乙胺，二乙胺或三乙胺)存在下，并且在属于有机醇胺类的有机胺M或具有至少一个上述N-R基团的属于有机醇胺类的化合物B和水的存在下进行水解反应。优选的是，所述水的存在量足以使得原甲酸酯类化合物的至少两个酯基发生水解，更优选，水的存在量足以使得原甲酸酯类化合物的三个酯基发生水解。
在根据本发明的第六个实施方案中，有机胺类化合物B是肼和任选的氨作为起始原料或作为引发剂与环氧化物进行反应所形成的，该环氧化物选自于下列这些环氧化物中的一 种或多种：
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000014
或苯乙烯氧化物。
在本申请中，优选的是，当通式(I)化合物为肼基醇胺盐化合物(即，根据第三个实施方案的通式(I)化合物)时，An-或Bm+中的至少一种包含肼基或取代肼基。在根据第五个实施方案的制备通式(I)的肼基醇胺盐化合物的方法中，第一种原料中的至少一种包含肼或含有肼基。在根据第六个实施方案的制备通式(I)的肼基醇胺盐化合物的方法中，有机醇胺类化合物B中的至少一种包含肼基或取代肼基。
在本申请中，优选，具有至少一个上述N-R基团(即，至少一个与N键接的R基团)的属于有机胺类的化合物B是由氨、肼和/或以上所述的有机胺化合物(M)与环氧化物(例如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、环氧丁烷(包括各种异构体如1,2-环氧丁烷，2,3-环氧丁烷)、环氧氯丁烷(包括各种异构体如1,2-环氧-4-氯丁烷，2,3-环氧-1-氯丁烷)或苯乙烯氧化物，和它们中任何两种或多种的混合物)进行反应所制备的。在该R基团中，q是平均值(即环氧化物的聚合度)，如以上所定义。在制备其中An-是(g)表示的阴离子的通式(I)的化合物时，氨或有机胺化合物(M)与环氧化物的摩尔比优选是1.3-7,更优选1.5-4，更优选1.5-3。其中An-是(g)的该通式(I)的化合物适合作为发泡剂用于制备绝热型的聚氨酯泡沫材料。也就是说，本发明还提供制备其中An-是(g)表示的阴离子的通式(I)的化合物的方法，该方法包括：氨或上述一种或多种有机胺化合物(M)，与作为第二原料的环氧化物进行反应，制备具有至少一个上述N-R基团(即，至少一个与N键接的R基团)的有机胺类化合物B；然后，原甲酸酯类化合物在溶剂(优选质子性溶剂、醇类溶剂，例如水)中，任选地在催化剂(例如氨水，或有机胺类，如乙胺，二乙胺或三乙胺)存在下，并且在属于有机醇胺类的有机胺M或具有至少一个上述N-R基团的属于有机醇胺类的化合物B和水的存在下进行水解反应。优选的是，所述水的存在量足以使得原甲酸酯类化合物的至少两个酯基发生水解，更优选，水的存在量足以使得原甲酸酯类化合物的三个酯基发生水解。
优选地，原甲酸酯类化合物是选自下列这些化合物中的一种或多种：原甲三(C1-C8)烃基酯类，优选原甲三(C1-C7)烃基酯类，例如，原甲酸三甲酯、原甲酸三乙酯、原甲酸甲基二乙基酯、原甲酸三丙酯、原甲酸甲基二丙基酯、原甲酸三丁酯、原甲酸三苯基酯、原甲酸三苄基酯、乙酰基原甲酸二乙基酯、乙酰基原甲酸乙基甲基酯、原甲酸二乙二醇酯、原甲酸丙二醇酯、原甲酸聚乙二醇酯、或者原甲酸酯中的R基团符合(1a)、(2a)或(3a)的特征。
优选，在本申请中，溶剂选自下列这些中的一种或多种：甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、分子量小于400的聚乙二醇、分子量小于300的聚丙二醇、甘油、甘油酯或水。
当制备肼基醇胺盐时，第一种原料包含肼或含有肼基，或者，第一种原料中的至少一种包含肼或含有肼基。肼是一种有毒的易燃易爆的化合物，因此在使用的时候要认真阅读相关使用知识，严格执行相关的要求和规定。
根据本发明的第七个实施方案，提供由上述第五个和/或第六个实施方案的方法所获得的具有作为CO2给体的阴离子的有机胺盐类化合物或化合物混合物。优选，该化合物或该化合物混合物含有22-96wt％，优选25-95wt％，优选27-90wt％，优选30-85wt％，优选40-80wt％，更优选45-75wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)的盐和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)的盐(即两种盐的重量之和)，基于化合物或化合物混合物的总重量。或者，优选的是，该化合物或该化合物混合物含有15-90wt％，优选17-88wt％，优选20-85wt％，优选25-80wt％，更优选30-70wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)(即两种醇胺的重量之和)，基于化合物或化合物混合物的总重量。
根据本发明的第八个实施方案，提供具有通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物，和由上述第五个和第六个实施方案的方法所获得的具有作为CO2给体的阴离子的有机胺盐类化合物，作为发泡剂的用途，尤其作为聚氨酯发泡剂、聚苯乙烯发泡剂或聚氯乙烯发泡剂的用途。上述这些化合物在本申请中可以简称本发明的发泡剂或本发明的聚氨酯发泡剂。
另外，本发明提供了本发明的发泡剂作为聚苯乙烯发泡剂或聚氯乙烯发泡剂的用途，其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
(a)R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；其中R1和R2各自独立地是氢、甲基、乙基、H(OCH2CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH3))q-、H(OCH(CH3)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(C6H5))q-、H(OCH(C6H5)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH2Cl))q-、H(OCH(CH2Cl)CH2)q-或H(OCH2CH(CBr3))q-；
(b)CO3 2-；或
(d)HO-COO-。
另外，鉴于甲酸铵(熔点116℃)或甲酸有机胺M盐的分解温度较高，人们通常认为它们不适合用于聚氨酯发泡。但是，本申请的发明人经过大量的研究工作意外地发现，当甲酸铵(熔点116℃)或甲酸有机胺M盐接触到异氰酸酯基团时可与NCO基团反应生成不稳定的酸酐，然后迅速分解放出二氧化碳气体和一氧化碳，因此在实际应用中应采取必要的措施进行通风和防爆。另外，甲酸肼具有类似的性能。
在本申请中，当使用甲酸铵和环氧化物制备通式(I)化合物时，优选的是，首先由甲酸与氨水进行反应获得甲酸铵水溶液，然后添加少量的有机胺(例如甲胺、二甲胺或三甲胺、乙基胺或二乙基胺)，加热脱水或减压浓缩或真空浓缩(例如使得水含量为7-15wt％为止，例如10wt％左右)，然后通入环氧化物(如环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷)进行反应，获得甲酸醇胺盐(I)。这里，少量的有机胺(例如甲胺、二甲胺或三甲胺、乙基胺或二乙基胺)的添加，能够使得当甲酸醇胺盐(I)用于配制发泡组合物(“白料”)时防止在发泡组合物(“白料”)发生结晶、沉淀现象。当使用甲酸肼和环氧化物制备通式(I)化合物时，获得了与当使用甲酸铵和环氧化物制备通式(I)化合物时相类似或相当的性能或应用效果。另外，也可以采用甲酸直接与醇胺类化合物反应制备通式(I)的化合物。
在本申请中，当碳酸氢氨作为第一原料与第二原料进行反应来制备通式(I)化合物时，可使用催化剂，例如甲胺，二甲胺，醇胺类，其它胺类催化剂，双金属催化剂类(类)，或采用加压加热。
另外，由选自于下列这些醇胺类化合物中的至少一种醇胺化合物(它们是具有至少一个N-H的有机胺类化合物(M))：
C2-C12醇胺类，例如一乙醇胺，二乙醇胺，三乙醇胺，一丙醇胺，二丙醇胺，三丙醇胺，单异丙醇胺，二异丙醇胺，三异丙醇胺，单丁醇胺，二丁醇胺，或三丁醇胺，
用属于阴离子An-的前驱体的相应酸(例如CO2)进行中和所形成的以下通式(Ia)的有机胺盐化合物
An-[Bm+]p   (Ia)
也可直接作为发泡剂，尤其作为聚氨酯发泡剂、聚苯乙烯发泡剂或聚氯乙烯发泡剂，尽管这些不是优选的。在选择使用甲酸或甲酸盐作为发泡剂使用时由于反应中会产生CO，因此应采取必要的措施进行通风和防爆，甲酸胺盐类用作发泡剂的时候异氰酸酯的存在是必要的，因为它与异氰酸酯反应才能放出二氧化碳和一氧化碳。。上述这些化合物在本申请中可以简称本发明发泡剂。聚氨酯发泡剂或用于聚氨酯发泡组合物中。当然，通式(Ia)的这些化合物发泡剂不是优选的，因为，它或它们的pH值一般低于8，甚至低于7.5，更甚至低于7.1，甚至达到pH＝6-7。当用于制备绝热型的聚氨酯泡沫材料时，尤其闭孔型的聚氨酯泡沫材料时，从发泡效率、发泡剂的气味、绝热性能和泡孔尺寸稳定性以及聚氨酯泡沫体的尺寸稳定性综合考虑，或当用于开孔或半开孔的聚氨酯泡沫材料时，从发泡效率、发泡剂的气味、泡孔细腻度以及聚氨酯泡沫体成品的尺寸稳定性考虑，这些有机胺盐化合物(Ia)(它们不是就地(in situ)通过有机胺类化合物(M)与环氧化物反应所制备)不是优选的。
也就是说，如果先由氨、肼和/或有机胺与环氧化物反应制备醇胺，然后再用与(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)、(g)和/或(h)的阴离子相应于的酸性物质或酸性化合物(例如二氧化碳或氨基甲酸)进行中和，获得通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物，则所得有机胺盐化合物(即醇胺盐)的pH(通常pH<7)、CO2前体含量(与CO2释放量相关)和在发泡反应中的活性都不能令人满意(除非对于少数化合物例如原甲酸酯或肼而言在安全或成本方面有优势)。因此，优选的是，由(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)、(g)和/或(h)的阴离子与氨、肼和/或有机胺(M)所形成的盐直接与环氧化物进行反应来获得通式(I)化合物。
另外，碳酸二(羟乙基胺)盐，碳酸二(羟丙基胺)盐，碳酸氢(羟乙基胺)盐，碳酸氢(羟丙基胺)盐特别适合作为发泡剂用于聚苯乙烯发泡或聚氯乙烯发泡中。这些化合物属于上述通式(I)化合物。另外，不属于上述通式(I)化合物的多亚烷基多胺的碳酸盐，例如二亚乙基三胺的碳酸盐、三亚乙基四胺的碳酸盐、四亚甲基五胺的碳酸盐、二亚丙基三胺的碳酸盐、三亚丙基四胺的碳酸盐、四亚丙基五胺的碳酸盐，也适合作为发泡剂用于聚苯乙烯发泡或聚氯乙烯发泡中。
一般来说，含有(c)甲酸根的甲酸胺盐类发泡剂不能直接用于聚苯乙烯发泡剂或聚氯乙烯发泡剂。
另外，本申请的发明人意外地发现，甲酸铵或甲酸肼与聚合物多元醇的混溶性比较好，即甲酸铵或甲酸肼能够直接溶于聚合物多元醇中，因此甲酸铵或甲酸肼能够直接用作聚氨酯发泡剂，因此，本申请还提供了甲酸铵作为发泡剂的用途，尤其作为聚氨酯发泡剂。当甲酸铵是水溶液或甲酸肼的水溶液中含有少量(例如0.5-15wt％，如1-8wt％，更优选2-6wt％)的有机胺例如甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺或一乙醇胺时，甲酸铵水溶液不发生结晶、沉淀。
本发明发泡剂(即，通式(I)的化合物，或由上述第五个或第六个实施方案的方法所获得的具有作为CO2给体的阴离子的有机胺盐类化合物)具有以下特征：1)在不另外或不额外添加碱性化合物的情况下，除甲酸铵、甲酸肼盐或甲酸有机胺M盐化合物之外，本发明发泡剂(即通式I化合物)的pH值在7.5-10，优选，为pH 7.8-9.5，更优选pH 8-9之间，甲酸铵(熔点116℃)、甲酸肼或甲酸有机胺M盐发泡剂的pH值在5.5-6范围，或其中An-是甲酸根(c)的通式(I)化合物的pH在5.5-6.0范围；2)碱金属或碱土金属的含量为0-200ppm(质量)，优选低于150ppm，更优选低于100ppm，更优选低于50ppm，更优选低于20ppm，更优选低于10ppm，更优选低于5ppm，最优选为低于检测极限或为0 ppm；3)水的含量或作为溶剂而存在的水的含量为0-40wt％，优选5-35wt％，更优选10-30wt％，更优选15-25wt％；4)热分解温度是在36-120℃之间并且在分解时释放出CO2气体；其中分解温度较高的某些类 型的本发明发泡剂物在接触到NCO基团时变得不太稳定，能够在45-70℃之间分解而释放出CO2；5)优选的是，本发明发泡剂每个分子含有至少1个R基团，该R基团例如是HOCH2CH2-、HOCH2CH(CH3)-、HOCH(CH3)CH2-、HOCH2CH(C6H5)-、HOCH(C6H5)CH2-、HOCH2CH(CH2Cl)-、HOCH(CH2Cl)CH2-、HOCH2CH(CBr3)-或HOCH(CBr3)CH2-；进一步优选，本发明发泡剂包含多种(优选2-5种，如2或3种)具有通式(I)的化合物并且平均每分子含有1.5-5个R基团，该R基团例如是HOCH2CH2-、HOCH2CH(CH3)-、HOCH(CH3)CH2-、HOCH2CH(C6H5)-、HOCH(C6H5)CH2-、HOCH2CH(CH2Cl)-、HOCH(CH2Cl)CH2-、HOCH2CH(CBr3)-或HOCH(CBr3)CH2-；6)本发明发泡剂中的所有N原子当中的30-100％、优选50％-100％、更优选70％-100％、更优选85％-100％具有N-H共价键；7)在本发明发泡剂中，通式(I)化合物和水的总含量是基于总重量的70-100％，更一般是80-99.999％，更一般是85-99.0％(含有溶剂，并允许含有少量的非金属杂质)；8、用红外光谱分析，某些本发明发泡剂具有在2932-2970cm-1范围的仲胺盐N-H的伸缩振动单峰，在1555-1566cm-1范围的仲胺盐N-H的弯曲振动单峰，另外，在3200-3400cm-1范围的强而宽的氢键结合的OH伸缩振动峰，表明发泡剂中既具有羟基，仲胺基，同时含有水。因此，本发明发泡剂包含一种或多种醇胺化合物并且一般含有水。
更优选，通式(I)的化合物平均每分子含有1.5-5个R基团。
在本申请中，优选，该R基团是HOCH2CH2-、HOCH2CH(CH3)-、HOCH(CH3)CH2-、HOCH2CH(C6H5)-、HOCH(C6H5)CH2-、HOCH2CH(CH2Cl)-、HOCH(CH2Cl)CH2-、HOCH2CH(CBr3)-或HOCH(CBr3)CH2-。
根据本发明的第九个实施方案，本发明还提供聚氨酯发泡组合物，它包含：0.01-100重量％的以上所述的通式(I)化合物(或由上述第二个和第三个实施方案的方法所获得的具有作为CO2给体的阴离子的有机胺盐类化合物)；0-50重量％的物理发泡剂；0-5重量％的水，和0.0-99.99重量％的聚合物多元醇；其中，所述重量百分比基于聚氨酯发泡组合物的总重量。优选，它包含：0.1-80重量％(更优选1-70wt％，更优选3-60wt％，更优选5-50wt％，更优选7-40wt％,如10wt％，15wt％)的以上所述的通式(I)化合物；0-40重量％的物理发泡剂；0-4重量％的水，和20.0-99.9重量％(更优选30-99wt％，更优选40-97wt％，更优选50-95wt％，更优选60-93wt％，如90wt％或85wt％)的聚合物多元醇；其中，所述重量百分比基于聚氨酯发泡组合物的总重量。优选的是，本发明的发泡组合物含有总共0.5-4wt％的水，更优选0.8-2.5wt％，更优选1-2.2wt％的水。
优选，所述的发泡组合物进一步包含：泡沫稳定剂、催化剂和阻燃剂等。这些助剂是 聚氨酯领域中常用的。
优选，聚合物多元醇选自：聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇、聚醚-聚酯多元醇、聚碳酸酯二醇、聚碳酸酯-聚酯多元醇、聚碳酸酯-聚醚多元醇、聚丁二烯多元醇或聚硅氧烷多元醇。聚合物多元醇的平均官能度一般为2-16，优选为2.5-10，更优选3-8。
优选，所述物理发泡剂选自下组中的至少一种：正戊烷，异戊烷，环戊烷，沸点在0-100℃范围内的其它烷烃，HCFC-141b，HFC-245fa，HFC-365mfc，LBA，FEA-1100，沸点在0-100℃范围内的其它氟氯烃，酯类如甲酸甲酯。
一般，本发明的发泡组合物是透明的或澄清的；优选的是，聚氨酯硬泡发泡组合物是透明的或澄清的或半透明的或乳白色但是均匀的，或，聚氨酯软泡发泡组合物是透明的或乳白色的均匀液体。这表明本发明发泡剂溶解或均匀分散在聚合物多元醇中。一般，本发明的发泡剂或发泡剂组合物与绝大部分的聚醚多元醇混合后形成透明或澄清的体系。一般，本发明的发泡剂或发泡剂组合物与聚酯多元醇混合后形成透明或澄清的体系，但是，有可能的是，它与少数种类的聚酯多元醇混合后，形成乳白色但均匀的体系。
本发明的聚氨酯发泡组合物(俗称“白料”)具有以下特征：1、包含醇胺盐或醇胺化合物(例如，通式(I)的化合物在热分解之后释放CO2，同时残留醇胺类化合物)；2、透明或澄清或半透明或乳白色但均匀的液体；3、在加热(例如40-80℃的温度)的情况下或在添加酸(比碳酸更强的无机酸或有机酸)的情况下释放出CO2，峰值分解温度一般是在45-65℃之间；4、当发泡组合物(即“白料”)与异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯(例如MDI或TDI)接触或混合时，混合的物料瞬间(例如0.2-4秒，如1-2秒)变乳白色。本发明中，物料迅速变乳白色，伴随有体积快速膨胀现象，但此过程并非泡沫的真正起发，之后物料才开始起发。相对而言，采用水，或采用水与物理发泡剂作为发泡剂时，泡沫乳白和起发是同时进行的并且都是延迟发生的。
尽管在本发明中，发泡组合物(“白料”)可包含少量的水作为助发泡剂，但是，由于本发明的通式(I)化合物优先分解释放CO2，即优先发泡，因此，少量水的添加不影响发泡过程或不影响聚氨酯泡沫体成品的性能。也就是说，在某些情况下在通式(I)化合物即发泡剂中存在少量的水，这些水是以与通式(I)化合物相结合或缔合的单个分子的形式存在，或者有利于发泡，或者不参与发泡，即不消耗NCO基团。本申请的发明人经过研究发现，在通式(I)化合物即发泡剂中存在的少量水(即缔合水)甚至不参与反应，即不消耗NCO基团。这一发现是出乎预料的。
当本发明的聚氨酯发泡组合物(俗称“白料”)中包含其中An-是(f)HCOO-(甲酸根)的通式(I)化合物时，优选的是，本发明的聚氨酯发泡组合物(俗称“白料”)包含1-5 重量的水。目的是减少在发泡过程中释放出的一氧化碳(CO)的量。
本发明还提供聚氨酯泡沫材料，其通过以上所述的聚氨酯发泡组合物与多异氰酸酯单体(如MDI和/或TDI)和/或异氰酸酯封端的预聚物进行混合后发生反应而形成。一般，所述聚氨酯发泡组合物与多异氰酸酯单体和/或异氰酸酯封端的预聚物的重量比是，例如在0.5:1-2:1范围内，优选在0.5:1-1:1的范围内(对于聚氨酯硬泡型发泡组合物)或优选在1:1-2:1的范围内(对于聚氨酯软泡型发泡组合物)。优选，所述的重量比应该使得发泡组合物的活性氢与多异氰酸酯单体和/或异氰酸酯封端的预聚物中所含-NCO基团的当量比为0.6-1.2:1，更优选0.7-0.9:1，即NCO相对于活性氢稍过量。
本发明还提供聚氨酯泡沫材料的用途，其用于聚氨酯喷涂、冰箱及冰柜保温、集装箱保温、建筑保温板、彩钢板、冷库板、管道的保温、LNG输送保温、高回弹泡沫、低回弹泡沫等。
优选，通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物具有至少两个活性氢，例如2-10个，优选3-6个。所述活性氢是以伯胺基、仲胺基或羟基的形式存在。因此，通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物既能够释放出CO2以参与发泡，又参与扩链和/或交联，增强泡孔的强度(即力学强度和/或机械强度)，使得所获得的聚氨酯泡沫体(此泡沫体为采用手工搅拌在实验室自制方模中制作)具有良好的尺寸稳定性。尤其，当聚氨酯泡沫体的密度<25kg/m3时，一般认为，现有技术仅仅采用水作为发泡剂获得的聚氨酯泡沫体会有严重的收缩现象，但是，用本发明的通式(I)化合物作为发泡剂所获得的聚氨酯泡沫体(此泡沫体为采用手工搅拌在实验室自制方模中制作)则具有优异的尺寸稳定性，尤其在环境条件或室温条件下放置至少5个月的时间的情况下几乎没有肉眼可见的收缩现象。例如，按照中国国家标准GB/T 8811-2008，只是放置时间有变化，本发明制备的成品泡沫材料(密度<25kg/m3)在室温(23±2℃)条件下放置5个月，聚氨酯泡沫体的收缩率(长度尺寸变化率εL或宽度尺寸变化率εw或厚度尺寸变化率εr)一般低于7％、更优选低于5％、进一步优选低于3％、甚至更优选低于1％。
本发明的通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物，能够根据所要制备的聚氨酯泡沫材料的各种应用领域来进行特定的设计。
例如，当本发明的发泡组合物(俗称“白料”)用于制备用作冰箱、冷柜、冷藏集装箱或冷藏车的绝热材料的聚氨酯泡沫材料或用于制备高回弹、低回弹等软质聚氨酯泡沫材料时，在制备其中An-是(a)-(f)或(h)的通式(I)的化合物的反应中，第一原料与第二原料的摩尔比一般是1:1.3－3.5，优选1:1.5－3。另外，当本发明的发泡组合物(俗称“白料”)用于喷涂施工时，第一原料与第二原料的摩尔比一般是1:2.8－5，优选1:3－4.5，更优选1:3.3－4。
优选地，制备通式(I)化合物的反应温度是在0-200℃之间，例如10℃、20℃、30℃、40℃、50℃、60℃、70℃、80℃、90℃、100℃、110℃、120℃、130℃、130℃、150℃、160℃、170℃、180℃和190℃。反应的压力是0.1-1.5MPa之间，例如0.3MPa、0.6MPa、0.9MPa和1.2MPa。反应时间为0.5-20小时之间，例如0.5小时，1小时、2小时、3小时、4小时、5小时、6小时、7小时、8小时、9小时、10小时、11小时、12小时、13小时、14小时、15小时。
本发明的通式(I)化合物的分解温度一般是在45-120℃之间，优选50-70℃之间，或者，当接触到异氰酸酯时它的分解温度是在45-70℃之间。
本发明的有益技术效果或优点
1、本发明的通式(I)化合物或本发明发泡剂具有合适的分解温度，或当接触到异氰酸酯时具有合适的分解温度，一方面在室温下贮存稳定，另一方面在聚氨酯发泡过程中当发泡反应体系升温时能够以合理的速度释放二氧化碳气体，以使得发泡材料具有理想的性能，如泡孔的分布密度，泡孔的尺寸均匀性。本发明中最优选的发泡剂是具有通式(I)的氨基甲酸盐和/或碳酸盐，这归因于它们的合适的分解温度，合适的二氧化碳释放速度，优异的泡孔的分布密度，优异的泡孔的尺寸均匀性，在相同的发泡参数下形成泡沫的泡孔孔径明显小于水、环戊烷等物理发泡剂，单位体积中的泡孔数量远远多于其他发泡剂，从而赋予泡沫材料良好的绝热性能。本发明的发泡剂(尤其对于氨基甲酸盐和/或碳酸盐而言)具有较高的pH值(pH>7.5)，相对于单位重量而言其酸根含量高(或CO2释放量大)，并且作为发泡剂、尤其作为聚氨酯发泡剂时具有较高的反应活性。
2、本发明的通式(I)化合物具有增溶基团即R基团，该化合物(I)能够以分子水平均匀地溶解或分布在聚合物多元醇如聚醚多元醇和/或聚酯多元醇，或聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂或聚苯乙烯(PS)树脂中，确保发泡的均匀性，避免局部过度发泡。
3、本发明的通式(I)化合物具有醇胺残基或具有醇胺化合物，在该发泡剂(I)分解释放出CO2之后所产生的分解产物即醇胺化合物仍然含有至少两个活性氢，它们适合作为扩链剂和/或交联剂，本发明的通式(I)化合物既作为“发泡点”又作为“扩链点”和/或“交联点”，显著增强了泡孔的力学强度和机械强度，所获得的聚氨酯泡沫体具有良好的尺寸稳定性，聚氨酯泡沫体成品在放置几个月、甚至1年之后肉眼几乎没有观察到收缩现象，无塌泡或瘪泡现象。尤其在较高的温度(如40-60℃，甚至40-70℃)下放置较长时间例如(10天)之后仍然具有良好的尺寸稳定性。
4、本发明的通式(I)化合物不容易挥发，不含金属离子(金属离子对金属基材有腐蚀性)， 并且全部或大部分替代氯氟烃发泡剂，因此，对于环境保护而言具有重要的意义，并且发泡的效果明显优于现有技术中使用其它发泡剂时的发泡效果。
5、当与环戊烷混合用作发泡剂时，与单独使用环戊烷相比，能够显著提高泡沫材料的绝热性能。当与氯氟烃如HCFC-141b或HFC-365mfc混合用作发泡剂时，与单独使用氯氟烃相比，能够显著提高泡沫材料的绝热性能。目前，通常围绕发泡剂或特定的氯氟烃发泡剂来选择与相关发泡剂互溶性或混溶性较好的特定聚醚多元醇，而使用本发明的发泡剂，无需选择特定的聚醚多元醇或聚酯多元醇，实用范围广泛，在发泡组合物中能够使用各种类型的聚酯多元醇和/或聚醚多元醇。
6、本发明的发泡剂具有胺基，本身具有自催化功能，能够减少聚氨酯发泡催化剂的使用，至少能够减少前期催化剂的使用或甚至能够省去前期催化剂。
7、与现有技术相比，本发明提供的聚氨酯发泡剂不含氯氟烃或不含氯氟元素，ODP(对臭氧层的破坏的潜能值)为0，GWP(温室效应潜能值)等于1，是最环保的聚氨酯发泡剂，性能比较优良，低温性能极其优良，经检测在零下160摄氏度情况下的导热系数比现有最好的物理发泡剂低20％左右，这一优良的特性可用于天然气长距离运输管道的保温，另一特性是与环戊烷混合使用可以大幅度降低泡沫材料的导热系数，这一优良的保温性能可以大幅度降低冰箱冰柜等设备的耗电量。本发明提供的聚氨酯发泡剂可替代现有的所有含卤烃(含有卤素)的物理发泡剂，满足聚氨酯材料的生产应用。
8、用本发明发泡剂或通式(I)化合物作为发泡剂所制备的聚氨酯泡沫材料(此泡沫体为采用手工搅拌在实验室自制方模中制作)的尺寸变化率或收缩率≤4.5％，优选≤1.5％，更优选≤0.5％(按照中国国家标准GB/T 8811-2008，放置时间可按照该标准中所要求，或甚至，放置时间为5个月)。另外，例如在34-42Kg/m3的泡沫体密度下，导热系数w/m·k(10℃)是在0.01900-0.02200之间，优选是在0.01910-0.02150之间。
9、本发明的通式(I)化合物或混合物中含有少量的水，这些水是以单个分子与通式(I)的醇胺盐化合物的分子相结合或缔合，因此，单个分子形式存在的水非常有利于发泡，有利于提高泡沫体产品的性能。尽管现有技术中同样使用少量的水作为发泡剂或辅助发泡剂，但是，这些水通常是以水分子簇或水分子团的形式(即微水滴的形式)存在，尤其各个水分子簇具有不同的尺寸，会导致发泡组合物的发泡不均匀，尤其导致泡沫体的局部塌缩，影响泡沫体产品的各种性能。
附图说明
图1是实施例A-3的产品的红外光谱图。
图2是实施例A-4的产品的红外光谱图。
图3是实施例B-6的产品的红外光谱图。
图4是实施例4的泡沫体的扫描电子显微镜照片(SEM)。
图5是重复实施例4的对比泡沫体4-1的SEM。
图6是重复实施例4的参考泡沫体4-2的SEM。
图7是重复实施例4的对比泡沫体4-3的SEM。
图8是重复实施例4的参考泡沫体4-4的SEM。
图9是实施例16的泡沫体的SEM。
图10、图12和图14为本发明的采用化合物A-4作为发泡剂的聚氨酯泡沫体的外观照片。
图11、图13和图15为用水发泡的对比聚氨酯泡沫体的外观照片。
图16为实施例34的聚苯乙烯泡沫材料的SEM。
图17是实施例36的化合物(肼基醇胺盐)的红外光谱图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步的描述。
在本申请中，用于制备聚氨酯泡沫体或用于发泡组合物中的常用聚醚多元醇和聚酯多元醇选自下列品种：聚醚4110、450、400A、MN500、SU380、SA380、403、SA460、G350；聚酯CF6320、DM2003、YD6004、AKS7004、CF6255。常用催化剂选自：33LV(A-33)：33％三乙烯二胺的二丙二醇溶液、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺、N,N-二甲基苄胺、70％双(二甲胺基乙基)醚的二丙二醇溶液、70％辛酸钾于二乙二醇溶液、二月桂酸二丁基锡、PT303、PT304、醋酸钾、PC-8(N,N-二甲基环己胺)、PC-5、PC-41、一乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、JXP-508、JXP-509、TMR-2、TMR-3、TMR-4。常用阻燃剂：TCPP、TCEP、DMMP、氯化铵、氢氧化铝粉末、DM1201、DM1301、四溴苯酐二醇。常用硅烷表面活性剂：DC8545、AK-158、AK-8805、AK-8812、AK-8809、AK-8818、AK-8860、DCI990、DC5188、DC6070、DC3042、DC3201。非硅烷表面活性剂：LK-221,LK-443。
安全说明：在本发明中凡是涉及使用环氧化合物的情况，为了安全起见，在将反应物加入反应器之前和之后必须经过惰性气体(如氮气或氩气)处理和保护下进行反应，防止爆炸。另外，对于加入环氧乙烷的情况，为了安全起见，优选的是分批加入反应器中，而环氧丙烷可以一次性加入反应器中，也可以分批。反应器一般为装有冷却设备的压力反应器，除非另有说明。环氧化合物要分批地慢慢地加入到反应器中，而对于那些相对安全的 环氧化合物也要分批分次地慢慢地加入到反应器中，控制反应速度等反应条件，确保安全。水合肼也是易燃易爆的有毒的化合物，因此在使用的时候也必须按照相关要求和规定进行。
在实施例中根据中国国家标准GB/T 26689-2011(冰箱、冰柜用硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料)测试泡沫体的各项性能。样品的尺寸一般为10*10*2.5cm。
导热系数按照GB/T 10294-2008或GB/T 10295-2008进行。平均温度为10℃，冷热板温差15～20℃。表观(芯)密度按照GB/T 6343-2009测试。低温尺寸稳定性按照GB/T 8811-2008，在-30℃±2℃下测试。压缩强度按照GB/T 8813-2008进行测试。闭孔率(即闭孔体积百分率)按照GB/T 10799-2008进行测试。
对于通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物中各种醇胺(例如单乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、单丙醇胺、二丙醇胺或三丙醇胺)的含量的测量方法，可采用气相色谱法。其中气相色谱仪配有氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)，通式(I)化合物的质量浓度为大约10 mg/mL，为标准溶液。气相色谱条件：HP-5毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm i.d.×0.25μm，5％phenyl methyl-siloxane)；柱温为程序升温，初始温度为80℃，保持3 min后以25℃/min的速率升至250℃，保持5 min；进样口温度250℃；检测器温度260℃；载气为高纯氮，流速为1.5mL/min；燃气为氢气，流速为30 mL/min；助燃气为空气，流速为300 mL/min；尾吹气为氮气，流速为25 mL/min；进样方式为分流进样，分流比：30:1；进样量为1μL。
A)从氨基酸铵盐或氨基甲酸有机胺(M)盐制备通式(I)化合物
实施例A-1
将1.4吨的氨基甲酸铵(分子量78.07)、0.7吨的乙二醇、0.9吨的水加入到带有冷却水夹套的不锈钢高压反应釜(在下面的其它实施例中简称反应器)中，开动搅拌器，使得氨基甲酸铵慢慢溶解(不一定完全溶解)，用氮气吹扫反应器，然后封闭反应器并开动搅拌，通入总共1.7吨的环氧丙烷(分子量58.08，沸点34℃)，控制环氧丙烷的加料速度以便控制反应器内的压力不高于0.6MPa，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在70℃以下反应15小时，反应完成，慢慢降低温度到50℃后控制真空度在600毫米汞柱以下(优选低于500mmHg)慢慢脱除不必要的水(例如达到低于20wt％的水含量)和未反应的环氧丙烷，然后放掉真空，降温到40℃以下后放出反应物，获得化合物A-1。粘度200厘泊，pH＝9，化合物A-1的分解温度为45-70℃(从45℃开始极其缓慢地分解，峰值分解温度为57-62℃)。用原子吸收分光光度计(Seiko Instruments,Inc.；SAS/727)测定碱金属和碱土金属离子的含量为低于检测极限。气相色谱分析，单丙醇胺与二丙醇胺的摩尔比是1:0.06。化合物A-1含有约75wt％的单丙醇胺和二丙醇胺两者的盐。还含有一部分的水。另外，化合物A-1含有约55wt％的单 丙醇胺和二丙醇胺(在加热化合物A-1以释放二氧化碳之后)。
化合物A-1是一种在室温下或在环境条件比较稳定的透明或澄清液体，适合作为聚氨酯发泡剂，它与HFC-245fa、LBA、五氟丁烷的基本特性对比如下表：
  化合物A-1 HFC245fa 五氟丁烷 LBA
ODP 0 0 0 0
GWP 1 1030.01 793.98 5.00
沸点(℃) 45℃开始慢分解 15.3 40.2 19.3
从上表可以看出，化合物A-1的GWP(温室效应潜能值)等于1，分解温度比较高，克服了某些低沸点(低于20℃的)物理发泡剂如HFC-245fa、LBA、五氟丁烷等的很多缺点，如GWP远大于1、沸点比较低、易挥发，而本发明化合物A-1的GWP等于1、沸点比较高、不易挥发，并且ODP(对臭氧层的破坏的潜能值)为0，不会破坏大气臭氧层；不易挥发便于运输和存储。
实施例A-2
将1.4吨的氨基甲酸铵、0.7吨的乙二醇、0.9吨的水加入到带有冷却夹套的不锈钢反应器中，开动搅拌，使得氨基甲酸铵慢慢溶解(不一定完全溶解)，反应体系经氮气处理和保护后加热升温，控制温度为45-70℃，控制压力不超过0.6MPa，然后分批地慢慢地加入总计1.3吨的环氧乙烷(分子量44.05)，加完后控制温度45-70℃，压力在0.6MPa以下搅拌反应5小时，然后降温到50℃，600mHg下减压下脱除不必要的水(例如达到低于30wt％的水含量)和未反应的环氧乙烷，降温到40℃以下后放出产物，获得化合物A-2。粘度大约250，pH＝9，化合物A-2的分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例A-3(本发明优选)
将1kg的氨基甲酸铵、1kg的水加入到反应器中，在搅拌下溶解(允许存在不溶解的氨基甲酸铵)，用氮气吹扫反应器，然后加入2kg的环氧丙烷到透明的石英玻璃反应器中，开动搅拌，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在50-60℃之间，压力不高于0.6MPa条件下进行反应，当反应进行到大约2小时时突然出现了奇妙的现象：混浊、不透明的混合物瞬间变成透明或澄明溶液，继续反应8小时，然后降温到50℃，在真空度为600毫米汞柱以下脱出不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放出产物。反应时间确保反应按照摩尔比完成。获得化合物A-3。粘度200厘泊，pH＝9.1，分解温度在45-70℃范围。液相色谱分析以及气相色谱分析，表明化合物A-3是包含多种醇胺的混合物。水含量为21.5wt％。红外光谱图如图1所示。
实施例A-4(本发明优选)
将1吨的氨基甲酸铵、1吨的水加入到带有冷却水夹套的不锈钢压力反应釜中，在搅拌下溶解(允许存在不溶解的氨基甲酸铵)，用氮气吹扫反应器，然后分批加入2.2吨的环氧丙烷到反应器中，然后封闭反应器，开动搅拌，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在45-70℃之间，压力不高于0.6MPa条件下反应10小时，然后降温到50℃，在真空度为600毫米汞柱以下脱出不必要的水，降温到40℃以下后放出产物。获得化合物A-4。粘度200厘泊，pH＝9，分解温度在45-70℃范围。液相色谱分析以及气相色谱分析，均表明化合物A-4是包含多种醇胺的混合物。红外光谱图如图2所示。
实施例A-5(本发明优选)
将7kg的碳酸铵和7kg的氨基甲酸铵、12kg的水加入到反应器中，在搅拌下溶解(允许存在不溶解的氨基甲酸铵和碳酸铵)，用氮气吹扫反应器，然后再分批加入30kg的环氧丙烷，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在45-70℃之间，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，反应10小时，然后降温到50℃，控温在50℃以下，真空度为600毫米汞柱以下脱出不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放掉真空、放出产物，即获得化合物A-5。粘度大约200厘泊，pH＝9，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例A-6(本发明优选)
将16kg的氨基甲酸一乙醇胺盐、10kg的水加入到反应器中，用氮气清扫反应器，搅拌溶解，分批加入12kg的环氧丙烷到反应器中，开动搅拌，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，当温度升高到70℃时控温反应5小时,然后降低温度到50℃以下，控制真空度600毫米汞柱以下脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放掉真空、放出产物，即可获得化合物A-6。粘度230厘泊。pH＝9。分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例A-7
将20kg的氨基甲酸二亚乙基三胺盐、10kg的水加入到反应器中，搅拌溶解，用氮气吹扫反应器，在搅拌下，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，温度在45-70℃之间，分批加入15kg的环氧丙烷到反应器中，加完环氧丙烷后控温反应5小时,然后降温到50℃下，真空度在600毫米汞柱以下减压下脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放掉真空、放出产物即可获得化合物A-7。粘度大约350厘泊。pH＝9，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例A-8
将1吨的氨基甲酸铵(分子量78.07)、1吨的水加入到反应器中，在搅拌下溶解(允许存在不溶解的氨基甲酸铵)，用氮气吹扫反应器，然后加入2.8吨的环氧氯丙烷(即，表氯醇 或3-氯-1,2-环氧丙烷，分子量92.52，沸点117.9℃)到反应器中，开动搅拌，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在45-70℃之间，压力不高于0.6MPa条件下反应10小时，然后降温到50℃，在真空度为600毫米汞柱以下脱出不必要的水和未反应的环氧氯丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放出产物。获得化合物A-8。粘度450厘泊，pH＝9，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例A-9
将0.65吨的碳酸铵和0.65吨的氨基甲酸铵、1.2吨的水加入到反应器中，在搅拌下溶解(允许存在不溶解的氨基甲酸铵和碳酸铵)，用氮气吹扫反应器，然后再加入3.6吨的苯乙烯氧化物(styrene oxide，分子量120.15)，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在45-70℃之间，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，反应10小时，然后降温到50℃，控温在50℃以下，真空度为600毫米汞柱以下脱出不必要的水，降温到40℃以下后放掉真空、放出产物，即获得化合物A-9。粘度大约460厘泊，pH＝9，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例A-10
将1kg的氨基甲酸肼、0.9kg的水加入到反应器中，在搅拌下溶解30分钟(允许存在少量不溶解的氨基甲酸肼)，用氮气吹扫反应器，然后分批加入1.8kg的环氧丙烷到透明的石英玻璃反应器中，开动搅拌，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在50-70℃之间，压力不高于0.6MPa条件下进行反应，当反应进行到大约2小时左右回出现奇妙的现象：混浊、不透明的混合物瞬间变成透明或澄明溶液，继续反应5小时，然后降温到50℃，在真空度为600毫米汞柱以下脱出一部分的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放出产物。反应时间足以确保反应按照摩尔比完成。获得化合物A-10。pH＝8.9，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
B)制备具有CO3 2-阴离子的通式(I)化合物
实施例B-1
将14kg的碳酸铵(分子量96)、6kg的乙二醇和8kg的水加入到反应器中，开动搅拌，使得碳酸铵慢慢溶解(不一定完全溶解)，用氮气吹扫反应器，加入20kg的环氧丙烷，开动搅拌，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在70℃以下反应12小时，反应完成，慢慢降低温度到50℃后控制真空度在600毫米汞柱以下慢慢脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，然后放掉真空，降温到40℃以下后放出反应物，获得化合物获得化合物B-1。粘度大约300厘泊，pH＝9，化合物B-1的分解温度为45-70℃。液相色谱分析以及气相色谱分析，表明化合物B-1是包含多种醇胺的混合物。用原子吸收分光光度计(SeikoInstruments,Inc.；SAS/727)测定碱金属和碱土金属离子的含量为低于检测极限。气相色谱分析，单丙醇胺与二丙醇胺的摩尔比是1:0.22。化合物B-1含有约78wt％的单丙醇胺和二丙 醇胺两者的盐。化合物B-1含有约56wt％的单丙醇胺和二丙醇胺。
实施例B-2
将1.4吨的碳酸铵、1吨的水加入到带有冷却夹套的不锈钢压力反应釜中，搅拌溶解(允许存在不溶解的碳酸铵)，用氮气吹扫，然后密封反应釜，在不断搅拌下，控制温度在45-70℃之间，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，将1.3吨的环氧乙烷分批加入到反应器中，加完后控温反应4小时，然后降温到50℃，控制真空在600mHg以下减压下脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧乙烷，降温到40℃以下后放掉真空、放出产物即可。获得化合物B-2。粘度300厘泊。pH＝9.1。分解温度在45-70℃。液相色谱分析以及气相色谱分析，表明化合物B-2是包含多种醇胺的混合物。
实施例B-3
将20kg的碳酸铵、18kg的水加入到透明的石英玻璃反应器中，搅拌溶解(允许存在不溶解的碳酸铵)，用氮气吹扫反应器，在不断搅拌下，控制温度在45-70℃之间，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，将45kg的环氧丙烷加入到反应器中，加完后控温反应，当反应进行到大约2小时左右时突然出现了奇妙的现象：混浊、不透明的混合物瞬间变成透明或澄明溶液，继续反应8小时，然后降温到50℃，控制真空在600mHg以下减压下脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放掉真空、放出产物即可。获得化合物B-3。粘度大约为250厘泊。pH＝9.1。分解温度在45-70℃。
实施例B-4
将20kg的氨水(浓度25wt％)加入到反应器中，用氮气吹扫反应器，开动搅拌，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，温度不超过120℃，分批加入16kg的环氧乙烷，加完后控温反应1小时。反应完成后降温到室温后减压蒸除不必要的水和未反应的环氧乙烷，通入4kg的二氧化碳(分子量44)至pH值为8左右，控温在80℃以下，反应完成后降温到室温即可。获得化合物B-4。粘度为大约400厘泊。分解温度在45-75℃范围。
实施例B-5
将20kg的氨水(浓度25wt％)、5kg的乙二醇加入到反应器中，用氮气吹扫反应器，开动搅拌，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，温度不超过120℃，分批加入20kg的环氧丙烷，加完后控温反应2小时。反应完成后降温到室温后减压蒸除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，通入5kg的二氧化碳至pH值为8左右，控温在80℃以下，反应完成后降温到室温即可。获得化合物B-5。粘度为大约450厘泊。分解温度在45-75℃范围。
实施例B-6
将10kg的重量份的二乙烯三胺(分子量103.17)、15kg的水加入到反应器中，用氮气吹扫反应器，开动搅拌，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，温度不超过120℃，分批加入15kg的环氧丙烷，加完后控温反应1小时。反应完成后降温到室温后减压蒸除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，通入6kg的二氧化碳至pH值为8左右，控温在80℃以下，反应完成后降温到室温即可。获得化合物B-6。粘度为大约500厘泊。分解温度在45-70℃范围。红外谱图如图3所示。
实施例B-7
将10kg的乙二胺(分子量60.12)、15kg的水加入到反应器中，用氮气吹扫反应器，开动搅拌，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，温度不超过120℃，分批加入10kg的环氧乙烷(分子量44.05)，加完后控温反应1小时。反应完成后降温到室温后减压蒸除不必要的水和未反应的环氧乙烷，通入5kg的二氧化碳至pH值为8为止，控温在80℃以下，反应完成后降温到室温即可。获得化合物B-7。粘度为大约500厘泊。分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例B-8
将6kg的乙二胺(分子量60.12)、3.4kg的液氨加入到特制的耐压混合罐中混合均匀，然后通过管道控制一定的流量加入到混合反应器中，控制压力在0.6 MPa，控制温度为60℃以下，与9kg二氧化碳气体慢慢混合，反应完成后降低温度到室温，将获得的全部产品和10kg水一起加入到反应釜中在搅拌下慢慢溶解(允许有不容物存在)，用氮气吹扫反应器，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，温度不超过70℃条件下，分批加入35kg的环氧丙烷，加完后控温反应5小时。反应完成后降温到室温后减压蒸除一部分的水和未反应的环氧丙烷。获得化合物B-8。pH＝9.1，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例B-9
将6kg的二乙烯三胺(分子量：103.17)、3kg的液氨加入到特制的耐压混合罐中混合均匀，然后通过管道控制一定的流量加入到混合反应器中，控制压力在0.6 MPa，控制温度为60℃以下，与7.6kg二氧化碳气体慢慢混合，反应完成后降低温度到室温，将获得的全部产品和10kg水一起加入到反应釜中在搅拌下慢慢溶解(允许有不容物存在)，用氮气吹扫反应器，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，温度不超过70℃条件下，分批加入22kg的环氧乙烷，加完后控温反应5小时。反应完成后降温到室温后减压蒸除一部分的水和未反应的环氧乙烷。获得化合物B-9。pH＝8.8，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例B-10
将6kg的二乙烯三胺(分子量：103.17)、3kg的液氨加入到特制的耐压混合罐中混合 均匀，然后通过管道控制一定的流量加入到混合反应器中，控制压力在0.6 MPa，控制温度为60℃以下，与7.6kg二氧化碳气体慢慢混合反应，反应完成后降低温度到室温，将获得的全部产品和10kg水一起加入到反应釜中在搅拌下慢慢溶解(允许有不容物存在)，用氮气吹扫反应器，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，温度不超过70℃条件下，分批加入9kg的环氧乙烷和14kg环氧丙烷，加完后控温反应5小时。反应完成后降温到室温后减压蒸除一部分的水和未反应的环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷。获得化合物B-10。pH＝9.0，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例B-11
将6kg的乙二胺(分子量60.12)、3kg的甲胺(分子量：31.10)、1.7kg液氨加入到特制的耐压混合罐中混合均匀，然后通过管道控制一定的流量加入到混合反应器中，控制压力在0.6 MPa，控制温度为60℃以下，与8.5kg二氧化碳气体慢慢混合，反应完成后降低温度到室温，将获得的全部产品和10kg水一起加入到反应釜中在搅拌下慢慢溶解(允许有不容物存在)，用氮气吹扫反应器，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，温度不超过70℃条件下，分批加入31kg的环氧丙烷，加完后控温反应5小时。反应完成后降温到室温后减压蒸除一部分的水和未反应的环氧丙烷。获得化合物B-11。pH＝9.0，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例B-12
将0.9kg的碳酸肼、0.8kg的水加入到反应器中，在搅拌下溶解30分钟(允许存在不溶解的氨基甲酸铵)，用氮气吹扫反应器，然后分批加入1.8kg的环氧丙烷到透明的石英玻璃反应器中，开动搅拌，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在50-70℃之间，压力不高于0.6MPa条件下进行反应，当反应进行到大约2小时左右回出现奇妙的现象：混浊、不透明的混合物瞬间变成透明或澄明溶液，继续反应5小时，然后降温到50℃，在真空度为600毫米汞柱以下脱出一部分的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放出产物。反应时间确保反应按照摩尔比完成。获得化合物B-12。pH＝8.9，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
实施例B-13
将0.9kg的碳酸肼、0.8kg的水加入到反应器中，在搅拌下溶解30分钟(允许存在不溶解的氨基甲酸铵)，用氮气吹扫反应器，然后分批加入1.3kg的环氧乙烷到透明的石英玻璃反应器中，开动搅拌，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在50-70℃之间，压力不高于0.6MPa条件下进行反应，当反应进行到大约2小时左右回出现奇妙的现象：混浊、不透明的混合物瞬间变成透明或澄明溶液，继续反应5小时，然后降温到50℃，在真空度为600毫米汞柱以下脱出一部分的水和未反应的环氧乙烷，降温到40℃以下后放出产物。反应时间确保反应按照摩尔比完成。获得化合物B-13。pH＝8.8，分解温度在45-70℃范围。
C)制备具有甲酸根(HCOO-)的通式(I)化合物
实施例C-1
将15kg的甲酸铵、1kg的甲胺催化剂，10kg的水、5kg的乙二醇加入到反应器中，开动搅拌，用氮气吹扫反应器，控制压力不高于0.5MPa，控温在120℃以下，将12kg的环氧乙烷分批加入到反应器中，反应5小时。反应完成后降温，然后控制真空度为600毫米汞柱以下，温度100℃以下减压脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧乙烷，去掉真空，降温到50℃以下后放出产品即可。获得化合物C-1。粘度为大约200厘泊，pH＝8.5，分解温度高于100℃。
实施例C-2
重复实施例C-1，只是使用15kg的环氧丙烷代替12kg的环氧乙烷，并且环氧丙烷不是分批次加入反应器中，而是一次性加入其中。获得化合物C-2。粘度为大约350厘泊，pH＝8.6，分解温度高于100℃。
实施例C-3
将10kg的甲酸甲酯、10kg的甲酸乙酯、13kg的氨水(浓度25wt％)、35kg的二乙醇胺加入到反应器中，开动搅拌，控制压力不高于0.5MPa，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，当温度升高到100℃时控温反应15小时。反应完成后降温，然后控制真空度为600毫米汞柱以下，温度100℃以下减压脱除甲醇和乙醇，去掉真空，降温到50℃以下放出产品后。获得化合物C-3。粘度大约为400厘泊，pH＝9，分解温度高于100℃。
上述化合物C-1、C-2和C-3在与异氰酸酯接触时立即放出二氧化碳气体，同时也放出少量一氧化碳气体，克服了一般物理发泡剂如甲酸甲酯的缺点。
实施列C-4(不属于通式(I)化合物)
将24kg的氨水(浓度25wt％)加入到反应器中，控制温度在100℃以下，在不断搅拌下将20kg的甲酸(浓度85wt％)慢慢滴加到氨水中，加完后保温反应1小时，然后控制真空度为600毫米汞柱以下，温度100℃以下减压脱除不必要的水。获得化合物C-4。粘度大约为150厘泊，pH＝9.5，分解温度高于100℃。
实施例C-5(不属于通式(I)化合物)
将23kg的氨水(浓度25wt％)、1.5kg的二甲胺加入到反应器中，控制温度在100℃以下，在不断搅拌下将20kg的甲酸(浓度85wt％)慢慢滴加到氨水中，加完后保温反应1小时，然后控制真空度为600毫米汞柱以下，温度100℃以下减压脱除不必要的水，去掉真空，降温到50℃以下后放出产品获得化合物C-5。粘度大约为150厘泊，pH＝9.2，分解温度高于100℃。
实施例C-6(不属于通式(I)化合物)
将23kg的氨水(浓度25wt％)、1.5kg的甲胺加入到反应器中，控制温度在100℃以下，在不断搅拌下将20kg的甲酸(浓度85wt％)慢慢滴加到氨水中，加完后保温反应1小时，然后控制真空度为600毫米汞柱以下，温度100℃以下减压脱除不必要的水(例如可以达到10wt％左右的水含量)，去掉真空，降温到50℃以下后放出产品。获得化合物C-6，未发生结晶，可能是所添加的甲胺干扰了其结晶。粘度大约为150厘泊，pH＝9，分解温度高于100℃。
化合物C-4、C-5或C-6在与异氰酸酯接触时立即发出二氧化碳气体，同时也放出少量一氧化碳气体，克服了一般物理发泡剂的缺点。
虽然化合物C-1至C-6甚至在高于110℃下不分解，但是，发明人经过实验发现，在聚氨酯发泡过程中这些能够容易地分解而释放出CO2，原因可能是当接触到异氰酸酯化合物时首先与NCO基团反应生成了不太稳定的碳酸酐。
D)制备具有碳酸氢根(HO-COO-)的通式(I)化合物
实施例D-1
将10kg的碳酸氢铵(分子量79.06)、9.0kg的水和1kg乙二胺加入到透明的石英玻璃反应器中，搅拌溶解(允许存在不溶解的碳酸氢铵)，用氮气吹扫反应器，密封反应器，然后在不断搅拌下，控制温度在45-65℃之间，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，将20kg的环氧丙烷分批加入到反应器中，加完后控温反应10小时，然后降温到50℃，控制真空在600mHg以下减压下脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放掉真空、放出产物即可。获得化合物D-1。粘度大约为250厘泊。pH＝8，分解温度在36-42℃。
发明人意外地发现，当将化合物D-1与聚醚多元醇和/或聚酯多元醇混合，例如配制发泡组合物(“白料”)时，溶解在白料中的化合物D-1的分解温度能够提高至45-65℃。这使得化合物D-1具有合适的分解温度，因此，适合用于聚氨酯发泡。
E)制备具有碳酸单烃基酯(RbO-COO-)阴离子的通式(I)化合物
实施例E-1
将10kg的碳酸氢甲酯的铵盐(分子量93)、9.0kg的水和1kg乙二胺加入到透明的石英玻璃反应器中，搅拌溶解(允许存在不溶解的铵盐)，用氮气吹扫反应器，密封反应器，然后在不断搅拌下，控制温度在45-65℃之间，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，将20kg的环氧丙烷分批加入到反应器中，加完后控温反应10小时，然后降温到50℃，控制真空在600mHg以下减压下脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放掉真空、放出产物即可。获得化合物E-1。粘度大约为350厘泊。pH＝8，分解温度在42℃-60℃。
F)制备具有-OOC-N(R1)-Ra-N(R2)-COO-或Ra'(-N(R1)-COO-)3阴离子的通式(I)化合物
实施例F-1
将10kg的NH4OOC-NH-(CH2)5-NH-COO NH4(分子量182)、9.0kg的水加入到透明的石英玻璃反应器中，搅拌溶解(允许存在不溶解的铵盐)，用氮气吹扫反应器，密封反应器，然后在不断搅拌下，控制温度在45-55℃之间，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，将20kg的环氧丙烷分批加入到反应器中，加完后控温反应10小时，然后降温到50℃，控制真空在600mHg以下减压下脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放掉真空、放出产物即可。获得化合物F-1。粘度大约为600厘泊。pH＝9，分解温度在45℃-70℃。
实施例F-2
将12kg的具有下式的苯-1,3,5-三(氨基甲酸铵)(分子量306)：
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000015
和9.0kg的水加入到透明的石英玻璃反应器中，搅拌溶解(允许存在不溶解的铵盐)，用氮气吹扫反应器，密封反应器，然后在不断搅拌下，控制温度在45-60℃之间，控制压力不高于0.6MPa，将20kg的环氧丙烷分批加入到反应器中，加完后控温反应10小时，然后降温到50℃，控制真空在600mHg以下减压下脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，降温到40℃以下后放掉真空、放出产物即可。获得化合物F-2。粘度大约为510厘泊。pH＝9.6。分解温度在45℃-70℃。
G)制备具有原甲酸根阴离子的通式(I)化合物
实施例G-1
将15kg的原甲酸三乙酯、20kg的二乙醇胺、10kg的水加入到反应器中，开动搅拌，控制压力不高于0.1MPa，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，当温度升高到80℃时控温反应10小时。反应完成后降温到50℃，然后控制真空度为600毫米汞柱以下，温度50℃以下减压脱除乙醇，降温到40℃以下放出产品后即得化合物G-1，粘度大约为500厘泊，pH＝8.0，分解温度在45-70℃。
实施例G-2
将15kg的原甲酸三甲酯、2.0kg的乙二醇、10kg的水、6.0kg的乙二胺加入到反应器中，开动搅拌，控制压力不高于0.1MPa，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，当温度升高到70℃时控温反应5小时。反应完成后降温，然后控制真空度为600毫米汞柱以下，温度50℃以下减 压脱甲醇，去掉真空，降温到40℃以下放出产品后即可得化合物G-2，粘度大约温250厘泊，pH＝8.3，分解温度45-70℃。
实施例G-3
将15kg的原甲酸三乙酯、13kg的一乙醇胺、7.0kg的水加入到反应器中，开动搅拌，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温在100℃以下反应8小时。反应完成后降温，然后控制真空度为600毫米汞柱以下，温度50℃以下减压脱除乙醇，去掉真空，降温到50℃以下放出产品后即得到了其中原甲酸三乙酯的两个酯基发生水解的化合物G-3。粘度大约300厘泊，pH＝8.1，分解温度45-70℃。
实施例G-4
将20kg的原甲酸乙二醇酯、11kg的二乙醇胺、10kg的氨水加入到反应器中，开动搅拌，在不断搅拌下慢慢升温，控温不超过100℃下反应8小时。反应完成后降温，然后控制真空度为600毫米汞柱以下，温度50℃以下减压脱除不必要的水，去掉真空，降温到40℃以下放出产品后即可得化合物G-4。粘度大约500厘泊，pH＝8，分解温度45-70℃。
应用实施例
实施例1
将8重量份的作为发泡剂的由以上实施例A-1制备的化合物A-1、50重量份的聚醚多元醇4110(由山东省滨州市的滨化集团生产)、1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工公司生产)、12.5重量份的阻燃剂TCPP(江苏雅克化工有限公司生产)和2重量份催化剂A33(33LV,美国空气化工公司生产)混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入95.5份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200，烟台万华化学集团股份有限公司)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫材料。
实施例2
将8重量份的作为发泡剂的由以上实施例A-2制备的化合物A-2、30重量份的聚醚多元醇4110、20重量份的聚酯多元醇CF6320(江苏富盛新材料有限公司)和1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201、12.5重量份的阻燃剂TCPP和2重量份催化剂A33混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入95.5份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例3
20重量份的作为发泡剂的化合物A-3、2重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201、0.5重量份的催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡、0.5重量份的催化剂PC-5(美国空气化工)，1重量份的催化剂 PC-8(美国空气化工)，1重量份的催化剂PT304(美国空气化工)，1重量份的催化剂A33，40重量份的阻燃剂TCPP、20重量份的聚醚多元醇4110、10重量份的AKS7004(AEKYUNG PETROCHEMICAL CO.,LTD KOREA)、10重量份的MN500(山东蓝星东大化工有限责任公司，羟值mgKOH/g：330-350)和10重量份的聚酯多元醇CF6320(江苏富盛新材料有限公司)，均匀混合后以50kg用量，经喷涂机与异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)按照体积比1:1-1.6(即“白料”与MDI的体积比)喷涂制备聚氨酯泡沫材料。
实施例4
将7重量份作为发泡剂的化合物A-4、1重量份的催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)、0.5重量份的催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、环戊烷13重量份，2重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC8545(美国空气化工)加入到50重量份的聚醚多元醇2010(江苏省海安石油化工厂生产，)、25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA380(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司)和25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA460(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司)的混合物中混合均匀，获得透明的发泡组合物(简称“白料”)，然后在其中加入148.2份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后注入发泡模具中发泡制得带皮聚氨酯泡沫材料。
取样品，用刀片切片后利用SEM放大100倍观察泡孔。如图4中所示，泡孔直径为205微米。
作为对比，重复本实施例4，只是5重量份水和12重量份的环戊烷(1:2.4重量比)用作发泡剂，获得对比泡沫体4-1；如图5中所示，泡孔直径为396微米。
另外，重复本实施例4，只是本发明化合物A-4和环戊烷(1:1.5重量比)用作发泡剂，获得参考泡沫体4-2；如图6中所示，泡孔直径为306微米。作为对比，重复本实施例4，只是水+LBA+环戊烷(1:1:1重量比)用作发泡剂，获得对比泡沫体4-3，如图7中所示，泡孔直径为495微米。重复本实施例4，只是本发明化合物A-4、LBA和环戊烷(1:1.2:1.3重量比)用作发泡剂，获得参考泡沫体4-4，如图8中所示，泡孔直径是335微米。
从图4、图6和图8中可以看出，泡沫体显得细腻、均匀、致密，单位面积内泡孔数量明显的多。从图5、图7中可以看出，泡孔的直径明显不均匀，单位面积内泡孔数量明显偏少。
实施例5
将6重量份的作为发泡剂的化合物A-5、1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)30重量份的聚醚多元醇4110(山东滨州市滨化集团)、20重量份的聚酯多元醇CF6320(江苏富盛新材料有限公司)、0.5重量份催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)，混合均匀后获得发泡组 合物，然后在其中加入85重量份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例6
将20重量份的作为发泡剂的化合物A-6、50重量份的聚醚多元醇2010(江苏省海安石油化工厂生产)、25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA380(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司生产)和25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA460(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司)、0.5重量份的催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)、0.5重量份的催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入175份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫材料。
实施例7
将4重量份的作为发泡剂的化合物A-7、10重量份HFC-365mfc，11重量份的聚醚多元醇4110(山东滨州滨化集团)、39重量份的聚酯多元醇DM2003(广东德美精细化工有限公司)、1.5重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)和1重量份的催化剂JXP-508(美国空气化工)、0.6重量份的催化剂JXP-509(美国空气化工)、1.5质量分的催化剂K-15(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得发泡组合物，25重量份的阻燃剂TCPP然后在其中加入155重量份的异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例8
将4重量份的作为发泡剂的化合物A-1、10重量份HFC-365mfc，15重量份的聚醚多元醇4110(山东滨州滨化集团)、35重量份的聚酯多元醇DM2003(广东德美精细化工有限公司)、1.5重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201和0.5重量份的催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、0.5重量份的催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得发泡组合物、25重量份的阻燃剂TCPP，然后在其中加入160份的异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫材料。
实施例9
将7重量份的作为发泡剂的化合物A-3、1重量份的催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)、0.5重量份的催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、环戊烷13重量份，2重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC8545(美国空气化工)加入到50重量份的聚醚多元醇2010(江苏省海安石油化工厂生产)、25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA380(山东)和25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA460(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司)的混合物中混合均匀，然后在其中加入150份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例10
将5重量份的作为发泡剂的化合物A-2、8重量份HFC-365mfc、30重量份的聚醚多元醇4110(山东滨州滨化集团)、20重量份的聚酯多元醇CF6320(江苏富盛新材料有限公司)和1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、12.5重量份的阻燃剂TCPP(江苏雅克化工有限公司)和1重量份催化剂A33(33LV,美国空气化工)、1重量份的催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得发泡组合物，然后在其中加入102份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
表1：聚氨酯泡沫体的性能
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000016
说明：以上列表中的检测数据是采用常规发泡箱和自制发泡模型制备的泡沫样品所做的检测数据，是手工制备的自由泡样品。
其中收缩率(尺寸变化率)按照中国国家标准GB/T 8811-2008测量，只是放置时间为5个月。下同。
其中实施例4的产品显得细腻、均匀、致密，如图4所示，具有良好的绝热性能，能够满足冰箱及冰柜领域的各种性能的要求。实施例5的产品能够满足聚氨酯管道保温中各种性能的要求。实施例6的产品显得非常细腻、均匀、致密，能够满足LNG(液化天然气)输送保冷应用各种性能的要求。实施例7的产品能够满足聚氨酯保温板材各种性能的要求。实施例8的产品能够满足聚氨酯彩钢板、冷库板的各种性能的要求。
实施例11
将7重量份的作为发泡剂的由以上实施例B-1制备的化合物B-1、50重量份的聚醚多元醇4110(山东滨州市滨化集团)、1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、12.5重量份的阻燃剂TCPP(江苏雅克化工有限公司)和2重量份催化剂A33(33LV，美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入95.5份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫材料。
实施例12-20
实施例12-20分别重复实施例2-10，只是发泡剂如表2中所示。
表2：聚氨酯泡沫体的性能
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000017
说明：以上各个列表中的检测数据是采用常规发泡箱和自制发泡模型制备的泡沫样品所做的检测数据，是手工制备的自由泡样品。
其中实施例14的产品具有良好的绝热性能，能够满足冰箱及冰柜领域的各种性能的要求。实施例15的产品能够满足聚氨酯管道保温中各种性能的要求。实施例16的泡沫产品显得更加细腻、均匀、致密，如图9所示，因此，它能够满足LNG(液化天然气)输送保冷应用各种性能的要求。实施例17的产品能够满足聚氨酯保温板材各种性能的要求。实施例18的产品能够满足聚氨酯彩钢板、冷库板的各种性能的要求。
实施例21
将4重量份的作为发泡剂的由以上实施例C-1制备的化合物C-1、50重量份的聚醚多元醇4110、1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201、12.5重量份的阻燃剂TCPP(江苏雅克化工有 限公司)和1重量份催化剂A33(33LV，美国空气化工)、1重量份的催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入104.5份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例22
将4重量份的作为发泡剂的由以上实施例C-2制备的化合物C-2、30重量份的聚醚多元醇4110、20重量份的聚酯多元醇CF6320(江苏富盛新材料有限公司)、12.5重量份的阻燃剂TCPP(江苏雅克化工有限公司)、1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、0.5重量份催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例23
将3.5重量份的由以上实施例C-3制备的化合物C-3、2重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)、13重量份环戊烷、加入到50重量份的聚醚多元醇2010(江苏省海安石油化工厂)、25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA380(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司生产)和25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA460(生产厂家山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司生产)的混合物中混合均匀混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入145份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后注入发泡模具中发泡制得带皮聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例24-26
实施例24-26分别重复实施例21-23，只是发泡剂如表2中所示。闭孔率均>97％。
表3：聚氨酯泡沫体的性能
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000018
说明：以上列表中的检测数据是采用常规发泡箱和自制发泡模型制备的泡沫样品所做的 检测数据，是手工制备的自由泡样品。
实施例27
将17重量份的作为发泡剂的由以上实施例D-1制备的化合物D-1、100重量份的聚醚多元醇4110(山东滨州滨化集团)、2重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)和2重量份催化剂A33(33LV)、2重量份的催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入160份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例28
将25重量份的化合物E-1、50重量份的聚醚多元醇2010(江苏省海安石油化工厂生产)、25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA380(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司生产)和25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA460(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司)、2重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、0.5重量份催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入155份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例29
将15重量份的化合物F-1、10重量份环戊烷、2重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、1.5重量份催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)加入到50重量份的聚醚多元醇2010(江苏省海安石油化工厂)、25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA380(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司生产)和25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA460(生产厂家山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司生产)中混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入150份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后注入发泡模具中发泡制得带皮聚氨酯泡沫。
对比例1
重复实施例28，只是仅仅采用15重量份的环戊烷作为发泡剂。
表4：聚氨酯泡沫体的性能
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000019
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000020
说明：以上各个列表中的检测数据是采用常规发泡箱和自制发泡模型制备的泡沫样品所做的检测数据，是手工制备的自由泡样品。
实施例30
将12重量份的作为发泡剂的由以上实施例G-1制备的化合物G-1、50重量份的聚醚多元醇4110、1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201、12.5重量份的阻燃剂TCPP(江苏雅克化工有限公司)和1重量份催化剂A33(33LV，美国空气化工)、1重量份的催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得发泡组合物，然后在其中加入104.5份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例31
将7.5重量份的作为发泡剂的由以上实施例G-2制备的化合物G-2、30重量份的聚醚多元醇4110、20重量份的聚酯多元醇CF6320(江苏富盛新材料有限公司)、12.5重量份的阻燃剂TCPP(江苏雅克化工有限公司)、1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、0.5重量份催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得发泡组合物，然后在其中加入份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例32
将9重量份的由以上实施例G-3制备的化合物G-3、2重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)、13重量份环戊烷、加入到50重量份的聚醚多元醇2010(江苏省海安石油化工厂)、25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA380(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司生产)和25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA460(生产厂家山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司生产)的混合物中混合均匀混合均匀后获得发泡组合物，然后在其中加入145份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后注入发泡模具中发泡制得带皮聚氨酯泡沫。
实施例33
将9.5重量份的由以上实施例G-4制备的化合物G-4、2重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)、13重量份环戊烷、加入到50重量份的聚醚多元醇2010(江苏省海安石油化工厂)、25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA380(山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司生产)和25重量份的聚醚多元醇SA460(生产厂家山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司生产)的混合物中混合均匀混合均匀后 获得发泡组合物，然后在其中加入145份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后注入发泡模具中发泡制得带皮聚氨酯泡沫。
表5：聚氨酯泡沫体的性能
Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-000021
说明：以上各个列表中的检测数据是采用常规发泡箱和自制发泡模型制备的泡沫样品所做的检测数据，是手工制备的自由泡样品。
本发明的化学发泡剂(简称CFA)的性能
1、发泡组合物(简称白料)的贮存稳定性以及发泡性能测试
①.CFA-CP(环戊烷的简称)混合使用制备白料的稳定性测试
我们按照用于冰箱的白料的参数配置了CFA-CP混合体系的白料(以上实施例9中的白料)，白料在50℃烘箱内放置后测定白料活性，每隔几天取样测定白料的反应活性，实验结果如下表5：
表5：白料的反应活性
日期 反应时间(s)
2015.8.28 CT:9 GT：55
2015.8.29 CT:9 GT：55
2015.8.31 CT:8 GT：54
2015.9.3 CT:9 GT：55
2015.9.6 CT:8 GT：56
2015.9.12 CT:9 GT：54
2015.9.14 CT:9 GT：53
2015.9.16 CT:8 GT：56
2015.9.18 CT:9 GT：55
2015.9.21 CT:8 GT：54
2015.9.24 CT:9 GT：56
2015.9.28 CT:9 GT：54
2015.10.5 CT:9 GT：56
2015.10.9 CT:10 GT：54
2015.10.15 CT:9 GT：55
2015.10.19 CT:9 GT：56
表中CT是指起发时间；GT是指拉丝时间。
由上表看出，CFA-CP在上述白料体系中随着时间的变化白料的反应活性基本不变，50℃下放置51天后一般认为在常温下可放置半年以上。
除了反应活性外，CFA-CP混合后制备的泡沫材料导热系数值也是稳定的，以下是按照不同时间间隔取样后制备成泡沫材料(与实施例9中相同条件)并对泡沫材料导热系数等指标进行了测试，结果如下：
日期 密度kg/m3 导热系数(10℃)λw/m·k
2015.8.28 35 0.01917
2015.9.12 35 0.01923
2015.9.24 35 0.01906
2015.10.15 35 0.01911
从表中看出，同一种白料放置时间虽然不同，但发泡的密度没有变化，说明发泡效率不变，导热系数基本上也没有变化。
②.仅仅使用CFA作为发泡剂所制备的白料的稳定性实验
与实施例5中相同，我们按照常规白料配方配置了完全使用CFA制备的白料在室温下放置3个月，每隔一个月取样测定白料活性和泡沫的导热系数，测定结果如下：
日期 反应时间 导热系数(10℃)λw/m·k
2013.11.27 CT:9 GT:25 TFT:32 0.02085
2014.1.24 CT:9 GT:24 TFT:32 0.02123
2014.2.26 CT:9 GT:24 TFT:35 0.02093
2014.3.27 CT:9 GT:25 TFT:36 0.02140
表中TFT是指结皮脱粘时间。
由上表可以看出，本发明CFA在以上白料体系中随着时间的变化反应活性和导热系数保持稳定。
③低密度下CFA自由泡和水发泡的稳定性对比
重复以上实施例5，但是发泡剂的用量改变为15重量份的化合物A-4，同时，作为对比，重复以上实施例5，但是仅仅采用水作为发泡剂，分别制备各自的白料和各自的泡沫材料，在所获得的泡沫材料的密度相同的情况下观察两种泡沫材料随时间的变化稳定性是否改变。制备时间为2015年4月16日，密度同为22kg/m3，图10和图12为本发明泡沫体的初始外观，图11和图13为采用水作为发泡剂所制备的泡沫体的初始外观。放置到2015年9月29日，共五个月，观察泡沫的外观，图14为本发明产品，外观和尺寸几乎没有变化，而图15为对比样品已经萎缩，聚氨酯行内专家认为，当泡沫密度在25kg/m3左右时用水发泡的情况下缩泡问题是不可避免的，这是CFA和水的最大区别。换句话说，水发泡用于建筑外墙喷涂等领域将随着时间的变化泡沫材料收缩，导热系数变坏。
其它应用
1、本发明的发泡剂在聚苯乙烯发泡材料的制备中的应用
实施例34
将100重量份的聚苯乙烯树脂粉料，6重量份的本发明发泡剂B-1，平均粒度175微米的碳酸钙，0.3重量份的硬脂酸锌，0.3重量份的色粉(伟昌牌，深圳市伟昌颜料有限公司生产)投入混合机在30-40℃范围的温度下进行混合，获得聚苯乙烯发泡组合物，然后利用单螺杆挤出机(螺杆的长径比在28:1)挤出成型，挤出机的各段温度为：一段85℃～95℃，二段95℃～105℃，三段，105℃～115℃，四段115℃～125℃；模具温度125℃～130℃；螺杆转速为5rpm～9rpm。所获得的型材的表观密度为587kg/m3。SEM照片如图16所示(放大100倍)。从照片可以看出，泡孔的直径比较均匀。
2、本发明的发泡剂在聚氯乙烯发泡材料的制备中的应用
实施例35
将85重量份的PVC树脂，5重量份的本发明发泡剂A-1，0.5重量份的聚乙烯蜡，平均粒度175微米的碳酸钙，0.3重量份的硬脂酸锌，0.3重量份的色粉(伟昌牌，深圳市伟昌颜料有限公司生产)投入混合机在30-40℃范围的温度下进行混合，获得聚氯乙烯发泡组合物，然后利用单螺杆挤出机(螺杆的长径比在28:1)挤出成型，挤出机的各段温度为：一段145℃～150℃，二段155℃～165℃，三段，175℃～185℃，四段180℃～195℃；模具温度195℃～205℃；螺杆转速为5rpm～9rpm。所获得的型材的比重为0.55g/cm3。
3、肼基醇胺盐化合物的制备及其作为发泡剂的应用
实施例36(制备例)
将730g的80％的水合肼、450g的水加入到带有冷却夹套的不锈钢反应釜中，开动搅拌，使得水合肼与水充分混合，反应体系经氮气处理和保护后加热升温，控制温度为45-70℃，控制压力不超过0.3MPa，然后分批地慢慢地加入总计1200g的环氧丙烷(分子量58.08)，加完后控制温度45-70℃，压力在0.3MPa以下搅拌反应1小时，然后降温到50℃，600mHg下减压下脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧丙烷，开启搅拌，向反应釜中通入二氧化碳800-1200g，控制温度为45-60℃，控制压力不超过0.3MPa反应4-8小时，降温到40℃以下后放出产物，获得化合物，即，肼基醇胺盐化合物。pH＝8.9。化合物的分解温度在45-70℃范围。加热至55℃后快速释放出二氧化碳。化合物的红外谱图如图17所示。
实施例37(应用实施例)
将20重量份的作为发泡剂的由以上实施例36制备的化合物、30重量份的聚醚多元醇4110、20重量份的聚酯多元醇CF6320(江苏富盛新材料有限公司)、12.5重量份的阻燃剂TCPP(江苏雅克化工有限公司)、1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、0.5重量份催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨酯泡沫材料。
实施例38(制备例)
将730g的80％的水合肼、450g的水加入到带有冷却夹套的不锈钢反应釜中，开动搅拌，使得水合肼与水充分混合，反应体系经氮气处理和保护后加热升温，控制温度为45-70℃，控制压力不超过0.3MPa，然后分批地慢慢地加入总计910g的环氧乙烷(分子量58.08)，加完后控制温度45-70℃，压力在0.3MPa以下搅拌反应1小时，然后降温到50℃，600mHg下减压下脱除不必要的水和未反应的环氧乙烷，开启搅拌，向反应釜中通入800-1200g二氧化碳，控制温度为45-60℃，控制压力不超过0.3MPa反应4小时，，降温到40℃以下后放出产物，获得化合物。pH＝8.8，化合物的分解温度在45-70℃范围。加热至56℃后快速释放出二氧化碳。
实施例39(应用实施例)
将17重量份的作为发泡剂的由以上实施例38制备的化合物、30重量份的聚醚多元醇4110、20重量份的聚酯多元醇CF6320(江苏富盛新材料有限公司)、12.5重量份的阻燃剂TCPP(江苏雅克化工有限公司)、1重量份的泡沫稳定剂DC3201(美国空气化工)、0.5重量份催化剂PC-8(美国空气化工)、1重量份催化剂PC-41(美国空气化工)混合均匀后获得透明的发泡组合物，然后在其中加入份异氰酸酯MDI(PM200)，经搅拌均匀后发泡制得聚氨 酯泡沫材料。
4、碳酸多亚烷基多胺盐作为发泡剂在聚苯乙烯发泡材料的制备中的应用
实施例40
将100重量份的聚苯乙烯树脂粉料，6重量份的二亚乙基三胺碳酸盐，平均粒度175微米的碳酸钙，0.3重量份的硬脂酸锌，0.3重量份的色粉(伟昌牌，深圳市伟昌颜料有限公司生产)投入混合机在30-40℃范围的温度下进行混合，获得聚苯乙烯发泡组合物，然后利用单螺杆挤出机(螺杆的长径比在28:1)挤出成型，挤出机的各段温度为：一段85℃～95℃，二段95℃～105℃，三段，105℃～115℃，四段115℃～125℃；模具温度125℃～130℃；螺杆转速为5rpm～9rpm。所获得的型材的表观密度为536kg/m3。与实施例34的产品相同，从SEM照片(放大100倍)可以看出，泡孔的直径也比较均匀。
5、碳酸多亚烷基多胺盐作为发泡剂在聚氯乙烯发泡材料的制备中的应用
将85重量份的PVC树脂，5重量份的二亚丙基三胺的碳酸盐，0.5重量份的聚乙烯蜡，平均粒度175微米的碳酸钙，0.3重量份的硬脂酸锌，0.3重量份的色粉(伟昌牌，深圳市伟昌颜料有限公司生产)投入混合机在30-40℃范围的温度下进行混合，获得聚氯乙烯发泡组合物，然后利用单螺杆挤出机(螺杆的长径比在28:1)挤出成型，挤出机的各段温度为：一段145℃～150℃，二段155℃～165℃，三段，175℃～185℃，四段180℃～195℃；模具温度195℃～205℃；螺杆转速为5rpm～9rpm。所获得的型材的比重为0.53g/cm3。

Claims (47)

  1. 具有以下通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物：
    An-[Bm+]p   (I)
    式中，An-是作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子，其中n＝1,2或3；
    Bm+是或包含：+1价的铵离子、+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)、+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)和/或具有m个的-+NR3R4H基团和/或-+NR3H-基团的一种或多种有机胺B的阳离子；
    其中m＝1-10，优选m＝1-5，更优选m＝1-2；
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100001
    和
    其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
    (a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根：R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；
    (b)碳酸根：CO3 2-；
    (c)甲酸根：HCOO-；
    (d)碳酸氢根：HO-COO-；
    (e)有机单碳酸根：RaO-COO-，其中Ra是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)，或C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C2酰基)；
    (f)有机多氨基甲酸根：-OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COO-，或Rb'(-N(R1)-COO-)3，
    式中，Rb是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C16亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优选C2-C6亚烃基)，Rb'是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的三价C2-C20烃基(更优选三价C3-C15亚烃基)；
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100002
    式中，R’是H、任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)，或C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C7酰基)；或
    (h)有机多碳酸根：-OOC-ORcO-COO-，
    式中，Rc是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优 选C2-C6亚烃基)；
    其中，R1,R2,R3或R4独立地选自：H，R，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)；
    前提条件是：在上述通式(I)的化合物中R1,R2,R3或R4中至少一个是与N原子连接的R基团，或所述通式(I)的化合物具有至少一个与N键接的R基团；
    其中该R基团选自于下列基团中的一种或多种：
    (1a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)]q-,例如H(OCH2CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH3))q-、H(OCH(CH3)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(C6H5))q-、H(OCH(C6H5)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH2Cl))q-、H(OCH(CH2Cl)CH2)q-或H(OCH2CH(CBr3))q-；
    (2a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)]q-；或
    (3a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)CH(R4a)]q-；
    其中q的值或平均值是q＝1-50；R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基。
  2. 具有以下通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物：
    An-[Bm+]p   (I)
    式中，n-是作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子，其中n＝1,2或3；
    Bm+是或包含：+1价的铵离子和/或具有m个的-+NR3R4H基团和/或-+NR3H-基团的一种或多种有机胺B的阳离子；
    其中m＝1-10，优选m＝1-5，更优选m＝1-2；
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100003
    和
    其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
    (a)氨基甲酸根：R1R2N-COO-；
    (b)碳酸根：CO3 2-；
    (c)甲酸根：HCOO-；
    (d)碳酸氢根：HO-COO-；
    (e)有机单碳酸根：RaO-COO-，其中Ra是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)，或C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C2酰基)；
    (f)有机多氨基甲酸根：-OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COO-，或Rb'(-N(R1)-COO-)3，
    式中，Rb是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C16亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优选C2-C6亚烃基)，Rb'是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的三价C2-C20烃基(更优选三价C3-C15亚烃基)；
    (g)
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100004
    式中，R’是H、任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)，或C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C7酰基)；或
    (h)有机多碳酸根：-OOC-ORcO-COO-，
    式中，Rc是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优选C2-C6亚烃基)；
    其中，R1,R2,R3或R4独立地选自：H，R，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)；
    前提条件是：在上述通式(I)的化合物中R1,R2,R3或R4中至少一个是与N原子连接的R基团，或所述通式(I)的化合物具有至少一个与N键接的R基团；
    其中该R基团选自于下列基团中的一种或多种：
    (1a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)]q-,例如H(OCH2CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH3))q-、H(OCH(CH3)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(C6H5))q-、H(OCH(C6H5)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH2Cl))q-、H(OCH(CH2Cl)CH2)q-或H(OCH2CH(CBr3))q-；
    (2a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)]q-；或
    (3a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)CH(R4a)]q-；
    其中q的值或平均值是q＝1-50；R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基；
    优选的是，通式(I)的化合物含有22-96wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)的盐和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)的盐，基于通式(I)的化合物的总重量。
  3. 具有以下通式(I)的肼基醇胺盐化合物：
    An-[Bm+]p   (I)
    式中，An-是作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子，其中n＝1,2或3；
    Bm+是或包含：+1价的铵离子、+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)、+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)和/或具有m个的-+NR3R4H基团和/或-+NR3H-基团的一种或多种有机胺B的阳离子；
    并且，An-和Bm+中的至少一种包含肼和/或包含肼基或取代肼基；
    其中m＝1-10，优选m＝1-5；更优选m＝1-2；
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100005
    和
    其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
    (a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根：R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；
    (b)碳酸根：CO3 2-；
    (c)甲酸根：HCOO-；
    (d)碳酸氢根：HO-COO-；
    (e)有机单碳酸根：RaO-COO-，其中Ra是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)，或C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C2酰基)；
    (f)有机多氨基甲酸根：-OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COO-，或Rb'(-N(R1)-COO-)3，
    式中，Rb是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C16亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优选C2-C6亚烃基)，Rb'是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的三价C2-C20烃基(更优选三价C3-C15亚烃基)；
    (g)
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100006
    式中，R’是H、任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26烃基(优选C1-C10烃基，更优选C1-C3烃基)，或C1-C26酰基(优选C1-C10酰基，更优选C1-C7酰基)；或
    (h)有机多碳酸根：-OOC-ORcO-COO-，
    式中，Rc是任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C26亚烃基(优选C2-C10亚烃基、更优选C2-C6亚烃基)；
    其中，R1,R2,R3或R4独立地选自：H，R，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)；
    前提条件是：在上述通式(I)的化合物中R1,R2,R3或R4中至少一个是与N原子连接的R基团，或所述通式(I)的化合物具有至少一个与N键接的R基团；
    其中该R基团选自于下列基团中的一种或多种：
    (1a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)]q-,例如H(OCH2CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH3))q-、H(OCH(CH3)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(C6H5))q-、H(OCH(C6H5)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH2Cl))q-、H(OCH(CH2Cl)CH2)q-或H(OCH2CH(CBr3))q-；
    (2a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)]q-；或
    (3a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)CH(R4a)]q-；
    其中q的值或平均值是q＝1-50；R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3中任何一项所要求的化合物，其中q＝1-20，更优选1-5,更优选q＝1-4，更优选q＝1-3，特别优选q＝1-2.5，更特别优选q＝1.5-2.0，按q的平均值计算，或q是5-50,更优选10-20。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4中任何一项所要求的化合物，其中有机胺B具有m至m+3个的伯胺、仲胺和/或叔胺基团，和任选地具有季铵基团。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5中任何一项所述的化合物，其中An-是选自(a)-(h)中的两种以上的所述阴离子的结合或混合物，和/或Bm+是两种以上的上述有机胺阳离子的结合或混合物。
  7. 根据权利要求1-6中任何一项所述的化合物，其中R1,R2,R3或R4独立地选自：H，R，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C4脂肪族烃基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的环丁基或环己基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的苯基或甲基苯基；更优选，R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，甲基或任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的乙基，或任选被羟基或者氨基或卤素取代的丙基或异丙基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的环己基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的苯基或甲基苯基。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的化合物，其中R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，甲基，氯甲基，溴甲基，乙基，环己基，或，苯基。
  9. 根据权利要求1-8中任何一项所述的化合物，其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
    (a)R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；其中R1和R2各自独立地是氢、甲基、乙基、羟甲基、羟乙基或羟丙基；
    (b)CO3 2-；
    (c)HCOO-；
    (d)HO-COO-；或
    (g)
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100007
    (即HC(OR’)O2 2-)，或
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100008
    (即HCO3 3-)，
    式中，R’是H、任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C10烃基(更优选甲基、乙基、丙基)、或C1-C10酰基(更优选甲酰基、乙酰基或丙酰基)。
  10. 根据权利要求1－9中任何一项所述的化合物，其中R1和R2中至少一个是H，更优选R1是H和R2是H或R基团。
  11. 根据权利要求1－10中任何一项所述的化合物，它的pH为7.5-10，优选7.8-9.5，更优选pH 8-9；和/或它的碱金属和碱土金属的含量为0-200ppm(质量)，更优选低于100ppm，更优选低于10ppm，最优选为低于检测极限或为0ppm。
  12. 根据权利要求1－11中任何一项所述的化合物，它的水的含量为0-40wt％，优选 5-35wt％，更优选10-30wt％，更优选15-25wt％；和/或，通式(I)的化合物平均每分子含有1.5-5个R基团。
  13. 具有以下通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物：
    An-[Bm+]p   (I)
    式中，An-是作为CO2给体的具有-n价的阴离子，其中n＝1或2；
    Bm+是或包含：+1价的铵离子、+1价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH2)、+2价的肼离子(H3 +N-NH3 +)和/或具有m个的-+NR3R4H基团和/或-+NR3H-基团的一种或多种有机胺B的阳离子；
    其中m＝1-10，优选m＝1-5，更优选m＝1-2；
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100009
    和
    其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
    (a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根：R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；
    (b)碳酸根：CO3 2-；
    (c)甲酸根：HCOO-；或
    (d)碳酸氢根：HO-COO-；
    其中，R1,R2,R3或R4独立地选自：H，R，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)；
    前提条件是：当An-是(a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根时，在上述通式(I)的化合物中R1,R2,R3或R4中至少一个是与N原子连接的R基团，或所述通式(I)的化合物具有至少一个与N键接的R基团；或当An-是(b)、(c)或(d)时，所述通式(I)的化合物包含有机胺B并且该有机胺B具有至少一个与N键接的R基团，
    其中该R基团选自于下列基团中的一种或多种：
    (1a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)]q-,例如H(OCH2CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH3))q-、H(OCH(CH3)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(C6H5))q-、H(OCH(C6H5)CH2)q-、H(OCH2CH(CH2Cl))q-、H(OCH(CH2Cl)CH2)q-或H(OCH2CH(CBr3))q-；
    (2a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)]q-；或
    (3a)H[OCH(R1a)CH(R2a)CH(R3a)CH(R4a)]q-；
    其中q的值或平均值是q＝1-50；R1a、R2a、R3a或R4a各自独立地选自：H，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的化合物，其中具有至少一个N-R基团的有机胺类化合物B是通过在所述有机胺类化合物、氨和/或肼的每一个分子的至少一个N原子上被上述一个或多个R基团所取代而形成的；
    优选的是，所述有机胺类化合物是选自于下列这些中的有机胺类化合物：
    C1-C24烃基胺类；
    二(C1-C16烃基)胺类；
    任选在C2-C14亚烃基上被羟基取代的C2-C14亚烃基二胺类；
    任选在C2-C14亚烷基上被羟基取代的C4-C16多亚烷基多胺类；
    具有三个伯胺基的任选被羟基取代的C3-C18有机三胺类或具有四个伯胺基的任选被羟基取代的C5-C18有机四胺类；或
    C2-C10醇胺类。
  15. 根据权利要求13或14所述的化合物，其中当An-是(b)、(c)或(d)时，通式(I)的化合物每分子平均具有1-5.5个的R基团，优选1.3-5个的R基团，更优选1.5-2个的R基团，并且这些R基团存在于具有至少一个N-R基团的有机胺类化合物B中；或当An-是(a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根时，通式(I)的化合物每分子平均具有1-5.5个的R基团，优选1.3-5个的R基团，更优选1.5-2个的R基团，并且这些R基团存在于有机胺类化合物B和/或阴离子(a)中。
  16. 根据权利要求13-15中任何一项所述的化合物，其中R是羟丙基，即HO-CH2-CH2(CH3)-或HO-CH2(CH3)-CH2-，和/或，羟乙基。
  17. 根据权利要求13-16中任何一项所述的化合物，其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
    (a)氨基甲酸根或肼基甲酸根：R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；
    (b)碳酸根：CO3 2-；或
    (d)碳酸氢根：HO-COO-；
    和/或
    其中
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100010
  18. 根据权利要求13－17中任何一项所述的化合物，其中，除了其中An-是甲酸根的通式(I)化合物之外，通式(I)的其它化合物的pH为7.5-10，优选7.8-9.5，更优选pH 8-9；和/或，其中通式(I)化合物的碱金属和碱土金属的含量为0-200ppm(质量)，更优选低于100ppm，更优选低于10ppm，最优选为低于检测极限或为0ppm。
  19. 根据权利要求13－18中任何一项所述的化合物，它的水的含量为0-40wt％，优选5-35wt％，更优选10-30wt％，更优选15-25wt％；和/或，
    通式(I)的化合物平均每分子含有1.5-5个R基团。
  20. 根据权利要求1－19中任何一项所述的化合物，其中，通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物含有25-95wt％，优选27-90wt％，优选30-85wt％，优选40-80wt％，更优选45-75wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)的盐和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)的盐，基于通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物的总重量；和/或
    在通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物中，具有一个R基团的通式(I)化合物(例如单醇胺盐)与具有两个R基团的通式(I)化合物(例如二醇胺盐)的摩尔比是1:0至1:2.5，优选1:0.3至1:2，优选1:0.5至1:1；和/或
    通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物含有15-90wt％，优选17-88wt％，优选20-85wt％，优选25-80wt％，更优选30-70wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)，基于通式(I)的化合物或化合物混合物的总重量。
  21. 制备权利要求1-20中任何一项的通式(I)的化合物的方法，其中An-是(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)或(h)中的任何一种或多种的阴离子，该方法包括第一原料与第二原料在溶剂(例如水)中，任选地在催化剂存在下，进行反应，其中第一原料是选自于下列这些化合物中的一种或多种：
    R1R2N-COONH4，R1R2N-COOH的有机胺类化合物(M)盐，R1R2N-COOH的肼盐，R1R2N-NH-COONH4,R1R2N-NH-COOH的肼盐，或R1R2N-NH-COOH的有机胺类化合物(M)盐，其中R1或R2独立地选自：H，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C1-C7脂肪族烃基(优选C1-C4烷基)，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C3-C7环脂族烃基(如环丁基或环己基)，或，任选被羟基或氨基或卤素取代的C6-C10芳族烃基(优选苯基或甲基苯基)；
    (NH4)2CO3，碳酸肼，碳酸铵肼，或碳酸有机胺类化合物(M)盐；
    HCOONH4，甲酸肼，或甲酸有机胺类化合物(M)盐；
    HO-COONH4，碳酸氢肼，或有机胺类化合物(M)的碳酸氢盐；
    RaO-COONH4，RaO-COOH的肼盐，或RaO-COOH的有机胺类化合物(M)盐，
    NH4OOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COONH4，Rb'(-N(R1)-COO)3(NH4)3，HOOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COOH的有机胺类化合物(M)盐，HOOC-N(R1)-Rb-N(R2)-COOH的肼盐，Rb'(-N(R1)-COOH)3的肼盐，或Rb'(-N(R1)-COOH)3的有机胺类化合物(M)盐；或
    NH4OOC-ORcO-COONH4，HOOC-ORcO-COOH的肼盐，或HOOC-ORcO-COOH的有机胺类化合物(M)盐；
    第二原料是选自于下列这些环氧化物中的一种或多种：
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100011
    或苯乙烯氧化物；
    其中所述的有机胺类化合物(M)是选自下列这些中的有机胺类化合物：
    C1-C24烃基胺类；
    二(C1-C16烃基)胺类；
    任选在C2-C14亚烃基上被羟基取代的C2-C14亚烃基二胺类；
    任选在C2-C14亚烷基上被羟基取代的C4-C16多亚烷基多胺类；
    具有三个伯胺基的任选被羟基取代的C3-C18有机三胺类或具有四个伯胺基的任选被羟基取代的C5-C18有机四胺类；或
    C2-C10醇胺类。
  22. 根据权利要求21所述的方法，其中该环氧化物是：环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、环氧丁烷、或环氧氯丁烷或苯乙烯氧化物，和它们中任何两种或多种的混合物。
  23. 制备权利要求1-20中任何一项的通式(I)的化合物的方法，其中An-是阴离子(g)，该方法包括：原甲酸酯类化合物在溶剂中，任选地在催化剂存在下，并且在属于有机醇胺类的有机胺M或具有至少一个上述N-R基团的属于有机醇胺类的化合物B和水的存在下进行水解反应；其中，所述水的存在量足以使得原甲酸酯类化合物的至少两个酯基发生水解，更优选，水的存在量足以使得原甲酸酯类化合物的三个酯基发生水解；
    其中有机胺类化合物B是有机胺类化合物(M)、氨和/或肼作为起始原料或作为引发剂 与环氧化物进行反应所形成的，该环氧化物选自于下列这些环氧化物中的一种或多种：
    Figure PCTCN2017083949-appb-100012
    或苯乙烯氧化物。
  24. 根据权利要求23所述的方法，其中所述环氧化物是：环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、环氧溴丙烷、环氧丁烷、或环氧氯丁烷或苯乙烯氧化物，和它们中任何两种或多种的混合物。
  25. 由权利要求21或22所述的方法制备的化合物；优选的是，该化合物含有25-95wt％，优选27-90wt％，优选30-85wt％，优选40-80wt％，更优选45-75wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)的盐和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)的盐，基于化合物的总重量，或者，该化合物含有15-90wt％，优选17-88wt％，优选20-85wt％，优选25-80wt％，更优选30-70wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)，基于化合物的总重量。
  26. 由权利要求23或24所述的方法制备的化合物；优选的是，该化合物含有25-95wt％，优选27-90wt％，优选30-85wt％，优选40-80wt％，更优选45-75wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)的盐和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)的盐，基于化合物的总重量，或者，该化合物含有15-90wt％，优选17-88wt％，优选20-85wt％，优选25-80wt％，更优选30-70wt％的单醇胺(例如单乙醇胺和/或单丙醇胺)和二醇胺(例如二乙醇胺和/或二丙醇胺)，基于化合物的总重量。
  27. 一种发泡剂，它包括根据权利要求1-20中任何一项所述的具有通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物或有机胺盐化合物混合物，或由根据权利要求1-20中任何一项所述的具有通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物或有机胺盐化合物混合物所组成。
  28. 一种发泡剂，它包括根据权利要求25的化合物和/或根据权利要求26的化合物。
  29. 根据权利要求27或28所述的发泡剂，它作为聚氨酯发泡剂、聚苯乙烯发泡剂或聚氯乙烯发泡剂。
  30. 根据权利要求1-20中任何一项所述的具有通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物或有机胺盐化合物混合物作为聚氨酯发泡剂、聚苯乙烯发泡剂或聚氯乙烯发泡剂的用途。
  31. 根据权利要求1-20中任何一项所述的具有通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物或有机胺盐化合物混合物作为聚苯乙烯发泡剂或聚氯乙烯发泡剂的用途，其中An-是选自于下列阴离子中的一种或多种：
    (a)R1R2N-COO-或R1R2N-NH-COO-；(b)CO3 2-；或(d)HO-COO-。
  32. 以下通式(Ia)的有机胺盐化合物作为聚氨酯发泡剂、聚苯乙烯发泡剂或聚氯乙烯发泡剂的用途：
    An-[Bm+]p   (Ia)
    其中该化合物是由选自于下列这些醇胺类化合物中的至少一种醇胺化合物：
    C2-C12醇胺类，例如一乙醇胺，二乙醇胺，三乙醇胺，一丙醇胺，二丙醇胺，三丙醇胺，单异丙醇胺，二异丙醇胺，三异丙醇胺，单丁醇胺，二丁醇胺，或三丁醇胺，
    和任选的氨水利用属于阴离子An-的前驱体的相应酸进行中和所形成的。
  33. 甲酸铵或甲酸肼用作聚氨酯发泡剂的用途。
  34. 根据权利要求33所述的用途，其中甲酸铵或甲酸肼为水溶液的形式并且含有0.5-15wt％(优选1-8wt％)的有机胺，后者包括但不限于：甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺、乙胺、二乙胺、三乙胺或一乙醇胺。
  35. 聚氨酯发泡组合物，它包含：
    0.01-100重量％的根据权利要求1-20中任何一项所述的具有通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物或有机胺盐化合物混合物，或根据权利要求25的化合物或根据权利要求26的化合物；
    0-50重量％的物理发泡剂；
    0-5重量％的水，和
    0.0-99.99重量％的聚合物多元醇；其中，所述重量百分比基于聚氨酯发泡组合物的总重量。
  36. 根据权利要求35所述的聚氨酯发泡组合物，它包含：
    0.1-80重量％(更优选1-70wt％，更优选3-60wt％，更优选5-50wt％，更优选7-40wt％,如10wt％，15wt％)的根据权利要求1-20中任何一项所述的具有通式(I)的有机胺盐化合物或有机胺盐化合物混合物，或根据权利要求25的化合物或根据权利要求26的化合物；
    0-40重量％的物理发泡剂；
    0-4重量％的水，和
    20.0-99.9重量％(更优选30-99wt％，更优选40-97wt％，更优选50-95wt％，更优选60-93wt％，如90wt％或85wt％)的聚合物多元醇；其中，所述重量百分比基于聚氨酯发泡组合物的总重量。
  37. 根据权利要求35或36所述的聚氨酯发泡组合物，它含有总共0.5-4wt％的水，更 优选0.8-2.5wt％，更优选1-2.2wt％的水。
  38. 根据权利要求35-37中任何一项所述的聚氨酯发泡组合物，它还包含：泡沫稳定剂、聚氨酯催化剂和阻燃剂。
  39. 根据权利要求35-38中任何一项所述的聚氨酯发泡组合物，其中聚合物多元醇选自：聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇、聚醚-聚酯多元醇、聚碳酸酯二醇、聚碳酸酯-聚酯多元醇、聚碳酸酯-聚醚多元醇、聚丁二烯多元醇或聚硅氧烷多元醇。
  40. 根据权利要求35-39中任何一项所述的聚氨酯发泡组合物，其中发泡组合物是透明的或澄清的；优选的是，聚氨酯硬泡发泡组合物是透明的或澄清的或半透明的或乳白色但是均匀的，或，聚氨酯软泡发泡组合物是透明的或乳白色的。
  41. 根据权利要求35-40中任何一项所述的聚氨酯发泡组合物，它具有以下特征：1)包含醇胺盐或醇胺化合物；2)透明或澄清或半透明或乳白色均匀液体；3)在加热的情况下或在添加比碳酸更强的有机酸或者无机酸的情况下释放出CO2；4)当发泡组合物与异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯接触或混合时，混合形成的物料在0.2-4秒(优选1-2秒)内变乳白色。
  42. 根据权利要求41所述的聚氨酯发泡组合物，其中它与多异氰酸酯混合时导致混合形成的物料变乳白色，伴随有体积快速膨胀现象，但此过程并非泡沫的真正起发，之后物料才开始起发。
  43. 聚氨酯泡沫材料，其通过35-42中任何一项所述的聚氨酯发泡组合物与多异氰酸酯单体和/或异氰酸酯封端的预聚物进行混合后发生反应而形成。
  44. 根据权利要求43所述的聚氨酯泡沫材料，其中所述聚氨酯发泡组合物与多异氰酸酯单体和/或异氰酸酯封端的预聚物的用量比(wt)是在0.5:1-2:1范围内，优选在0.5:1-1:1的范围内或在1:1-2:1的范围内。
  45. 根据权利要求43或44所述的聚氨酯泡沫材料，其中在34-42Kg/m3的泡沫体密度下，导热系数w/m·k(10℃)是在0.01900-0.02200之间，优选是在0.01910-0.02150之间。
  46. 根据权利要求43-45中任何一项所述的聚氨酯泡沫材料，它的尺寸变化率或收缩率≤4.5％，优选≤1.5％，更优选≤0.5％；尤其在放置5个月之后。
  47. 碳酸二(羟乙基胺)盐，碳酸二(羟丙基胺)盐，碳酸氢(羟乙基胺)盐，碳酸氢(羟丙基胺)盐，二亚乙基三胺的碳酸盐，三亚乙基四胺的碳酸盐，四亚甲基五胺的碳酸盐，二亚丙基三胺的碳酸盐，三亚丙基四胺的碳酸盐和四亚丙基五胺的碳酸盐作为发泡剂的用途，它们用于聚苯乙烯发泡或聚氯乙烯发泡。
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