Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
  • A61K31/426—1,3-Thiazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
  • A61K31/428—Thiazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/06—Tripeptides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
  • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
  • A61K39/3955—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against proteinaceous materials, e.g. enzymes, hormones, lymphokines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
  • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
  • A61K39/39566—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against immunoglobulins, e.g. anti-idiotypic antibodies
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
  • C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
  • C07D277/68—Benzothiazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D277/82—Nitrogen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K16/2818—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD28 or CD152
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K16/2827—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against B7 molecules, e.g. CD80, CD86
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
  • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of riluzole, analogs of riluzole, prodrugs of riluzole and other related riluzole compounds to enhance the therapeutic effects of immunotherapeutic agents to treat oncologic diseases or cancers.
• Riluzole (6-(trifluoromethoxy)benzothiazol-2-amine) is a pharmaceutical which has been used for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, riluzole has been shown to have other clinical benefits. For example, orally administered riluzole dosed twice a day at a total dose of 100 mg may relieve or treat neuropsychiatric symptoms and disorders, such as mood, anxiety disorder, refractory depression, obsessive-compulsive anxiety and the like. Similarly, there is some indication that high doses of riluzole may have some anti-cancer effects but it has not yet been demonstrated to possess therapeutic anti-cancer effects on its own.
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• immuno-oncology targets include: CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4; Ig, immunoglobulin; LAG3, lymphocyte activation gene 3; mAbs, monoclonal antibodies; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PDL, PD-1 ligand; TIM3, T cell membrane protein 3, CD40L, A2aR, adenosine A2a receptor; B7RP1, B7-related protein 1; BTLA, B and T lymphocyte attenuator; GAL9, galectin 9;
• HVEM herpesvirus entry mediator
• ICOS inducible T cell co-stimulator
• IL interleukin
• KIR killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor
• PD-1 programmed cell death protein 1
• PDL PD-1 ligand
• TGF transforming growth factor- ⁇
• TIM3 T cell membrane protein 3
• CD27 CD27
• immune targets include: Anti-VEGF-2 monoclonal antibody (Mab), Anti-EGFr Mab, IDOl inhibitor, Anti-B7-H3 Mab, Anti-GITR Mab, Anti-CD137 Mab, Anti-CD20 Mab, IL-15 superagonist/IL-15Ra-Fc fusion protein, Anti-CXCR4 Mab, Interleukin- 21, Interleukin-21, Anti-KIR Mab, Anti-CD27 Mab, Anti-CSF-IR Mab, Anti-CTLA- 4 MAb + GMCSF, Anti-CD30 MAb, Anti-LAG3 Mab, Anti-CD 19 Mab, Anti-OX40 Mab, Anti-CD73 Mab, OX40 agonist, or other agents including bi-specific molecules, small molecules targeting the immune system or anti-drug conjugates or vaccines.
• Mab Anti-VEGF-2 monoclonal antibody
• Anti-EGFr Mab IDOl inhibitor
• Anti-B7-H3 Mab Anti-GITR Mab
• Programed Death 1 (PD-1), an inhibitory checkpoint molecule, is expressed on T cells to limit peripheral immune responses.
• Ligation of PD-1 with its corresponding ligands B7-H1 (PD-L1) or B7-DC (PD-L2) has been shown to result in direct inhibition of T-cell effector activation and T cell "exhaustion.”
• PD-L1 and PD-L2 have been shown to be up-regulated on tumor cells in a variety of human cancers, representing a potential mechanism of immune escape.
• expression of PD-1 is increased in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Anti-PD-1 can block the increase in PD-1 or modify its effects.
• Riluzole has multiple modes of action, including acting as a glutamate modulating agent.
• Glutamine a "conditionally" essential amino acid has been demonstrated to be paramount to macromolecular synthesis and tumor cell metabolism.
• a variety of solid malignancies have been shown to overexpress phosphate-dependent glutaminase (GLS), which converts glutamine to glutamate further emphasizing the role of glutamine in cancer metabolism.
• GLS phosphate-dependent glutaminase
• glutamate is a key nitrogen "waste" bank and critical in a variety of cellular metabolic pathways. As such, reduction in glutamine/glutamate levels to immune cells may reduce proliferative and effector function, limiting an anti-tumor immune mediated response.
• Glutamate modulators such as riluzole may be effective as part of a combination therapy with anti-cancer agents targeting the immune system to treat disease.
• glutamate modulators such as riluzole are used with immunotherapeutic agents, such as certain anti-cancer agents, to treat proliferative diseases such as cancer. Analogs of riluzole may also have similar effects.
• glutamate modulating agents include but are not limited to memantine, n-acetlcysteine, amantadine, topiramate, pregabalin, lamotrigine, ketamine, s-ketamine, AZD8108, AZD 6765, BHV-4157,
• glutamate modulating agents also include but are not limited to NMDA receptor antagonists, kainite receptor antagonists, AMPA receptor anatagonists, metabotropic glutamate receptors, or agents that target excitatory amino acide transporters or vescular glutamate transport.
• glutamate modulators may cause a reduction in the glutamine/glutamate levels or increase the cycling of glutamate by increasing the expression of excitatory amino acid transporters, causing a reduction in reduce proliferative and effector function.
• a combination therapy employing riluzole (or related compounds) with an immunotherapy agent or other anti-cancer drug, provided simultaneously or sequentially, may have excellent cancer treating properties. In fact, there may be synergistic effects. Accordingly, the present invention relates to such a combination.
• the present invention uses a combination immunotherapy having a glutamate modulating agent and an immunotherapy agent to treat disease, particularly cancer.
• a preferred glutamate modulating agent is riluzole and a preferred immunotherapy agent is a checkpoint inhibitor such as an anti-PD-1. It appears that the glutamate modulators make the cancer cells more susceptible to the anti-cancer agents such as immunotherapeutic agents.
• the glutamate modulating agents may be given orally, sublingually, subcutaneously or in any other means of delivery.
• the glutamate modulating agents may be in the form of a prodrug, which releases the agent in the body, a sustained release vehicle, a delayed release vehicle, or any other delivery form.
• the glutamate modulating agent and the immunotherapy agent may be delivered simultaneously or sequentially. If the agents are delivered sequentially, either agent may be dosed first, and the separation of time may include finishing the dosing of one agent completely before commencing the dosage of the other or they may be intermingled in time.
• the preferred glutamate modulating agents include but are not limited to: amantadine, lamotrigine, memantine, with riluzole and its prodrugs being most preferred. Prodrugs of riluzole are described in United States Patent Application Serial No. 14/385,551, United States Patent Application Serial No. 14/410,647, PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US2016/019773 and PCT Application Serial
• a sublingual formulation useful in the present invention comprises an effective amount of riluzole or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, anomers, enantiomers, hydrates or prodrugs thereof.
• the formulation provides sufficient solubility for riluzole to be incorporated into the sublingual formulation at relatively large doses and sublingually delivered.
• the formulation is preferably a modified oral disintegrating formulation of riluzole.
• the excipients, including mannitol and gelatin are blended, solubilized with water and deaerated before being mixed with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (or "API"), riluzole, which has been milled separately.
• API active pharmaceutical ingredient
• Particle size of the API (D50) is less than about 2 microns.
• the mixture is lyophilized by flash freezing and then freeze-dried.
• the formulation has good oral palatability.
• the effective amount of glutamate modulating agent for the sublingual formulation useful in the present invention to achieve a lower therapeutic dose may be less than that of orally administered agent.
• effective dose of the sublingual formulation of the glutamate modulating agent may be about 1 to 95 % of that of the orally administered agent.
• a sublingual formulation of the immunotherapeutic agent it may also have improved properties.
• the glutamate modulating agent as part of the formulation for treating cancer or symptoms may be dosed at or below about 400 mg/day, at or below about 300 mg/day, at or below about 150 mg/day, at or below about 100 mg/day, at or below about 70 mg/day, at or below about 60 mg/day, at or below about 50 mg/day, at or below about 42.5 mg/day, at or below about 37.5 mg/day at or below about 35 mg/day, at or below about 20 mg/day, at or below about 17.5 mg/day, at or below about 15 mg/day, at or below about 10 mg/day, at or below about 5 mg/day, or at or below about 1 mg/day.
• the immunotherapeutic agent should be dosed at about 1-100 mg/kg; for example, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg, kg, 5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, or any intermediate values.
• a preferred immunotherapeutic agent is anti-PD-1. Dosing may be daily, alternate days, weekly or having an even higher time separation. In certain circumstances, more often dosing can be used.
• the glutamate modulating agent and immunotherapeutic agent can be delivered simultaneously or sequentially.
• riluzole refers to a drug having a chemical structure as follows. It is currently available in the market as RILUTEK®.
• riluzole also refers to all prodrugs, enantiomers, or derivatives and its
• sublingual administration refers to a route of administrating a chemical agent or a drug by placing thereof under a tongue of a subject.
• prodrug as used herein, is a precursor of a drug which may be administered in an altered or less active form.
• the prodrug may be converted into the active drug form in physiological environments by hydrolysis or other metabolic pathways.
• riluzole prodrug refers to a compound which is a derivative from riluzole with modification therein.
• a riluzole prodrug may also refer to a compound that is metabolized into an active form of riluzole by the body.
• ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• immunotherapeutic anti-cancer agent includes any agent that targets the immune system to result in an anti-cancer therapeutic effects.
• targets and agents include but are not limited to: anti-PD-1, anti-PD-Ll, anti-CTLA4 or other immunotherapy or checkpoint inhibitor targets.
• immuno-oncology targets include: CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4; Ig, immunoglobulin; LAG3, lymphocyte activation gene 3; mAbs, monoclonal antibodies; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PDL, PD-1 ligand; TIM3, T cell membrane protein 3, CD40L, A2aR, adenosine A2a receptor; B7RP1, B7-related protein 1; BTLA, B and T lymphocyte attenuator; GAL9, galectin 9; HVEM, herpesvirus entry mediator; ICOS, inducible T cell co-stimulator; IL, interleukin; KIR, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor; LAG3, lymphocyte activation gene 3; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PDL, PD-1 ligand; TGF , transforming growth factor- ⁇ ; TIM3, T cell membrane protein 3; and CD27.
• CTLA4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated
• immune targets include: Anti-VEGF-2 monoclonal antibody (Mab), Anti-EGFr Mab, IDOl inhibitor, Anti-B7-H3 Mab, Anti-GITR Mab, Anti-CD 137 Mab, Anti-CD20 Mab, IL- 15 superagonist/IL-15Ra-Fc fusion protein, Anti-CXCR4 Mab, Interleukin-21, Interleukin-21, Anti-KIR Mab, Anti-CD27 Mab, Anti-CSF-IR Mab, Anti-CTLA-4 MAb + GMCSF, Anti-CD30 MAb, Anti-LAG3 Mab, Anti-CD19 Mab, Anti-OX40 Mab, Anti-CD73 Mab, OX40 agonist, or other agents including bi-specific molecules, small molecules targeting the immune system or anti-drug conjugates or vaccines, or nivolumab (Opdivo), pembrolizumab (Keytruda), pidilizumab, ipilimumab (Yervoy),
• cancer includes, but is not limited to, the following proliferative diseases: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Adrenocortical Carcinoms, Childhood cancers, AIDS-Related Cancers, Kaposi Sarcoma, AIDS-Related Lymphoma, Primary CNS Lymphoma, Anal Cancer, Astrocytomas, Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma), Bile Duct Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Bone Cancer, Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors, Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Brain Stem Glioma, Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor, Embryonal Tumors, Germ Cell Tumors, Craniopharyngioma, Ependymoma, Breast Cancer, Bronchial Tumors, Burkit
• Trophoblastic Disease Glioma, Hairy Cell Leukemia, Head and Neck Cancer, Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Histiocytosis, Langerhans Cell, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Hypopharyngeal Cancer, Islet Cell Tumors, Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors, Kaposi Sarcoma, Kidney, Renal Cell, Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Laryngeal Cancer, Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic (ALL), Acute Myeloid (AML), Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL), Chronic Myelogenous (CML), Hairy Cell, Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer, Liver Cancer (Primary), Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell, Small Cell, Lymphoma, Hodgkin, Non-Hodgkin, Macroglobulinemia, Waldenstrom, Male Breast Cancer, Melanoma, Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Mesothelioma,Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer
• Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Myelogenous Leukemia, Chronic (CML), Myeloid Leukemia, Acute (AML) Myeloma, Multiple, Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer, Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Neuroblastoma, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Oral Cancer, Oral Cavity Cancer, Lip and Oropharyngeal Cancer, Osteosarcoma and
• Lymphoma Testicular Cancer, Throat Cancer, Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma, Thyroid Cancer, Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Unknown Primary, Ureter and Renal Pelvis, Transitional Cell Cancer, Urethral Cancer, Uterine Cancer, Endometrial, Uterine Sarcoma, Vaginal Cancer, Vulvar Cancer, Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia, and Wilms Tumor.
• treatment includes any treatment of a condition or disease in a subject, or particularly a human, and may include: (i) preventing the disease or condition from occurring in the subject which may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease or condition, i.e., arresting its development; relieving the disease or condition, i.e., causing regression of the condition; or (iii) ameliorating or relieving the conditions caused by the disease, i.e., symptoms of the disease.
• Treatment could be used in combination with other standard therapies or alone.
• the term “effective” is used to describe an amount of a compound, composition or component which, when used within the context of its intended use, effects an intended result.
• an effective amount refers to that amount which is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined herein, when administered to a subject in need of such treatment.
• the effective amount will vary depending on the subject and disease state being treated, the severity of the affliction and the manner of administration, and may be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt is used throughout the specification to describe, where applicable, a salt form of one or more of the compounds or prodrugs described herein which are presented to increase the solubility of the compound in the gastric or gastroenteric juices of the patient's gastrointestinal tract in order to promote dissolution and the bioavailability of the compounds.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from
• Suitable salts include those derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium, magnesium and ammonium salts, among numerous other acids and bases well known in the pharmaceutical art.
• Sodium and potassium salts are particularly preferred as neutralization salts of the phosphates according to the present invention.
• the description provides pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the modified peptides as described herein, which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the parent compounds and which are not biologically or otherwise harmful as the dosage administered.
• the compounds of this invention are capable of forming both acid and base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and carboxy groups respectively.
• Cmax refers to a maximum concentration of a drug in blood, serum, a specified compartment or test area of a subject between administration of a first dose and administration of a second dose.
• Cmax could also refer to dose normalized ratios if specified.
• Tmax refers to a time or period after
• AUC area under the curve
• AUC refers to a total amount of drug absorbed or exposed to a subject. Generally, AUC may be obtained from mathematical method in a plot of drug concentration in the subject over time until the concentration is negligible.
• AUC area under the curve
• the invention relates to a combination therapy utilizing an immunotherapeutic agent and a glutamate modulating agent.
• the combination of these two drugs may be administered in a single dose as combined product, administered simultaneously using the same or distinct formats, or administered sequentially using the same or different forms of delivery.
• the immunotherapeutic agent and the glutamate modulating agent can both be made into a tablet or part of a sublingual form, they can be administered together.
• the immunotherapeutic agent can only be administered by injection (bolus or intravenous), and the glutamate modulating agent can be administered in the same format, this could also be used for simultaneous or sequential administration.
• the immunotherapeutic agent can only be delivered by injection (for example, if it is an antibody), and the glutamate modulating agent can be delivered as a tablet or sublingually, delivery of the two agents can take place by differing formats.
• PCT/US2015/061114 describe a sublingual formulation of riluzole, a preferred glutamate modulating agent.
• the sublingual formulation may be administered in an effective amount to a subject in need thereof.
• the subject may be an animal or human.
• the glutamate modulating agent or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition suitable for sublingual administration.
• the immunotherapeutic agent may also be formulated as a sublingual, although injection is more standard.
• Glutamate modulating agents such as riluzole and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be formulated using pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art into dosages suitable for sublingual or buccal administration.
• Such carriers enable the glutamate modulating agent for sublingual administration to be formulated in dosage forms such as tablets, powders, pills, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for sublingual absorption by a subject to be treated.
• These carriers may be, but not limited to, selected from sugars, starches, cellulose and its derivatives, malt, gelatin, talc, calcium sulphate, vegetable oils, synthetic oils, polyols, alginic acid, phosphate buffered solutions, emulsifiers, isotonic saline, pyrogen-free water and combinations thereof.
• any form of substance may be accepted to sublingual administration if it dissolves easily in saliva.
• the sublingually administered chemical agent or the drug can diffuse into capillaries through mucous membrane under the tongue, and then enter venous circulation of the subject.
• sublingual administration may have advantages over oral administration as allowing for direct or faster entry to venous circulation, without risks of degradation in gastrointestinal tract, alteration by drug metabolism in liver and the like.
• Various drugs in the market are designed for sublingual administration.
• Riluzole is generally used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
• riluzole or prodrugs of riluzole or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is subjected to a sublingual administration for the treatment of other disorders, including cancer.
• the pharmaceutical composition may include an approved pharmaceutical ingredient, i.e., riluzole, in an effective amount to achieve their intended purpose.
• an approved pharmaceutical ingredient i.e., riluzole
• the dose of the glutamate modulating agent administered sublingually to the subject should be sufficient to provide a beneficial response in the subject over time such as reduction in symptoms in conjunction with the immunotherapeutic agent.
• the combination may have synergistic effects.
• the quantity of the glutamate modulating agent and the quantity of the immunotherapeutic agent to be administered may depend on the subject to be treated inclusive of the age, sex, weight and general health condition thereof. In this regard, precise amounts of the agent(s) for administration will depend on the judgment of the practitioner. In determining the effective amount of the glutamate modulating agent and immunotherapeutic agent to be administered in the treatment or reducing of the conditions associated with the symptoms and disorders, the physician may evaluate clinical factors including symptoms severity or progression of the disorder. In some conditions, a rapid absorption of the glutamate modulating agent or
• immunotherapeutic agent may be desirable.
• those of skill in the art may readily determine suitable dosages of the chemical agents of the invention.
• the pharmaceutical composition also includes other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients such as binders, lubricants, diluents, coatings, disintegrants, barrier layer components, glidants, coloring agents, solubility enhancers, gelling agents, fillers, proteins, co-factors, emulsifiers, solubilizing agents, suspending agents and mixtures thereof.
• binders such as binders, lubricants, diluents, coatings, disintegrants, barrier layer components, glidants, coloring agents, solubility enhancers, gelling agents, fillers, proteins, co-factors, emulsifiers, solubilizing agents, suspending agents and mixtures thereof.
• binders such as binders, lubricants, diluents, coatings, disintegrants, barrier layer components, glidants, coloring agents, solubility enhancers, gelling agents, fillers, proteins, co-factors, emulsifiers, solubilizing
• the pharmaceutical composition for sublingual use can be obtained by combining an approved pharmaceutical ingredient, i.e., riluzole, with further excipients, with optionally processing to obtain dosage forms such as tablets, powders, pills, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for sublingual absorption by a subject to be treated.
• an approved pharmaceutical ingredient i.e., riluzole
• dosage forms such as tablets, powders, pills, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for sublingual absorption by a subject to be treated.
• Suitable excipients may be, but not limited to, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP).
• fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol
• cellulose preparations such as maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP).
• PVP polyvinyl-pyrrolidone
• disintegrating agents may be combined as well, and exemplary disintegrating agents may be, but not limited to, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
• the compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy but all methods include the step of bringing into association one or more chemical agents as described above with the carrier which constitutes one or more necessary ingredients.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be manufactured in conventional methods known in the art, for example, by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, lyophilizing processes and the like.
• the sublingual formulation useful in the combination product of the invention may be prepared in a form of an orally dissolving or disintegrating tablet (ODT).
• ODT as used herein may be prepared by mixing the glutamate modulating agent and/or the immunotherapeutic agent with water-soluble diluents and compressed in a tablet.
• a suspension comprising the active product may be prepared with appropriate excipients and the suspension may be dispensed into blister packs and freeze-dried.
• An exemplary freeze-dried preparation platform that could be used for the ODT is the ZYDIS® (Catalent, Somerset, NJ, USA) formulation.
• the excipients, including water are blended and the glutamate modulating agent is separately milled to size and mixed with the excipients.
• the sublingual formulation useful in the invention may comprise the glutamate modulating agent or an effective amount of a glutamate modulating agent prodrug.
• the immunotherapeutic agent may be made into a prodrug.
• the prodrug may be similar or less active form of the active.
• the prodrug may have improved physiochemical, physiological pharmacokinetic or therapeutical characteristics when administered sublingually.
• the prodrug may reduce side effects when orally or sublingually administered.
• the clinical or therapeutic effect of the compound, or a subportion of the final product, sublingually formulated may have an improved pharmacokinetic profile for the pharmaceutical agent as measured by standard testing parameters.
• the Tmax, Cmax and AUC of the drug may be improved compared to the same dose of the orally administered version of the same compound.
• the sublingual formulation of the glutamate modulating agent may have a greater Cmax than the orally administered glutamate modulating agent to provide a therapeutically beneficial effect.
• the sublingual formulation of the glutamate modulating agent may have an earlier or lesser Tmax than the orally administered glutamate modulating agent to provide a therapeutically beneficial effect and in some instances, a more rapid therapeutic effect.
• the sublingual formulation of the glutamate modulating agent may have a greater AUC per milligram of the agent than the orally administered glutamate modulating agent.
• the glutamate modulating agent may make the immunotherapeutic agent more effective, lesser amounts of the immunotherapeutic agent may be needed to achieve the same results, with a lessening of the inherent side effects.
• the invention provides a method of treating a disease such as cancer.
• the method comprises administering sublingually an effective amount of glutamate modulating agent or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and an anti-cancer agent, preferably an immunotherapeutic agent, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof to a subject in need thereof.
• Identifying the subject in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of the subject or a health care professional and can be subjective (e.g., opinion) or objective (e.g., measurable by a test or diagnostic method).
• the identified subject may be an animal or human in need thereof, particularly a human.
• Such treatment will be suitably administered to subjects, particularly humans, suffering from the disease.
• the effective amount of the treatment will vary depending on the subject and disease state being treated, the severity of the affliction and the manner of
• the therapeutic effect of the combination product may be evident to occur within about a few minutes to about an hour after administration thereof.
• the therapeutic effect may begin within about 1 minute, within about 2 minutes, within about 3 minutes, within about 4 minutes, within about 5 minutes, within about 6 minutes, within about 7 minutes, within about 8 minutes, within about 9 minutes, within about 10 minutes, within about 11 minutes, within about 12 minutes, within about 13 minutes, within about 14 minutes, within about 15 minutes, within about 16 minutes, within about 17 minutes, within about 18 minutes, within about 20 minutes, within about 60 minutes, or within about 90 minutes after administration.
• long term cure or amelioration of the disease may not occur for weeks or months after administration.
• the effects on the symptoms may be maintained for about 1 hour, for about 2 hours, for about 3 hours, for about 4 hours, for about 5 hours, for about 6 hours m for about 7 hours, for about 8 hours, for about 9 hours, for about 10 hours, for about 12 hours, for about 14 hours, for about 16 hours, for about 18 hours, for about 20 hours, for about 22 hours, for about 24 hours, for about 2 days, or for about 3 days or more after administration thereof.
• the effective amount or dose of glutamate modulating agent for sublingual administration may be less than that of orally administered agent.
• the effective dose in sublingual administration of the glutamate modulating agent may be of about 1-95 % of the dose of the orally administered agent itself.
• similar reduction in the amount of the immunotherapeutic agent may be achieved by administration of the glutamate modulating agent itself, by any mode of administration.
• Optional dosage frequencies include once a day, twice a day, three times a day, four times a day, once every other day, once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, once every two weeks, once or twice monthly, and the like.
• Glutamate modulating agents can be used as is or may be in the form of prodrugs.
• Prodrugs of riluzole are described in United States Patent Application Serial No. 14/385,551, United States Patent Application Serial No. 14/410,647, PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US2016/019773 and PCT Application Serial
• the preferred riluzole prodrugs have the structure:
• P 23 is selected from the group consisting H, CH 3 , CH2CH3, CH2CH2CH3, CH2CCH, CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH2OH, CH 2 OCH 2 Ph,
• a preferred prodrug of riluzole has the following formula:
• prodrugs can be made from other glutamate modulating agents. Such agents are useful as part of the combination of the present invention.
• GL261-Luc cells are grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) + 10% fetal bovineserum + 1% penicillinstreptomycin at 37°C in a humidified incubator maintained at 5% CO and 5% O2 (Gibco).
• mice Female C57BL/6J mice (Harlan), 4 to 6 weeks old or 6 to 8 weeks old, are used for orthotopic glioma experiments as described in Sonabend AM, Velicu S, Ulasov IV, et al. A safety and efficacy study of local delivery of interleukinl2 transgene by PPC polymer in a model of experimental glioma. Anticancer Drugs. 2008;19: 133-142.
• To establish syngeneic gliomas 130,000 GL261-Luc cells are stereotactically injected in a ⁇ volume into the left striatum over 1 minute into the following coordinates: 1 mm anterior, 1 mm lateral from bregma, and 3 mm deep from the cortical surface.
• Tumor burden is monitored by luciferase imaging on days 7, 21 and 35 after implantation, and the mice are randomly allocated into treatment arms based on tumor radiance, so that the average tumor radiance in each group is roughly equivalent.
• the animals are euthanized when they show predetermined signs of neurologic deficits (failure to ambulate, weight loss >20%body mass, lethargy, hunched posture).
• the tumor take rate is 100%.
• Each arm has 6 to 10 mice in survival experiments. All experiments are repeated at least in triplicate.
• Hamster antimurine PD-1 monoclonal antibody producing hybridoma G4 are used to produce antibodies as described in Hirano F, Kaneko K, Tamura H, et al. Blockade of B7-H1 and PD-1 by monoclonal antibodies potentiates cancer therapeutic immunity. Cancer Res. 2005;65: 1089-1096.
• mice Female C57BL/6J mice, 4 to 6 weeks old, were implanted intrancranially in the left striatum with 130,000 GL261 cells each. The mice were housed and maintained according to the institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol in the Johns Hopkins University Animal Facility. The mice were imaged by
• Day 0 represents the date of intracranial implantation.
• Control arm 1 received no treatment.
• Control arm 2 received aPD-1 alone at a dose of 200 ug/animal via intraperitoneal injection on days 10, 12, 14.
• Control arms 3, 4 and 5 received BHV- 4157 alone at doses of 15, 30 and 45 mg/kg (respectively) via intraperitoneal injection daily beginning on day 10.
• Control arms 6, 7 and 8 received BHV-4157 at doses of 15, 30 and 45 mg/kg (respectively) via intraperitoneal injection daily beginning on day 10 and aPD-1 at a dose of 200 ug/animal via intraperitoneal injection on days 10, 12, 14.
• MSRx refers to a value calculated by dividing: (i) the percentage survival of mice treated with an immunotherapeutic anti-cancer agent plus a glutamate modulating agent, by (ii) the percentage survival of mice treated with an immunotherapeutic anti-cancer agent alone, in accordance with the procedure set forth in Example 1 hereof at a time period of "x" number of days after implantation of the tumor into the mice.
• MSR60 refers to the Mouse Survival Ratio at a time of 60 days after tumor implantation.
• mice in Arm 1 had 0% survival
• the mice in Arm 2 had 50% survival
• the mice in Arms 6, 7 and 8 had at least 70 to 80% survival.
• the Mouse Survival Ratio was about 1.4 to 1.6 (i.e., 70/50 and 80/50).
• the mice in Arm 1 had 0% survival
• the mice in Arm 2 had 30% survival
• the mice in Arms 6, 7 and 8 had at least 60 to 80% survival.
• the Mouse Survival Ratio (MSR28) was about 2.0 to 2.6 (i.e., 60/30 and 80/30).
• the Mouse Survival Ratio was about 2.0 to 2.3 (i.e., 60/30 and 70/30).
• the Mouse Survival Ratio is at least 1.4, more preferably at least 1.6 when measured at 26 days after tumor implantation (MSR26).
• the Mouse Survival Ratio is at least 2.0, more preferably at least 2.6 when measured at 28 days after tumor implantation (MSR28).
• the Mouse Survival Ratio is at least 2.0, more preferably at least 2.3 when measured at 60 days after tumor implantation (MSR60).
• the Mouse Survival Ratio measured at a time when the untreated mice reach 0% survival, or thereafter until a time of 60 days after tumor implantation is at least 1.4, at least 1.6, at least 2.0, at least 2.3 or at least 2.6.
• combination therapy i.e., an immunotherapeutic anti-cancer agent and a glutamate modulating agent
• a Mouse Survival Ratio of at least 2.0, more typically at least 2.3 (measured at day 60, MSR60).
• glutamate receptors are found on a number of other tumor cells and it is believed that this combination therapy could be effective for those cells as well.

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