CN106963947A - Nk细胞调节治疗和用于治疗血液恶性疾病的方法 - Google Patents
Nk细胞调节治疗和用于治疗血液恶性疾病的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了包含中和NK细胞抑制性受体的化合物的组合物,以及使用此类组合物治疗血液恶性疾病的方法。
Description
本申请是申请号为201180062268.2的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2010年11月22日提交的临时申请序列号61/415,973的优先权,该申请的公开内容(包括所有序列信息)以引用方式并入本文。
发明领域
本发明涉及调节NK细胞活性以用于治疗血液恶性疾病。
发明背景
自然杀伤(NK)细胞为充当细胞毒性免疫细胞的大颗粒淋巴细胞的亚群。由天然针对靶细胞(例如,癌细胞、病毒感染细胞)的NK细胞介导的细胞毒性活性一般表现为分别由活化细胞表面受体和抑制性细胞表面受体传递的正信号与负信号“平衡”的结果。
NK细胞可由多种已知细胞表面标记鉴别,该细胞表面标记在物种之间有所不同(例如,在人中常用CD56、CD16、NKp44、NKp46和NKp30;在小鼠常用NK1.1、Ly49A-W、CD49b)。在活性状态下,NK细胞能够杀死某些自体、异体和甚至异种肿瘤细胞、病毒感染细胞、某些细菌(例如,伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhi))以及其他靶细胞。NK细胞似乎优先杀死在其表面上几乎不或不表现I类主要组织相容性(“MHCI”或“MHC-I”)分子的靶细胞。NK细胞还杀死已连接抗体分子的靶细胞,这是一种称为抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)的机制。在针对靶细胞的作用中,NK细胞可释放称作穿孔素的成孔蛋白、称作颗粒酶的蛋白水解酶,和细胞因子/趋化因子(例如,TNFα、IFNγ等),其直接导致靶细胞凋亡或溶解,或调节其他免疫反应。NK细胞活化后还可以表达Fas配体(FasL),使得这些细胞能够诱导表达Fas的细胞凋亡。
足够的NK细胞活性和NK细胞计数通常皆为发动足够的NK细胞介导的免疫反应所必需。NK细胞可以正常数目存在于个体体内,但这些细胞若未经活化,将不能发挥重要的免疫系统功能,诸如消除异常细胞。NK细胞活性降低与多种疾病产生和进展有关。例如,研究表明NK细胞活性低会导致较易感染疾病,诸如慢性疲劳综合征(CFS)、病毒感染,以及产生癌症。
NK细胞活性由NK细胞活性调节受体(“NKCAMR”或简称为“AMR”)调节,这种受体可能对诸如MHC-I分子、MHC-I同源物或靶细胞上表达的其他生物分子的各种配体具有特异性。NK细胞在个体体内通常呈现为多种活化受体和抑制性受体。NK细胞的活性由经由这些活化受体和抑制性受体所转导的信号平衡来调节。接着在下文中简要论述各种类型的NKCAMR。大多数NKCAMR似乎属于两类蛋白质中的一类:免疫球蛋白(Ig)样受体超家族(IgSF)或C型凝集素样受体(CTLR)超家族(参见例如,Radaev和Sun,Annu.Rev.Biomol.Struct.2003 32:93-114)。然而,已知其他形式的NKCAMR。
针对NKCAMR(例如杀伤免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR))的抗体先前已经描述,并且也存在至少一些提议将抗NK受体抗体(例如抗KIR抗体)与现有技术的其他抗癌剂组合。例如,WO2004056392描述将抗NKp30抗体和/或抗NKp46抗体与白介素-2(IL-2)混合使用。WO2005009465描述治疗性抗体(例如,美罗华(Rituxan))与阻断NK细胞的抑制性受体或刺激NK细胞的活化受体的化合物(例如,抗KIR mAb,例如mAb DF200或抗NKp30mAb)组合以增强用治疗性抗体治疗人受试者的功效(还可参见US 20050037002)。WO2008/084106描述抗KIR配方、剂量和给药方案。WO2005079766也描述用于癌症疗法中的包括抗KIR抗体的抗体(例如,抗组织因子抗体)的组合。WO2005003168和WO2005003172描述多种抗KIR抗体与多种药剂(包括IL-2和IL-21)的组合。WO2005037306类似地描述IL-21、IL-21衍生物和IL-21类似物与抗KIR抗体的组合。
虽然NK细胞在科学文献中在其潜在地促成由结合肿瘤抗原的抗体所介导的抗肿瘤反应方面已受到广泛关注,但几乎没有研究旨在研究体内功效或直接由调节NK细胞受体来增强NK细胞的细胞毒性。用NK细胞调节化合物进行治疗迄今为止已一般设想为可潜在地恢复NK细胞杀死靶细胞的能力。可能考虑到NK细胞免疫监视作用在重大疾病(例如,肿瘤负荷)情况下受损的迹象,此类治疗不用于无晚期疾病的患者。例如,对于骨髓瘤,侵袭性多发性骨髓瘤(MM)伴有NK细胞量减少以及功能衰竭。在患有晚期MM的患者中,NK细胞计数也减少并且NK细胞对刺激具低反应性。
因此,在本领域中需要使用NK细胞调节来向患者提供改善的益处的方法。调节NK细胞活性的化合物(例如,抗+NKCIR抗体及其片段)可尤其适用于治疗癌症。
发明概要
本发明提供用于治疗患有或先前已患有血液恶性疾病或恶性疾病前兆的个体的方法。该方法包括对该个体施用治疗活性量的抑制NK细胞抑制性受体(NKCIR)的化合物。优选地在个体的疾病程度最小或不可检测时对个体施用化合物。另外,本发明涵盖抑制NKCIR(自然杀伤细胞抑制性受体)的化合物的用途,其是用于制备一种药物组合物,该药物组合物用于治疗患有或先前已患有血液恶性疾病前兆或血液恶性疾病的个体,用于在个体的疾病程度最小或不可检测时施用至个体,所述组合物包含治疗活性量的抑制NKCIR(自然杀伤细胞抑制性受体)的化合物。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,个体患有血液恶性疾病前兆。在具体实施方案中,个体患有SMM(郁积型骨髓瘤(smoldering myeloma))、MGUS(意义未明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病)或MDS(骨髓增生异常综合征)。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,个体患有或先前已患有血液恶性疾病或具有与血液恶性疾病发病风险增加相关的基因突变。在具体实施方案中,个体患有或先前已患有白血病、淋巴瘤、骨髓瘤或淋巴恶性疾病。在一个优选的实施方案中,个体患有或先前已患有AML(急性骨髓白血病)、MM(多发性骨髓瘤)、SMM(郁积型骨髓瘤)、CML(慢性骨髓性白血病)或CLL(慢性淋巴细胞性白血病)。
在一个实施方案中,个体在施用化合物之前已用针对血液恶性疾病或血液恶性疾病前兆的第一治疗进行治疗。该第一治疗可以选自用化学治疗剂、免疫调节剂、放射疗法、手术、抗激素剂或抗血管生成剂,或任何上述的组合进行治疗。优选地,个体对用第一治疗进行的治疗有部分反应或完全反应。个体可因第一治疗而有所缓解,疾病不可检测,无症状和/或异常细胞数目低。
在一个实施方案中,血液恶性疾病为白血病,即急性骨髓白血病(AML)。优选地,个体任选地在用第一治疗进行治疗后有所缓解,无症状,疾病不可检测和/或异常细胞数目低。在具体实施方案中,个体全身白血病负荷低于约109个细胞和/或骨髓中母细胞(blast)小于5%和/或无白血病的体征或症状。
在一个实施方案中,血液恶性疾病为骨髓瘤,即多发性骨髓瘤(MM)。优选地,个体任选地在用第一治疗进行治疗后有部分反应或完全反应、有所缓解、无症状、疾病不可检测和/或异常细胞数目低。在具体实施方案中,个体的血清蛋白M水平降低大于25%。优选地,个体的血清蛋白M水平降低大于50%。
在一个实施方案中,血液恶性疾病为郁积型多发性骨髓瘤(SMM)。优选地,个体任选地在用第一治疗进行治疗后有部分反应或完全反应、有所缓解、无症状、疾病不可检测和/或异常细胞数目低。在本发明的具体方面,个体骨髓中有10%或10%以上的浆细胞,但不符合多发性骨髓瘤(MM)的标准。在本发明的另一方面,个体的血清M蛋白≥3g/dL。在本发明的另一方面,个体骨髓中有10%或10%以上的浆细胞,而无终末器官损伤(CRAB)迹象。在另一个实施方案中,个体的血清M蛋白≥3g/dL,并且该个体骨髓中也有10%或10%以上的浆细胞,其任选地进一步无终末器官损伤迹象。
在一个实施方案中,血液恶性疾病为意义未明的无症状单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS)。在该实施方案中,个体骨髓中优选地有小于10%的浆细胞。
本发明还涵盖方法,其包括:
(a)确定患有或已患有血液恶性疾病的个体的疾病是否程度最小或不可检测;以及
(b)如果该个体的疾病程度最小或不可检测,则用治疗活性量的抑制NKCIR的化合物治疗该个体。
此外,本发明包括方法,其包括:
(a)确定个体是否患有郁积型多发性骨髓瘤(SMM)、意义未明的无症状单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS)或骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS);
(b)如果该个体患有SMM、MGUS或MDS,则用治疗活性量的抑制NKCIR的化合物治疗该个体。
此外,本发明包括方法,其包括:
(a)用第一治疗(例如,一种或多种诱导疗法以及任选的一种或多种巩固疗法)治疗患有血液恶性疾病的个体,任选地其中该第一治疗为化学治疗剂或免疫调节剂(例如,Imid),以使个体的疾病程度最小或不可检测(例如,疾病有所缓解和/或个体对第一治疗有反应);
(b)用治疗活性量的抑制NKCIR的化合物治疗疾病程度最小或不可检测的个体。任选地,步骤(a)还包括确定患有或已患有血液恶性疾病的个体的疾病是否程度最小或不可检测。
另外,本发明涵盖化合物的用途,其是用于制备一种组合物,该组合物包含检测患有或先前已患有血液恶性疾病的个体的疾病是否程度最小或不可检测的部分,并且如果该个体的疾病程度最小或不可检测,则用治疗活性量的抑制NKCIR的化合物治疗该个体。
本发明还涵盖化合物的用途,其是用于制备一种组合物,该组合物包含检测个体是否患有郁积型多发性骨髓瘤(SMM)、意义未明的无症状单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS)或骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的部分,并且如果该个体患有SMM、MGUS或MDS,则用治疗活性量的抑制NKCIR的化合物治疗该个体。
此外,本发明包括化合物的用途,其是用于制备一种用于治疗患有血液恶性疾病的个体的组合物,以第一治疗治疗个体,以使个体的疾病程度最小或不可检测,并且用治疗活性量的抑制NKCIR的化合物治疗疾病程度最小或不可检测的个体。
在一个实施方案中,根据标准医学准则来确定患有或已患有血液恶性疾病的个体的疾病是否程度最小或不可检测,其是否有所缓解,有部分或完全反应和/或具有特定病变(例如,SMM、MGUS、AML、CML、MDS、MM等)。
在一个实施方案中,确定患有或已患有血液恶性疾病的个体的疾病是否程度最小或不可检测、其是否有所缓解或有部分或完全反应包括鉴别异常细胞群或细胞异常数目(例如,骨髓中浆细胞的百分比)。任选地,所述鉴别由流式细胞术来实现。任选地,该方法还包括分选或分离异常细胞群。
在一个实施方案中,确定患有或已患有血液恶性疾病的个体的疾病是否程度最小或不可检测,其是否有所缓解和/或有完全反应包括检测细胞遗传学异常(例如,评估核型)。
在一个实施方案中,检测最小程度疾病包括分选异常细胞群;以及使从所分选细胞分离的核酸与一种或多种靶向与血液恶性疾病发病可能性增加相关的基因重排的核酸接触,其中该接触确定细胞遗传学异常的存在;从而检测最小程度疾病的存在。在一个实施方案中,遗传标记为FLT3或NpM1中与患有AML的个体存活的不良预后相关的突变。在另一实施方案中,遗传标记为免疫球蛋白(Ig)和/或T细胞受体基因中的重排。
在一个实施方案中,确定患有或已患有血液恶性疾病的个体的疾病是否程度最小或不可检测,其是否有所缓解和/或有部分或完全反应(例如,在MM中)包括评估个体中的血清单克隆蛋白(M蛋白)的水平。
在一个实施方案中,确定个体是否患有SMM或MGUS包括评估个体中的血清单克隆蛋白(M蛋白)的水平;任选地其中如果M蛋白水平为至少3g/dL,则确定该患者患有SMM。在一个实施方案中,确定个体是否患有SMM或MGUS包括评估个体中的骨髓浆细胞;任选地其中如果个体具有至少10%骨髓浆细胞,则确定该患者患有SMM。
如上文所述,基于一种或多种预测因素,患者具有不良疾病预后,例如,处于较高的进展风险。在一个实施方案中,患者患有SMM并且根据表2中的分类处于第1组内。在一个实施方案中,患者有基于基因突变的不良预后,例如,患者患有AML并且有FLT3或NpM1中与不良预后有关的突变。
在一个实施方案中,使用抑制NKCIR的化合物作为单个药剂。在另一实施方案中,抑制NKCIR的化合物与至少一种其他治疗剂组合施用。
抑制NKCIR的化合物因抑制所述NKCIR而可以调节NK细胞的细胞毒性。优选地,抑制NKCIR的化合物为具有阻断或中和NKCIR介导的NK抑制作用且从而增强针对以其他方式阻断的靶细胞的NK细胞活性的能力的抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段。在一个实施方案中,抗体或抗体片段为针对杀伤免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)的抗体或其片段。在另一个实施方案中,抗体或抗体片段为嵌合、人或人源化抗体或抗体片段。在另一个实施方案中,抗体或抗体片段包括IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgD、IgA、IgE或IgM。优选地,抗体或抗体片段包括igG1或IgG4。在一个实施方案中,抗体或抗体片段包括Fc域,该Fc域包含至少一个影响效应子功能、半衰期、蛋白质水解、FcR结合或糖基化中的一者或多者的突变。
在具体实施方案中,抗体或抗体片段为结合KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3的抗KIR抗体或抗体片段。优选地,抗KIR抗体或抗体片段与1-7F9竞争。更优选地,抗KIR抗体或抗体片段为1-7F9或其片段。还预期抗KIR抗体片段为1-7F9中与1-7F9具有相同结合特性的片段。在一个方面,抗KIR抗体或抗体片段包含与I-7F9的VL域和VH域具有至少90%同一性的VL域和VH域。在另一方面,抗KIR抗体或抗体片段包含1-7F9的VL域和VH域。在另一方面,抗KIR抗体或抗体片段的VL包含1-7F9的VL CDR。在另一方面,抗KIR抗体或抗体片段的VH包含1-7F9的VHCDR。
在一个实施方案中,抗KIR抗体或抗体片段包含氨基酸序列与1-7F9具有至少80%序列同一性,与1-7F9具有至少90%序列同一性,与1-7F9具有至少95%序列同一性,或与1-7F9具有至少98%序列同一性的多肽。在另一个实施方案中,抗KIR抗体或抗体片段与1-7F9特异性结合至完整KIR2DL1或KIR2DL2/3上相同的线性或构象表位,和/或与1-7F9竞争结合至完整KIR2DL1或KIR2DL2/3上相同的线性或构象表位。
在另一个实施方案中,抗体或抗体片段为针对选自CD94、NKG2(例如,NKG2A和NKG2E)和LIR(例如LILRB1至B5)的NKCIR的抗体或其片段。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,抗NKCIR抗体作为包含治疗有效量的抗NKCIR抗体的药学上可接受的组合物施用。在一个方面,NKCIR抗体以引起NK细胞上的NKCIR基本完全饱和持续至少约1周、至少约2周或至少约一个月的时期的该抗体的量施用。
在一个方面,以引起NK细胞上的NKCIR基本完全饱和持续至少约1周、至少约2周或至少约1个月的时期而在治疗期内无显著“去饱和”的量和频率进行抗体给药。在一个实施方案中,一种或多种NKCIR抗体的治疗活性量为在施用抗体后引起NK细胞上的NKCIR基本完全饱和持续至少约1周、约2周或约1个月的时期的该抗体的量,其中以约每2周一次、约每月一次或约每2个月一次或更长时间一次的给药频率多次施用抗体并且后续给药相隔约2周或约1个月。
在一个方面,以引起NK细胞上的NKCIR基本完全饱和持续至少约1周、至少约2周或至少约1个月的时期并且允许在治疗期内出现显著“去饱和”的量和频率进行抗体给药。在一个实施方案中,一种或多种NKCIR抗体的治疗活性量为在施用抗体后引起NK细胞上的NKCIR基本完全饱和持续至少约1周、约2周或约1个月的时期的该抗体的量,其中以约每2周一次、约每月一次或约每2个月一次的给药频率多次施用抗体并且后续给药相隔约2周或约1个月。
在另一个实施方案中,抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段以以下剂量范围施用:约0.1mg/kg至约3.0mg/kg、约0.3mg/kg至约3.0mg/kg、约0.1mg/kg至约1.0mg/kg或约1.0mg/kg至约3.0mg/kg。优选地,抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段约每2个月一次施用。
在另一方面,上述各种方法中的任一者任选地通过以一种或多种其他抗癌剂(例如,化学治疗剂)施用化学疗法治疗而进一步修改。
在另一个实施方案中,提供了用于人疗法的药物组合物,其含有根据本发明的抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段以及药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂,其在施用至普通人个体(体重为约45至90kg)后产生以下剂量范围:约0.1mg/kg至约3.0mg/kg、约0.3mg/kg至约3.0mg/kg、约0.1mg/kg至约1.0mg/kg或约1.0mg/kg至约3.0mg/kg。在具体实施方案中,组合物在施用至普通人受试者后产生约0.1mg/kg至0.3mg/kg,并且更具体地讲0.2mg/kg或约0.3mg/kg的剂量范围。
本发明还涵盖用于治疗患有疾病的个体和/或用于增强有需要的个体的NK细胞活性的方法。该方法包括对该个体施用在人患者中提供约0.1mg/kg至约0.3mg/kg的剂量的量的抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段以及药学上可接受的载体,其中至多每月一次施用抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段。另外,本发明涵盖在人患者中提供约0.1mg/kg至约0.3mg/kg的剂量的量的抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段以及药学上可接受的载体的用途,其是用于制备用于人疗法的药物组合物。在一个实施方案中,至多每两个月一次施用抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段。在另一实施方案中,每月一次和每两个月一次施用抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段。在另一个实施方案中,在人患者中提供约0.1mg/kg至约0.2mg/kg的剂量的抗NKCIR抗体或抗体。
这些方面更充分描述于本文提供的本发明的说明中,并且本发明的其他方面、特征以及优势将通过本文提供的本发明的说明显而易见。
附图简述
图1示出了用于大部分AML患者的治疗策略,其分成两个一般阶段:诱导疗法和缓解后疗法。
图2(WO2006/003179的图12)提供了抗体DF200与抗体Pan2D(NKVSF1)的轻链可变区和轻链CDR的氨基酸序列的比较性比对。(A)DF200的抗KIR轻链可变区(VL)(SEQ ID NO:1)与Pan-2D的抗KIR轻链可变区(VL)(SEQ ID NO:2)的比对。氨基酸序列上的数字指示未成熟(未分泌)免疫球蛋白翻译起始Met(+1)的各自位置。(B)CDR-L1序列的比对。之前的残基:通常为Cys。之后的残基:Trp。通常为Trp-Tyr-Leu。长度:10-17aa。(C)CDR-L2序列的比对。之前的残基:通常为Ile-Tyr。长度:7aa。开始:在CDR-L1末端之后大约16aa。开始:自分泌的蛋白质的开始端起大约24aa。(D)CDR-L3序列的比对。之前的残基:Cys。之后的残基:Phe-Gly-XXX-Gly。长度:7-11aa。开始:在CDR-L2末端之后大约33aa。
图3(WO2006/003179的图13)提供了抗体DF200的重链可变区以及重链CDR。(A)DF-200VH区,未成熟蛋白质。分泌的成熟VH在位置20(残基Q)处开始。VH区结束于残基S并且之后延续恒定区(未示出)。(B)CDR-H1。之前的残基:Cys-XXX-XXX-XXX。之后的残基:Trp。通常为Trp-Val或Trp-Ile。长度:10-14aa。开始:自分泌的蛋白质的开始端起大约22-26aa。(C)CDR-H2。之前的残基:Leu-GIu-Trp-He-GIy,但可能存在其他变型。之后的残基:Lys或Arg/Leu或He或VaI或Phe或Thr或Ala/Thr或Ser或lie或Ala。长度:16-20aa。开始:在CDR-H1末端之后大约15aa。(D)CDR-H3。之前的残基:Cys-XXX-XXX(通常为Cys-Ala-Arg)。之后的残基:Trp-GIy-XXXvGIy。长度:3-25aa。开始:在CDR-H2末端之后大约33。
图4(WO2006/003179的图14)描绘了人抗体1-7F9的VH和VL序列的核苷酸和氨基酸序列。(A)HuKIR 1-7F9成熟可变轻链的翻译。(B)编码HuKIR 1-7F9成熟可变轻链的核苷酸序列。(C)HuKIR 1-7F9成熟可变重链的翻译。(D)编码HuKIR 1-7F9成熟重链的核苷酸序列。
图5(WO2006/003179的图15)示出了单克隆抗体1-7F9、DF200(VH序列:SEQ ID NO:19;VL序列:SEQ ID NO:21)以及Pan2D(NKVSF1;VH序列:SEQ ID NO:20;VL序列:SEQ ID NO:22)的VH和VL序列的氨基酸序列。CDR加有方框。
图6(WO2006/003179的图20)示出了KIR2DL1上1-7F9的结合表位,如KIR2DL1序列中所示。与1-7F9相距4.0A距离范围内的氨基酸以灰黑色背景突出显示。由黑色背景突出显示的氨基酸参与氢键结合至1-7F9。图2-6中所列的序列ID No对应于WO2006/003179中所提交的序列表中的SEQ ID NO,所述序列表包含在该申请的权利要求之前的几页中。
具体实施方式
本发明提供用于治疗患有或先前已患有血液恶性疾病或恶性疾病前兆的个体的方法。该方法包括对该个体施用治疗活性量的抑制NK细胞抑制性受体(NKCIR)的化合物。在个体的疾病程度最小或不可检测时对个体施用化合物。
本文所述的人临床试验显示用阻断参与NK细胞的细胞毒性的NK细胞抑制受体的化合物(例如,抗NKCIR抗体)进行治疗极大地延长了罹患血液恶性疾病但在用化合物治疗时有所缓解和/或疾病程度最小或不可检测的患者的无病存活期。
抗体
除非另外说明或与上下文明显相矛盾,否则术语抗体在本发明的上下文中是指免疫球蛋白(Ig)分子、Ig分子的片段或其任一者的衍生物,其具有(a)在典型生理条件下特异性结合到至少一种靶抗原持续较长时段,和/或(b)调节与其靶NKCIR有关的生理反应,例如调节KIR调节的NK细胞活性的能力。较长时段就此而言意指任何适于在标准免疫测定(例如酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA))中检测抗体-抗原复合物的时期。通常,较长时段为至少约30分钟、至少约45分钟、至少约1小时、至少约2小时、至少约4小时、至少约8小时、至少约12小时、约24小时或24小时以上、约48小时或48小时以上等的时期。
免疫球蛋白是一类结构相关蛋白质,其包含重链(例如,α链、Δ链、ε键、γ链和μ链)和轻链(例如,κ链和λ链)。在人中,免疫球蛋白可根据Ig分子中所含的重链而分为五个主要类别(IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG和IgM)。
免疫球蛋白的结构经充分表征。参见例如,Fundamental Immunology(Paul,W.,编著,第2版,Raven Press,N.Y.(1989))。IgG分子是最常见类型的免疫球蛋白,包含两对多肽链,一对轻(L)(低分子量)链和一对重(H)链,所有四条链由二硫键相互连接。简而言之,各重链通常由重链可变区(在本文中缩写为HCVR或VH)和重链恒定区构成。重链恒定区通常由三个域CH1、CH2和CH3构成。各轻链通常由轻链可变区(在本文中缩写为LCVR或VL)和轻链恒定区构成。轻链恒定区通常由一个域CL构成。VH区和VL区可进一步细分为具有高变性的区域(或高变区,其在结构确定的环的序列和/或形式方面具有高变性),其也称为互补决定区(CDR),与称为构架区(FR)的较保守区域交替。在天然产生的全长抗体中,各VH和VL通常由3个CDR和4个FR构成,其自氨基端至羧基端按以下顺序排列:FR1、CDR1、FR2、CDR2、FR3、CDR3、FR4(就高变环区而言,其在轻链可变域中也可称为FR L1、CDR L1等或环L1、L2、L3,并且在重链域中称为环H1、H2和H3(参见例如Chothia和Lesk J.Mol.Biol.196:901-917(1987))。通常,通过Kabat等,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,第5版,PublicHealth Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD.(1991)中所述的方法对此区中的氨基酸残基进行编号(本文中诸如“如Kabat中的可变域残基编号”和“根据Kabat”的短语是指该用于重链可变域或轻链可变域的编号系统)。使用该编号系统,肽的实际线性氨基酸序列可含有对应于缩短可变域的FR或CDR或插入可变域的FR或CDR中的较少或额外氨基酸。例如,重链可变域可以包括在CDR H2的残基52后单个氨基酸插入(根据Kabat的残基52a)以及在重链FR残基82后插入的残基(例如,根据Kabat的残基82a、82b和82c等)。可以通过在抗体的序列的同源性区域中与“标准”Kabat编号序列比对来确定给定抗体的残基的Kabat编号。
如上所述,抗NKCIR抗体可呈(或包含)保持特异性结合至NKCIR的能力的抗体“片段”形式。此类抗体片段的特征在于在适当程度上具有在本文别处所述的与全长抗体相关的上述特征中的任一者或组合(例如,许多抗体片段缺少Fc域并且因此不诱导或促进抗体相关补体功能)。抗体的抗原结合功能可由其任意数量的合适片段发挥。抗体片段的实例包括(i)Fab片段,其为基本上由VL、VH、CL和CH I域组成的单价片段;(ii)F(ab)2和F(ab')2片段,其为包含由铰链区的二硫桥连接的两个Fab片段的二价片段;(iii)基本上由VH和CH1域组成的Fd片段;(iv)基本上由抗体单臂的VL和VH域组成的Fv片段;(v)dAb片段(Ward等,(1989)Nature 341:544-546),其基本上由VH域组成;以及(vi)分离的互补决定区(CDR)。此外,虽然Fv片段的两个域(即VL和VH)是由各自的基因编码,但可使用重组方法通过能够使其成为单一蛋白质链的合成连接子将其接合,其中VL和VH区配对形成单价分子(称作单链抗体或单链Fv(scFv);参见例如,Bird等,(1988)Science 242:423-426;和Huston等,(1988)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 85:5879-5883)。除非另外说明或上下文明确指示,否则此类单链抗体也涵盖于诸如抗体片段和抗体样肽/分子的术语中。其他形式的单链抗体,例如双功能抗体(diabody)也旨在由这些术语所涵盖。双功能抗体为二价双特异性抗体,其中VH和VL域表达于单一多肽链上,但所使用的连接子通常过短而不允许两个域在同一链上配对,从而迫使所述域与另一条链的互补域配对并形成两个抗原结合位点(参见例如,Holliger,P.等,(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 90:6444-6448;Poljak,R.J.等,(1994)Structure 2:1121-1123;和Cao等,(1998),Bioconjugate Chem.9,635-644)。尽管与全长抗体具有相似的结合特性,但此类抗体片段共同并且各自独立地为本发明的独特特征,显示出与抗体不同的生物学和/或物理化学特性和效用。由本发明提供的这些和其他有用的抗体片段和抗体样分子在本文中得以进一步论述。通常应当理解,除非另外说明或与上下文明显相矛盾,否则任何合适的抗体片段均可用作本文所述的本发明组合物和方法中的抗体的替代物,并且反之亦然。
在一般意义上,术语抗体包括多克隆抗体和单克隆抗体(mAb)。术语“单克隆抗体”是指包含具有均一结构和特异性的同源性抗体群体的组合物。多克隆抗体通常衍生自经免疫原性激发的动物的血清,但其也可通过重组技术获得。抗KIR抗体可视作单克隆抗体,与其产生方式无关。
所产生之抗体可具有任何同种型,并且之后可使用本领域熟知的常规技术使抗体进行同种型转变。此类技术包括使用直接重组技术(参见例如,美国专利4,816,397)、细胞-细胞融合技术(参见例如,美国专利5,916,771)以及本领域已知的其他合适技术。因此,例如,由本发明提供的多特异性多价抗体的效应子功能可以通过同种型转变成例如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgD、IgA、IgE或IgM抗体而相对于一个或两个亲本抗体的同种型有所“改变”以用于各种治疗用途。
NK细胞活性调节受体(NKCAMR)
NK细胞活性由NK细胞活性调节受体(“NKCAMR”或简称为“AMR”)调节,这种受体可能对诸如MHC-I分子、MHC-I同源物或靶细胞上表达的其他生物分子的各种配体具有特异性。NK细胞在个体体内通常呈现为多种活化受体和抑制性受体。NK细胞的活性由经由这些活化受体和抑制性受体所转导的信号平衡来调节。接着在下文中简要论述各种类型的NKCAMR。
当体细胞处于应激下(例如处于癌症进展或感染中)时,诸如MICA和MICB的各种分子通常呈现于受应激的细胞表面上并且所呈现的MHC-I分子通常自细胞表面“丧失”(数目减少和/或糖基化以使其不被免疫系统“视作”“外来物”)。NKCAMR对潜在NK靶细胞中与细胞应激、疾病和病症相关的这些和其他变化敏感。
大多数NKCAMR似乎属于两类蛋白质中的一类:免疫球蛋白(Ig)样受体超家族(IgSF)或C型凝集素样受体(CTLR)超家族(参见例如,Radaev和Sun,Annu.Rev.Biomol.Struct.2003 32:93-114)。然而,已知其他形式的NKCAMR。多种NKCAMR的结构已经阐明(同前)。为更好地说明本发明,本文结合特定实例描述已充分了解的各类型NKCAMR。然而,除本文明确描述的那些受体之外,还已知若干其他NKCAMR(参见例如,Farag等,Expert Opin.Biol.Ther.3(2):237-250),并且本文所述的本发明组合物和方法通常也适用于这些和其他NKCAMR。
NK细胞活化受体(NKCAR)
许多NK细胞活化受体(NKCAR)属于Ig超家族(IgSF)(此类受体在本文中也可称为Ig样受体或“ILR”)。活化ILR NK受体(AILR)包括例如,CD2、CD16、CD69、DNAX辅助分子-1(DNAM-1)、2B4、NK1.1;杀伤免疫球蛋白(Ig)样活化受体(KAR);ILT/LIR;以及自然细胞毒性受体(NCR),例如NKp44、NKp46和NKp30。若干其他NKCAR属于CLTR超家族(例如,NKRP-1、CD69;CD94/NKG2C和CD94/NKG2E异二聚体、NKG2D均二聚体,并且在小鼠中,为Ly49的活化同种型(例如Ly49A-D))。其他NKCAR(例如,LFA-1和VLA-4)属于整联蛋白超家族并且其他活化受体可能具有其他可区别结构。许多NKCAR具有结合至MHC-I分子的细胞外域,以及相对较短并且缺乏抑制性NK受体所特有的抑制性(ITIM)信号传导基序的细胞质域。这些受体的跨膜域通常包括有助于其与信号转导相关分子(例如CD3ζ、FcεRIγ、DAP12和DAP10)缔合的带电荷氨基酸残基(2B4,例如似乎为该普遍规律的一个例外),所述信号转导相关分子含有称作“基于免疫受体酪氨酸的活化基序”(ITAM)并且传播NK细胞活化信号的短氨基酸序列。受体2B4在其细胞质尾区含有4个所谓的基于免疫受体酪氨酸的转换基序(ITSM);ITSM基序也可见于NKCAR CS1/CRACC和NTB-A中。2B4和SLAM的细胞质域含有两个或两个以上独特的基于酪氨酸的基序,其类似于活化受体和抑制性受体中所存在的基序并且可募集含有SH2域的蛋白质SHP-2和SAP(SLAM相关蛋白)。
应激诱导性分子(例如人的MIC-A、MIC-B和ULBP以及小鼠的Rae-1和H-60)可用作NKCAR(例如NKG2D均二聚体)的配体。细胞碳水化合物、病原性抗原和抗体也可为NKCAR配体。例如,NKR-P1可以结合至碳水化合物配体并触发尤其针对显示异常糖基化模式的肿瘤细胞的NK细胞活化。病毒血凝素可用作自然细胞毒性受体(NCR)(例如ILR NKCAR NKp30、NKp44、NKp46和NKp80)的配体。
NKCAR可直接转导活化信号或可结合衔接子分子或其他受体一起发挥作用(在有时单独有效的受体之间的协同反应的情况下或在共受体-受体配对的情况下)。例如,NKCARNCR通常缺乏ITAM并且因此经由其跨膜域中的带电荷残基结合至衔接子分子(例如,NKp30与CD3ζ链缔合;NKp44与DAP12和/或KARAP缔合;NKp46耦合到CD3ζ链和FcRIγ链),其随后能够募集蛋白质酪氨酸激酶(PTK)以传播NK细胞活化信号。CD16为对NK细胞介导的ADCC和细胞因子产生而言重要的NKCAR,其与由CD3ζ链和/或γ链形成的均二聚体或异二聚体缔合。NKG2D似乎与NCR和NKCAR在NK细胞活化中起互补和/或协同作用。活化针对特定靶标的NK细胞可能需要多个NKCAR或NCR的协同活化,或仅单个受体的作用。包括2B4和NKp80的其他触发表面分子似乎充当NK细胞活化的共受体。
人KIR的活化同种型(例如KIR2DS和KIR3DS)和鼠Ly-49蛋白的活化同种型(例如Ly-49D和Ly-49H)由一些NK细胞表达。这些分子与其抑制性对应物(论述于下文中)不同之处在于在其相对较短的细胞质域中缺乏抑制性基序(ITIM),以及具有与信号转导多肽(例如二硫键连接的DAP12二聚体)缔合的带电荷跨膜区。
NKCIR NK细胞抑制性受体
ILR(IgSF)NK细胞抑制性受体(NKCIR)(I)包括多种不同的人KIR,其对HLA-A、-B或-C同种异型具有特异性。KIR可以识别特定同种异型内的多种等位基因,例如,KIR2DL1识别HLA-Cw2、HLA-Cw4和HLA-Cw6同种异型。CTLR超家族抑制性受体包括CD94/NKG2蛋白质家族的成员,其包含由凝集素样CD94与NKG2家族的各种成员(例如NKG2A)形成的受体,并且分别识别人和小鼠的非典型I类分子HLA-E和Qa-1;以及识别小鼠的典型I类MHC分子的鼠Ly49分子。进一步相比而言,NKRP1A、Nkrp1f和Nkrp1d为抑制性受体,其配体与MHC无关但为于各种细胞类型(例如树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞)上表达的CTLR家族成员。
I类MHC特异性NKCIR包括CTLR Ly-49受体(小鼠);IgSF受体白细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(LIR)(人)、KIR(例如p58和p70杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体,人)以及CTLR CD94/NKG2受体(小鼠和人)。所有MHC-I特异性NKCIR似乎利用共同抑制性机制,该机制显然涉及在MHC-I结合以及募集酪氨酸磷酸酶(例如,SHP-1和SHP-2)期间其细胞质域中的ITIM磷酸化成磷酸化的ITIM,从而引起抑制涉及经由NKCAR活化NK的近端蛋白质酪氨酸激酶(PTK)。
由CTLR糖蛋白形成的抑制性CD94/NKG2异二聚体包含带有ITIM的NKG2分子(例如,NKG2A)并且结合至非典型MHC-I分子(例如,人的HLA-E和小鼠的Qa-1)。
白细胞免疫球蛋白样受体包括若干成员,其含有两个或四个Ig域并且在结构上与KIR多肽相关。参见例如Fanger等,1999J.Leukocyte Biol.66:231-236。LIR包括子族A和B,并且包括例如,LIR-1至LIR-8(其中的若干者也称为ILT多肽,包括ILT-1、ILT-2、ILT-3、ILT-4、ILT-5和ILT-6)。多肽LIR-1、LIR-2、LIR-3、LIR-5和LIR-8皆含有两个或两个以上ITIM抑制性信号传导域。
抑制性Ly-49受体为鼠II型膜二硫键连接的均二聚体CTLR糖蛋白,其结合至各种MHC-I分子并且通常向NK细胞传递主要抑制性(负)信号。Ly-49A例如结合至MHC-I分子H-2Dd的α1/α2域,而Ly-49C结合至H-2Kb。人NK细胞似乎缺乏鼠Ly-49受体的同源物。实际上,人NK细胞表达KIR,其未见于小鼠NK细胞中。虽然人KIR与小鼠Ly-49受体缺乏结构同源性,但其在功能上直系同源:两种类型的受体结合至靶细胞上的I类HLA,引起抑制NK介导的细胞毒性。
杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体KIR
一种重要类型的NKCIR为KIR。一般来讲,KIR为细胞表面糖蛋白,包含一至三个细胞外免疫球蛋白样域,其由某些T细胞以及大部分人NK细胞表达。多种KIR经充分表征(参见例如,Carrington和Norman,The KIR Gene Cluster,2003年5月28日,可经由美国国家生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI))网站在http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bookres.fcgi/mono_003/ch1d1.pdf处获得)。人KIR包括KIR2DL和KIR3DL。KIR也可称为各种其他名称,例如CD158e1、CD158k、CD158z、p58KIR CD158e1(p70)、CD244等。(参见例如,美国专利申请20040038894,Radaev等,Annu.Rev.Biophys.Biomol.Struct.,32:93-114(2003),Cerweknka等,Nat.Rev.Immunol.1:41-49(2001);Farag等,Expert Opin.Biol.Ther.,3(2):237-250(2003);Biassoni等,J.Cell.Mol.Med.,7(4):376-387(2003);以及Warren等,BritishJ.Haematology,121:793-804(2003),其各自在此以引用的方式全文并入本申请中)。多种KIR的结构已经阐明并且揭示这些蛋白质之间具有显著结构相似性。参见例如,Radaev等(同上)。
KIR可在结构上以及功能上进行分类。例如,大多数KIR具有两个Ig域(58kDaKIR2D KIR),而其他KIR具有三个Ig域(70kDa KIR3D KIR),其有时可分别称为p58和p70分子。KIR的细胞质尾区长度也不同。通常,具有相对较长细胞质尾区(L)的KIR传递抑制信号,而具有较短细胞质尾区(S)的KIR可活化NK或T细胞反应。因此,对KIR的命名可基于细胞外域的数目(KIR2D或KIR3D)和细胞质尾区长(KIR2DL或KIR3DL)或短(KIR2DS或KIR3DS)。关于KIR的其他命名信息提供于以下本发明的具体实施方式中。“KIR家族”的一些成员为NKCAR,或更具体地讲为“KAR”(例如,KIR2DS2和KIR2DS4);它们通常包含一个或多个与具有免疫刺激基序(ITAM)的衔接子(例如,DAP12)缔合的带电荷跨膜残基(例如,Lys)。抑制性KIR的细胞质内部分通常包含一个或多个募集磷酸酶的ITIM。抑制性KIR结合至HLA分子的α1/α2域。抑制性KIR似乎并非通常需要与衔接子分子缔合以具有活性。除非另外说明,否则诸如“KIR”等的术语是指“KIR家族”的NKCIR成员,并且诸如“KAR”等的术语是指“KIR家族”的NKCAR成员。
KIR可结合MHC-I分子(例如,某些I类HLA同种异型),通常引起对抗并且可能超过刺激活化信号的负信号传递至NK细胞,从而防止NK细胞杀死相关潜在靶细胞(显然经由ITIM磷酸化和酪氨酸磷酸酶(例如,含有SH2域的蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶,诸如SHP-1和SHP-2)募集,引起PTK(例如,Syk、TcR和/或ZAP70)去磷酸化和/或LAT/PLC复合物形成抑制以及ITAM级联的相关破坏)。由于病毒常抑制I类MHC在其所感染的细胞中表达,所以此类受病毒感染的细胞变得易被NK细胞杀死。由于癌细胞的I类MHC表达也常减少或消失,因此这些细胞也可变得易被NK细胞杀死。感染的细胞还可在糖基化方面改变结合于MHC中的蛋白质。如果这种情况发生,则细胞表达的MHC-I:蛋白质复合物将改变。如果NK相关KIR不能结合至这些“外来”复合物,则不能产生抑制信号,并且将进行溶解。
取决于KIR亚型,所有确定的抑制性KIR似乎与HLA/MHC抗原的不同亚组相互作用。在人中,具有两个Ig域的KIR(KIR2D)识别HLA-C同种异型:KIR2DL2(原先称为p58.2)和密切相关基因产物KIR2DL3均识别由第1组HLA-C同种异型(Cw1、Cw3、Cw7和Cw8)所共享的表位,而KIR2DL1(p58.1)识别相应第2组HLA-C同种异型(Cw2、Cw4、Cw5和Cw6)所共享的表位。KIR2DL1的特异性似乎由第2组HLA-C等位基因的位置80上Lys残基的存在所决定。KIR2DL2和KIR2DL3识别似乎由位置80上Asn残基的存在所决定。相当大部分HLA-C等位基因在位置80上具有Asn或Lys残基。一种具有三个Ig域的KIR(KIR3DL1(p70))识别由HLA-Bw4等位基因所共享的表位。最后,具有三个Ig域的分子的均二聚体KIR3DL2(p140)识别HLA-A3和HLA-A11。
任一类型(活化或抑制性)的单个MHC-I-特异性NK细胞受体通常不与所有I类MHC分子相互作用,而特异性结合至某些同种异型(由单个基因座的不同变体编码的蛋白质)。另外,单个NK细胞可以表达彼此独立地起作用的多种不同的抑制性受体和/或活化受体。例如,在人中,单个个体体内NK细胞间在存在或不存在给定KIR方面有所不同。在人中也存在相对高程度的KIR多态性,其中某些KIR分子存在于一些个体体内,但并非存在于所有个体体内。虽然KIR和其他识别MHC的抑制性受体可由NK细胞共同表达,但在任何给定个体的NK谱系中,通常存在表达单个KIR的细胞;因此,该后一类型的NK细胞的相应NK细胞活性仅由表达特异性MHC-I等位基因群组的细胞抑制。实际上,新近对群体内KIR基因型多样性程度的评估表明<0.24%的无关个体可预期具有相同基因型。最常见白种人单纯型“A”单纯型(约47%至59%的出现率)仅含有一个活化KIR基因(KIR2DS4)和6个抑制性KIR基因座(KIR3DL3、KIR2DL3、KIR2DL1、KIR2DL4、KIR3DL1和KIR3DL2)。剩余的“B”单纯型极为不同并且含有2至5个活化KIR基因座(包括KIR2DS1、KIR2DS2、KIR2DS3和KIR2DS5)。
应该指出的是,KIR可称作若干别名,如本文在表1中所反映,该表1包括自HUGO基因命名委员会(Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee)网站(http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/genefamily/kir.html)和Andre等,Nature Immunol.2(8):661(2001)获得的信息。
NKCIR相关NK细胞抑制作用的中和
抗NKCIR抗体另外或作为选择可基于其阻断或中和NK抑制作用并从而增强针对以其他方式阻断的靶细胞的NK细胞活性的能力来表征。如上所述,在本发明上下文中可使用结合至至少一种NKCIR足够长时间以中和NKCIR介导的对NK细胞的NK细胞毒性的抑制作用的抗NKCIR抗体。此类抗NKCIR抗体可以原生形式(例如,未缀合至细胞毒性剂)直接用作治疗剂。本发明的更尤其有利的特征是与两种或两种以上NKCIR交叉反应并且中和与此类相关NKCIR中的一些或所有(通常优选所有)NKCIR有关的抑制性活性的抗NKCIR抗体。
中和抗NKCIR抗体可部分或完全中和NKCIR介导的对NK细胞的细胞毒性的抑制作用。中和是指对以其他方式存在的抑制信号的任何实质阻断。可通过任何合适的方法测量中和作用。在一个方面,对抑制作用的中和反映在中和抗KIR抗体使NK与NK靶细胞的特定混合物中的NK细胞介导的特异性溶解相较于通常在基本相同的情形但不存在抗NKCIR抗体的情况下出现的特异性溶解的量增加至少约20%、优选至少约30%、至少约40%、至少约50%、至少约60%、至少约75%或75%以上(例如,约25%至100%)。当通过例如与由NK细胞与未阻断其相关NKCIR的NK细胞的混合物(100%)以及NK细胞与NK靶细胞的混合物(其中NK靶细胞呈现NKCIR的配体)(0%)获得的铬释放毒性测试测定的结果比较来考虑抗NKCIR抗体或其他抗体时,可测定该方面中的增加百分比。就抗KIR抗体而言,可与由NK靶细胞与未阻断其相关KIR的NK细胞的混合物(100%)以及NK细胞与NK靶细胞的混合物(其中NK靶细胞呈现NK细胞上的抑制性KIR的同源I类MHC分子)(0%)获得的铬释放毒性测试测定的结果进行比较。在一个有利的方面,本发明提供抗NKCIR抗体,其诱导在不存在此类抗NKCIR抗体的情况下不会有效溶解的细胞溶解。或者,NKCIR抑制性活性的中和可由例如铬测定的结果来指示,该铬测定使用表达一种或若干种抑制性NKCIR(例如,KIR、NKG2、NKG2A和LIR(例如,LILRB1、LILRB5))的NK细胞克隆或转染物以及仅表达一种由NK细胞上的一种NKCIR所识别的配体(例如,HLA多肽或等位基因、HLA-E等)的靶细胞,其中在抗体存在下获得的细胞毒性水平为在针对NKCIR的配体的已知阻断性抗体存在下所观测到的细胞毒性的至少约20%,例如至少约30%、至少约40%、至少约50%、至少约60%、至少约70%或70%以上(例如,约25%至100%)。例如,当测试抗KIR抗体时,在基本相同情形下施用抗I类MHC分子,例如当前可得自例如Research Diagnostics,Flanders,NJ,USA以及描述于例如Shields等,TissueAntigens.1998年5月;51(5):567-70中的W6/32抗I类MHC抗体。
评估NK细胞的细胞溶解活性的铬释放测定和其他方法为本领域已知。适用于此类测定的条件也是熟知的。通过以下进行典型铬释放测定:用Na2 51CrO4标记靶细胞(例如,Cw3和/或Cw4阳性细胞系,微量滴定板中约例如每孔5000个细胞)(以使51Cr被活靶细胞吸收且由保留),洗涤以移除过量放射性,之后在抗NKCIR抗体存在或不存在的情况下以合适的效应子:靶标比率(例如,约4:1)暴露于NK细胞约4小时的时期,以及测量后续51Cr水平,从而反映靶细胞死亡和溶解。此类测定的实例描述于例如Moretta等,1993,J Exp Med 178,597-604中。在相似的测定中,可用3H-胸苷标记增殖的靶细胞,其可并入复制的DNA中。在NK细胞发挥细胞溶解作用后,靶细胞的DNA快速断裂并且保留于滤液中,而未断裂的大DNA可收集于过滤器上,因此可测量这些片段的释放量或3H-胸苷于细胞DNA中的保留量。关于此类测定的其他实例和相关论述可见于例如PCT申请号WO2006/072625中。
在另一方面,本发明提供抗NKCIR抗体,其特征在于具有与交叉反应性和/或中和性抗NKCIR抗体竞争结合至同源NKCIR的能力和/或与此类已知抗体结合至相同的抗原决定区/表位。术语“与……竞争”在提及特定单克隆抗体(例如,1-7F9等)时意指在使用重组NKCIR分子或表面表达的NKCIR分子的结合测定中抗NKCIR抗体与参考抗体或其他分子竞争。例如,如果抗KIR抗体在结合测定中可检测地减少1-7F9结合至通常由1-7F9结合的KIR分子,则该抗KIR抗体可称为与1-7F9“竞争”。与1-7F9“竞争”的抗KIR抗体可与1-7F9竞争结合至KIR2DL1人受体、KIR2DL2/3人受体,或KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3人受体两者。
虽然通常相关,但在与参考结合蛋白竞争方面相较于蛋白质与参考蛋白结合至相同或基本相似表位的能力描述蛋白质在一些情况下暗示显著不同的生物学和物理化学特性。结合蛋白之间的竞争暗示测试抗NKCIR抗体结合至与抗NKCIR抗体所结合的表位至少部分重叠或位于与该表位足够近的位置上以使该抗KIR抗体因位阻而与已知抗NKCIR抗体竞争的表位。抗NKCIR抗体可以在不结合至相同或相似表位的情况下因抗体尺寸较大而与参考抗NKCIR抗体竞争。这种竞争性抗NKCIR抗体即使结合不同的抗原决定簇也可适用于阻断与抗原决定区相关的相互作用,所述抗原决定区和参考抗NKCIR抗体的抗原决定区相同。
在另一个示例性方面,本发明提供一种抗NKCIR抗体,其与抗NCKIR抗体(例如1-7F9、DF200和/或NKVSF1(针对KIR),或抗体Z199(针对NKG2A,可得自Beckman Coulter,CA)等)结合至基本相同的抗原决定区。
竞争是指在结合于结合配偶体的另一分子存在下,特定分子结合特定结合配偶体的倾向的任何显著降低。通常,竞争意指在竞争性分子(例如,抗KIR抗体)存在下,例如抗KIR抗体与至少一种KIR之间的结合减少至少约15%,例如结合减少至少约20%(例如,结合减少约25%或25%以上、约30%或30%以上、约15%至35%等)。在某些情形下,例如在属于竞争性抗体的表位紧密地位于抗原中的情况下,竞争可由以下来指示:受体(例如,KIR)结合约40%以上相对抑制、至少约50%抑制、至少约55%抑制、至少约60%抑制、至少约75%抑制或更高程度的抑制,例如,约45%至95%的抑制程度。
评估竞争通常涉及使用第一量的第一分子(例如,抗KIR抗体);第二量的第二分子(例如,已知的抗KIR抗体);以及第三量的第三分子(例如,KIR)评估相对抑制性结合,其中第一量、第二量以及第三量均足以使得比较得以进行以提供关于相关分子相对于提供的其他分子的选择性和/或特异性的信息。通常,对于ELISA竞争测定,使用约5-50μg(例如,约10-50μg、约20-50μg、约5-20μg、约10-20μg等)的抗KIR抗体、已知的抗KIR抗体以及至少一种KIR评估是否存在竞争。条件也应适于使竞争性分子结合至其假定/已知靶标。生理条件或接近生理条件(例如,约20-40℃的温度、约7-8的pH值等)可通常适用于抗KIR抗体:KIR。
可通过使用免疫测定来测定两个或两个以上分子之间的竞争(或相对结合抑制),在所述免疫测定中,将对照NKCIR结合分子(例如,1-7F9)与测试抗NKCIR抗体混合(或预先吸附)并且施加于含有相关KIR(例如KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3两者)的样本中,已知所述KIR的每一个由DF200结合。基于ELISA、放射免疫测定、Western印迹等的方案适用于此类竞争研究。通常在适用于分子结合的条件(例如,生理条件,尤其在抗体结合构象/非线性表位的情况下)下进行竞争ELISA。竞争也可通过例如流式细胞术测试、SPR分析和其他技术来评估,此类技术见于例如Harlow等,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.,1988),Colligan等编著,CurrentProtocols in Immunology,Greene Publishing Assoc.and Wiley Interscience,N.Y.,(1992,1993),Ausubel等编著,Short Protocols in Molecular Biology(第5版),JohnWiley&Sons(2002),以及Muller,Meth.Enzymol.92:589-601(1983)中。
可由多种已知技术鉴别抗原决定区或表位。例如,可通过“足迹”测定,例如通过化学修饰靶标NKCIR蛋白质中暴露的胺/羧基快速鉴别抗原决定区。该足迹技术的一个具体实例为使用通过质谱(HXMS)检测的氢-氘交换,其中受体与配体蛋白质酰胺质子进行氢/氘交换,结合并进行反向交换,其中参与蛋白质结合的主链酰胺基受保护而免于反向交换并因此将保持氘化。此时可通过消化蛋白质水解(peptic proteolysis)、快速微孔高效液相色谱分离和/或电喷雾电离质谱鉴别相关区域。参见例如,Ehring H,AnalyticalBiochemistry,第267(2)卷第252-259页(1999)和/或Engen,J.R.和Smith,D.L.(2001)Anal.Chem.73,256A-265A。
合适的表位鉴别技术的另一个实例为核磁共振(NMR)表位定位,其中通常比较游离抗原和与抗原结合肽(例如抗体)复合的抗原的二维NMR谱中信号的位置。通常用15N选择性同位素标记抗原,以使在NMR谱中仅可见到对应于抗原的信号而不可见来自抗原结合肽的信号。源自涉及与抗原结合肽相互作用的氨基酸的抗原信号在复合物的谱中通常相较于在游离抗原的谱移动位置,并且涉及结合的氨基酸可以所述方式鉴别。参见例如,ErnstSchering Res Found Workshop.2004;(44):149-67;Huang等,Journal of MolecularBiology,第281(1)卷第61-67页(1998);以及Saito and Patterson,Methods.1996年6月;9(3):516-24。
也可使用质谱法进行表位定位/表征。参见例如,Downward,J MassSpectrom.2000年4月;35(4):493-503以及Kiselar和Downard,Anal Chem.1999年5月1日;71(9):1792-801。
在表位定位和鉴别的情况下也可使用蛋白酶消化技术。可通过蛋白酶消化,例如通过在37℃和pH 7-8下以约1:50的比率使用胰蛋白酶对NKCIR进行隔夜消化,继而进行质谱(MS)分析以用于肽鉴别来确定抗原决定簇相关区域/序列。随后可通过比较进行胰蛋白酶消化的样本和与抗体一起孵育并接着由例如胰蛋白酶进行消化(从而揭露结合子的足迹)的样本,来鉴别由抗NKCIR结合子保护而免于胰蛋白酶裂解的肽。其他酶(如胰凝乳蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶等)也或作为选择可用于类似表位表征方法中。此外,酶促消化可提供在未表面暴露并且因此在抗原性方面很可能不相关的抗NKCIR多肽的情况下分析潜在抗原决定簇序列是否处于NKCIR的区域内的快速方法。关于对类似技术的论述,参见例如Manca,AnnIst Super Sanita.1991;27(1):15-9。
各种噬菌体展示技术也可用于鉴别表位。参见例如Wang和Yu,Curr DrugTargets.2004年1月;5(1):1-15;Burton,Immunotechnology.1995年8月;1(2):87-94;Cortese等,Immunotechnology.1995年8月;1(2):87-94;以及Irving等,Curr Opin ChemBiol.2001年6月;5(3):314-24。共同表位也可通过改性噬菌体展示相关技术来鉴别(参见Mumey等,J.Comput.Biol.10:555–567和Mumey,Proceedings of the Sixth AnnualInternational Conference on Computational Molecular Biology(RECOMB-02),第233–240页(ACM Press,New York))(关于论述,还可参见Bailey等,Protein Science(2003),12:2453-2475;Dromey等,J Immunol.2004年4月1日;172(7):4084-90;Parker等,MolBiotechnol.2002年1月;20(1):49-62;以及Czompoly等,Biochem Biophys ResCommun.2003年8月8日;307(4):791-6)。
通过两种KIR结合分子(其中一者经生物素化(例如,已知抗KIR抗体)或以其他方式经类似标记)竞争性结合至KIR来进行表位定位为另一种鉴别相关抗原决定区的方法。
其他可能有助于定位表位的方法包括结晶学技术、X射线衍射技术(例如由Poljak和其他人在二十世纪70年代至80年代研发的X射线衍射/序列研究技术),以及应用多针肽合成技术。
基于计算机的方法(例如序列分析以及三维结构分析和对接)也可用于鉴别抗原决定簇。例如,也可通过使用NKCIR或其部分的结构在对接个别mAb的Fab片段的结构的情况下进行分子建模来确定表位。必要时,可通过使用程序(例如分子操作环境MolecularOperating Environment(MOE),其可得自Chemical Computing Group(Montreal,Quebec,Canada-www.chemcomp.com)以经结构表征的NKCIR进行同源性建模来得到NKCIR的模型。这些和其他定位方法论述于Epitope Mapping A Practical Approach(Westwood和Hay编著)2001Oxford University Press(还可参见Cason,J Virol Methods.1994年9月;49(2):209-19)。
抗KIR抗体的特征
有利的抗KIR抗体可基于功能特征,尤其相对于其交叉反应或交叉结合一种以上KIR(例如一种以上类型的抑制性KIR)的能力和/或有效中和NK抑制信号的能力进行分类。本发明涵盖使用抗KIR抗体或抗KIR抗体的组合的治疗。示例性抗KIR抗体包括但不限于抗KIR2DL1抗体和抗KIR2DL2抗体,或抗KIR2DL1抗体和抗KIR2DL3抗体,或抗KIR2DL1抗体和抗KIR2DL2抗体和抗KIR2DL3抗体,或结合至少两种不同人抑制性KIR受体基因产物并且能够在表达两种不同人抑制性KIR受体中的至少一者的NK细胞中中和KIR介导的对NK细胞毒性的抑制作用的抗KIR抗体,或抗KIR2D抗体和抗KIR3D抗体。
有效结合至一种以上类型的KIR的抗KIR抗体为本发明的尤其有利的特征。在一个特定示例性方面,本发明提供结合至NK细胞表面上的至少两种抑制性KIR受体的抗KIR抗体。在一个甚至更特定的示例性方面,本发明提供结合人KIR2DL受体的共同抗原决定区的抗KIR抗体。在另一个甚至更特定的方面,本发明提供结合至KIR2DL1、KIR2DL2和KIR2DL3受体的抗KIR抗体。
术语“KIR2DL2/3”可用于指KIR2DL2和KIR2DL3受体中的任一者或两者。这两种受体具有极高同源性,为同一基因的等位基因形式,并且被本领域视作在许多方面可互换。因此,KIR2DL2/3在某些方面可视作单个抑制性KIR分子。虽然与KIR2DL2/3交叉反应的抗KIR抗体在本发明范围内,但KIR结合分布仅包括KIR2DL2和KIR2DL3的抗KIR抗体不视作具有“交叉反应性”。
由于KIR2DL1或KID2DL2/3中的至少一者存在于至少约90%的人群体中,所以KIR2DL1-KIR2DL2/3交叉反应性抗KIR抗体可促进或增强NK针对大部分HLA-C同种异型相关细胞(分别为第2组HLA-C同种异型和第1组HLA-C同种异型)的活性。在治疗和/或诊断大部分人个体中可使用包含具有此类交叉反应性的单个KIR抗体的组合物,从而不需要对患者进行遗传识别并且减少施用至患者以确保有效结果所需的不同抗体的量。
交叉反应性抗KIR抗体可具有任何适合的组成并且可通过多种合适的技术获得。例如,交叉反应性抗KIR抗体可包含结合至不同KIR的多种KIR配体和/或抗KIR抗体序列,其可以通过缀合、多聚化或(就肽配体而言)通过包含于融合蛋白中而缔合于一起。在另一方面,提供抗KIR抗体,其包含来自交叉反应性抗KIR抗体的抗KIR抗体序列。
可获得或产生KIR结合序列的交叉反应性抗KIR抗体为已知的。该抗体的实例描述于例如Watzl等,Tissue Antigens,56,第240页(2000)中。另一个实例为抗体NKVSF1(也称为pan2D mAb;识别CD158a(KIR2DL1)、CD158b(KIR2DL2)和p50.3(KIR2DS4)的共同表位),其具有示于例如PCT专利申请WO2006/003179(Innate Pharma;Novo Nordisk;University ofGenoa)的图15中的可变区和CDR序列。与KIR家族的各种成员(包括KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3)反应的单克隆抗体DF200为该交叉反应性抗体的另一个实例。产生DF200的杂交瘤已以标识号“DF200”、注册号CNCM I-3224(在2004年6月10日注册)寄存于CNCM菌种中心(CollectionNationale de Cultures de Microorganismes,Institut Pasteur,25,Rue du DocteurRoux,F-75724Paris Cedex 15,France)。可产生若干其他单克隆抗体并且证明为交叉反应性抗KIR抗体。其他实例为WO2006/003179中所述的抗体1-7F9和1-4F1。
交叉反应性抗KIR抗体可对其所结合的两种或两种以上KIR具有任何合适的亲和力和/或亲合力。亲和力是指抗KIR抗体或其他抗原结合蛋白结合至表位或抗原决定簇的强度。通常,以解离常数KD测量亲和力,该解离常数定义为[Ab]×[Ag]/[Ab-Ag],其中[Ab-Ag]为抗体-抗原复合物的摩尔浓度,[Ab]为未结合的之抗体的摩尔浓度,并且[Ag]为未结合抗原的摩尔浓度。亲和力常数Ka由1/KD定义。适用于通过竞争抑制、平衡透析等确定结合肽特异性和亲和力的方法可见于例如Harlow等,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.,1988);Colligan等编著,Current Protocols in Immunology,Greene Publishing Assoc.and WileyInterscience,N.Y.,(1992,1993)以及Muller,Meth.Enzymol.92:589-601(1983)中。
通常,本发明提供的抗KIR抗体对至少一种KIR具有约104至约1010M-1(例如,约107至约109M-1)范围内的亲和力。本文中的术语免疫反应通常是指抗KIR抗体以低于约10-4M的解离常数KD结合至KIR。例如,在一个特定方面,本发明提供抗KIR抗体,其相对于KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3的平均解离常数(KD)为约7×10-9M或更大,如由例如表面等离子共振(SPR)筛选(例如通过以BIAcoreTM SPR分析装置进行分析)所测定。在一个更特定的示例性方面,本发明提供抗KIR抗体,其对于KIR2DL2/3的KD为约2×10-9M(例如,约0.1–4×10-9M)或更大,并且对于KIR2DL1的KD为约11×10-9M(例如,约7-15×10-9M)或更大。
可通过本文别处所述的任何方法或其在本领域中的已知等效方法来测定亲和力。可用于测定亲和力的一种方法的实例提供于Munson&Pollard,Anal.Biochem.107:220(1980)的斯卡查德分析中。结合亲和力也可以通过平衡法(例如,ELISA或放射免疫测定(RIA))或动力学分析(例如BIAcoreTM分析)来测定。
抗KIR抗体的特征还或作为选择可在于以下列解离常数显示KIR结合:小于约100nM、小于约50nM、小于约10nM、约5nM或更小、约1nM或更小、约0.5nM或更小、约0.1nM或更小、约0.01nM或更小或甚至约0.001nM或更小。
亲合力是指结合蛋白与抗原之间总相互作用的总强度(例如,抗KIR抗体与KIR之间相互作用的总强度)。亲和力为抗体或其他结合肽上的单个抗原结合位点与单个表位或抗原决定簇之间总的非共价相互作用的强度。亲合力通常取决于三个主要因素:结合蛋白对其所结合的表位或抗原决定簇的固有亲和力、抗体或结合蛋白和抗原的效价(例如,效价为3、4或更大的抗KIR抗体相较于二价抗体对抗原通常显示出更高程度的亲合力,并且二价抗体相较于单价抗体对抗原具有更高亲合力,尤其在抗原中存在重复的表位的情况下)和/或相互作用组分的几何排列。亲合力通常由与用于评估亲和力的技术相同类型的技术来测量。
在另一个方面,本发明提供与来自两种或两种以上物种的KIR交叉反应的抗KIR抗体。例如,在一个方面,本发明提供与人和食蟹猕猴的KIR交叉反应的抗KIR抗体。在一个特定方面,本发明提供与至少两种人KIR交叉反应并且也结合至食蟹猕猴的NK细胞的抗KIR抗体。此类抗KIR抗体可包含来自或源自显示该交叉反应性概况的抗体NKVSF1的序列。必要时,可在食蟹猕猴中对此类抗KIR抗体进行毒性测试和其他可用的研究。
可与多种KIR交叉反应的抗体可用于本发明的组合组合物和方法中。此类抗体的示例性交叉反应性概况包括抗体与KIR2DL1+2DL2/3交叉反应、与3DL1+3DL2交叉反应、与2DL1(和2DL2/3)+2DS4交叉反应,以及与2DL1(和2DL2/3)交叉反应但不与2DS4交叉反应。
因此,例如,本发明方法或组合物可包含如例如WO2005003168中所述结合KIR2DL1、KIR2DL2和KIR2DL3并且减少或阻断KIR介导的对NK细胞的细胞毒性的抑制作用的抗KIR抗体。
适用于本发明组合方法和组合物中的示例性抗KIR抗体包括如下抗KIR抗体,其包含对应于抗KIR抗体DF200的VL区或基本上由该VL区组成(为基本相似的并且保持相似的结合分布和亲和力)的VL区,或与DF200的VL序列高度相似(例如具有至少约90%同一性或95%一性)的VL序列/域。DF200的VL序列示于WO2006/3179中。此类抗KIR抗体也可以或者定义为包含DF200的轻链可变CDR的集合(也示于WO2006/3179中)。此类抗体通常也包含DF200的VH域或高度相似的序列(例如,与DF200VH域具有高度同一性或者基本上由该序列组成的序列)或DF200的至少重链可变CDR(示于WO2006/3179中)。
如本文所用,术语“序列同一性百分比”或“序列同一性”是指两个序列之间的同一性百分比,其是考虑间隙数目和各间隙长度下,序列所共有的相同位置数目的函数,即%同源性=相同位置数目/总位置数目×100,其中需要引入所述间隙以最理想地比对两个序列。可使用如下文非限制性实例中所述的数学算法来比较序列并且测定两个序列之间的同一性百分比。
可使用E.Myers和W.Miller(Comput.Appl.Biosci.,4:11-17(1998))的算法(其已并入ALIGN程序(2.0版)中),使用PAM120权数残基表、间隙长度罚分12和间隙罚分4来测定两个氨基酸序列之间的同一性百分比。另外,可使用Needleman和Wunsch(J.Mol.Biol.48:444-453(1970))的算法(已并入GCG软件包中的GAP程序中)(可得自www.gcg.com),使用Blossum 62矩阵或PAM250矩阵和间隙权数16、14、12、10、8、6或4以及长度权数1、2、3、4、5或6来测定两个氨基酸序列之间的同一性百分比。
在某些情况下,本发明的蛋白质序列可进一步用作“查询序列”以针对公开数据库进行搜索,以例如鉴别相关序列。可使用Altschol等,(1990)J.Mol.Biol.215:403-10的XBLAST程序(2.0版)进行此类搜索。可以XBLAST程序(得分=50、字长=3)进行BLAST蛋白质搜索以获得与本发明抗体同源的氨基酸序列。为出于比较目的获得间隙比对,可如Altschul等,(1997)Nucleic Acids Res.25(17):3389-3402中所述使用间隙BLAST。当使用BLAST和间隙BLAST程序时,可使用各自程序(例如,XBLAST和NBLAST)的默认参数。参见www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov。
在另一个示例性方面,本发明的组合组合物或方法包括如下抗KIR抗体,其包含对应于抗体1-7F9的VH和VL序列(示于WO2006/3179中)或与抗体1-7F9的VH和VL序列高度相似(例如,基本上由其组成)或至少包含1-7F9的VL和VH CDR的VH和VL序列。
与交叉反应性和/或中和性抗KIR抗体竞争
在另一个方面,本发明方法或组合物的特征在于包含与这些抗体中的一者或并入本文中的参考文献中所述的其他抗KIR抗体中的一者(例如,1-7F9)竞争的抗KIR抗体。
与示例性抗KIR抗体(例如DF200、1-7F9和/或NKVSF1)竞争的抗体可使用已知的筛选分析法来鉴别。多种此类测定按常规实践并且为本领域中所熟知(参见例如,美国专利号5,660,827,其以引用方式并入本文中)。基于例如ELISA、放射免疫测定、Western印迹法以及使用BIACORE分析的方案适用于此类竞争研究中。
可例如预先混合对照抗体(例如,DF200、NKVSF1或1-7F9)与不同量的测试抗体(例如,以约1:1、1:2、1:10或约1:100的比率)一段时期,之后施加于KIR抗原样本中。或者,可在暴露于KIR抗原样本期间简单地单独添加并且混合对照物和不同量的测试抗体。只要可区分结合抗体与游离抗体(例如,通过使用分离或洗涤技术以消除未结合的抗体)以及对照抗体与测试抗体(例如,通过使用物种特异性或同种型特异性二抗或通过以可检测标记特异性标记对照抗体),即能够确定测试抗体是否降低对照抗体与不同KIR2DL抗原的结合,指示测试抗体与对照物识别基本相同的表位。(经标记)对照抗体在完全无关抗体(其不结合KIR)存在下的结合可用作对照高值。对照低值可通过将经标记的对照抗体与相同但未标记的对照抗体一起孵育而获得,其中将出现竞争并且减少经标记抗体的结合。在测试测定中,经标记抗体反应性在测试抗体存在下显著降低则指示测试抗体识别基本相同的表位,即其与经标记的对照抗体竞争。例如,在对照抗体:测试抗体介于约1:1或1:10和约1:100之间的任何比率下使对照抗体与KIR2DL1和KIR2DL3抗原中的一者或两者的结合减少至少约50%、例如至少约60%、或更优选地至少约70%(例如,约65%至100%)的任何测试抗体即视为与对照物竞争的抗体。
也可通过例如流式细胞术评估竞争。在该测试中,可首先将具有给定KIR的细胞与对照抗体一起孵育,然后与用荧光染料或生物素标记的测试抗体一起孵育。如果在与饱和量的对照抗体一起预孵育后所获得的结合为在未与对照抗体一起预孵育下由测试抗体所获得的结合(如通过荧光量测)的约80%、优选约50%、约40%或更小(例如约30%),则称抗体与对照抗体竞争。或者,如果由经标记对照抗体(通过荧光染料或生物素标记)在与饱和量的测试抗体一起预孵育的细胞上所获得的结合为在未与测试抗体一起预孵育的情况下所获得的结合的约80%、优选约50%、约40%或更小(例如约30%),则称抗体与对照抗体竞争。
也可有利地使用简易竞争分析法,其中预先吸附测试抗体并且以饱和浓度施加于上面固定有KIR2DL1或KIR2DL2/3或两者的表面上。简易竞争分析法中的表面优选地为BIACORE芯片(或其他适用于表面等离子共振分析的介质)。测量对照抗体与涂有KIR的表面的结合。将该单独对照抗体与含有KIR的表面的结合与对照抗体在测试抗体存在下的结合相比较。在测试抗体存在下对照抗体与含有KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3的表面的结合显著减少指示测试抗体与对照抗体识别基本相同的表位,因此测试抗体与对照抗体“竞争”。任何使对照抗体与KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3抗原两者的结合减少至少约20%或更多、至少约40%、至少约50%、至少约70%或更多的测试抗体即可视为与对照抗体竞争的抗体。优选地,该测试抗体将使对照抗体与至少KIR2DL1、KIR2DL2和KIR2DL3抗原中的每一者的结合减少至少约50%(例如,至少约60%、至少约70%或更多)。应当理解,可颠倒对照抗体与测试抗体的次序;即,在竞争测定中可首先使对照抗体结合至表面,然后使测试抗体与表面接触。优选地,首先使对KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3抗原具有较高亲和力的抗体结合至含有KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3的表面,因为对于第二抗体所观测到的结合减少(假定所述抗体互相竞争)预期将有较大量值。此类测定的其他实例提供于本文实例中,以及例如Saunal和Regenmortel,(1995)J.Immunol.Methods 183:33-41中,其公开内容以引用方式并入本文中。
在另一个方面,本发明方法或组合物的特征在于仅包括不与一种以上KIR交叉反应的抗体。例如,仅对KIR2DL1具有特异性的单克隆抗体已显示出可阻断KIR2DL1和HLA-Cw4同种异型,以及与Cw4属于同一组的相似HLA-C同种异型之间的相互作用(Moretta等,J ExpMed.1993;178(2):597-604;其公开内容以引用方式并入本文中)。在另一个实例中,针对KIR2DL2/3的单克隆抗体也已经描述可阻断KIR2DL2/3与HLACw3(或其类似物)同种异型之间的相互作用(Moretta等,1993,同上)。任选地,抗体可选自:GL183(KIR2DL2/3/S2-特异性,可得自Immunotech,France和Beckton Dickinson,USA);EB6(KIR2DL1/s1-特异性,可得自Immunotech,France和Beckton Dickinson,USA);AZ138(KIR3DL1-特异性,可得自Moretta等,Univ.Genova,Italy);Q66(KIR3DL2-特异性,可得自Immunotech,France);以及DX9、Z27(KIR3DL1-特异性,可得自Immunotech,France和Beckton Dickinson,USA)。
表位
在其他方面,本发明提供抗针对各种KIR上存在的特定抗原区和/或表位的抗KIR抗体。在一个示例性方面,本发明提供抗KIR抗体,其在由选自以下氨基酸残基的一个或多个所限定的区域内特异性结合KIR2DL1:氨基酸残基105、106、107、108、109、110、111、127、129、130、131、132、133、134、135、152、153、154、155、156、157、158、159、160、161、162、163、181和192。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,本发明提供抗KIR抗体,其在由选自以下氨基酸残基的一个或多个所限定的区域内特异性结合至KIR2DL1和KIR 2DL2/3:氨基酸残基105、106、107、108、109、110、111、127、129、130、131、132、133、134、135、152、153、154、155、156、157、158、159、160、161、162、163、181和192。
在另一个方面,本发明提供抗KIR抗体,其结合至KIR2DL1,但以相对显著降低的结合亲和力(为对KIR2DL1所显示亲和力的约20%或更小、约30%或更小、约40%或更小、约50%或更小、约60%或更小、约70%或更小等)结合至其中R131为Ala的KIR2DL1突变体。在另一个方面,本发明提供抗KIR抗体,其结合至KIR2DL1,但以相对降低的结合亲和力(为对KIR2DL1所显示亲和力的约20%或更小、约30%或更小、约40%或更小、约50%或更小、约60%或更小、约70%或更小等)结合至其中R157为Ala的KIR2DL1突变体。在另一个方面,本发明提供抗KIR抗体,其结合至KIR2DL1,并以相对降低的结合亲和力(为对KIR2DL1所显示亲和力的约20%或更小、约30%或更小、约40%或更小、约50%或更小、约60%或更小、约70%或更小等)结合至其中R158为Ala的KIR2DL1突变体。
在另一个方面,本发明提供结合至KIR2DL1残基131、157和158的抗KIR抗体。
在另一个方面,本发明提供结合至KIR2DS3(R131W)但不结合至野生型KIR2DS3的抗KIR抗体。在另一个方面,本发明提供结合至KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3以及KIR2DS4的抗KIR抗体。在另一个方面,本发明提供结合至KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3两者但不结合至KIR2DS4的抗KIR抗体。
为说明抗KIR抗体序列在抗KIR抗体的组成和构造中的用途,此处将描述示例性抗KIR抗体序列和抗体序列变体。示例性KIR抗体DF200和1-7F9的可变区和CDRS的氨基酸和核酸序列还公开于PCT申请号WO2006/003179中,该专申请的公开内容以引用方式并入本文中。
在一个示例性方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-L1序列:Lys Ala Ser Gln Asn Val Val Thr Tyr Val Ser(SEQ IDNO:43)。在另一个方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-L1:Thr Ala Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Tyr Leu Tyr(SEQ ID NO:44)。
在另一个示例性方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其也或作为选择包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-L2序列:Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr(SEQ IDNO:45)。在另一个方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其也或作为选择包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-L2:序列Ser Thr Ser Asn Leu Ala Ser(SEQ ID NO:46)。
在另一个示例性方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其也或作为选择包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-L3:Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Phe Tyr Thr(SEQID NO:47)。在另一个方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其也或作为选择包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-L3:His Gln Tyr His Arg Ser Pro Pro Thr(SEQ IDNO:48)。
作为另一个示例性特征,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-H1:Gly Phe Ser Phe Thr Phe Tyr Gly Val His(SEQ ID NO:49)。
在另一个示例性方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-H2:Val Ile Trp Ser Gly Gly Asn Thr Asp Tyr Asn Ala AlaPhe Ile Ser(SEQ ID NO:50)。
在另一个示例性方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-H3:Asn Pro Arg Pro Gly Asn Tyr Pro Tyr Gly Met Asp Tyr(SEQ ID NO:51)。
在一个不同方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-H1:Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr Trp Met His(SEQ ID NO:52)。
在另一个方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-H2:Thr Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Ser Asp Thr Asn Tyr Asn Gln LysPhe Lys Gly(SEQ ID NO:53)。
本发明的另一个方面具体实施为一种抗KIR抗体,其包含由以下序列组成或基本上由以下序列组成的CDR-H3:Pro Thr Thr Ala Thr Arg Ser Ser Ala Met Asp Tyr(SEQID NO:54)。
这些CDR序列的基本和新型特性为与其他必要的CDR和FR序列组合结合至一种或多种KIR上呈现的表位的能力。如上所述,此类序列中的某些残基可能几乎不或完全不促成KIR表位结合。此外,此类CDR序列也或作为选择可能容许一处或几处插入而基本不影响其表位结合特征(特异性和/或亲和力)。然而,在本发明的另一方面,可使此类序列显著变化以产生可用的变异体。此类变化进一步论述于下文中。
这些示例性CDR序列可彼此组合、与下文所述的变体CDR序列或其他抗KIR CDR(通常来自KIR结合性抗KIR抗体)组合。在一个示例性方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含选自以下的大部分或所有CDR序列:SEQ ID NOS:43、45、47、49、50和51。
在另一个示例性方面,本发明提供一种抗体,其包含基本上由以下序列组成的轻链可变区(VL)序列:Met Glu Ser Gln Thr Leu Val Phe Ile Ser Ile Leu Leu Trp LeuTyr Gly Ala Asp Gly Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Lys Ser Met Ser Met SerVal Gly Glu Arg Val Thr Leu Thr Cys Lys Asn Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr ValSer Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Glu Gln Ser Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr Gly Ala SerAsn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp PheThr Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Val Gln Ala Glu Asp Leu Ala Asp Tyr His Cys Gly GlnGly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr Thr Phe Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Asp Ile Lys Arg(SEQ IDNO:55)。该序列的基本和新型特性在于其促成KIR结合。此序列中有可能缺失、添加或取代一些氨基酸而基本不影响此类特性。
在另一个示例性方面,本发明提供一种抗体,其包含基本上由以下序列组成的VL序列:Met Asp Phe Gln Val Gln Ile Phe Ser Phe Leu Leu Ile Ser Ala Ser Val IleMet Ser Arg Gly Gln Ile Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Ser Met Ser Ala Ser LeuGly Glu Arg Val Thr Met Thr Cys Thr Ala Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Tyr LeuTyr Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Ser Ser Pro Lys Leu Trp Ile Tyr Ser Thr SerAsn Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ala Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Ser TyrSer Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Met Gln Ala Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys His GlnTyr His Arg Ser Pro Pro Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg(SEQID NO:56)。
如果序列呈现于适当情况下,则SEQ ID NO:55和SEQ ID NO:56两者的N端部分在合适的宿主细胞中可裂解(例如,SEQ ID NO:55的约前23个氨基酸在充当VL序列(在其为相关肽的全部内含物或表示肽的暴露的N端部分的情况下)的信号序列之后可裂解)。因此,本发明也提供抗KIR抗体,其包含基本上由SEQ ID NO:55和SEQ ID NO:56的N端截短形式(例如,其中其N端部分的约20个氨基酸已经移除)组成的VL序列。
在另一个方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其也或作为选择包含基本上由以下序列组成的重链可变区(VH)序列:Met Ala Val Leu Gly Leu Leu Phe Cys Leu Val ThrPhe Pro Ser Cys Val Leu Ser Gln Val Gln Leu Glu Gln Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu ValGln Pro Ser Gln Ser Leu Ser Ile Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Phe Thr ProTyr Gly Val His Trp Val Arg Gln Ser Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu Gly ValIle Trp Ser Gly Gly Asn Thr Asp Tyr Asn Ala Ala Phe Ile Ser Arg Leu Ser IleAsn Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Ser Gln Val Phe Phe Lys Met Asn Ser Leu Gln Val AsnAsp Thr Ala Ile Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Asn Pro Arg Pro Gly Asn Tyr Pro Tyr GlyMet Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Ser Val Thr Val Ser Ser(SEQ ID NO:57)。此序列的前20个氨基酸残基可充当由此序列组成或基本上由此序列组成的肽或位于适当情况下的包含此序列的蛋白质链的信号序列。因此,本发明也提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含基本上由SEQ ID NO:57缺少其约前1至20个残基的片段组成的VH序列。
在另一个方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其也或作为选择包含基本上由以下序列组成的重链可变区(VH)序列:Met Glu Cys Asn Trp Ile Leu Pro Phe Ile Leu SerVal Thr Ser Gly Val Tyr Ser Glu Val Gln Leu Gln Gln Ser Gly Thr Val Leu AlaArg Pro Gly Ala Ser Val Lys Met Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr SerTyr Trp Met His Trp Met Lys Gln Arg Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile Gly ThrIle Tyr Pro Gly Asn Ser Asp Thr Asn Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe Lys Gly Lys Ala LysLeu Thr Ala Val Thr Ser Thr Asn Thr Ala Tyr Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Thr AsnGlu Asp Ser Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ser Arg Pro Thr Thr Ala Thr Arg Ser Ser AlaMet Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Ser Val Thr Val Ser Ser(SEQ ID NO:58)。此序列的前20个氨基酸残基可充当由此序列组成或基本上由此序列组成的肽或位于适当情况下的包含此序列的蛋白质链的信号序列。因此,本发明也提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含基本上由SEQ ID NO:58缺少其约前1至20个残基的片段组成的VH序列。
在一个方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含基本上由SEQ ID NO:55或其N端截短部分组成的VL序列和基本上由SEQ ID NO:57或其N端截短部分组成的VH序列。
如已提及,抗原结合性抗体序列(例如抗KIR抗体序列)的合适序列变体可并入本发明的抗体中。在大部分类型的抗体序列中进行变型可为合适的。因此,例如,抗KIR抗体可包含变体恒定序列和/或变体构架序列。
在一个方面,本发明提供一种抗KIR抗体,其包含一个或多个变体CDR序列(即,与类似野生型CDR序列不同之处在于一处或多处相对于其野生型相关序列影响序列的生物学和/或物理化学特性的氨基酸插入、缺失、添加和/或取代的CDR序列)。参见例如,PCT申请号WO2006/072625中公开的技术。CDR、VH和VL序列变体可分别与一个或多个“亲本”CDR、VH和VL序列(例如抗KIR mAb DF200和/或抗KIR mAb NKVSF1的CDR、VH和VL序列)显示出任何适合程度的同一性。通常,与亲本序列结合至基本相同抗原决定区的变体序列将与亲本序列保持至少约40%氨基酸序列同一性,例如与亲本序列保持约50%或50%以上、约60%或60%以上、约70%或70%以上、约75%或75%以上、约80%或80%以上、约85%或85%以上、约90%或90%以上或至少约95%(例如,约45%至99%、约55%至99%或约65%至99%)同一性。然而,在一些情况下,尤其相对于靶向基本上相同的表位的CDR序列,具有甚至较低程度的同一性的变体可为合适的。
结合至不同抗原决定区或抗原决定区的不同集合(或“分布”)的CDR、VH和VL序列变体也可通过本文别处所述的任何技术(合理设计、诱发、定向进化等)而产生。在这种情况下,可预期与亲本序列的氨基酸序列同一性程度显著较低。例如,在CDR-L1、CDR-H1、CDR-H2或CDR H3变体与亲本序列具有不同表位结合分布的情况下,促进NKCAMR(例如KIR)结合的变体与亲本CDR序列可能仅显示约20%至30%氨基酸序列同一性。
PCT申请号WO2006/072625进一步提供抗KIR抗体序列的变体,其包括CDR和可变区序列的特定结构式,该申请的公开内容以引用方式并入本文中。
通常,变体主要因保守性取代而与“亲本”序列有所不同;变体中例如至少约35%、约50%或50%以上、约60%或60%以上、约70%或70%以上、约75%或75%以上、约80%或80%以上、约85%或85%以上、约90%或90%以上、约95%或95%以上(例如,约65%至99%)的取代为保守性氨基酸残基置换。在本发明的上下文中,保守性取代可由PCT专利申请号WO2006/072625(Novo Nordisk AS和Innate Pharma SA)的表4、5和6中的一者或多者中所反映的氨基酸类别内的取代所限定。以引用方式并入本文中的PCT申请号WO2006/072625还描述了其他保守性取代分组;通过选择保守性较低的取代使功能实质改变;可用于设计和选择肽变体的原理;在亲水/亲水性特性方面保守;使变体肽的结构维持基本类似于亲本肽的结构,包括在保守性取代、亲水特性、重量守恒、二级结构比较或相似性得分(如通过使用BLAST程序所测定)方面评估肽的相似性的方法;变体与亲本之间的其他变异点/分异点为可接受的;CDR的有利序列变化;引起糖基化改变的序列变异;高变区插入和产生变体抗体以及更一般地说产生CDR变体。
在本发明的氨基酸序列的情况下同一性可通过任何合适的技术,通常通过尼德曼-温思科比对分析(Needleman-Wunsch alignment analysis)来测定(参见Needleman和Wunsch,J.Mol.Biol.(1970)48:443-453),例如经由以ALIGN 2.0使用BLOSUM50评分矩阵(起始间隙罚分为-12并且扩展罚分为-2)进行分析而提供(关于对并入ALIGN程序中的整体比对技术的论述,参见Myers和Miller,CABIOS(1989)4:11-17)。ALIGN 2.0程序的复本可例如经由San Diego Supercomputer(SDSC)生物学工作台得到。由于尼德曼-温思科比对提供两个序列之间的总体或整体同一性测量结果,故应了解可以类似于完全序列的方式使用可为较大肽序列的部分或子序列的靶序列,或者,可使用如由例如史密斯-沃特曼比对(Smith-Waterman)(J.Mol.Biol.(1981)147:195-197)所测定的局部比对值来评估子序列之间的关系,所述局部比对值可通过可用程序获得(可适用于分析同一性的其他局部比对方法包括应用启发式局部比对算法的程序,例如FastA和BLAST程序)。用于评估同一性的其他相关方法描述于例如国际专利申请WO 03/048185中。设法对尼德曼-温思科算法进行改良的高氏算法(Gotoh algorithm)或者可用于整体序列比对。参见例如,Gotoh,J.Mol.Biol.162:705-708(1982)。
抗体的制备
单克隆抗体尤其可使用由Kohler等,Nature,256:495(1975)首先描述的杂交瘤方法或通过其他熟知的随后研发的方法(参见例如,Goding,Monoclonal Antibodies:Principles and Practice,第59-103页(Academic Press,1986))来制备。可通过化学融合、电融合或任何其他合适的技术,用任何合适类型的骨髓瘤、异源骨髓瘤、淋巴母细胞样细胞、浆细胞瘤或类似永生化细胞和任何合适类型的抗体表达细胞形成杂交瘤和其他融合细胞。
转化的永生化B细胞也可用于高效地制备抗体。转化的B细胞可通过标准技术,例如用艾伯斯坦-巴尔病毒(Epstein Barr Virus)或转化基因转化而制备。(参见例如,"Continuously Proliferating Human Cell Lines Synthesizing Antibody ofPredetermined Specificity,”Zurawaki,V.R.等,Monoclonal Antibodies,Kennett R.H.等编著,Plenum Press,N.Y.1980,第19-33页)。因此,稳定而持续和/或永生化的表达抗NKCIR抗体的细胞和细胞系为本发明的另一个特征。用于制备抗NKCIR抗体的方法的步骤可包括例如以下步骤:制备可产生抗AMR抗体和/或抗STM抗体的永生化B细胞,使其与适当配偶体融合以制备抗NKCIR抗体,或对其进行测序并且使用此类序列制备重组抗NKCIR抗体。
可用作用于重组蛋白质表达的宿主的细胞系为本领域中所熟知并且包括多种可自美国典型培养物保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection,ATCC)获得的永生化细胞系。这些细胞系尤其包括中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞、NSO细胞、SP2细胞、HeLa细胞、幼仓鼠肾(BHK)细胞、猴肾细胞(COS)、人肝细胞癌细胞(例如,Hep G2)、A549细胞以及多种其他细胞系。其他可使用的细胞系为昆虫细胞系,诸如Sf9细胞。当将编码抗体基因的核酸(或含有核酸的载体)引入哺乳动物宿主细胞中时,可通过培养宿主细胞足以允许抗体在宿主细胞中表达或更优选地使抗体分泌到培养宿主细胞的培养基中的一段时期以制备抗体。可使用标准蛋白质纯化方法自培养基中回收抗体。抗体在直接表达而无分泌信号时也可自宿主细胞溶解物中回收。
可通过应用多种本领域已知的合适技术(包括例如,免疫亲和柱纯化;硫酸盐沈淀;聚焦层析;制备型SDS-PAGE等)纯化来自细胞培养物、细胞溶解物以及转基因动物或由其获得的生物材料(例如,来自产生抗体的转基因动物的腹水)的抗体。
抗NKCIR抗体也可在细菌细胞和真核单细胞微生物(例如酵母)中制备。细菌细胞制备的抗体缺乏正常糖基化并且因此就ADCC功能和可能另外与在哺乳动物细胞和/或动物中产生的基本上相同抗体有关的免疫反应的其他方面而言可能有缺陷。
可使用适用于纯化、筛选和选择抗体的方法,包括WO 2006/072625中所述的方法。可通过任何合适的技术或技术组合筛选和选择抗NKCIR抗体。例如,可以使用多种免疫测定形式来选择与特定蛋白质、变体或片段选择性结合的抗体。例如,常规使用固相ELISA免疫测定来选择对蛋白质、蛋白质变体或其片段具有选择性免疫反应性的抗体。参见Harlow和Lane(同上)。单克隆抗体的结合亲和力可例如通过Munson等,Anal.Biochem.,107:220(1980)的斯卡查德分析来测定。
通常筛选抗NKCIR抗体的调节NK细胞活性的能力,所述调节方式为例如抑制NKCIR介导的信号,促进NK细胞经由NKCAR介导的信号活化。已研发多种适用于此类情况的NK细胞测定,包括例如流式细胞术筛选法。参见例如McGinnes等,J Immunol Methods 801984 70-85。与培养NK细胞、评估NK细胞等有关的方法为本领域已知的。参见例如,Campbell和Colonna,Natural Killer Cell Protocols(Methods in Molecular Biology Series第121卷)(2000)。
在抗NKCIR抗体的情况下,NK细胞中和活性可通过抗NKCIR抗体复原由NKCIR阳性NK细胞引起的靶细胞溶解的能力来表明。也可通过各种基于细胞的细胞毒性测定来评估抗NKCIR抗体相关NK细胞调节(例如,KIR抑制)。重导向杀伤实验(redirected killing)为一种用于确定NK细胞受体诱导细胞毒性的能力的实验系统。评估涂布有对候选受体具特异性的抗体的NK细胞杀死表达抗体所结合的Fc受体的靶细胞的能力。在另一个变体中,可在细胞因子释放测定中评估与抗KIR抗体有关的NK细胞活性调节作用。也可使用与各种抗NKCIR抗体有关的其他生物活性来评估抗NKCIR抗体。例如,可评估抗NKCIR抗体诱导、促进和/或增强由介导抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)的IgG2a、IgG3和一些IgG1子类抗体所诱导之ADCC的能力。可使用铬释放测定评估诱导ADCC的能力。
通常以至少基本纯的形式使用和提供抗NKCIR抗体。基本纯的分子为在发现其的组合物中相对于其所属的分子类别为主要物质的分子(例如,基本纯的抗体为发现其的组合物中的主要蛋白质物质)。基本纯的物质占组合物中的此类型分子的至少约50%并且通常将构成组合物中至少约70重量%、至少约80重量%、至少约85重量%、至少约90重量%、至少约95重量%或更大百分比的物质。通常,包含抗NKCIR抗体的组合物在组合物中的所有存在的肽物质的情况下或至少相对于建议使用的情况下的基本活性肽物质显示出至少约98%、98%或99%抗NKCIR抗体均质性。例如,肽稳定剂/缓冲剂(例如白蛋白)可在不妨碍抗NKCIR抗体的活性的情况下有意包括于最终医药调配物中,并且因此可以从此类纯度计算中排除。在基本纯的组合物的情况下也可以接受不干扰基本活性的杂质的存在。可通过适于给定化合物的方法(例如,层析法;琼脂糖和/或聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳;HPLC分析等)测量纯度。
分离的分子是指不与显著水平(例如,约1%以上、约2%以上、约3%以上或约5%以上)的任何外来且不需要的生物分子(例如产生抗NKCIR抗体的细胞、细胞培养物、化学介质或动物中包含的非抗NKCIR抗体生物分子)缔合的分子。分离的分子也是指已因人干预(自动、手动或两者)显著长时间(例如,至少约10分钟、至少约20分钟、至少约1小时或更长时间)而通过该纯度阶段的任何分子。在本发明提供的各种组合物的许多中,例如在包含一种或多种药学上可接受的载体的组合物中,抗NKCIR抗体可以就组合物中的全部分子物质的数目而言相对较小的量存在(例如,在包含大量药学上可接受的载体、稳定剂和/或防腐剂的组合物的情况下)。在一些情况下,诸如BSA的其他肽可包含于此类具有先前纯化的抗NKCIR抗体的组合物中。然而,假如组合物的此类其他组分为抗NKCIR抗体的预期应用所接受,此类组合物仍可描述为包含分离的抗NKCIR抗体。换句话讲,术语“分离的”不旨在排除与其他化合物或材料的人工或合成混合物,例如可以形成药学上可接受的制剂的部分。
药学上可接受的载体
抗NKCIR抗体可与一种或多种适于一种或多种预期施用途径的载体(稀释剂、赋形剂等)和/或佐剂组合以提供药学上可接受的组合物。
抗NKCIR抗体可以例如与以下混合:乳糖、蔗糖、粉末(例如,淀粉粉末)、烷酸的纤维素酯、硬脂酸、滑石、硬脂酸镁、氧化镁、磷酸和硫酸的钠盐和钙盐、阿拉伯树胶、明胶、海藻酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷和/或聚乙烯醇,以及任选地进一步制成片剂或囊封以用于常规施用。或者,抗NKCIR抗体可以溶解于生理食盐水、水、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、羧甲基纤维素胶体溶液、乙醇、玉米油、花生油、棉籽油、芝麻油、黄蓍胶和/或各种缓冲剂中。其他载体、佐剂和施用方式为医药领域所熟知。载体或稀释剂可以包含时间延迟物质,例如单独的单硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯或其与蜡的组合,或其他功能上相似的物质。
药学上可接受的载体通常包含生理学上与抗NKCIR抗体相容的任何和所有合适的溶剂、分散介质、涂料、抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂、等张剂和吸收延迟剂等。药学上可接受的载体的实例包括水、生理盐水、磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水、右旋糖、甘油、乙醇等,以及其任何组合。在许多情况下,在该组合物中可能需要包含例如糖、多元醇(例如甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇)或氯化钠的等张剂。药学上可接受的物质(例如湿润剂)或少量的辅助物质(例如湿润剂或乳化剂、防腐剂或缓冲剂)可合乎需要地延长抗KIR抗体、相关组合物或组合的存放期或增强其有效性。载体和药物组合物的其他组分的适合性是根据对抗体的所需生物学特性无显著负面影响来确定。
根据本发明的抗NKCIR抗体组合物、相关组合物和组合可为多种合适的形式。此类形式包括例如液体、半固体和固体剂型,例如液体溶液(例如,可注射和可输注溶液)、分散液或悬浮液、乳液、微乳液、片剂、丸剂、粉剂、脂质体、树状体及其他纳米粒子(参见例如,Baek等,Methods Enzymol.2003;362:240-9;Nigavekar等,Pharm Res.2004年3月;21(3):476-83)、微粒以及栓剂。制剂和盐进一步描述于PCT申请号WO2006/072625中,
通常,呈可注射或可输注溶液形式的组合物,例如类似于用于以其他抗体使人被动免疫的那些的组合物可用于递送本发明的抗NKCIR抗体。递送抗NKCIR抗体组合物的典型模式为肠胃外施用(例如,静脉内、皮下、腹膜内和/或肌肉内施用)。在一个方面,通过静脉输注或注射向人患者施用抗NKCIR抗体。
用于医药用途的组合物也可包含各种稀释剂、填充剂、盐、缓冲剂、清洁剂(例如,非离子型清洁剂,例如Tween-80)、稳定剂(例如,糖或无蛋白质氨基酸)、防腐剂、组织固定剂、增溶剂和/或适于包含于用于医药用途的组合物中的其他物质。合适的组分的实例也描述于例如Berge等,J.Pharm.Sci.,6661,1-19(1977);Wang和Hanson,J.Parenteral.Sci.Tech:42,S4-S6(1988);美国专利6,165,779和6,225,289;以及本文引用的其他文献中。此类药物组合物也可包含防腐剂、抗氧化剂或本领域的技术人员已知的其他添加剂。其他药学上可接受的载体为本领域所已知(参见例如WO2006/072625中的参考文献)。
血液恶性疾病的治疗
本发明提供用于治疗患有或已患有血液恶性疾病或血液恶性疾病前兆的个体的治疗方法。该治疗涉及施用给患有程度最小或不可检测的疾病的个体的抗NKCIR抗体、抗NKCIR抗体组合物和/或相关组合物。本发明也提供用于施用抗NKCIR抗体以用于对血液恶性疾病进行此类治疗的优选治疗方案,所述血液恶性疾病包括白血病(例如,AML、CML、MDS)和骨髓瘤(例如,MM、SMM)以及血液恶性疾病前兆,例如MDS、SMM和MGUS。
本文的术语“治疗”是指递送有效量的该制剂以达成预防任何症状或疾病病况产生的目的或达成预防或延迟进展、减轻、改善或消除已产生的此类症状或疾病病况的目的。因此,术语“治疗”旨在包括治疗如下个体的程度最小或不可检测的疾病,该个体(i)在第一治疗之后有部分反应或完全反应,(ii)有所缓解,(iii)罹患可检测的疾病(例如,AML、MM、MDS),或(iv)患有恶性疾病前兆。因此,所涵盖的治疗包括治疗患有SMM或MGUS但尚未患有MM的个体。另外,治疗包括治疗患有MDS但未患有AML的个体。术语“治疗”包括诱导疗法和巩固疗法。
如本文所用的术语“不可检测的疾病”是指其中疾病的生物学和/或医学标记已低于细胞学可检测水平的个体的疾病病况。例如,当患者的全身白血病负荷低于细胞学可检测水平,即,大约109个细胞时,患有白血病的患者即称为患有“不可检测的疾病”。又如,当基本不存在多发性骨髓瘤的骨髓或血液表现和/或无血清和尿液M蛋白组分的迹象时,患有骨髓瘤的患者即称为患有“不可检测的疾病”。可以使用标准程序评估疾病的生物学和/或医学标记。例如,可以使用电泳和/或免疫固定来评估血清和尿液M蛋白水平。
如本文所用,术语“缓解”是指慢性或恶性疾病的临床和主观特征部分或完全消失。
如本文所用,术语“血液恶性疾病前兆”和/或“血液恶性疾病前兆”是指前癌细胞。这些前癌细胞尚非恶性,但倾向于变成恶性细胞。前癌细胞可能看上去与正常细胞不同,但其尚未侵入周围组织。示例性恶性疾病前兆包括但不限于MDS、SMM和MGUS。
本文中的术语“血液恶性疾病”包括淋巴瘤、白血病、骨髓瘤或淋巴恶性疾病以及脾和淋巴结的癌症。示例性淋巴瘤包括B细胞淋巴瘤和T细胞淋巴瘤。B细胞淋巴瘤的非限制性实例包括低级/NHL滤泡细胞淋巴瘤(FCC)、套细胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、弥漫性大细胞淋巴瘤(DLCL)、小淋巴球性(SL)NHL、中级/滤泡性NHL、中级弥漫性NHL、高级免疫母细胞性NHL、高级淋巴母细胞性NHL、高级小无核裂细胞NHL、巨瘤病NHL、瓦尔登斯特伦氏巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia)、淋巴聚细胞样淋巴瘤(LPL)、套细胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL)、弥漫性大细胞淋巴瘤(DLCL)、伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma,BL)、AIDS相关淋巴瘤、单核细胞性B细胞淋巴瘤、血管免疫母细胞性淋巴腺病变;小淋巴球性、滤泡性、弥漫性大细胞、弥漫性小核裂细胞、大细胞免疫母细胞性淋巴母细胞瘤;小非核裂、伯基特氏和非伯基特氏、滤泡性、主要大细胞淋巴瘤;滤泡性、主要小核裂细胞淋巴瘤;以及渡泡性、混合小核裂细胞和大细胞淋巴瘤。T细胞淋巴瘤的非限制性实例包括结外T细胞淋巴瘤、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、多形性大细胞淋巴瘤以及血管免疫母细胞性T细胞淋巴瘤。血液恶性疾病还包括白血病,例如(但不限于)继发性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL)、急性骨髓性白血病(AML)、慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)、B细胞前淋巴细胞性白血病(B-PLL)、急性淋巴母细胞白血病(ALL)以及骨髓发育不良(MDS)。血液恶性疾病进一步包括骨髓瘤,例如(但不限于)多发性骨髓瘤(MM)和郁积型多发性骨髓瘤(SMM)。术语血液恶性疾病涵盖其他血液和/或B细胞或T细胞相关癌症。例如,血液恶性疾病还包括其他造血细胞,包括树突状细胞、血小板、红细胞、自然杀伤细胞以及多形核性白细胞(例如,嗜碱粒细胞、嗜酸粒细胞、中性粒细胞和单核细胞)的癌症。
本领域的技术人员应明确的是,这些恶性疾病前兆和恶性疾病常因分类系统改变而具有不同名称,并且患有以不同名称分类的淋巴瘤的患者也可受益于本发明的组合治疗方案。
在一个示例性方面,本发明提供降低具有可检测水平的癌细胞的哺乳动物宿主(例如人患者)中的血液恶性疾病进展的方法,其包括施用足以可检测地降低宿主的血液恶性疾病进展的量的抗NKCIR抗体、抗NKCIR抗体组合物或相关组合物(例如,编码抗NKCIR抗体的核酸)。
可通过针对特定类型的疾病的标准准则来定义疾病或癌症的进展。任选地通过评估启动细胞的选择性克隆扩增来确定进展。检测癌症和癌症进展的方法可通过任何合适的技术实现,该合适技术的若干实例为本领域已知。合适技术的实例包括PCR和RT-PCR(例如,对癌细胞相关基因或“标记”进行)、活组织检查、成像技术、核型分析以及其他染色体分析、免疫测定/免疫细胞化学检测技术、组织学和/或组织病理学测定、细胞动力学研究以及细胞周期分析、流式细胞术以及身体检查技术(例如,针对身体症状)。检测癌症和癌症进展的示例性方法包括检测细胞遗传学异常,例如赘生性遗传标记,其通过分离异常细胞群,从异常细胞中分离核酸,以及使分离的核酸与一种或多种靶向基因重排的寡核苷酸接触来完成。该接触检测细胞遗传学异常的存在,例如免疫球蛋白(Ig)和/或T细胞受体基因重排。
向受试者递送抗NKCIR抗体(通过直接施用或使其由核酸表达,例如由包含编码抗NKCIR抗体的核酸序列的痘病毒基因转移载体表达)以及实践本发明的其他方法可用于降低、治疗、预防或以其他方式改善癌症进展的任何合适的方面。本发明的方法尤其适用于降低和/或改善肿瘤生长(例如,骨髓中浆细胞的百分比、循环中肿瘤细胞的数目)以及与其相关的任何参数或症状(例如,M蛋白水平)。独立地和共同地降低、预防或以其他方式改善癌症进展的此类方面的方法为本发明的有利特征。
降低癌症进展可包括例如以下方面的任何可检测降低:(1)转化成赘生性细胞的正常细胞的比率(或其任何方面),(2)前赘生性细胞(例如,SMM或MGUS)或赘生性细胞的增殖率,(3)显示前赘生性和/或赘生性表型的细胞数目,(4)包含前赘生性和/或赘生性细胞的细胞培养基(例如,细胞培养物、组织或器官(例如,哺乳动物宿主中的器官))的实体面积,(5)正常细胞和/或前赘生性细胞将转化成赘生性细胞的可能性,(6)癌细胞将进展至癌症进展的下一方面的可能性(例如,转移可能性降低),或(7)其任何组合。此类变化可使用任何上述技术或本领域已知的其合适对应物来检测,通常在施用治疗方案之前的适合时间应用所述技术以评估治疗方案的有效性。
在另一个方面,本发明提供在人患者中降低癌症进展风险、降低已进入癌启动期的细胞群进一步癌症进展的风险和/或提供治疗方案以降低癌症进展的方法,其包括以足以实现部分或完全反应的量和方案对该患者施用一种或多种第一治疗(例如,诱导疗法,例如化学治疗剂),以及对该患者施用一定量抗NKCIR抗体或相关组合物(或应用组合施用方法)。在患者正保持对第一治疗的反应同时,例如当患者有所缓解或疾病程度最小时施用抗NKCIR抗体。
抗NKCIR化合物可以单治疗剂形式或与其他治疗剂组合施用。如本文所用,术语“单治疗剂”是指将包含抗NKCIR化合物而不含任何其他药学活性剂和/或无额外药学活性剂的药物用于治疗个体的特定疾病病状。或者,在本发明的一些实施方案中,抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段的施用可与其他治疗剂组合。例如,可使用多种治疗剂治疗癌症。本发明的抗体组合物和方法可与任何其他一般用于治疗特定疾病,尤其治疗肿瘤、癌症疾病或患者表现的其他疾病或病症的方法组合。只要已知特定治疗方法对患者病状本身无害,并且不显著抵消本发明药物组合物中抗体的活性,即涵盖其与本发明的组合。
对于癌症治疗,本发明的药物组合物可与诸如手术、放射疗法、化学疗法等的典型方法组合使用。本发明因此提供组合疗法,其中本发明的药物组合物在手术同时、之前或之后使用;或在施用常规化学治疗剂、放射治疗剂或抗血管生成剂或靶向免疫毒素或凝血配体同时、之前或之后施用至患者。其他抗癌剂可在施用本发明的抗KIR抗体组合物之前、同时或之后施用。在一些情形下,甚至可能需要显著延长治疗时期,其中在分别施用抗癌剂或抗癌治疗与施用本发明抗体组合物之间存在几天(例如,2、3、4、5、6或7天)、几周(例如,2、3、4、5、6、7或8周)或甚至几个月(例如,1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8个月)时间间隔。在抗癌治疗旨在基本破坏肿瘤(例如手术或化学疗法)并且施用本发明抗体组合物旨在预防微转移或肿瘤再生长的情况下,这可能有利。还设想将利用本发明的基于抗KIR抗体的组合物或抗癌剂的一次以上施用。这些药剂可隔日或隔周可互换地施用;或进行以本发明的抗KIR抗体组合物的治疗的循环,继而进行抗癌剂疗法的循环。在任何情况下,为使用组合疗法实现肿瘤衰退,仅需要以有效发挥抗癌效应的组合量递送两种药剂,而与施用时间无关。
为实践组合抗癌疗法,应当将本发明的抗体组合物与另一种抗癌剂以在患者体内有效产生有利的组合抗癌作用的方式组合施用至患者。当一种或多种药剂与本发明的含有抗体的组合物组合用于治疗方案中时,组合结果不需要为在单独进行各种治疗时所观察到的效应的叠加。虽然一般需要至少叠加效应,但超过单一疗法中的一者的任何增强的抗癌作用将为有利的。另外,不特定需要组合治疗以显示协同效应,虽然这是可能的并且有利的。
组合施用包括共同施用不同调配物或单个医药调配物,以及以任一顺序连续施用抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段以及第一治疗。优选地,所有施用的活性剂同时发挥其生物活性。
视患者和癌症阶段而定,第一治疗可以涉及以下药剂和/或疗法中的一种或多种:手术、放射疗法、免疫调节剂、化学治疗剂、激素疗法以及抗血管生成剂。还需要将施用抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段与施用另一种抗体相组合,例如,针对与特定癌症相关的另一肿瘤抗原的抗体。例如,抗NKCIR抗体或抗体片段可与美罗华(Rituxan)组合施用。
就手术而言,任何手术干预可与本发明组合实施。
对于放射疗法,涵盖局部诱导癌细胞内DNA损伤的任何机制,例如γ照射、X射线、UV照射、微波和甚至电子发射等。还涵盖将放射性同位素导向性递送至癌细胞,并且这可与靶向抗体或其他靶向方式结合使用。
在其他方面,免疫调节剂或方案可与本发明抗体组合物组合施用或作为本发明抗体组合物的一部分施用。免疫调节剂的优选实例包括细胞因子。各种细胞因子可用于此类组合方法中。可用于本发明所涵盖的组合中的细胞因子的实例包括IL-α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9、IL-10、IL-11、IL-12、IL-13、IL-15、IL-21、TGF-β、GM-CSF、M-CSF、G-CSF、TNF-α、TNF-β、LAF、TCGF、BCGF、TRF、BAF、BDG、MP、LIF、OSM、TMF、PDGF、IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ。根据标准方案,在符合临床适应症,例如患者的病状和细胞因子的相对毒性下施用用于组合治疗或本发明组合物中的细胞因子。可与本发明的抗体组合物组合施用或作为本发明抗体组合物的一部分施用的其他免疫调节化合物包括特异性结合至淋巴细胞上的其他抑制性受体的抗体,包括但不限于诸如抗CTLA4抗体或抗CD94JNKG2A抗体(参见例如,美国公开专利申请20030095965)的抗体。本领域已知的这些分子的变体和衍生物也或作为选择可用于此类方法中,并且适当时并入本发明的组合物中。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的包含抗KIR抗体的治疗组合物可与化学治疗剂或激素治疗剂组合施用或可以进一步包含化学治疗剂或激素治疗剂。多种激素治疗和化学治疗剂可用于本文公开的组合治疗方法中。
示例性化学治疗剂包括但不限于多聚乙酰(acetogenin)(例如,布拉他辛(bullatacin)和布拉他辛酮(bullatacinone))、阿霉素(adriamycin)、烷基化剂、烷基磺酸盐、氮丙啶(例如,苯左多巴(benzodopa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、麦图多巴(meturedopa)和优多巴(uredopa))、二膦酸盐(例如,氯屈膦酸盐(clodronate)、依替膦酸盐(etidronate)、NE-58095、唑来膦酸(zoledronic acid)/唑来膦酸盐、阿伦膦酸盐(alendronate)、帕米膦酸盐(pamidronate)、替鲁膦酸盐(tiludronate)和利塞膦酸盐(risedronate));更生霉素(dactinomycin)、δ-9-四氢大麻酚(屈大麻酚(dronabinol))、乙撑亚胺和甲基三聚氰胺(例如,六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、三亚乙基蜜胺、三亚乙基膦酰胺、三亚乙基硫代膦酰胺和三甲基三聚氰胺)、β-拉帕醌(β-lapachone);拉帕醇(lapachol);秋水仙碱(colchicine);桦木酸(betulinic acid);喜树碱(camptothecin)(例如,拓扑替康(topotecan)、伊立替康(irinotecan)、乙酰喜树碱(acetylcamptothecin)、莨菪亭(scopolectin)和9-氨基喜树碱);苔藓抑素(bryostatin);卡利斯达汀(callystatin);CC-1065(例如,阿多来新(adozelesin)、卡折来新(carzelesin)和比折来新(bizelesin)合成类似物);足叶草毒素(podophyllotoxin);足叶草酸(podophyllinic acid);替尼泊甙(teniposide);自念珠藻环肽(cryptophycin)(例如,自念珠藻环肽1和自念珠藻环肽8);海兔毒素(dolastatin);倍癌霉素(duocarmycin)(例如,KW-2189和CB1-TM1);艾榴塞洛素(eleutherobin);水鬼蕉碱(pancratistatin);匍枝珊蝴醇(sarcodictyin);海绵抑制素(spongistatin);氮芥(nitrogen mustard)(例如,苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、萘氮芥(chlornaphazine)、氯磷酰胺(cholophosphamide)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、异环膦酰胺(ifosfamide)、二氯甲基二乙胺(mechlorethamine)、二氯甲基二乙胺氧化物盐酸盐、美法仑(melphalan)、新恩比兴(novembichin)、胆甾醇苯乙酸氮芥(phenesterine)、泼尼氮芥(prednimustine)、曲磷胺(trofosfamide)和尿嘧啶氮芥(uracil mustard));亚硝基脲(例如,卡莫司汀(carmustine)、吡葡亚硝脲(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、尼莫司汀(nimustine)和雷尼司汀(ranimnustine));抗生素,例如烯二炔类抗生素(例如,刺孢霉素(calicheamicin));达米辛(dynemicin);艾斯帕米辛(esperamicin);新制癌菌素发色团(neocarzinostatin chromophore)和色蛋白烯二炔抗生素(例如,阿克拉霉素(aclacinomysins)、放线菌素(actinomycin)、奥斯拉霉素(authramycin)、偶氮丝氨酸(azaserine)、博莱霉素(bleomycins)、放线菌素C(cactinomycin)、卡拉比辛(carabicin)、洋红霉素(caminomycin)、噬癌菌素(carzinophilin)、克罗米辛(chromomycinis)、更生霉素(dactinomycin)、道诺霉素(daunorubicin)、地托比星(detorubicin)、6-重氮基-5-氧基-L-正白胺酸、多柔比星(doxorubicin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、依索比星(esorubicin)、伊达比星(idarubicin)、麻西罗霉素(marcellomycin)、丝裂霉素(mitomycins)、霉酚酸(mycophenolic acid)、诺加霉素(nogalamycin)、橄榄霉素(olivomycins)、培洛霉素(peplomycin)、泼非霉素(potfiromycin)、嘌吟霉素(puromycin)、奎那霉素(quelamycin)、罗多比星(rodorubicin)、链黑菌素(streptonigrin)、链脲霉素(streptozocin)、杀结核菌素(tubercidin)、乌苯美司(ubenimex)、净司他丁(zinostatin)和佐柔比星(zorubicin));抗代谢物(例如,甲胺喋呤(methotrexate)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU));叶酸类似物(例如,迪诺特宁(denopterin)、甲胺喋呤、蝶罗呤(pteropterin)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate));嘌呤类似物(例如,氟达拉滨(fludarabine)、6-巯基嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫鸟嘌呤;嘧啶类似物,例如环胞苷(ancitabine)、阿扎胞苷(azacitidine)、6-氮尿苷、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、双去氧尿苷、去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine)、依诺他滨(enocitabine)和氟尿苷(floxuridine));雄激素(例如,二甲睾酮(calusterone)、丙酸屈他雄酮(dromostanolone propionate)、环琉雄醇(epitiostanol)、美雄烷(mepitiostane)和睾内酯(testolactone));抗肾上腺剂(例如,胺鲁米特(aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)和曲洛司坦(trilostane));叶酸补充剂(例如,夫罗林酸(frolinic acid));醋葡内酯(aceglatone);醛磷酰胺醣苷(aldophosphamide glycoside);氨基乙酰丙酸(aminolevulinic acid);恩尿嘧啶(eniluracil);安吖啶(amsacrine);倍思塔布(bestrabucil);比生群(bisantrene);依达曲沙(edatraxate);得弗伐胺(defofamine);地美可辛(demecolcine);地吖醌(diaziquone);埃夫密辛(elformithine);乙酸依利醋铵(elliptinium acetate);埃坡霉素(epothilone);乙环氧啶(etoglucid);硝酸镓;羟脲;香菇多糖(lentinan);罗尼达宁(lonidainine);类美登素(maytansinoid)(例如,美登素(maytansine)和安丝菌素(ansamitocin));丙脒腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);莫比达摩(mopidanmol);硝拉维林(nitraerine);喷司他丁(pentostatin);凡那明(phenamet);吡柔比星(pirarubiin);洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone);2-乙酰肼;丙卡巴肼(procarbazine);多醣K;丙亚胺(razoxane);利索新(rhizoxin);西佐喃(sizofuan);螺旋锗(spirogermanium);细格孢氮杂酸(tenuazonic acid);三亚胺醌(triaziquone);2,2',2”-三氯三乙胺;单端孢霉烯族毒素(trichothecene)(例如,T-2毒素、弗纳库林A(verracurin A)、杆孢菌素A(roridin A)和胺癸叮(anguidine));胺基甲酸乙酯(urethan);长春地辛(vindesine);达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine);甘露醇氮芥(mannomustine);二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol);二溴卫矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);甲托辛(gacytosine);阿拉伯糖苷(arabinoside,“Ara-C”);噻替派(thiotepa);紫杉烷(taxoid)(例如,紫杉醇(taxol)、紫杉特尔(taxotere)、太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel)和多烯紫杉醇(doxetaxel));克罗南布(chloranbucil);吉西他滨(gemcitabine);6-硫鸟嘌呤;巯基嘌呤;甲胺喋呤;铂类似物(例如,顺铂和卡铂);长春碱(vinblastine);铂;依托泊苷(etoposide)(VP-16);异环磷酰胺;米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);长春新碱(vincristine);奥赛力铂(oxaliplatin);甲酰四氢叶酸(leucovovin);长春瑞滨(vinorelbine);诺凡特龙(novantrone);依达曲沙(edatrexate);柔红霉素(daunomycin);氨基喋呤(aminopterin);伊班膦酸盐(ibanronate);拓扑异构酶抑制剂RFS 2000;二氟甲基鸟胺酸(DMFO);类视黄素(retinoid)(例如,视黄酸(retinoicacid));卡培他滨(capecitabine);以及上述任一者的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
如本领域普通技术人员将了解到的,与NKCIR抑制剂(例如,抗KIR抗体)组合使用的化学治疗剂的适当剂量将接近涉及施用单独化学治疗剂或其与其他化学治疗剂的组合的临床疗法中已使用的剂量。根据所治疗的病状,剂量可能出现变化,施用治疗的医师将能够确定用于个别受试者的适当剂量。
抗激素剂用于调节、降低、阻断或抑制可促进癌症生长的激素的作用。如上所述,本发明的NKCIR抑制剂(例如,抗KIR抗体)可与抗激素剂组合使用。示例性抗激素剂包括但不限于LHRH激动剂(例如,亮丙瑞林(leuprorelin)、戈舍瑞林(goserelin)、曲普瑞林(triptorelin)和布舍瑞林(buserelin));抗雌激素和选择性雌激素调节剂(SERM)(例如,他莫西芬(tamoxifen)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)、曲洛昔芬(droloxifene)、4-经基他莫西芬、曲沃昔芬(trioxifene)、雷洛昔芬(keoxifene)、LY117018、奥那司酮(onapristone)和托瑞米芬(toremifene));雌激素受体下调剂(ERD);抗雄激素(例如,氟他胺(flutamide)、尼鲁米特(nilutamide)、环丙孕酮(cyproterone)和比卡鲁胺(bicalutamide));芳香酶抑制剂(例如,安美达锭(anastrozole)、依西美坦(exemestane)、来曲唑(letrozole)、4(5)-咪唑、氨鲁米特、醋酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate)、弗米斯坦(formestanie)、伏罗唑(vorozole)和法屈唑(fadrozole));以及孕激素(例如,甲孕酮(medroxy)、氯地孕酮(chlormadinone)和甲地孕酮(megestrol))。
本发明的NKCIR抑制剂(例如,抗KIR抗体)可与任一种或多种抗血管生成疗法组合使用或可进一步包含抗血管生成剂。抗血管生成剂的非限制性实例包括中和性抗体、反义RNA、siRNA、RNAi、RNA适配子以及核糖核酸酶,尤其包括抑制涉及异常细胞增殖的信号传导路径中的基因表达的抗体,所述基因如PKC-α、Raf、H-Ras、EGF-R、VEGF或VEGF-R。
具治疗有效性的这些上述化学治疗药物的给药方案和剂量将取决于所治疗的特定癌症、疾病程度及其他为具有此本领域技术的医师所熟悉的因素并且可由医师确定。
在另一个方面,本发明提供促进哺乳动物宿主(例如人患者)的癌症缓解的方法,该方法包括对宿主施用包含抗NKCIR抗体(例如抗KIR抗体)的组合物,以促进宿主的癌症缓解。
在另一个方面,本发明提供在哺乳动物宿主中降低产生癌症病状的风险、缩短癌症病状发病的时间、降低在早期阶段诊断的癌症的严重程度和/或减少癌症产生时的侵害面积的方法,该方法包括对宿主施用预防有效量的本发明的抗NKCIR抗体或相关组合物以达到期望的生理作用。优选地,宿主患有MDS、SMM或MGUS,并且癌症病状为MM,其中抗NKCIR抗体降低产生MM的风险和/或缩短MM发病的时间。
NK细胞计数和活化标记在患有SMM的患者体内显著增加。通常,患有SMM的个体在用化合物(例如,结合NKCIR的抗体)治疗之前未经第一治疗所治疗;然而,本发明还设想先前用非NKCIR剂治疗的SMM患者。
不受理论的约束,据信本发明方法在用于疾病程度最小的个体时相较于用于肿瘤负荷较高的患者而言最有效,因为所述方法并非特别适用于恢复有疾病的体征和症状的个体的NK细胞功能。因此,在一些涉及除前期恶性病状以外的病变(例如SMM或MGUS)的实施方案中,优先用第一治疗治疗患者,以使个体的疾病程度最小或不可检测。例如,以诱导疗法并且任选地以巩固疗法进行治疗可使疾病缓解或产生完全反应,从而增强本发明方法的功效。
在另一个方面,本发明提供增加诊断患有癌症的人患者存活超过相关时期的可能性的方法。在另一个方面,本发明提供改善癌症患者的生活质量的方法,该方法包括对患者施用有效改善其生活质量的量的本发明组合物。在另一个方面,可应用本文所述的本发明方法以显著减少脊椎动物宿主体内的癌细胞数目,从而例如降低肿瘤细胞的总数。在相关意义上,本发明提供杀死脊椎动物(例如人癌症患者)的前赘生性细胞和/或赘生性细胞的方法。任选地,癌症为选自AML、CML、MM、SMM和MGUS的血液恶性疾病。
在另一个方面,本发明提供抑制NKCIR的化合物的用途,其用于制备用于治疗患有或先前已患有血液恶性疾病前兆或血液恶性疾病的个体的药物组合物。在该用途的一个实施方案中,个体的疾病程度最小或不可检测。在另一个实施方案中,个体患有血液恶性疾病前兆。在另一实施方案中,个体患有SMM(郁积型骨髓瘤)、MGUS(意义未明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病)或MDS(骨髓增生异常综合征)。
本发明还提供用于治疗患有或先前已患有血液恶性疾病前兆或血液恶性疾病的个体的抑制NKCIR的化合物。
急性骨髓白血病(AML)
急性骨髓白血病(AML)是美国和欧洲成人中最常见白血病类型之一。在2006年,美国估计诊断出大约11,930例新增AML病例,占所有癌症的1%以下和所有白血病的34%。在40岁以下AML的发病率较低,但随年龄逐渐增加,从40岁群体中每100,000人约1例增加至75岁和75岁以上群体中每100,000人15例以上。表现AML的中值患者年龄为65岁至70岁。较年轻AML患者的成功治疗比年长AML患者的成功治疗常见得多。对于55岁至65岁或超过65岁的年长患者,从治疗(诱导化学疗法)至死亡的中值时间为5至10个月。虽然完全缓解率为约50%,但缓解通常短暂,并且很少持续12个月以上。在诱导化学疗法之后保持缓解3年的机率为10%以下。
年龄相关的结果差异与共同罹病和预后因素有关。许多年长患者不能耐受采用细胞毒性剂的标准治疗及其并发症。患有年龄相关慢性心脏、肺部、肝脏或肾脏病症的患者处于较大的来自化学疗法的急性毒性风险。
异常核型特征在AML中为常见的。核型在定义急性白血病的病理生理学、自然史以及对疗法的反应中的重要性为关键概念。最常与年轻AML患者治疗失败有关的细胞遗传学异常(例如染色体5或7或复杂核型异常)显著更常见于老年人中,存在于32%至57%的患者中。相比之下,“有利的”细胞遗传学异常(例如t(8;21)、t(15;17)或inv(16))更常见于较年轻患者中并且在某种程度上为造成其更好的无病存活期的原因。常用于AML中的某些疾病进展生物标记包括FLT3突变和/或NPM1突变,其为两个最重要的正常核型AML的预后生物标记。FLT3在AML中一般为单个最重要的预后因素。大约25-35%的AML患者有FLT3突变。具有FLT3突变的患者的结果以及对标准化学疗法的反应较差。
AML的当前治疗
用于大部分AML患者的治疗策略分成两个一般阶段:诱导疗法和缓解后疗法,其示于图1中。
诱导疗法
AML疗法的第一目标为诱导完全缓解(CR)。成人AML缓解定义为正常周边血细胞计数和正常细胞骨髓(骨髓中母细胞小于5%)并且无疾病的体征或症状。此外,不存在中枢神经系统白血病或其他骨髓外浸润的体征或症状。
诱导疗法旨在使全身白血病负荷降低至约109个细胞的细胞学可检测水平以下。实现完全缓解的先决条件为在诱导化学疗法之后达到骨髓发育不全,通常持续1或2周。然而,在完全缓解时,患者仍有显著然而勉强可检测的残留白血病负荷(微小残留病),需要某种形式的缓解后疗法。
对于持续20年以上,标准诱导化学疗法包括蒽环霉素和阿糖胞苷。最常见方案组合施用道诺霉素3天与连续输注阿糖胞苷7天(3+7方案)。在大部分使用该方案的前瞻性研究中,65%至75%的60岁以下患者实现CR,并且大约50%的60岁以上患者实现CR。年长患者实现CR的可能性降低的原因在于抗性疾病风险提高以及因全血球减少症的并发症而死亡的风险提高。其他与诱导疗法后CR率较低相关的因素包括存在不良细胞遗传学、先前血液病症以及在诊断时体能状态不良。
鉴于年长患者对标准疗法的反应率相对较低,试图进行剂量强化诱导疗法方案。然而,迄今为止,无诱导方案经证明在缓解或死亡率方面优于3+7方案。
缓解后疗法
缓解后疗法旨在进一步降低残留白血病细胞数,其在初始CR时可能高达108至109个细胞。这可通过任一引起显著骨髓抑制的细胞毒性化学疗法,或通过经由异源移植置换患者干细胞来实现。
在占AML群体中最大比例的年长患者中,具有治疗性目的的化学疗法不构成具有有利风险-效益概况的治疗方案,然而通常向年长患者提供巩固化学疗法。用于年长AML患者的强化巩固或维持化学疗法方案已在临床试验中经过测试,但未证明是有益的。这主要归因于化学疗法相关毒性以及年龄相关患者共同罹病。因此,体能状态显著降低或有与诱导化学疗法相关的显著器官毒性的患者不为强化缓解后疗法的候选者。
用抗NKCIR化合物治疗AML
可有利地施用抗NKCIR化合物作为缓解后疗法。例如,可根据本文所公开的剂量和给药方案,用抗NKCIR抗体治疗对先前疗法(例如在诱导疗法以及任选的巩固疗法后)实现CR的患者。在实施方案中,患者具有不良预后(例如处于有高进展风险的群组中),例如患者具有与不良预后相关的FLT3或NpM1突变。抗NKCIR治疗可为单治疗剂治疗或与用于治疗疾病的其他药剂组合。然而,优选地,抗NKCIR抗体将在不伴随使用对NK细胞活性具有负面影响的化学治疗剂的情况下施用。
郁积型多发性骨髄瘤(SMM)
自2003年以来郁积型多发性骨髓瘤通过使用国际共同标准(InternationalMyeloma Working Group.Criteria for the classification of monoclonalgammopathies,multiple myeloma and related disorders:a report from theInternational Myeloma Working Group.Br J Haematol 2003;121:749-57)来定义:
o血清单克隆蛋白质为3g/dL或更高,
o和/或骨髓中有10%或10%以上的浆细胞,
o但无相关器官或组织障碍(无终末器官损伤,包括骨骼病变)以及相关症状的迹象。
Mayo临床小组已改进这些标准以阐明应排除仅具血清游离链的患者并且浆细胞需为纯系的(Kyle RA,Rajkumar SV.Criteria for diagnosis,staging,riskstratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma.Leukemia 2009;23:3-9)。
SMM的当前治疗
当前无SMM疗法可用。当前对此医学病状的管理限于密切追踪以能够诊断出向应治疗的活动性MM的早期进展。在第一年期间应每3个月一次追踪患者以确定进展模式。对具有稳定的M蛋白并且根据凯尔氏预后标准(Kyle's prognostic criteria)(BladéJ等,JClin Oncol 2010 28:690-97)进展风险低的未进展患者可考虑采用较低追踪频率。
SMM发病率随年龄增加,患者在诊断时的中值年龄处于65岁至70岁范围内。SMM占所有新诊断的MM病例的大约15%。鉴于MM在美国的估算发病率在20,000例新病例/年中,每年在美国将诊断出至多3,000例SMM新病例。然而,大部分SMM当前未诊断出,几乎所有MM之前可能皆存在SMM,如下文所论述。
汇集证据表明NK细胞涉及MM免疫监视,包括展示活化NK细胞对源自MM的恶性细胞具细胞毒性的离体资料。在疾病早期阶段,骨髓瘤细胞广泛表达上述活化NK配体(MICA和MICB、ULBP)并且下调抑制性1类HLA配体(Carbone E等,Blood 2005;105:251-58)。另外,低肿瘤负荷向侵袭性MM的进展伴有NK细胞的定量减少和功能衰竭。在患有MGUS以及郁积型或早期MM的患者中NK细胞计数和活化标记显著增加。相反,晚期MM患者中NK细胞计数减少并且NK细胞对刺激变得具低反应性(Carbone等,2005;Sawanobori M等,Acta Haematol1997;98:150-54)。
两项新近研究表明所有MM之前均存意义未明的无症状单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS),MGUS特征在于血清M蛋白<3g/dl并且骨髓浆细胞<10%。然而,仅一半MGUS患者进展,并且在这种情况下,M蛋白逐渐增加,可能在明显MM之前导致SMM。已完全了解这些浆细胞增殖的病理生理学,以及涉及MGUS向SMM进展和SMM向有症状MM进展的机制。然而,若干步病原性过程的2个主要步骤已经充分表征:
o纯系浆细胞最初有限转化,由后天遗传事件造成。MGUS、SMM的浆细胞具有类似于骨髓瘤细胞的遗传和表型概况,将其与其正常对应物明显区分开。
o MGUS向SMM和SMM向MM的逐渐进展似乎不仅与赘生性浆细胞中发生的遗传事件有关,并且与骨髓微环境变化的累积有关。
充分描述Kyle等小组追踪的276名SMM患者的群组的自然史,得出结论:
o在第5年向有症状并且不可治愈的恶性疾病进展的累积概率为73%。大部分患者产生MM,而仅2%患者进展为原发性淀粉样变性病(AL)。
o SMM的总进展风险极大地受自诊断以来的时间影响。其在前5年中为每年约10%,但在后续5年中仅为每年3%,之后降低至每年1%。中值进展时间(TTP)在2年至3年范围内。
o进展的风险显著地受单克隆蛋白质的水平、骨髓浆细胞的比例或两者影响。如下文所示,通过使用这2个变量产生的3个预后组之间在中值进展时间方面存在相当大差异。在高风险组中,87%在第15年时进展成明显恶性疾病,并且中值进展时间短至2年。相反,在低风险组中,仅39%的人员进展,中值时间为19年。
表2示出进展成活动性多发性骨髓瘤的机率(来自Kyle RA等,N Engl J Med2007;356:2582-90)
其他进展因素已在其他研究中鉴别并且在下表中有所提及。新近数据尤其强调2个免疫学预测物的重要性,所述免疫学预测物可改善对SMM的预测:
o处于低于0.126或高于8的断点处的异常游离轻链比率(FLC)似乎为独立的风险因素。如通过对同一Mayo群组进行研究显示,相较于仅考虑血清M蛋白水平和骨髓浆细胞百分比的初始分类,并入FLC使得分类得以改良,其中患者分布更平衡。
o骨髓浆细胞BMPC的异常表型以及也如年长者研究中所示,所谓免疫不全麻痹,其定义为未涉及的Ig同种型中的一者或两者降低。基于这2个参数,提出评分系统,其中在分别不存在、存在一个或两个因素时,SMM向MM的累积进展率为4%、46%和72%。然而,通过流式细胞术对BMPC表型进行表征仍为繁琐的,并且可能难以在团体间再现。
最终,患有所谓进展的SMM(即血清M蛋白值逐渐增加)的患者进展成有症状MM的时间短于具有稳定M蛋白的患者(中值1.3年相较于3.9年)。
表3示出进展的主要因素。以抗NKCIR抗体治疗可以为:
用抗NKCIR化合物治疗SMM
抗NKCIR化合物可有利地施用至患有例如由标准国际骨髓瘤工作组(standardInternational Myeloma Working Group)定义所定义的SMM或MGUS的患者。在实施方案中,患者具有不良预后(例如,处于具有高进展风险的组中),例如患者具有与不良预后相关的突变或处于根据表2中的分组的第1组中。任选地,可治疗具有向MM进展的一个或多个经定义的风险因素的患者,例如可基于向活动性多发性骨髓瘤进展的机率鉴别或选择属于第1组、第2组或第3组的患者(参见例如Kyle RA等,N Engl J Med 2007;356:2582-90的标准)并且用抗NKCIR化合物治疗。可根据本文所公开的剂量和给药方案用抗NKCIR抗体治疗患者。抗NKCIR治疗可为单治疗剂治疗或与用于治疗疾病的其他药剂组合。然而,优选地,抗NKCIR抗体将在不伴随使用对NK细胞活性具有负面影响的化学治疗剂的情况下施用。
多发性骨髓瘤(MM)
多发性骨髓瘤为第二最常见血液癌症(在2007年美国出现19,900例新病例,并且在西欧出现类似数目的病例)。MM由浆细胞恶性增殖产生,其在大部分但并非所有病例中产生纯系免疫球蛋白(所谓的M蛋白)。MM的特征在于骨骼破坏、低钙血症、骨髓和肾衰竭。在国际上使用准确共同标准来定义MM(Kyle和Rajkumar,2009)。
MM的当前治疗
历史治疗由以下组成:细胞减灭术疗法(所谓的由高剂量皮质类固醇“诱导”),以及常规的抗有丝分裂化学疗法,包括烷基化剂或有效性较低(但骨髓毒性较低)的阿霉素和长春新碱的组合。
在“强化”步骤的诱导(也称为高剂量化学疗法)之后最有效治疗通常继之以施用高剂量的美法仑烷基化剂(alkylator)(200mg/m2)。其骨髓毒性需要通过移植自体性造血细胞进行血液救护,这会缩短再生不全期。通常通过在诱导期结束时施用的GCSF和/或环磷酰胺使造血细胞自骨髓向周边血液移动。然而,出于安全性原因,强化仅可为小于65岁并且无严重共同罹病的患者所接受。
此类强化治疗使得在历史诱导治疗下在至多10%至20%的患者中实现VGPR和PR成为可能。在无强化的情况下,并且由此对于大于65岁的患者,很少实现完全反应(CR)和极佳部分反应(VGPR)。五项大型随机化研究能够表明基于强化的方案相较于化学疗法在反应、无进展存活期以及3种总存活率状况方面的优越性(评述于Attal等,2007中)。
在过去数年内出现两类新型免疫调节药,即“Imid”,例如沙利度胺(thalidomide)和来那度胺(lenalidomid);以及蛋白酶体抑制剂,例如硼替佐米(bortezomib),并且其主要用作与皮质类固醇或细胞毒性化学疗法的组合疗法的一部分。两种药物类别组合至少2种作用:细胞减灭术与调节浆细胞微环境。将这些新药与类固醇和常规化学疗法(包括高剂量化学疗法)组合使得显著改善反应率以及尤其改善VGPR率或CR率成为可能。然而,不可检测最小程度残留的疾病在分子层面上的缓解在可记录时似乎极少,在10%以下的患有这些病状的患者中实现,实现CR的患者在数年后必然复发。
至少50%病例在第一次复发时对治疗有反应,但第二次或后续复发最终将变得难以由任何可用治疗治愈。因此,除少数成功移植有异源造血细胞的年轻患者之外,该疾病仍不可治愈。然而,程序的毒性显著限制其适应症。
当前治疗仍限于有症状患者。任何治疗对无症状患者的进展或存活的效益尚未证明。治疗的适应症共同定义为:
在大于65岁或有严重共同罹病的患者中,历史治疗由双重诱导疗法组成:美法仑+泼尼松(MP)。若干研究显示MP与3种新药剂(沙利度胺、硼替佐米或来那度胺)中的任一者的组合优于标准MP。当前测试甚至可产生更佳结果的其他组合,包括来那度胺+地塞米松(Dex),以及来那度胺+硼替佐米+Dex。在小于65岁并且无严重共同罹病的患者中,如先前通过诱导开始治疗,使肿瘤负荷能够降低,之后收集干细胞并且在使自体性造血细胞回增下进行强化。在自体性HCT之后即开始探索通过重复细胞减灭术化学疗法组合Imid和蛋白酶抑制剂进行巩固。
疾病反应的评估
目前在所有试验中应使用IMWG(国际MM工作组)的国际统一反应标准,如由该领域中的领导专家小组在2006年于Leukemia中所发表。
可通过各种方法评估反应,包括分子层面上的缓解(例如定义为<1个恶性细胞/10,000个BM细胞),通常涉及使用以等位基因特异性寡核苷酸对骨髓样本进行的实时PCR来检测和定量CR患者的微小残留疾病。还使用多参数流式细胞术。其他方法包括可在血清中定量可定量的游离轻链,以及骨髓的免疫学评估。
对诱导、巩固(包括强化)疗法的完全和部分反应可根据标准准则(例如,IMWG准则)来评估。CR、PR或VGPR患者可用本发明的抗NKCIR抗体治疗。
用抗NKCIR化合物治疗MM
在使用化学疗法进行治疗和/或用免疫调节剂(例如Imid或蛋白体抑制剂)治疗之后,可在对此类诱导和/或任选的巩固疗法有部分或完全反应并因此疾病程度最小的患者中有利地施用抗NKCIR化合物作为诱导(和/或巩固和/或强化)后疗法。可根据本文所公开的剂量和给药方案,用抗NKCIR抗体治疗在疗法之后(例如在诱导疗法和任选的巩固疗法之后)实现反应或缓解的患者。抗NKCIR治疗可为单治疗剂治疗或与用于治疗疾病的其他药剂组合。然而,优选地,抗NKCIR抗体将在不伴随使用对NK细胞活性具有负面作用的化学治疗剂的情况下施用。
抗NKCIR抗体的给药和给药方案
在一个方面,本发明提供的治疗方法包括对个体施用包含治疗有效量的抗NKCIR抗体的组合物。治疗有效量可为例如约0.0003mg(抗体)/kg(患者体重)至约3mg/kg(例如,约0.003mg/kg至约3mg/kg,例如约0.015mg/kg至约3mg/kg,例如,约0.075mg至约3mg/kg、约0.3mg/kg至约3mg/kg和约1mg/kg至约3mg/kg中的任何一者,或约0.0003mg/kg、约0.003mg/kg、约0.015mg/kg、约0.075mg/kg、约0.3mg/kg、约1mg/kg和约3mg/kg中的任何一者)的剂量。抗KIR抗体的剂量和制剂描述于PCT申请号WO2008/084106中,该申请的公开内容以引用方式并入本文中。在一个实施方案中,该方法包括例如以每天3次至每2个月一次的范围内的给药频率重复施用至少一次。也可施用该剂量例如至少3次、至少6次或至少10次。在一个实施方案中,静脉内施用抗体。在另一个实施方案中,抗体结合至NK细胞表面上的抑制性KIR增强NK细胞的细胞毒性活性。在另一个实施方案中,抗体为交叉反应性抗KIR抗体。例如,抗体可为如PCT申请号WO2008/084106所述的制剂中的抗体1-7F9。
在一个优选实施方案中,选择剂量以在人患者体内提供基本完全饱和作用。如本文所用,术语“基本完全饱和”是指至少90%的靶标NKCIR占有率,并且优选地是指至少95%的受体占有率。该方法任选地包括评估患者的NK细胞增强和/或抗肿瘤活性(其可通过使用任何合适的技术进行,其中若干技术为本领域已知,包括例如,NKCIR占有率水平、CD107a标记等,如本文所述)。通常通过经合适时期(例如约1小时)静脉内给施用来施用制剂。
例如,可以一定剂量和一定给药频率施用抗NKCIR抗体以在血浆内达成NK细胞上至少约90%、优选至少约95%NKCIR占有率持续至少约一个月、两个月、三个月或六个月,从而使饱和持续一段延长时期(例如,至少3个月、6个月)。在单独的实施方案中,剂量在约0.1mg/kg至约3mg/kg、约0.3mg/kg至约3mg/kg、约0.1mg/kg至约1mg/kg以及约1mg/kg至约3mg/kg的范围内,进一步优选地,其中该抗体为抗KIR抗体,进一步优选地,其中该抗体为1-7F9。给药频率可在每天一次至每2个月一次、约每周一次至约每2个月一次的范围内;或可为约每月一次。或者,给药频率可选自每天约三次、约两次和约一次;每周约五次、约四次、约三次和约两次;以及每两周、每四周和每六周约一次。
在一个优选实施方案中,约每周2次至约每月一次或约每月一次至约每2个月一次施用引起受体基本完全饱和(例如,至少约90%或95%受体占有率)的剂量的抗NKCIR抗体。可施用该剂量例如至少3次、至少6次或6次以上。例如,该方法可以包括以一定剂量和一定给药频率施用抗NKCIR抗体以实现NK细胞上至少约90%或95%NKCIR占有率持续至少约2周、1个月、6个月、9个月或12个月。
在一个优选实施方案中,方案引起持续的基本完全受体饱和。施用引起受体基本完全饱和持续至少约1周、2周或1个月的时期的剂量的抗NKCIR抗体。当剂量引起受体基本完全饱和(例如,至少约90%或95%受体占有率)持续约一周时,可以例如每周一次至每两周一次施用该剂量;当剂量引起受体基本完全饱和持续约两周时,可以例如每两周一次至每月一次施用该剂量。当剂量引起受体基本完全饱和持续约两周至约一个月时,可以例如约每月一次施用该剂量。在每个方案中,可施用该剂量例如至少3次、至少6次或6次以上。例如,该方法可以包括以一定剂量和一定给药频率施用抗NKCIR抗体以实现NK细胞上至少约95%KIR占有率持续至少约6个月、9个月或12个月。
在另一个优选实施方案中,方案引起间歇性基本完全受体饱和。施用引起受体基本完全饱和(例如,至少约90%或95%受体占有率)持续至少约1周、2周或1个月的时期的剂量的抗NKCIR抗体。当剂量引起受体基本完全饱和持续约一周至两周时,可以例如约每月一次或每至少两个月时期一次(例如,每两个月一次)施用该剂量。当剂量引起受体基本完全饱和持续约两周至约一个月时,可以例如约每至少两个月时期一次(例如,每两个月一次)施用该剂量。在单独的实施方案中,剂量在约0.1mg/kg至约0.3mg/kg的范围内,约每月一次施用;在一个实施方案中,剂量在约0.1mg/kg至约3mg/kg的范围内,优选在1mg/kg至约3mg/kg的范围内,约每约两个月一次(或每两个月以上时期一次,即少于每两个月时期一次)施用,进一步优选地,其中该抗体为抗KIR抗体,进一步优选地,其中该抗体为1-7F9。可重复治疗,以使得治疗方案引起间歇性基本完全受体饱和持续至少6个月、9个月或12个月的时期。
通常经静脉内施用抗体,但其他合适的给药方式为已知的,并且还描述于例如WO2008/084106中。
虽然抗KIR抗体1-7F9或其S241P变体为用于调节NK细胞活性和/或治疗疾病的优选抗体,但其他抗NKCIR和抗KIR抗体也可用于根据本发明的方法中。然而,此类抗体应与抗KIR抗体1-7F9具有相似的KD值,在患者体内具有相似清除率,并且具有相似的分布体积,其中“相似”意指在相应抗KIR抗体1-7F9参数的约50%以内,优选约30%以内。抗KIR抗体1-7F9在最多0.015mg/kg的剂量下具有约4ng/ml的高亲和力KD并且具有约20ng/ml的低亲和力KD;其清除率为约0.5ml/h/kg,并且分布体积为约115ml/kg(参见WO2008/084106)。适用于本发明一种或多种方法中的示例性抗NKCIR抗体可具有以下特性:(a)降低或阻断NK细胞上的抑制性NKCIR的信号传导;(b)高亲和力KD为约2至约6ng/ml;(c)低亲和力KD为约10至约30ng/ml;(d)清除率为约0.25至约0.75ml/h/kg;(e)分布体积为约50ml/kg至约175ml/kg。抗NKCIR抗体的受体占有率可使用如本发明中所述适于由抗体结合的特定NKCIR的测定来测定(参见例如,实施例2)。抗NKCIR抗体的药代动力学特性可使用如本发明中所述适于特定抗NKCIR抗体的测定来测定(参见例如,实施例1)。
实施例
实施例1–患者中的药代动力学
通过ELISA测定抗KIR抗体1-7F9的血浆浓度,如下文所简要描述。
用KIR2DL3涂布溶液(100微升/孔)涂布培养板并且在约+4℃下孵育过夜。接着使用自动培养板洗涤器用洗涤缓冲液(400微升/孔)洗涤培养板3次。添加阻断缓冲液(200微升/孔)并且在室温下于培养板震荡器上孵育培养板约2小时。此后,用洗涤缓冲液(400微升/孔)再洗涤培养板3次。
将标准物、质量对照物和样本添加至培养板中(100微升/孔),之后在室温下于培养板震荡器上孵育约2小时。再洗涤培养板3次(如上),之后添加小鼠抗人IgG4:过氧化酶工作溶液(100微升/孔)。接着在室温下于培养板震荡器上再孵育培养板约2小时,之后再次将其洗涤。
将TMB添加至培养板中(100微升/孔),接着在室温下于培养板震荡器上将其孵育约30分钟。通过添加停止溶液(50微升/孔)终止酶促反应。在450nm下(参考滤光片650nm)读取吸光度。该研究的定量下限为5.000ng/mL并且该研究的定量上限为110.0ng/mL。
实施例2–KIR占有率测定
通过四色荧光分析对人全血样本评估受体占有率。简而言之,评估经EDTA抗凝的周边血液中的T淋巴细胞和NK淋巴细胞上游离和结合KIR2D受体的水平。游离位点测定将通过以缀合PE的1-7F9(其结合至KIR2D分子)染色来评估未结合的KIR2D。结合位点测定将通过以缀合PE的小鼠抗人IgG4单克隆抗体(其识别结合至KIR2D受体的1-7F9)染色来评估由1-7F9占有的KIR2D受体。游离和结合测定将允许评估1-7F9-PE或抗hIgG4-PE的阳性染色百分比以及荧光强度[MESF]。在以下两个测定中使用以下缀合抗体的组合:
游离位点测定:CD3/1-7F9/CD45/CD56
结合测定:CD3/hIgG4/CD45/CD56
在Becton Dickinson FACScalibur上使用Becton Dickinson Cellquest软件分析样本。T细胞定义为CD45+CD3+淋巴细胞并且NK细胞定义为CD45+CD3-CD56+细胞。
实施例3-临床AML研究
对年长AML患者(>60岁)进行单一剂量递增试验,所述患者在诱导和巩固化学疗法之后最初完全缓解,但不适于骨髓移植。应用标准3+3设计,并且总共研究7个剂量水平:0.0003mg/kg至3mg/kg的剂量范围。在给药之后,针对安全性、PK和KIR占有率监测患者直至KIR占有率不再可检测为止。
也进行扩展试验。完成剂量递增试验并且仍完全缓解的AML患者可参与扩展试验,其中以每月计对患者进行给药至多6次。以与患者在先前试验中所接受的剂量相同的剂量对患者进行给药。
患者、材料和方法
在两个试验中,首先完全缓解(CR)并且不适于移植的年长AML患者(>60岁)适于所述研究。AML为根据WHO标准。(Brunning RD,Matutes E,Harris NL等:Acute myeloidleukaemia:Introduction.In Jaffe ES,Harris NL,Stein H等编著:Pathology andGenetics of Tumors of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues.Lyon,France:IARCPress,2001.World Health Organization Classification of Tumors,3,第77-80页)。缓解为根据NCI标准定义的形态完全缓解(CR)(Cheson等,JCO,第21卷,第24期,第4642-4649页(2003)),或仅在1或2个诱导化学疗法循环以及至少1个并且最多6个巩固化学疗法循环后血小板计数不完全恢复的CRi。
在剂量递增试验中筛选时,自最后一次施用化学疗法起的时间为至少30天并且至多120天。其他合格标准包括(但不限于)NK细胞上KIR2DL1和KIR2DL2/3的表达、ECOG(Oken,M.M.等,Toxicity And Response Criteria Of The Eastern Cooperative OncologyGroup.Am J Clin Oncol 5:649-655,1982)状态0-2以及来自先前治疗的全部毒性皆已恢复。
对于扩展试验,在可接受的安全性概况下完成剂量递增试验为另一合格标准。
其他标准包括绝对嗜中性粒细胞计数>1×109/L,血小板>80×109/L,骨骼中母细胞小于5%,无奥尔杆状体(Auer rod);无疾病症状;所有先前抗白血病疗法的急性毒性皆已恢复;患者NK细胞上的KIR表达(结合抗KIR抗体1-7F9的能力);如由研究者所判定无严重相关器官功能障碍;以及临床实验室值如下:(a)血清肌酸酐≤2mg/dL,(b)总胆红素≤1.5×正常值上限,以及(c)AS≤3×正常值上限。
研究设计
剂量递增试验为多中心、开放标签、单剂量递增安全性和耐受性试验。计划研究七个剂量水平:0.0003mg/kg、0.003mg/kg、0.015mg/kg、0.075mg/kg、0.3mg/kg、1mg/kg和3mg/kg。一般选择(3+3)设计用于该试验。每个患者分配一个剂量,并且监测安全性、药代动力学和药效学直至患者NK细胞上的KIR占有率不可检测为止。持续不断地分析安全性、PK和KIR占有率,并且在给药后前4周期间从各剂量组获得的数据一般形成剂量递增决策的基础。
扩展试验被设计为重复给药、多中心、开放标签、安全性和耐受性试验。给予各个患者的剂量与患者在单剂量试验中所接受的剂量相同。患者可以4周时间间隔接受6次施用,即6个给药循环,最长持续6个月时间。各给药循环由给药访问和安全性监测访问组成。在最后一次给药后,监测患者的安全性直至患者NK细胞上的KIR占有率不可检测为止。该安全性追踪期的持续时间可能根据所接受的剂量而定,并且预期最长为最后一次给药后24周。
使用美国国家癌症学会不良事件常见术语准则(US National Cancer InstituteCommon Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events(CTCAE))第3.0版评估抗KIR抗体1-7F9施用的安全性(即任何观察到的毒性)。另外评估药代动力学终点、KIR占有率、NK和T细胞活化的标记、WT-1肿瘤标记、无进展存活期以及总存活期。
AML研究的结果
在剂量递增试验中在接受0.0003mg/kg、0.003mg/kg、0.015mg/kg、0.075mg/kg、0.3mg/kg、1mg/kg以及3mg/kg的各剂量水平的患者中评估受体饱和。总而言之,剂量0.0003mg/kg引起KIR部分饱和(50%占有率)持续约2小时时期;剂量0.003mg/kg引起KIR完全饱和(90%占有率)持续不到24小时时期;剂量0.015mg/kg引起KIR完全饱和持续不到7天时期;剂量0.075mg/kg引起KIR完全饱和持续将近7天时期;剂量0.3mg/kg引起KIR完全饱和持续7天以上并且不到14天时期;剂量1mg/kg引起KIR完全饱和持续不到3周时期(介于约2周和3周之间);剂量3mg/kg引起KIR完全饱和持续4周以上时期。
评估以0.0003mg/kg、0.003mg/kg、0.015mg/kg、0.075mg/kg、0.3mg/kg、1mg/kg以及3mg/kg的剂量水平治疗的患者从开始治疗起的无病存活期(DFS)。结果示于表4中。接受1mg/kg和3mg/kg的剂量水平的患者的DFS相较于接受较低剂量的患者显著较长。另外,当复发时间是从开始IPH21疗法的时间起计算时存在较强的剂量关系指示,其中在较低剂量下11周的中值(3周至112周范围)相较于在较高剂量下43周的中值(36周至71周范围)。因此受体饱和(包括持续饱和持续较长时期)似乎不诱导NK细胞驯育(education)显著低反应性或缺乏并且似乎比用不使受体饱和的剂量重复刺激更有效。另外,接受1mg/kg和3mg/kg的患者的DFS(73周和对于仍无病的患者而言持续不断)似乎比对于不接受治疗的患者所预期的DFS长得多。因此,用抗KIR抗体调节NK细胞在施用至有所缓解的患者时具有显著有益作用。在重复给药循环过程期间(此处6次施用1mg/kg和3mg/kg剂量水平以引起约一个月饱和,每月一次施用)进行抗体给药以实现完全受体饱和至少2周,并且具体地讲实现持续完全受体饱和时,该作用尤其高。
实施例4–对郁积型多发性骨髓瘤的临床研究
对SMM患者进行使用引起持续或间歇饱和的两个不同剂量的抗KIR抗体1-7F9的双臂试验(two-arm trial)。用以下治疗第一组A:0.2mg/kg,该剂量在每次注射后经至少约7天引起完全(>90%)但短暂饱和,并且组B接受2mg/kg,该剂量在两次连续注射之间引起完全且持续饱和。以每月计对患者进行给药至多6次,并且检查安全性和功效的标准,包括指示疾病向MM进展的标准。
患者、材料和方法
适于该研究的患者患有根据源自国际骨髓瘤工作组定义(Br J Haematol 2003;121:749)的定义的具有任何风险程度的SMM:血清M蛋白≥3g/dl,和/或骨髓浆细胞≥10%而无终末器官损伤的迹象(CRAB):
-(C)不存在高钙血症:Ca<10.5mg/dl
-(R)不存在肾衰竭:肌酸酐<2mg/dl(177μmol/l)或计算的肌酸酐清除率(根据MDRD)>50ml/分钟
-(A)不存在贫血:Hb>11g/dl
-(B)标准骨骼检查不存在溶解性骨骼病变(如果临床指示,则可使用MRI)。
患者还必须患有可测量的疾病(该疾病定义为血清M蛋白≥1g/dl的疾病)并且无疲劳、复发性感染或任何MM的临床怀疑的迹象。
研究设计
评估两个剂量,其中通过随机分组来分配患者:
-在组A中:0.2mg/kg,该剂量在每次注射后经至少7天引起完全(>90%)但短暂的饱和。
-在组B中:2mg/kg,该剂量在两次连续注射之间引起完全且持续的饱和。
在两个组中,每4周6次通过静脉途径经1小时施用抗KIR抗体1-7F9。在整个研究期间对所有患者使用相同剂量。将每4周一次施用抗KIR抗体1-7F9,历时6个循环。疾病在6个循环后对研究治疗实现至少最小程度反应的患者将再以6个循环的治疗期加以治疗。在研究中将追踪患者至多12个月或18个月(即在完成治疗后6个月)(或者如果治疗完成后6个月KIR饱和仍>30%,则时间更长)。
评估标准
根据经修改以包括源自EBMT准则(Bladé等;Br J Haematol 1998;102:115)的最小程度反应的IMWG统一反应标准(Durie BGM等;Leukemia 2006;20:1467)对反应进行分类。最小程度反应的定义源自EBMT标准(Bladé等;Br J Haematol 1998;102:115)并且需要以下两者:(a)血清蛋白含量降低25%至49%,(b)24小时尿蛋白M排泄减少50%至89%而仍超过200毫克/24小时。
对血清和尿电泳呈阴性的所有患者进行免疫固定和骨髓检查;在基线时在疾病实现CR标准的所有患者中测量血清游离轻链,并且在疾病实现CR标准的所有患者中进行骨髓免疫表型分型。使用剂量测定法经血清和尿蛋白质电泳定量M蛋白。当缺失尿样本时,仅关于血清水平评估反应。
另外,在研究时期内记录DOR(反应持续时间)、PFS(无进展存活期)以及进展时间(TPP)。
实施例5–在对第一线疗法有反应后多发性骨髓瘤的临床研究
进行具有葛涵氏单阶段II期设计(Gehan’s one-stage phase II design)的开放标签、随机化两个独立组、多中心研究以评估血清中M蛋白水平对人单克隆抗KIR抗体1-7F9的两个不同剂量方案的反应。患者将以0.2mg/kg或2mg/kg的剂量(根据其随机分组)接受4次1-7F9注射,以四周时间间隔经一小时输注施用。
患者、材料和方法
最初需要全身性疗法并且接受第一线治疗(常规剂量的化学疗法或高剂量化学疗法)以及自体性造血细胞移植,之后接受或未接受巩固治疗的MM患者适于该研究。
患者可有残留疾病或对先前治疗有反应。残留疾病为如下疾病:其中(a)可定量血清M蛋白≥3g/l,除β-球蛋白面积的峰值之外,在这种情况下如果≥10g/l血清M蛋白可视作可定量,或(b)血清M蛋白<3g/l,可测量的所涉及的游离轻链≥100mg/l以及异常游离轻链比率(<0.26或>1.65)。
对于有部分反应(PR和VGPR)并且处于平台期的患者,部分反应应符合IMWG统一反应标准:从第一线化学疗法治疗之前的血清M蛋白值降低≥50%,以及24小时尿M蛋白减少≥90%或减少至<200毫克/24小时。极佳部分反应根据IMWG统一反应标准定义为血清M蛋白降低90%或90%以上以及尿M蛋白水平<100毫克/24小时。血清M蛋白≥3g/l的患者的平台期:在至少2个月期间血清中的M蛋白含量稳定,以及对于血清M蛋白<3g/l的患者:血清中的游离轻链水平稳定。
此外,患者的ECOG(美国东部肿瘤协作组(Eastern Cooperative OncologyGroup))体能状态为0、1或2。
研究设计
通过静脉内途径经1小时,根据随机化组,以0.2mg/kg或2mg/kg的剂量每4周一次施用抗体1-7F9的输注,持续4个循环。在4个月时有反应(血清M蛋白下降)的患者将允许接受额外的每4个月一次施用的治疗期。在整个研究期间对同一组中的所有患者使用相同剂量。
第一剂量0.2mg/kg预期引起完全受体饱和至多约1周。
第二剂量2mg/kg略高于使受体饱和至少1个月时期的剂量。
评估标准
基于使用剂量测定法于血清和24小时尿电泳中定量的M蛋白水平以及使用浊度测定法以结合位点Freelite测定所定量的游离轻链水平来评估功效。评估存活终点,包括TTP(进展时间)、PFS(无进展存活期)、DOR(反应持续时间)以及OS(总存活期)。
结果
在以0.2mg/kg或2mg/kg治疗(4次给药)的各组中的前7名患者中,在2mg/kg治疗组(持续受体饱和)中观察到一例对治疗的反应,如由M蛋白下降所评估(在2次连续访视时确定M蛋白由25%降低)。
本文引用的所有参考文献(包括出版物、专利申请和专利)全文在此以引用方式并入本,并且其引用程度如同各参考文献在本文中个别且特定地指示以引用方式并入并且阐述其全文(达到法律允许的最大程度),而与特定文献在本文别处任何单独地并入无关。
除非本文另外指示或上下文明显相矛盾,否则在描述本发明的上下文中使用术语“一个(a)”、一种(an)”和“该(the)”以及类似指示词视作涵盖单数和复数。
除非另外说明,否则本文所提供的所有精确值表示相应近似值(例如,关于特定因素或测量值所提供的所有示例性精确值可视为也提供适当时经“约”修饰的相应近似测量值)。
除非另外说明或上下文明显相矛盾,否则本文关于某一或某些要素使用诸如“包含”、“具有”、“包括”或“含有”的术语对本发明的任何方面或实施方案的描述旨在对“由该或该等特定要素组成”、“基本上由该或该等特定要素组成”或“实质上包含”该或该等特定要素的本发明的相似方面或实施方案提供支持(例如,除非另外说明或上下文明显相矛盾,否则本文所述组合物包含特定要素应理解为也描述组合物由该要素组成)。
除非另外主张,否则使用本文所提供的任何和所有实例或示例性语言(例如,“诸如”)仅旨在更好地阐明本发明而不对本发明范畴构成限制。本说明书中的语言不应理解为指示任何未主张的要素对于本发明的实践而言必不可少。
序列表
<110> INNATE PHARMA SA
ANDRE, Pascale
BUFFET, Renaud
ROZENCWEIG, Marcel
TIOLLIER, Jerome
<120> NK细胞调节治疗和用于治疗血液恶性疾病的方法
<130> 44292.118602
<140> PCT/US11/061840
<141> 2011-11-22
<150> 61/415973
<151> 2010-11-22
<160> 58
<170> PatentIn 3.3 版
<210> 1
<211> 128
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠(Mus musculus)
<400> 1
Met Glu Ser G1n Thr Leu Val Phe Ile Ser Ile Leu Leu Trp Leu Tyr
1 5 10 15
Gly Ala Asp Gly Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Lys Ser Met Ser
20 25 30
Met Ser Val G1y Glu Arg Val Thr Leu Thr Cys Lys Ala Ser Glu Asn
35 40 45
Val Val Thr Tyr Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Glu Gln Ser Pro
50 55 60
Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr G1y Val Pro Asp
65 70 75 80
Arg Phe Thr Gly Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser
85 90 95
Ser Val Gln Ala Glu Asp Leu Ala Asp Tyr His Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr
100 105 110
Ser Tyr Pro Tyr Thr Phe Gly G1y Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg
115 120 125
<210> 2
<211> 131
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 2
Met Asp Phe Gln Val Gln Ile Phe Ser Phe Leu Leu Ile Ser Ala Ser
1 5 10 15
Val Ile Met Ser Arg Gly Gln Ile Val Leu The Gln Ser Pro Ala Ser
20 25 30
Met Ser Ala Ser Leu Gly Glu Arg Val Thr Met Thr Cys Thr Ala Ser
35 40 45
Ser Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Tyr Leu Tyr Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly
50 55 60
Ser Ser Pro Lys Leu Trp I1e Tyr Ser Thr Ser Asn Leu Ala Ser Gly
65 70 75 80
Val Pro Ala Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Ser Tyr Ser Leu
85 90 95
Thr Ile Ser Ser Met Glu Ala Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys His
100 105 110
Gln Tyr His Arg Ser Pro Pro Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu
115 120 125
Ile Lys Arg
130
<210> 3
<211> 11
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 3
Lys Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr Val Ser
1 5 10
<210> 4
<211> 12
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 4
Thr Ala Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Tyr Leu Tyr
1 5 10
<210> 5
<211> 7
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 5
Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr
1 5
<210> 6
<211> 7
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 6
Ser Thr Ser Asn Leu Ala Ser
1 5
<210> 7
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 7
Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr Thr
1 5
<210> 8
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 8
His Gln Tyr His Arg Ser Pro Pro Thr
1 5
<210> 9
<211> 140
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 9
Met Ala Val Leu Gly Leu Leu Phe Cys Leu Val Thr Phe Pro Ser Cys
1 5 10 15
Val Leu Ser Gln Val Gln Leu Glu Gln Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Gln
20 25 30
Pro Ser Gln Ser Leu Ser Ile Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Phe
35 40 45
Tht Pro Tyr Gly Val His Trp Val Arg Gln Ser Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu
50 55 60
Glu Trp Leu Gly Val Ile Trp Ser Gly Gly Asn Thr Asp Tyr Asn Ala
65 70 75 80
Ala Phe Ile Ser Arg Leu Ser Ile Asn Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Ser Gln
85 90 95
Val Phe Phe Lys Met Asn Ser Leu Gln Val Asn Asp Thr Ala Ile Tyr
100 105 110
Tyr Cys Ala Arg Asn Pro Arg Pro Gly Asn Tyr Pro Tyr Gly Met Asp
115 120 125
Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Ser Val Thr Val Ser Ser
130 135 140
<210> 10
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 10
Gly Phe Ser Phe Thr Pro Tyr Gly Val His
1 5 10
<210> 11
<211> 16
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 11
Val Ile Trp Ser Gly Gly Asn Thr Asp Tyr Asn Ala Ala Phe Ile Ser
1 5 10 15
<210> 12
<211> 13
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 12
Asn Pro Arg Pro Gly Asn Tyr Pro Tyr Gly Myet Asp Tyr
1 5 10
<210> 13
<211> 42
<212> DNA
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 13
ggaattccag gaggaattta aaatgcatga gggagtccac ag 42
<210> 14
<211> 26
<212> DNA
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 14
cgggatccca ggtgtctggg gttacc 26
<210> 15
<211> 109
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 15
Glu Ile Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Val Thr Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly
1 5 10 15
Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Ser Val Ser Ser Tyr
20 25 30
Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ala Pro Arg Leu Leu Ile
35 40 45
Tyr Asp Ala Ser Asn Arg Ala Thr Gly Ile Pro Ala Arg Phe Ser Gly
50 55 60
Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Pro
65 70 75 80
Glu Asp Phe Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Arg Ser Asn Trp Met Tyr
85 90 95
Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr
100 105
<210> 16
<211> 327
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 16
gaaattgtgt tgacacagtc tccagtcacc ctgtctttgt ctccagggga aagagccacc 60
ctctcctgca gggccagtca gagtgttagc agctacttag cctggtacca acagaaacct 120
ggccaggctc ccaggctcct catctatgat gcatccaaca gggccactgg catcccagcc 180
aggttcagtg gcagtgggtc tgggacagac ttcactctca ccatcagcag cctagagcct 240
gaagattttg cagtttatta ttgtcagcag cgtagcaact ggatgtacac ttttggccag 300
gggaccaagc tggagatcaa acgaact 327
<210> 17
<211> 123
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 17
Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser
1 5 10 15
Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Gly Thr Phe Ser Phe Tyr
20 25 30
Ala Ile Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met
35 40 45
Gly Gly Phe Ile Pro Ile Phe Gly Ala Ala Asn Tyr Ala Gln Lys Phe
50 55 60
Gln Gly Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Glu Ser Thr ser Thr Ala Tyr
65 70 75 80
Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys
85 90 95
Ala Arg Ile Pro Ser Gly Ser Tyr Tyr Tyr Asp Tyr Asp Met Asp Val
100 105 110
Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Thr Val Thr Val Ser Ser
115 120
<210> 18
<211> 369
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 18
caggtccagc tggtgcagtc tggggctgag gtgaagaagc ctgggtcctc ggtgaaggtc 60
tcctgcaagg cttctggagg caccttcagt ttctatgcta tcagctgggt gcgacaggcc 120
cctggacaag ggcttgagtg gatgggaggg ttcatcccta tctttggtgc agcaaactac 180
gcacagaagt tccagggcag agtcacgatt accgcggacg aatccacgag cacagcctac 240
atggaactga gcagcctgag atctgacgac acggccgtgt attactgtgc gagaatccct 300
agtgggagct actactacga ctacgatatg gacgtctggg gccaagggac cacggtcacc 360
gtctcctca 369
<210> 19
<211> 121
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 19
Gln Val Gln Leu Glu Gln Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Ser Gln
1 5 10 15
Ser Leu Ser Ile Thr cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Phe Thr Pro Tyr
20 25 30
Gly Val His Trp Val Arg Gln Ser Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Gly Trp Leu
35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Trp Ser Gly Gly Asn Thr Asp Tyr Asn Ala Ala Phe Ile
50 55 60
Ser Arg Leu Ser Ile Asn Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Ser Gln Val Phe Phe
65 70 75 80
Lys Met Asn Ser Leu Gln Val Asn Asp Thr Ala Ile Tyr Tyr Cys Ala
85 90 95
Arg Asn Pro Arg Pro Gly Asn Tyr Pro Tyr Gly Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly
100 105 110
Gln Gly Thr Ser Val Thr Val Ser Ser
115 120
<210> 20
<211> 121
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 20
Glu Val Gln Leu Gln Gln Ser Gly Thr Val Leu Ala Arg Pro Gly Ala
1 5 10 15
Ser Val Lys Met Ser cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr
20 25 30
Trp Met His Trp Met Lys Gln Arg Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile
35 40 45
Gly Thr Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Ser Asp Thr Asn Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe
50 55 60
Lys Gly Lys Ala Lys Leu Thr Ala Val Thr Ser Thr Asn Thr Ala Tyr
65 70 75 80
Met Ala Leu Ser Ser Leu Thr Asn Glu Asp Ser Ala Val Tyr Tyr cys
85 90 95
Ser Arg Pro Thr Thr Ala Thr Arg Ser Ser Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly
100 105 110
Gln Gly Thr Ser Val Thr Val Ser Ser
115 120
<210> 21
<211> 108
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 21
Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Lys Ser Met Ser Met Ser Val Gly
1 5 10 15
Glu Arg Val Thr Leu Thr Cys Lys Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr
20 25 30
Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Glu Gln Ser Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile
35 40 45
Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly
50 55 60
Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Vaa Gln Ala
65 70 75 80
Glu Asp Leu Ala Asp Tyr His Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr
85 90 95
Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg
100 105
<210> 22
<211> 109
<212> PRT
<213> 小家鼠
<400> 22
Gln Ile Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Ser Met Ser Ala Ser Leu Gly
1 5 10 15
Glu Arg Val Thr Met Thr Cys Thr Ala Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Ser Ser
20 25 30
Tyr Leu Tyr Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Ser Ser Pro Lys Leu Trp
35 40 45
Ile Tyr Ser Thr Ser Asn Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro A1a Arg Phe Ser
50 55 60
Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr ser Tyr Ser Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Met Glu
65 70 75 80
Ala Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys His Gln Tyr His Arg Ser Pro
85 90 95
Pro Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg
100 105
<210> 23
<211> 224
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<220>
<221> MISC_FEATURE
<222> (16). . (16)
<223> Xaa为Pro或Leu
<220>
<221> MISC_FEATURE
<222> (16) . . (16)
<223> Xaa为Pro或Arg
<220>
<221> MISC-FEATURE
<222> (114). . (114)
<223> Xaa为Pro或Leu
<400> 23
His Glu Gly Val His Arg Lys Pro Ser Leu Leu Ala His Pro Gly Xaa
1 5 10 15
Leu Val Lys Ser Glu Glu Thr Val Ile Leu Gln Cys Trp Ser Asp Val
20 25 30
Met Phe Glu His Phe Leu Leu His Arg Glu Glu Met Phe Asn ASP Thr
35 40 45
Leu Arg Leu Ile Gly Glu His His Asp Gly Val Ser Lys Ala Asn Phe
50 55 60
Ser Ile Ser Arg Met Thr Gln Asp Leu Ala Gly Thr Tyr Arg Cys Tyr
65 70 75 80
Gly Ser Val Thr His Ser Pro Tyr Gln Val Ser Ala Pro Ser Asp Pro
85 90 95
Leu Asp Ile Val Ile Ile Gly Leu Tyr Glu Lys Pro Ser Leu Ser Ala
100 105 110
Gln Xaa Gly Pro Thr Val Leu Ala Gly Glu Asn Val Thr Leu Ser Cys
115 120 125
Ser Ser Arg Ser Ser Tyr Asp Met Tyr His Leu Ser Arg Glu Gly Glu
130 135 140
Ala His Glu Arg Arg Leu Pro Ala Gly Pro Lys Val Asn Gly Thr Phe
145 150 155 160
Gln Ala Asp Phe Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Thr His Gly Gly Thr Tyr Arg
165 170 175
Cys Phe Gly Ser Phe His Asp Ser Pro Tyr Glu Trp Ser Lys Ser Ser
180 185 190
Asp Pro Leu Leu Val Ser Val Thr Gly ASn Pro Ser Asn Ser Trp Pro
195 200 205
Ser Pro Thr Glu Pro Ser Ser Lys Thr Gly Asn Pro Arg His Leu His
210 215 220
<210> 24
<211> 224
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 24
His Glu Gly Val His Arg Lys Pro Ser Leu Leu Ala His Pro Gly Arg
1 5 10 15
Leu Val Lys Ser Glu Glu Thr Val Ile Leu Gln Cys Trp Ser Asp Val
20 25 30
Arg Phe Glu His Phe Leu Leu His Arg Glu Gly Lys Phe Lys Asp Thr
35 40 45
Leu His Leu Ile Gly Glu His His Asp Gly Val Ser Lys Ala Asn Phe
50 55 60
Ser Ile Gly Pro Met Met Gln Asp Leu Ala Gly Thr Tyr Arg Cys Tyr
65 70 75 80
Gly Ser Val Thr His Ser Pro Tyr Gln Leu Ser Ala Pro Ser Asp Pro
85 90 95
Leu Asp Ile Val Ile Thr Gly Leu Tyr Glu Lys Pro Ser Leu Ser Ala
100 105 110
Gln Pro Gly Pro Thr Val Leu Ala Gly Glu Ser Val Thr Leu Ser Cys
115 120 125
Ser Ser Arg Ser Ser Tyr Asp Met Tyr His Leu Ser Arg Glu Gly Glu
130 135 140
Ala His Glu Cys Arg Phe Ser Ala Gly Pro Lys Val Asn Gly Thr Phe
145 150 155 160
Gln Ala Asp Phe Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Thr His Gly Gly Tyr Tyr Arg
165 170 175
Cys Phe Gly Ser Phe Arg Asp Ser Pro Tyr Glu Trp Ser Asn Ser Ser
180 185 190
Asp Pro Leu Leu Val Ser Val Ile G1y Asn Pro Ser Asn Ser Trp Pro
195 200 205
Ser Pro Thr Glu Pro Ser Ser Lys Thr Gly ASn Pro Arg His Leu His
210 215 220
<210> 25
<211> 224
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 25
His Gly Gly Val His Arg Lys Pro Ser Leu Leu Ala His Pro Gly Pro
1 5 10 15
Leu Val Lys Ser Glu Glu Thr Val Ile Leu Gln Cys Trp Ser Asp Val
20 25 30
Arg Phe Gln His Phe Leu Leu His Arg Glu Gly Lys Phe Lys Asp Thr
35 40 45
Leu His Leu Ile Gly Glu His His Asp Gly Val Ser Lys Ala Asn Phe
50 55 60
Ser Ile Gly Pro Met Met Gln Asp Leu Ala Gly Thr Tyr Arg Cys Tyr
65 70 75 80
Gly Ser Val Thr His Ser Pro Tyr Gln Leu Ser Ala Pro Ser Asp Pro
85 90 95
Leu Asp Ile Val Ile Thr Gly Leu Tyr Glu Lys Pro Ser Leu Ser Ala
100 105 110
Gln Pro Gly Pro Thr Val Leu Ala Gly Glu Ser Val Thr Leu Ser Cys
115 120 125
Ser Ser Arg Ser Ser Tyr Asp Met Tyr His Leu Ser Arg Glu Gly Glu
130 135 140
Ala His Glu Arg Arg Phe Ser Ala Gly Pro Lys Val Asn Gly Thr Phe
145 150 155 160
Gln Ala Asp Phe Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Thr His Gly Gly Thr Tyr Arg
165 170 175
Cys Phe Gly Ser Phe Arg Asp Ser Pro Tyr Glu Trp Ser Asn Ser Ser
180 185 190
Asp Pro Leu Leu Val Ser Val Thr Gly Asn Pro Ser Asn Ser Trp Pro
195 200 205
Ser Pro Thr Glu Pro Ser Ser Glu Thr Gly Asn Pro Arg His Leu His
210 215 220
<210> 26
<211> 45
<212> DNA
<213> 人工的
<400> 26
ctaatacgac tcactatagg gcaagcagtg gtatcaacgc agagt 45
<210> 27
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 27
ctaatacgac tcactatagg g 21
<210> 28
<211> 32
<212> DNA
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 28
gcaggcacac aacagaggca gttccagatt tc 28
<210> 29
<211> 45
<212> DNA
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 29
ctaatacgac tcactatagg gcaagcagtg gtatcaacgc agagt 29
<210> 30
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 30
ctaatacgac tcactatagg g 21
<210> 31
<211> 23
<212> DNA
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 31
gtgccagggg gaagaccgat ggg 23
<210> 32
<211> 16
<212> DNA
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 32
gtaaaacgac ggccag 16
<210> 33
<211> 17
<212> DNA
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 33
caggaaacag ctatgac 17
<210> 34
<211> 108
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 34
Val Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Thr Leu Ser Ala Ser Val Gly Asp
1 5 10 15
Thr Ile Thr Ile Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Ser Ile Glu Thr Trp Leu
20 25 30
Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Lys Ala Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr
35 40 45
Lys Ala Ser Thr Leu Lys Thr Gly val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser
50 55 60
Gly Ser Gly Thr Glu Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Gly Leu Gln Phe Asp
65 70 75 80
Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr His Cys Gln His Tyr Ala Gly Tyr Ser Ala Thr
85 90 95
Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Arg Val Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr
100 105
<210> 35
<211> 119
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 35
Gly Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Lys Ala Gly Gly
1 5 10 15
ser Leu Ile Leu Ser Cys Gly Val Ser Asn Phe Arg Ile Ser Ala His
20 25 30
Thr Met Asn Trp Val Arg Arg Val Pro Gly Gly Gly Leu Glu Trp Val
35 40 45
Ala Ser Ile Ser Thr Ser Ser Thr Tyr Arg Asp Tyr Ala Asp Ala Val
50 55 60
Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Val Ser Arg Asp Asp Leu Glu Asp Phe Val Tyr
65 70 75 80
Leu Gln Met His Lys Met Arg Val Glu Asp Thr Ala Ile Tyr Tyr Cys
85 90 95
Ala Arg Lys Gly Ser Asp Arg Leu Ser Asp Asn Asp Pro Phe Asp Ala
100 105 110
Trp G1y Pro Gly Thr Val Val
115
<210> 36
<211> 214
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 36
Glu Ile Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Val Thr Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly
1 5 10 15
Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Ser Val Ser Ser Tyr
20 25 30
Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ala Pro Arg Leu Leu Ile
35 40 45
Tyr Asp Ala Ser ASn Arg Ala Thr Gly Ile Pro Ala Arg Phe Ser Gly
50 55 60
Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Glu Pro
65 70 75 80
Glu Asp Phe Ala Val Tyr Tyr cys Gln Gln Arg ser Asn Trp Met Tyr
85 90 95
Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr Val Ala Ala
100 105 110
Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Asp Glu Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly
115 120 125
Thr Ala Ser Val Val Cys Leu Leu Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro Arg Glu Ala
130 135 140
Lys Val Gln Trp Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly Asn Ser Gln
145 150 155 160
Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ser
165 170 175
Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His Lys Val Tyr
180 185 190
Ala Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser Pro Val Thr Lys Ser
195 200 205
Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys
210
<210> 37
<211> 450
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 37
Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser
1 5 10 15
Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Gly Thr Phe Ser Phe Tyr
20 25 30
Ala Ile Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met
35 40 45
Gly Gly Phe Ile Pro Ile Phe Gly Ala Ala Asn Tyr Ala Gln Lys Phe
50 55 60
Gln Gly Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Glu Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr
65 70 75 80
Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys
85 90 95
Ala Arg Ile Pro Ser Gly Ser Tyr Tyr Tyr Asp Tyr Asp Met Asp Val
100 105 110
Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Thr Val Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly
115 120 125
Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Cys ser Arg Ser Thr Ser Glu Ser
130 135 140
Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val
145 150 155 160
Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe
165 170 175
Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val
180 185 190
Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Lys Thr Tyr Thr Cys Asn Val
195 200 205
Asp His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Arg Val Glu Ser Lys
210 215 220
Tyr Gly Pro Pro Cys Pro Ser Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Phe Leu Gly Gly
225 230 235 240
Pro Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile
245 250 255
Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr cys Val Val Val Asp Val Ser Gln Glu
260 265 270
Asp Pro Glu Val Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly val Glu Val His
275 280 285
Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Gln Gln Phe Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg
290 295 300
Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp Trp Leu ASn Gly Lys
305 310 315 320
Glu Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Gly Leu Pro Ser Ser Ile Glu
325 330 335
Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr
340 345 350
Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Gln Glu Glu Met Thr Lys Asn Gln val Ser Leu
355 360 365
Thr Cys Leu Val Lys G1y Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp
370 375 380
Glu Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Val
385 390 395 400
Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Arg Leu Thr Val Asp
405 410 415
Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Glu Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His
420 425 430
Glu Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Leu
435 440 445
Gly Lys
450
<210> 38
<211> 100
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 38
Gln Gly Gly Val His Arg Lys Pro Ser Phe Leu Ala Leu Pro Gly His
1 5 10 15
Leu Val Lys Ser Glu Glu Thr Val Ile Leu Gln Cys Trp Ser Asp Val
20 25 30
Met Phe Glu His Phe Leu Leu His Arg Glu Gly Lys Phe Asn Asn Thr
35 40 45
Leu His Leu Ile Gly Glu His His Asp Gly Val Ser Lys Ala Asn Phe
50 55 60
Ser Ile Gly Pro Met Met Pro Val Leu Ala Gly Thr Tyr Arg Cys Tyr
65 70 75 80
Gly Ser Val Pro His Ser Pro Tyr Gln Leu Ser Ala Pro Ser Asp Pro
85 90 95
Leu Asp Met Val
100
<210> 39
<211> 109
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<220>
<221> MISC_FEATURE
<222> (1) . . (109)
<223> Xaa 3为Q或R。Xaa 4为L或M。Xaa 9为S或F。Xaa 24为R
或w。Xaa 32为A或Y。Xaa 41为G或A。Xaa 47为L或F。
Xaa 50为D或Y。Xaa 55为E或Q。Xaa 71为F或Y。Xaa 74
为A或T。
<400> 39
Ala Ile Xaa Xaa Thr Gln Ser Pro Xaa Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Val Gly
1 5 10 15
Asp Arg Val The Ile Thr Xaa Xaa Ala Ser Gln Gly Ile Ser Ser Xaa
20 25 30
Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Xaa Lys Ala Pro Lys Leu Xaa Ile
35 40 45
Tyr Xaa Ala Ser Ser Leu Xaa Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly
50 55 60
Ser Gly Ser Gly Tyr Asp Xaa Thr Leu Xaa Ile Ser Ser Leu Gln Pro
65 70 75 80
Glu Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Tyr Tyr Ser Thr Pro Leu
85 90 95
Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr
100 105
<210> 40
<211> 327
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<220>
<221> MISC_feature
<222> (1). . (153)
<223> n8为a或g。n10为t或a。n26为c或t。n70为c或t。
n75为a或c。n94为g或t。n95为c或a。n114为g或a。
n122为g或c。n123为g或a。n129为t或c。n139为c或t。
n141为g或c。n148为g或t。n153为c或a。
<220>
<221> MISC_feature
<222> (154)..(327)
<223> n162为g或a。n163为g或c。n207为a或g。n212为t或a。n220为g或a。
<400> 40
gccatccngn tgacccagtc tccatnctcc ctgtctgcat ctgtaggaga cagagtcacc 60
atcacttgcn gggcnagtca gggcattagc agtnntttag cctggtatca gcanaaacca 120
gnnaaagcnc ctaagctcnt natctatnat gcntccagtt tnnaaagtgg ggtcccatca 180
aggttcagcg gcagtggatc tgggacngat tncactctcn ccatcagcag cctgcagcct 240
gaagattttg caacttatta ctgtcaacag tattatagta ccccgctcac tttcggcgga 300
gggaccaagg tggagatcaa acgaact 327
<210> 41
<211> 124
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 41
Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser
1 5 10 15
Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Gly Thr Ser Asn Ser Tyr
20 25 30
Ser Ile Asn Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met
35 40 45
Gly Gly Ile Ile Pro Ile Phe Gly Thr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Gln Lys Phe
50 55 60
Gln Gly Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Glu Ser Thr Arg Thr Val Tyr
65 70 75 80
Met Glu Leu Asn Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys
85 90 95
Ala Arg Gly Tyr Tyr Asp Ile Phe Lys Asp Tyr Tyr Tyr Gly Met Asp
100 105 110
Val Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Thr Val Thr Val Ser Ser
115 120
<210> 42
<211> 372
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 42
caggtccagc tggtgcagtc tggggctgag gttaagaagc ctgggtcctc ggtgaaggtc 60
tcctgcaagg cttctggagg cacctccaac agctattcta ttaactgggt gcgacaggcc 120
cctggacaag ggcttgagtg gatgggaggg atcatcccta tatttggtac agcaaactac 180
gcacagaagt tccagggcag agtcacgatt tccgcggacg aatccacgcg cacagtctac 240
atggagctga acagtctgag atctgaggat acggccgtgt attactgtgc gagaggatat 300
tacgatattt tcaaggacta ctattacggt atggacgtct ggggccaagg gaccacggtc 360
accgtctcct ca 372
<210> 43
<211> 6
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 43
Val Val Thr Tyr Val Ser
1 5
<210> 44
<211> 12
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 44
Thr Ala Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Tyr Leu Tyr
1 5 10
<210> 45
<211> 7
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 45
Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr
1 5
<210> 46
<211> 7
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 46
Ser Thr Ser Asn Leu Ala Ser
1 5
<210> 47
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 47
Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Phe Tyr Thr
1 5
<210> 48
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 48
His Gln Tyr His Arg Ser Pro Pro Thr
1 5
<210> 49
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 49
Gly Phe Ser Phe Thr Phe Tyr Gly Val His
1 5 10
<210> 50
<211> 16
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 50
Val Ile Trp Ser Gly Gly Asn Thr Asp Tyr Asn Ala Ala Phe Ile Ser
1 5 10 15
<210> 51
<211> 13
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 51
Asn Pro Arg Pro Gly Asn Tyr Pro Tyr Gly Met Asp Tyr
1 5 10
<210> 52
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 52
Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr Trp Met His
1 5 10
<210> 53
<211> 17
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 53
Thr Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Ser Asp Thr Asn Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe Lys
1 5 10 15
Gly
<210> 54
<211> 12
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 54
Pro Thr Thr Ala Thr Arg Ser Ser Ala Met Asp Tyr
1 5 10
<210> 55
<211> 127
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 55
Met Glu Ser Gln Thr Leu Val Phe Ile Ser Ile Leu Leu Trp Leu Tyr
1 5 10 15
Gly Ala Asp Gly Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Lys Ser Met Ser
20 25 30
Met Ser Val Gly Glu Arg Val Thr Leu Thr Cys Lys Asn Ser Glu Asn
35 40 45
Val Val Thr Tyr Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Glu Gln Ser Pro
50 55 60
Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp
65 70 75 80
Arg Phe Thr Gly Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser
85 90 95
Ser Val Gln Ala Glu Asp Leu Ala Asp Tyr His Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr
100 105 110
Ser Tyr Pro Tyr Thr Phe Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Asp Ile Lys Arg
115 120 125
<210> 56
<211> 131
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 56
Met Asp Phe Gln Val Gln Ile Phe Ser Phe Leu Leu Ile Ser Ala Ser
1 5 10 15
Val Ile Met Ser Arg Gly Gln Ile Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Ser
20 25 30
Met Ser Ala Ser Leu Gly Glu Arg Val Thr Met Thr Cys Thr Ala Ser
35 40 45
Ser Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Tyr Leu Tyr Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly
50 55 60
Ser Ser Pro Lys Leu Trp Ile Tyr Ser Thr Ser Asn Leu Ala Ser Gly
65 70 75 80
Val Pro Ala Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Ser Tyr Ser Leu
85 90 95
Thr Ile Ser Ser Met Gln Ala Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys His
100 105 110
Gln Tyr His Arg Ser Pro Pro Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu
115 120 125
Ile Lys Arg
130
<210> 57
<211> 140
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 57
Met Ala Val Leu Gly Leu Leu Phe Cys Leu Val Thr Phe Pro Ser Cys
1 5 10 15
Val Leu Ser Gln Val Gln Leu Glu Gln Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Gln
20 25 30
Pro Ser Gln Ser Leu Ser Ile Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Ser Phe
35 40 45
Thr Pro Tyr Gly Val His Trp Val Arg Gln Ser Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu
50 55 60
Glu Trp Leu Gly Val Ile Trp Ser Gly Gly Asn Thr Asp Tyr Asn Ala
65 70 75 80
Ala Phe Ile Ser Arg Leu Ser Ile Asn Lys Asp Asn Ser Lys Ser Gln
85 90 95
Val Phe Phe Lys Met Asn Ser Leu Gln Val Asn Asp Thr Ala Ile Tyr
100 105 110
Tyr Cys Ala Arg Asn Pro Arg Pro Gly Asn Tyr Pro Tyr Gly Met Asp
115 120 125
Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Ser Val Thr Val Ser Ser
130 135 140
<210> 58
<211> 140
<212> PRT
<213> 人工的
<220>
<223> 抗体序列
<400> 58
Met Glu Cys Asn Trp Ile Leu Pro Phe Ile Leu Ser Val Thr Ser Gly
1 5 10 15
Val Tyr Ser Glu Val Gln Leu Gln Gln Ser Gly Thr Val Leu Ala Arg
20 25 30
Pro Gly Ala Ser Val Lys Met Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe
35 40 45
Thr Ser Tyr Trp Met His Trp Met Lys Gln Arg Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
50 55 60
Glu Trp Ile Gly Thr Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Ser Asp Thr Asn Tyr Asn
65 70 75 80
Gln Lys Phe Lys Gly Lys Ala Lys Leu Thr Ala Val Thr Ser Thr Asn
85 90 95
Thr Ala Tyr Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Thr Asn Glu Asp Ser Ala Val
100 105 110
Tyr Tyr Cys Ser Arg Pro Thr Thr Ala Thr Arg Ser Ser Ala Met Asp
115 120 125
Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Ser Val Thr Val Ser Ser
130 135 140
Claims (10)
1.一种用于治疗患有或先前已患有血液恶性疾病前兆或血液恶性疾病的个体的方法,所述方法包括对所述个体施用治疗活性量的抑制NKCIR(自然杀伤细胞抑制性受体)的化合物,其中在所述个体的疾病程度最小或不可检测时向所述个体施用所述化合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述个体患有血液恶性疾病前兆。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述个体患有SMM(郁积型骨髓瘤)、MGUS(意义未明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病)或MDS(骨髓增生异常综合征)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述个体患有或先前已患有血液恶性疾病或具有与血液恶性疾病发病风险增加相关的基因突变。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述个体患有或先前已患有白血病、淋巴瘤、骨髓瘤或淋巴恶性疾病。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述个体患有或先前已患有AML(急性骨髓白血病)、MM(多发性黑素瘤)、SMM(郁积型骨髓瘤)、CML(慢性骨髓性白血病或慢性粒细胞性白血病(CGL)或CLL(慢性淋巴细胞性白血病)。
7.根据权利要求2至6所述的方法,其中所述个体在施用所述化合物之前已用针对所述血液恶性疾病或血液恶性疾病前兆的第一治疗进行治疗。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述第一治疗选自用化学治疗剂、免疫调节药物、放射疗法、手术、抗激素剂或抗血管生成剂或任何上述的组合进行治疗。
9.根据权利要求1至8所述的方法,其中所述个体有部分反应或完全反应、有所缓解、无症状、异常细胞数目低和/或疾病不可检测。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述个体的全身白血病负荷低于约109个细胞和/或骨髓中母细胞小于5%和/或无白血病的体征或症状。
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CN201710194545.4A Pending CN106963947A (zh) | 2010-11-22 | 2011-11-22 | Nk细胞调节治疗和用于治疗血液恶性疾病的方法 |
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US9844593B2 (en) | 2017-12-19 |
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EP2643350A2 (en) | 2013-10-02 |
JP6224457B2 (ja) | 2017-11-01 |
WO2012071411A2 (en) | 2012-05-31 |
CA2818684C (en) | 2023-02-21 |
CA2818684A1 (en) | 2012-05-31 |
EA201390756A1 (ru) | 2014-11-28 |
CN103298831A (zh) | 2013-09-11 |
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