WO2017171328A1 - 고분자 전해질 연료 전지용 나노구조 전극 및 이의 제조 방법 - Google Patents
고분자 전해질 연료 전지용 나노구조 전극 및 이의 제조 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017171328A1 WO2017171328A1 PCT/KR2017/003264 KR2017003264W WO2017171328A1 WO 2017171328 A1 WO2017171328 A1 WO 2017171328A1 KR 2017003264 W KR2017003264 W KR 2017003264W WO 2017171328 A1 WO2017171328 A1 WO 2017171328A1
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- ionomer
- airgel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8892—Impregnation or coating of the catalyst layer, e.g. by an ionomer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nanostructured electrode for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a method for manufacturing the same, and a fuel cell including the same. More specifically, the catalyst performance is improved due to the nanostructure of the ionomer, uniform catalyst dispersion, and increased catalyst utilization. It is possible to obtain an excellent current density and power density with a catalyst of the present invention, and to reduce the cost by reducing the amount of the catalyst used. It relates to a fuel cell comprising.
- a fuel cell is a battery having a power generation system that directly converts chemical reaction energy such as oxidation / reduction reaction of hydrogen and oxygen contained in hydrocarbon-based fuel materials such as methanol, ethanol and natural gas into electrical energy.
- chemical reaction energy such as oxidation / reduction reaction of hydrogen and oxygen contained in hydrocarbon-based fuel materials such as methanol, ethanol and natural gas
- hydrocarbon-based fuel materials such as methanol, ethanol and natural gas
- Such a fuel cell has a merit that it can produce a wide range of output by stacking a stack of unit cells, and is attracting attention as a small and portable portable power source because it shows an energy density of 4 to 10 times compared to a small lithium battery. have.
- a stack that substantially generates electricity in a fuel cell is made up of several to dozens of unit cells consisting of a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) and a separator (also called a bipolar plate).
- MEA membrane-electrode assembly
- separator also called a bipolar plate
- the membrane-electrode assembly has a structure in which an anode (Anode or fuel electrode) and a cathode (Cathode or air electrode) are formed on both sides of an electrolyte membrane.
- Fuel cells may be classified into alkali electrolyte fuel cells and polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs) according to the state and type of electrolyte.
- PEMFCs polymer electrolyte fuel cells
- polymer electrolyte fuel cells may have a low operating temperature of less than 100 ° C.
- polymer electrolyte fuel cells include hydrogen exchange gas fuel cells (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC), and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), which uses liquid methanol as fuel. Etc. can be mentioned.
- the electrode of the fuel cell may be prepared through a composition for forming an electrode consisting of a catalyst, an ionomer, and a solvent, and the bonding and dispersity therebetween will greatly affect the performance and durability of the battery.
- nanoporous airgel is a super-porous, high specific surface material having a porosity of about 80 to 99% by volume and a pore size in the range of 1 to 100 nm, and is the lightest and most outstanding ultralightest material ever developed by centuries. Due to its characteristics such as ultra-thermal insulation and ultra-low dielectric, research into aerogel material development as well as supercapacitors, seawater desalination electrode materials, ultra-low dielectric materials, optical and acoustic materials are being actively conducted.
- silica airgel is a promising material with infinite applicability in energy / environmental / electrical and electronic fields such as energy-saving materials, sound absorbing materials, and fireproof materials for buildings, industrial, aerospace, shipbuilding, etc. Product and technology development is necessary.
- An object of the present invention is to improve the catalyst performance by the nano-structure of ionomers, uniform catalyst dispersion and increased catalyst utilization, to obtain excellent current density and power density even with a relatively small amount of catalyst, and to reduce the cost by reducing the amount of catalyst used
- the present invention also relates to a nanostructure electrode for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having excellent mass transfer efficiency and low-humidity performance.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing the electrode.
- Still another object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell including the electrode.
- a three-dimensional nanostructure comprising a nanoporous airgel (aerogel) and the ionomer surrounding the surface of the airgel, and an electrode comprising a catalyst dispersed in the three-dimensional nanostructure.
- the three-dimensional nanostructure includes a plurality of the airgel, the airgel is connected to each other to form a three-dimensional nanostructure, the ionomer may be to surround the surface of the airgel having the three-dimensional nanostructure shape.
- the airgel may be a silica airgel.
- the airgel may have a surface area of 100 to 1000 m 2 / g and a pore size of 1 to 20 nm.
- the airgel may be included in an amount of 1 to 8% by weight based on the entire electrode.
- the surface of the airgel may be substituted with a hydrophobic functional group.
- the hydrophobic functional group may be any one selected from the group consisting of methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, butyl group, pentyl group, and combinations thereof.
- the ionomer may be coupled to the airgel through the hydrophobic functional group.
- the ionomer may comprise a hydrophobic backbone and a hydrophilic side chain, the hydrophobic backbone of the ionomer facing the hydrophobic functional group of the aerogel, and the hydrophilic side chain of the ionomer facing the catalyst.
- the hydrophilic side chain of the ionomer may be selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, and derivatives thereof.
- the catalyst may be bonded to the three-dimensional nanostructure.
- the catalyst may include catalyst metal particles alone or catalyst metal particles supported on a carrier.
- preparing a mixture by mixing a nanoporous airgel (aerogel) and an ionomer, preparing a composition for forming an electrode by adding a catalyst to the mixture, and the composition for forming an electrode It provides a method for producing an electrode comprising the step of preparing the electrode by coating.
- the method may further include transferring the electrode to the polymer electrolyte membrane after preparing the electrode.
- the transfer may be performed at 100 to 150 ° C. and 1 to 10 MPa.
- a fuel cell including the electrode is provided.
- the electrode of the present invention has improved catalyst performance through nano structure of ionomer, uniform catalyst dispersion, and increased catalyst utilization, so that excellent current density and power density can be obtained even with a relatively small amount of catalyst, and the cost reduction effect can be achieved by reducing the amount of catalyst used Also, it is excellent in mass transfer efficiency and low-humidity performance.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an electrode material according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the evaluation results of the humidification performance of the membrane-electrode assembly measured in Experimental Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of performance evaluation of the membrane-electrode assembly measured in Experimental Example 2 of the present invention.
- Electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a nano-dimensional aerogel (aerogel) and a three-dimensional nanostructure comprising an ionomer surrounding the surface of the airgel, and an electrode material comprising a catalyst dispersed in the three-dimensional nanostructure. .
- the electrode can obtain excellent current density and power density even with a relatively small amount of catalyst material through organic bonding between the aerogel, the ionomer and the catalyst.
- the electrode uses the aerogel as a frame for forming a nanostructure so that the ionomer has a three-dimensional structure while surrounding the surface of the airgel.
- the electrode is excellent in mass transfer efficiency by using the pores of the airgel as an additional mass transfer passage, and low-humidity performance is improved by securing moisture through the pores of the airgel.
- the airgel may have any airgel as long as it has a nanoporous structure, and in particular, silica airgel may be used, and in particular, when silica airgel is used, the low-humidity performance of the electrode may be further improved.
- the surface area and pore size of the airgel is not limited in the present invention, and any surface area and pore size may be used as long as it is a commercially available airgel.
- the airgel may have a surface area of 100 to 1000 m 2 / g and a pore size of 1 to 20 nm.
- the airgel may be included in an amount of 1 to 8% by weight based on the entire electrode.
- the content of the airgel is less than 1% by weight, the content may be insignificant and the addition effect may be insignificant.
- the content of the airgel is more than 8% by weight, the content of the airgel may be high and it may be difficult to sufficiently include the catalyst.
- the surface of the airgel may be hydrophobic treatment.
- the surface of the hydrophobic treated airgel may be substituted with a hydrophobic functional group.
- the hydrophobic functional group may be an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, specifically, may be any one selected from the group consisting of methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, butyl group, pentyl group, and combinations thereof.
- the three-dimensional nanostructure is formed by using the airgel as a frame for forming a nanostructure, a plurality of airgels are connected to each other to form a three-dimensional nanostructure, the ionomer surface of the airgel having the three-dimensional nanostructure shape
- the three-dimensional nanostructure is formed while wrapping.
- the ionomer three-dimensional structure may be coupled to the airgel through the hydrophobic functional group.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the electrode material.
- the surface of the airgel 10 is substituted with a methyl group (CH 3 ), which is a hydrophobic functional group, and the ionomer 20 wraps the surface of the airgel 10 in a three-dimensional shape.
- the dimensional nanostructure 25 is formed.
- the hydrophobic portion of the ionomer 20 faces the hydrophobic functional group of the airgel 10
- the hydrophilic portion of the ionomer 20 faces the catalyst 30. Accordingly, the three-dimensional nanostructure 25 is increased in the bonding rate with the catalyst 30, the catalyst 30 is combined with the shape of the three-dimensional nanostructure 25 of the catalyst 30 Dispersion and catalyst utilization will increase.
- the ionomer may be a cation conductor having a cation exchange group such as protons or an anion conductor having an anion exchange group such as hydroxy ions, carbonates or bicarbonates.
- the cation exchange group may be any one selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, a boronic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, an imide group, a sulfonimide group, a sulfonamide group, and a combination thereof, and in general, may be a sulfonic acid group or a carboxyl group. have.
- the cation conductor includes the cation exchange group, the fluorine-based polymer containing fluorine in the main chain; Benzimidazole, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyimide, polyacetal, polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylic resin, polyester, polysulfone, polyether, polyetherimide, polyester, polyethersulfone, polyetherimide, poly Hydrocarbon-based polymers such as carbonate, polystyrene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone, polyaryl ether sulfone, polyphosphazene or polyphenylquinoxaline; Partially fluorinated polymers such as polystyrene-graft-ethylenetetrafluoroethylene copolymer or polystyrene-graft-polytetrafluoroethylene copolymer; Sulfone imides and the like.
- the polymers may include a cation exchange group selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, and derivatives thereof in the side chain thereof.
- a cation exchange group selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, and derivatives thereof in the side chain thereof.
- Specific examples thereof include poly (perfluorosulfonic acid), poly (perfluorocarboxylic acid), copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and fluorovinyl ether containing sulfonic acid groups, defluorinated sulfide polyether ketones or mixtures thereof.
- Fluorine-based polymer comprising; Sulfonated polyimide (S-PI), sulfonated polyarylethersulfone (S-PAES), sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK), sulfonated polybenzimine Sulfonated polybenzimidazole (SPBI), sulfonated polysulfone (S-PSU), sulfonated polystyrene (S-PS), sulfonated polyphosphazene and mixtures thereof
- Hydrocarbon-based polymers include, but are not limited thereto.
- the cation conductor may also replace H with Na, K, Li, Cs or tetrabutylammonium in the cation exchange group at the side chain end.
- H when H is replaced with Na, NaOH is substituted during the preparation of the catalyst composition, and when tetrabutylammonium is substituted, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is used, and K, Li, or Cs is also appropriate.
- Substitutions may be used. Since the substitution method is well known in the art, detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the cationic conductor may be used in the form of a single substance or a mixture, and may also be optionally used with a nonconductive compound for the purpose of further improving adhesion to the polymer electrolyte membrane. It is preferable to adjust the usage-amount so that it may be suitable for a purpose of use.
- non-conductive compound examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA), and ethylene / tetrafluoro Ethylene / tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), ethylenechlorotrifluoro-ethylene copolymer (ECTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVdF-HFP), dode One or more selected from the group consisting of silbenzenesulfonic acid and sorbitol can be used.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- PFA tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl
- the anion conductors are polymers capable of transporting anions such as hydroxy ions, carbonates or bicarbonates, and the anion conductors are commercially available in the form of hydroxides or halides (generally chloride), the anion conductors being industrially purified (water purification), metal separation or catalytic processes.
- a polymer doped with metal hydroxide may be generally used. Specifically, poly (ethersulphone) doped with metal hydroxide, polystyrene, vinyl polymer, poly (vinyl chloride), poly (vinylidene fluoride) , Poly (tetrafluoroethylene), poly (benzimidazole), poly (ethylene glycol) and the like can be used.
- ionomer examples include nafion, aquibion and the like.
- the ionomer may be included in an amount of 20 to 50 wt% based on the entire electrode. If the content of the ionomer is less than 20% by weight, the generated ions may not be easily transferred. If the amount of the ionomer is more than 50% by weight, the active area may be difficult to supply and react with hydrogen or oxygen (air) due to insufficient porosity. This can be reduced.
- the catalyst may be any of those that can be used as a catalyst for hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction, and preferably a platinum-based metal is used.
- the platinum-based metal is platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), platinum-M alloys (the M is palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), iridium ( Ir), osmium (Os), gallium (Ga), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper ( Cu, silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), lanthanum (La) and rhodium (Rh) It may include one selected from the group consisting of) and a combination thereof, and more preferably, a combination of two or more metals selected from the platinum-based catalyst metal group may be used, but is not limited thereto. Any platinum-based catalyst metal usable in the art can be used
- the catalyst may be a metal itself (black), or may be used by supporting the catalyst metal on a carrier.
- the carrier may be selected from carbon-based carriers, porous inorganic oxides such as zirconia, alumina, titania, silica, ceria, zeolite, and the like.
- the carbon-based carrier is a super P, carbon fiber, carbon sheet, carbon black, Ketjen Black, acetylene black, carbon nanotube (carbon nano tube, CNT), carbon sphere (carbon sphere), carbon ribbon (carbon ribbon), fullerene (fullerene), activated carbon and one or more combinations thereof, but is not limited thereto.
- Carriers usable in can be used without limitation.
- the catalytic metal particles may be located on the surface of the carrier, or may penetrate into the carrier while filling the pores of the carrier.
- a commercially available commercial product may be used, or may be prepared by supporting the catalyst metal particles on the support.
- the process of supporting the noble metal on the carrier is well known in the art, and thus the detailed description thereof will be easily understood by those skilled in the art.
- the catalyst metal particles may be contained in an amount of 20 to 90% by weight based on the entirety of the catalyst. When the catalyst metal particles are contained in an amount of less than 20% by weight, the activity may be lowered. Aggregation of the catalyst metal particles may reduce the active area and thus lower the catalytic activity.
- the catalyst may be included in an amount of 42 to 79 wt% based on the entire electrode.
- the content of the catalyst is less than 42% by weight, the activity due to the lack of the catalyst may be lowered, and when the content of the catalyst exceeds 79% by weight, the ionomer may be insufficient and thus may be disadvantageous to ion conduction.
- a method of manufacturing an electrode includes preparing a mixture by mixing a nanoporous aerogel and an ionomer, adding a catalyst to the mixture to prepare a composition for forming an electrode, and the electrode Coating the composition for forming to prepare an electrode.
- a mixture is prepared by mixing the nanoporous aerogel and the ionomer.
- the airgel may be added in plurality.
- nano-porous airgel and the ionomer is the same as described in the description of the electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the nanoporous airgel and the ionomer may be mixed in a solution, and specifically, may be made by adding an additional solvent after adding the nanoporous airgel to a commercially available ionomer solution.
- a solvent included in the ionomer solution or a solvent which may be used as the additional solvent, a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, a hydrophilic solvent, an organic solvent and a mixture of one or more thereof may be used. have.
- the hydrophilic solvent is one selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, carbonates, carboxylates, carboxylic acids, ethers, and amides containing, as main chain, linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. It may have a functional group or more, they may include an alicyclic or aromatic cyclo compound as at least part of the main chain.
- the organic solvent may be selected from N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran and mixtures thereof.
- the ionomer and the aerogels form a three-dimensional nanostructure.
- the surface of the airgel may be hydrophobic treatment. Accordingly, the surface of the hydrophobic treated airgel may be substituted with a hydrophobic functional group. Detailed description thereof is the same as described in the description of the electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the catalyst is added to the mixture of the airgel and the ionomer to prepare a composition for forming an electrode.
- the catalyst may be added to the mixture after dispersion in a soaking solution, or may be added to the mixture in a solid state.
- the prepared composition for forming an electrode may be prepared by adding any one of the following dispersion methods selected from ultrasonic dispersion, stirring, 3-roll mill, planetary stirring, high pressure dispersion, and mixing thereof after adding the catalyst to the mixture.
- the catalyst is dispersed on the ionomer surface having the three-dimensional structure by the dispersion method.
- an electrode is prepared by coating the composition for forming an electrode.
- composition for forming an electrode When coating the composition for forming an electrode, it is preferable to transfer the composition for forming an electrode, in which the catalyst is dispersed, to a coater continuously or intermittently, and then uniformly apply a dry thickness of 10 to 200 ⁇ m on a substrate.
- the slot die is transferred to a coater such as a die, gravure, bar, comma coater, etc. continuously through a pump according to the viscosity of the electrode forming composition.
- Coating, bar coating, comma coating, screen printing, spray coating, doctor blade coating, brush, etc. may be used to uniformly apply the dry thickness of the electrode layer on the substrate to 10-200 ⁇ m, more preferably 10-100 ⁇ m.
- the solvent is volatilized through a drying furnace maintained at a constant temperature.
- the reaction area may be small, and thus the activity may be reduced.
- the resistance of ions and electrons may be increased to increase resistance. have.
- the drying process may be to dry for 6 hours or more at 25 to 90 °C. If the drying temperature is less than 25 °C and the drying time is less than 6 hours may cause a problem that can not form a sufficiently dried electrode, if the drying at a temperature above 90 °C may cause cracking of the electrode, etc. .
- the manufacturing method of the electrode may further include transferring the electrode to the polymer electrolyte membrane after the manufacturing of the electrode.
- the method of coating the electrode forming composition on the release film is the same except for using the release film in place of the substrate in the coating method of the electrode forming composition.
- the dried electrode and the release film may be cut to a required size and transferred to the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane is a solid polymer electrolyte including an ion conductor, and the polymer electrolyte membrane may be in the form of a single membrane in which the ion conductor is formed of a sheet or a film, or may be in the form of a reinforcing membrane in which the ion conductor is filled in a porous support.
- the ion conductor may be a cation conductor having a cation exchange group such as proton or an anion conductor having an anion exchange group such as hydroxy ion, carbonate or bicarbonate.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane may be a cation exchange membrane or anion exchange membrane.
- the cation exchange group may be any one selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, a boronic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, an imide group, a sulfonimide group, a sulfonamide group, and a combination thereof, and in general, may be a sulfonic acid group or a carboxyl group. have.
- the cation conductor includes the cation exchange group, the fluorine-based polymer containing fluorine in the main chain; Benzimidazole, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyimide, polyacetal, polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylic resin, polyester, polysulfone, polyether, polyetherimide, polyester, polyethersulfone, polyetherimide, poly Hydrocarbon-based polymers such as carbonate, polystyrene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone, polyaryl ether sulfone, polyphosphazene or polyphenylquinoxaline; Partially fluorinated polymers such as polystyrene-graft-ethylenetetrafluoroethylene copolymer or polystyrene-graft-polytetrafluoroethylene copolymer; Sulfone imides and the like.
- the polymers may include a cation exchange group selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, and derivatives thereof in the side chain thereof.
- a cation exchange group selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, and derivatives thereof in the side chain thereof.
- Specific examples thereof include poly (perfluorosulfonic acid), poly (perfluorocarboxylic acid), copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and fluorovinyl ether containing sulfonic acid groups, defluorinated sulfide polyether ketones or mixtures thereof.
- Fluorine-based polymer comprising; Sulfonated polyimide (S-PI), sulfonated polyarylethersulfone (S-PAES), sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK), sulfonated polybenzimine Sulfonated polybenzimidazole (SPBI), sulfonated polysulfone (S-PSU), sulfonated polystyrene (S-PS), sulfonated polyphosphazene and mixtures thereof
- Hydrocarbon-based polymers include, but are not limited thereto.
- the anion conductors are polymers capable of transporting anions such as hydroxy ions, carbonates or bicarbonates, and the anion conductors are commercially available in the form of hydroxides or halides (generally chloride), the anion conductors being industrially purified (water purification), metal separation or catalytic processes.
- a polymer doped with metal hydroxide may be generally used. Specifically, poly (ethersulphone) doped with metal hydroxide, polystyrene, vinyl polymer, poly (vinyl chloride), poly (vinylidene fluoride) , Poly (tetrafluoroethylene), poly (benzimidazole), poly (ethylene glycol) and the like can be used.
- the transfer step of bonding the electrode and the electrolyte membrane may be performed by applying heat and pressure to the metal press alone or to a soft press of a rubber material such as a silicone rubber material on the metal press.
- the transfer process may be performed at 100 to 150 °C, 1 to 10 MPa.
- hot pressing at a temperature of 100 ° C. or less than 1 MPa, transfer of the electrode layer on the release film may not be performed properly. If the temperature is higher than 150 ° C., the polymer of the electrolyte membrane may burn, resulting in structural modification of the electrode layer. In the case of hot pressing in a condition exceeding 10 MPa, the effect of compressing the electrode layer is greater than that of the electrode, and thus the transfer may not be performed properly.
- the release film may be removed to prepare a membrane-electrode assembly.
- the membrane-electrode assembly includes an anode electrode and a cathode electrode positioned to face each other, and a polymer electrolyte membrane positioned between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, wherein at least one of the anode electrode and the cathode electrode is formed as described above. Used.
- Another embodiment of the present invention provides a fuel cell including the electrode.
- Solution 1 was prepared by mixing 0.2 g of silica airgel, 6.5 g of 20% ionomer solution (Dupont, D2021) and 9 g of additional solvent.
- Solution 2 was prepared by dispersing 3 g of the commercial catalyst Pt / C (Tanaka) in 15 g of the wetting solution.
- a commercial catalyst solution 2 was administered to the mixed aerogel-ionomer solution 1 and uniformly mixed by stirring and ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a composition for forming an aerogel-ionomer-catalyst mixed electrode.
- the electrode forming compositions prepared in Examples and Comparative Examples were coated on a polyimide release film under conditions of a coating rate of 10 mm / s and a coating thickness of 100 ⁇ m, and then dried at 60 ° C. for 3 hours to prepare electrodes. .
- a fuel cell comprising a stack including at least one membrane-electrode assembly was prepared.
- the electrode forming composition prepared in Example was coated on a polyimide release film with a coating speed of 10 mm / s and a coating thickness of 50 ⁇ m, and then dried at 60 ° C. for 3 hours to prepare an electrode.
- the dried electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Preparation Example 2-1.
- the membrane-electrode assembly may have excellent low-humidity characteristics because the voltage-current density is similar even when the relative humidity changes.
- Example 2-1 a membrane-electrode assembly (comparative example, catalyst content of 0.30 mg) prepared using the electrode forming composition of Comparative Example and the electrode forming composition of Example were prepared in Preparation Example 2-2.
- the voltage and current output from the electrode were measured for the prepared membrane-electrode assembly (Example, catalyst content 0.15 mg), and the output characteristics (discharge performance) of the voltage-current density were compared and evaluated, and the results are shown in FIG. 3. It was.
- an electrode manufactured by using the electrode forming composition of Example 2 in Preparation Example 2-2 was compared with an electrode manufactured by using the electrode forming composition of Comparative Example in Preparation Example 2-1. It can be seen that the voltage performance according to the current density is similar even though a small amount of the catalyst is included.
- the nanostructured electrode for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprises a three-dimensional nanostructure comprising a nanoporous aerogel and an ionomer covering the surface of the aerogel, and a nanoparticle of an ionomer by including a catalyst dispersed in the three-dimensional nanostructure.
- the catalyst performance is improved by structuring, uniform catalyst dispersion, and increased catalyst utilization, resulting in excellent current density and power density even with a relatively small amount of catalyst. And promising materials in the energy / environmental / electrical and electronic fields with excellent low-humidity performance.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
- 나노 다공성 에어로겔(aerogel) 및 상기 에어로겔의 표면을 감싸는 이오노머를 포함하는 3차원 나노구조체, 그리고상기 3차원 나노구조체에 분산된 촉매를 포함하는 전극.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 3차원 나노구조체는 상기 에어로겔을 복수개로 포함하며,상기 에어로겔들은 서로 연결되어 3차원 나노 구조를 형성하고,상기 이오노머는 상기 3차원 나노 구조 형상을 가지는 에어로겔들 표면을 감싸는 것인 전극.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 에어로겔은 실리카 에어로겔인 것인 전극.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 에어로겔은 표면적이 100 내지 1000 m2/g이고, 세공 크기가 1 내지 20 nm인 것인 전극.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 에어로겔은 상기 전극 전체에 대하여 1 내지 8 중량%로 포함되는 것인 전극.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 에어로겔의 표면은 소수성 관능기로 치환된 것인 전극.
- 제 6 항에 있어서,상기 소수성 관능기는 메틸기, 에틸기, 프로필기, 부틸기, 펜틸기 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나인 것인 전극.
- 제 6 항에 있어서,상기 이오노머는 상기 소수성 관능기를 통하여 상기 에어로겔에 결합되는 것인 전극.
- 제 6 항에 있어서,상기 이오노머는 소수성 주쇄와 친수성 측쇄를 포함하며,상기 이오노머의 소수성 주쇄가 상기 에어로겔의 소수성 관능기를 향하고,상기 이오노머의 친수성 측쇄가 상기 촉매를 향하도록 배치되는 것인 전극.
- 제 9 항에 있어서,상기 이오노머의 친수성 측쇄는 술폰산기, 카르복실산기, 인산기, 포스포닌산기 및 이들의 유도체로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 양이온 교환기를 포함하는 것인 전극.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 촉매는 상기 3차원 나노구조체에 결합된 것인 전극.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 촉매는 촉매 금속 입자 단독 또는 담체에 담지된 촉매 금속 입자를 포함하는 것인 전극.
- 나노 다공성 에어로겔(aerogel)과 이오노머를 혼합하여 혼합물을 제조하는 단계,상기 혼합물에 촉매를 첨가하여 전극 형성용 조성물을 제조하는 단계, 그리고상기 전극 형성용 조성물을 코팅하여 전극을 제조하는 단계를 포함하는 전극의 제조 방법.
- 제 13 항에 있어서,상기 전극을 제조하는 단계 이후에 상기 전극을 고분자 전해질막에 전사하는 단계를 더 포함하는 것인 전극의 제조 방법.
- 제 14 항에 있어서,상기 전사는 100 내지 150 ℃, 1 내지 10 MPa에서 이루어지는 것인 전극의 제조 방법.
- 제 1 항에 따른 전극을 포함하는 연료 전지.
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