WO2017130903A1 - 固体酸化物型燃料電池 - Google Patents
固体酸化物型燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017130903A1 WO2017130903A1 PCT/JP2017/002121 JP2017002121W WO2017130903A1 WO 2017130903 A1 WO2017130903 A1 WO 2017130903A1 JP 2017002121 W JP2017002121 W JP 2017002121W WO 2017130903 A1 WO2017130903 A1 WO 2017130903A1
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- cathode
- anode
- current collector
- solid oxide
- seal member
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0232—Metals or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0247—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the form
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
- H01M8/0273—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes with sealing or supporting means in the form of a frame
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/1213—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
- H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid oxide fuel cell.
- This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2016-016682 filed on Jan. 29, 2016, and incorporates all the description content described in the above Japanese application.
- a fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by an electrochemical reaction between a fuel such as hydrogen and an oxidant (for example, air), and has high power generation efficiency because it can directly convert chemical energy into electricity.
- a solid oxide fuel cell having an operating temperature of 1000 ° C. or less has a high reaction rate and is easy to handle because all the components of the cell structure are solid.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a cathode, an anode having a peripheral portion that does not face the cathode, an anode having a larger outer diameter than the cathode, and a peripheral portion that is interposed between the cathode and the anode and does not face the cathode.
- the peripheral portion of the cathode current collector does not face the anode, and the outer edge portion of the main surface on the anode side of the seal member faces the first pressing member, and the seal portion
- An inner edge portion of the main surface on the anode side of the material faces the peripheral edge portion of the electrolyte layer, and an outer edge portion of the main surface opposite to the main surface on the anode side of the sealing member is the cathode current collector.
- the inner edge portion of the main surface opposite to the main surface on the anode side of the seal member is opposite to the peripheral edge portion of the cathode current collector, facing the second pressing member via the peripheral edge portion of the body.
- the present invention relates to a solid oxide fuel cell facing the body portion of the battery.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the structure of the main part of a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing the structure of the main part of the fuel cell in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the structure of the main part of a fuel cell according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a partial structure of a skeleton of a metal porous body.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a cross section of a part of the skeleton in FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the structure of the main part of a hydrogen production apparatus using the SOEC method.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the structure of the main part of a conventional fuel cell.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the structure of the main part of another conventional fuel cell.
- the seal member 108 is usually sandwiched between a pair of flat interconnectors (123, 131) disposed on both sides of the cell structure 104.
- a spacer (109, 121) or an insulating member 122 may be interposed between the interconnector 123 or the interconnector 131 and the seal member 108.
- a space is provided between the interconnector 123 and the interconnector 131, and the cell structure 104 is disposed in this space.
- a gap is usually formed between the cell structure 104 and each interconnector (123, 131) or each spacer (109, 121).
- the gap 106a and the gap 107a communicate with the fuel flow path 106 and the oxidant flow path 107, respectively.
- An oxidant is supplied from the manifold 111 to the oxidant flow path 107.
- Fuel is supplied to the fuel flow path 106 from a manifold (not shown).
- Each interconnector (123, 131) is pressed from the outside and is brought into close contact with the seal member 108. Thereby, separation (sealability) between the fuel flow path 106 and the oxidant flow path 107 is ensured.
- the cell structure 104 includes, for example, an anode material including a nickel (Ni) component as a catalyst and a solid oxide, an electrolyte material including a solid oxide, and a cathode material including a metal oxide. And formed through a plurality of firing steps.
- an anode material containing nickel oxide (NiO) and a solid oxide is fired to form the anode 101, and then the electrolyte material is applied to the surface and fired, thereby forming an electrolyte layer.
- a composite member of 102 and the anode 101 is produced.
- a cell structure 104 having a structure in which the anode 101, the electrolyte layer 102, and the cathode 103 are laminated in this order is manufactured by applying a cathode material to the electrolyte layer 102 side of the obtained composite member and firing it. Is done. Since each material usually has a different expansion rate and shrinkage rate, the fabricated cell structure 104 is slightly warped. In the case of a circular cell structure 104 having a diameter of about 10 cm, the warpage may be, for example, about several millimeters. In FIG. 8, the cell structure 104 is warped so that the central portion of the cell structure 104 on the cathode 103 side protrudes. The warp mode of the cell structure 104 differs depending on the combination of materials constituting the anode 101, the electrolyte layer 102, and the cathode 103.
- each interconnector (123, 131) and the cell structure 104 are in partial contact with each other in a no-load state.
- the central portion of the cell structure 104 on the cathode 103 side contacts the interconnector 131
- the outer edge portion of the cell structure 104 on the anode 101 side contacts the interconnector 123.
- the interconnector 131 cannot be in close contact with the seal member 108, and the sealing performance is lowered.
- the cell structure 104 when the cell structure 104 is strongly pressed in the thickness direction by the interconnectors (123, 131) to improve the sealing performance, the cell structure 104 may be damaged.
- the cell structure 104 When the barium cerate (BCY) doped with yttrium or the barium zirconate (BZY) doped with yttrium is used as the solid oxide, the cell structure 104 is particularly easily damaged. [Effects of the present disclosure]
- SOFC solid oxide fuel cell
- a solid oxide fuel cell according to the present invention includes a cathode, an anode having a peripheral portion not facing the cathode, an outer diameter larger than that of the cathode, and interposed between the cathode and the anode.
- a flat cell structure having a peripheral portion not facing the cathode and including an electrolyte layer containing a solid oxide, and arranged so as to surround the cathode and having a larger outer diameter than the cathode
- a plate-shaped cathode current collector comprising a frame-shaped sealing member, a first pressing member and a second pressing member that sandwich the sealing member, and a metal porous body that is adjacent to the cathode and has a three-dimensional network skeleton And a body.
- the peripheral edge portion of the cathode current collector does not face the anode, the outer edge portion of the main surface on the anode side of the seal member faces the first pressing member, and the main surface on the anode side of the seal member.
- An inner edge portion of the surface is opposed to the peripheral edge portion of the electrolyte layer, and an outer edge portion of the main surface opposite to the main surface on the anode side of the seal member is interposed through the peripheral edge portion of the cathode current collector.
- the inner edge portion of the main surface opposite to the main surface on the anode side of the seal member faces the body portion other than the peripheral edge portion of the cathode current collector.
- the porous metal body which is a cathode current collector, easily undergoes plastic deformation or elastic deformation (hereinafter simply referred to as deformation). Therefore, the cathode current collector is deformed following the shape of the cell structure by being pressed from the outside via the pressing member. Therefore, even when the cell structure is warped, the cell structure and the cathode current collector are brought into close contact with each other without applying a load to the cell structure. Further, the seal member is sandwiched by the pressing member together with the cathode current collector that is easily deformed. Therefore, regardless of the amount of warping of the cell structure, the seal member is reliably pressed by the anode-side pressing member and the cathode current collector and is in close contact with both. Thereby, current collection and sealing performance are improved.
- the porosity of the metal porous body constituting the cathode current collector is preferably 90% or more and 99% or less. This is because the metal porous body is more easily deformed.
- the outer dimension of the sealing member is equal to or larger than the outer dimension of the cathode current collector. This is because the phenomenon in which fuel or oxidant leaks to the other electrode via the electrolyte layer (cross leak phenomenon) is easily suppressed.
- the solid oxide has proton conductivity.
- Proton-conducting oxide fuel cells Protonic® Ceramic® Fuel® Cells, PCFC
- PCFC Proton-conducting oxide fuel cells
- the porous metal body contains an alloy of nickel and tin because it is easily deformed.
- the proportion of tin in the alloy is preferably 5 to 30% by mass.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a main part of one embodiment of a fuel cell.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing the structure of the main part in FIG.
- the outer shape of the cell structure, interconnector, seal member, and current collector constituting the fuel cell when viewed from the thickness direction of the cell structure is not particularly limited. It may be oval, rectangular, polygonal or the like.
- the fuel cell 100 includes a cell structure 4, a fuel flow path 6 through which fuel passes, an oxidant flow path 7 through which an oxidant passes, and a frame shape that separates the fuel flow path 6 and the oxidant flow path 7.
- a seal member 8 and a pair of pressing members (first pressing member 20 and second pressing member 30) that directly or indirectly sandwich the sealing member 8 are provided.
- An oxidant is supplied from the manifold 11 to the oxidant flow path 7.
- Fuel is supplied to the fuel flow path 6 from a manifold (not shown). In FIGS. 1 and 2, only a part of each flow path is shown.
- the fuel flow path 6 supplies fuel to the anode 1 or discharges unused fuel, N 2 or CO 2 generated by the reaction, or the like from the anode 1.
- the oxidant flow path 7 supplies an oxidant to the cathode 3 or discharges water generated by the reaction, unused oxidant, or the like from the cathode 3.
- the fuel flow path 6 communicates with the gap 6 a between the anode 1 and the first pressing member 20, and the oxidant flow path 7 communicates with the gap 7 a between the cathode current collector 5 and the spacer 9. .
- the soot cell structure 4 includes an anode 1, a cathode 3, and an electrolyte layer 2 interposed between the anode 1 and the cathode 3 and containing a solid oxide.
- Each of the anode 1 and the cathode 3 has a flat plate shape, and the cell structure 4 also has a flat plate shape.
- the cell structure 4 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is a so-called anode support type. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 2, the peripheral portion of the anode 1 forms a first overhang portion 1 a that does not face the cathode 3. 1 and 2, the boundary between the first overhanging portion 1a of the anode 1 and other portions is indicated by a broken line L1.
- the electrolyte layer 2 is disposed on almost the entire main surface of the anode 1 facing the cathode 3. Therefore, the peripheral portion of the electrolyte layer 2 forms a second overhang portion 2 a that faces the first overhang portion 1 a but does not face the cathode 3.
- the boundary between the second overhanging portion 2a of the electrolyte layer 2 and the other portion is indicated by a broken line L1 similarly to the boundary between the first overhanging portion 1a of the anode 1 and the other portion.
- a flat cathode current collector 5 is disposed adjacent to the cathode 3.
- a porous metal body having a three-dimensional network skeleton is used as the cathode current collector 5.
- the cathode current collector 5 is disposed so as to protrude from the cell structure 4 in the surface direction of the cell structure 4. That is, the size of the main surface of the cathode current collector 5 is made sufficiently larger than the size of the main surface of the anode 1.
- the peripheral portion of the cathode current collector 5 forms a third overhang portion 5 a that does not face the anode 1
- the central portion of the cathode current collector 5 forms a body portion 5 b that faces the anode 1.
- the boundary between the third protruding portion 5a and the body portion 5b of the cathode current collector 5 is indicated by a broken line L2.
- the anode current collector 12 may be disposed adjacent to the anode 1.
- the size of the anode current collector 12 in the main surface direction is not particularly limited.
- the anode current collector 12 may be the same size as the main surface of the anode 1 (when viewed from above, the anode 1 and the anode current collector 12 substantially overlap each other), or from the main surface of the anode 1
- the peripheral edge of the anode 1 may protrude outward from the peripheral edge of the anode current collector 12 when viewed in plan, or may be larger than the main surface of the anode 1 when viewed in plan.
- the peripheral edge of the electric body 12 protrudes outside the peripheral edge of the anode 1).
- the size of the current collector in the main surface direction is usually set smaller than the size of the electrodes (anode and cathode) in the main surface direction. This is because when the current collector is larger than the electrode in the main surface direction, the total distance of the fuel or oxidant flow path becomes excessively long and the pressure loss increases.
- the size of the cathode current collector 5 adjacent to the cathode 3 in the main surface direction is deliberately larger than the size of the anode 1 and the electrolyte layer 2 in the main surface direction. By enlarging it, it is going to secure sealing performance.
- a metal porous body having a three-dimensional network skeleton is used as the cathode current collector 5. Since such a metal porous body has a high porosity (for example, 90% or more and 99% or less), an increase in pressure loss in the cathode current collector 5 is suppressed to such an extent that the performance of the fuel cell 100 is not significantly deteriorated. Can do.
- the seal member 8 that separates the soot fuel flow path 6 and the oxidant flow path 7 is disposed such that the main surface facing the anode 1 faces the second overhanging portion 2 a and the first pressing member 20. That is, the seal member 8 is disposed across the end surface S of the second projecting portion 2a and the first pressing member 20 on the anode 1 side. Further, the cathode current collector 5 is disposed so as to cover the seal member 8.
- the outer edge portion 8a of the seal member 8 is sandwiched by the first pressing member 20 and the second pressing member 30 together with at least a part of the third overhanging portion 5a.
- the sealing performance is improved. Therefore, the contact between the fuel and the oxidant in the gap 6a or the gap 7a is prevented.
- projection part 5a may be contacting the 2nd pressing member 30 directly, and may be contacting the 2nd pressing member 30 via another member.
- the inner edge 8b of the seal member 8 has a main surface on the anode side facing the second overhanging portion 2a, and a main surface opposite to the main surface on the anode side is on the body portion 5b of the cathode current collector 5. opposite.
- the first pressing member 20 and the second pressing member 30 are pressed from the outside in the thickness direction of the cell structure 4, the second projecting portion 2 a and the body portion 5 b are connected to the inner edge of the seal member 8. It adheres via the part 8b. Thereby, the cross leak phenomenon is suppressed.
- the boundary between the outer edge portion 8a and the inner edge portion 8b of the seal member 8 is a broken line L2.
- the seal member 8 can be in close contact with the end surface S of the first pressing member 20.
- the cathode current collector 5 is formed of a porous metal body having a three-dimensional network skeleton, and deforms following the shape of the warped cell structure 4.
- the anode current collector 12 is formed of a metal porous body having a three-dimensional network skeleton like the cathode current collector 5, so that the anode current collector 12 is deformed along the shape of the anode 1.
- the state in which the anode 1 and the anode current collector 12 are in contact with each other over a large area is maintained. Therefore, conduction between the anode 1 and the anode current collector 12 is also improved.
- the cathode current collector 5 is a porous metal body having a three-dimensional network skeleton.
- the anode current collector 12 is preferably a porous metal body having a three-dimensional network skeleton.
- a metal porous body has a nonwoven fabric-like structure or a sponge-like structure, for example.
- Such a structure has pores and a metal skeleton.
- a metal porous body having a sponge-like structure is composed of a plurality of cells having pores and a metal skeleton.
- One of the cells can be represented as a regular dodecahedron, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the holes 51 are partitioned by a fiber-like or rod-like metal part (fiber part 52), and a plurality of the holes 51 are three-dimensionally connected.
- the skeleton of the cell is formed by connecting the fiber parts 52 together.
- a substantially pentagonal opening (or window) 53 surrounded by the fiber portion 52 is formed in the cell.
- Adjacent cells communicate with each other by sharing one opening 53. That is, the skeleton of the porous metal body is formed by the fiber portions 52 that form a network network while partitioning a plurality of continuous pores 51.
- a skeleton having such a structure is called a three-dimensional network skeleton.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a partial structure of the skeleton of the metal porous body.
- the fiber part 52 may have a cavity 52a inside, that is, may be hollow.
- a metal porous body having a hollow skeleton is extremely lightweight while having a bulky three-dimensional structure.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a cross section of a part of the skeleton in FIG.
- Such a metal porous body can be formed by, for example, coating a resin porous body having communication holes with a metal.
- the metal coating can be performed, for example, by plating, vapor phase (evaporation, plasma chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, etc.), metal paste application, or the like.
- a three-dimensional network skeleton is formed by coating with metal. Of these coating methods, plating is preferred.
- a metal layer may be formed on the surface of the porous resin body (including the surface of the internal voids), and a known plating process such as an electrolytic plating process or a molten salt plating process can be employed.
- a three-dimensional network metal porous body corresponding to the shape of the resin porous body is formed.
- each metal may be individually plated and then heat-treated in a reducing atmosphere to diffuse the metal of each plating layer to form an alloy layer.
- the conductive layer may be formed on the surface of the resin porous body by electroless plating, vapor deposition, sputtering, etc., or by applying a conductive agent, and the resin porous body is immersed in a dispersion containing the conductive agent. May be formed.
- the resin-made porous body is not particularly limited as long as it has communication holes, and a resin foam, a resin-made nonwoven fabric, and the like can be used. Especially, a resin foam is preferable at the point which a communicating hole is easy to be formed in the metal porous body obtained.
- the resin constituting these porous bodies those capable of making the inside of the skeleton hollow by decomposition or dissolution while maintaining the shape of the metal three-dimensional network skeleton after the metal coating treatment are preferable.
- thermosetting resins such as thermosetting polyurethane and melamine resin
- thermoplastic resins such as olefin resin (polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.) and thermoplastic polyurethane
- the resin in the cocoon skeleton is preferably removed by washing or the like after being decomposed or dissolved by heat treatment or the like.
- the resin may be removed by performing a heat treatment while appropriately applying a voltage as necessary. Further, this heat treatment may be performed while applying a voltage in a state where the plated porous body is immersed in a molten salt plating bath.
- the porous metal body thus obtained has a three-dimensional network structure skeleton corresponding to the shape of the resin foam.
- each current collector is not particularly limited.
- metals include copper, copper alloys (copper and alloys of, for example, iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), etc.), Ni or Ni alloys (Ni And, for example, alloys with tin (Sn), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W), etc.), aluminum (Al) or Al alloys (alloys with alloys such as Fe, Ni, Si, Mn, etc.), stainless steel Steel etc. are mentioned.
- “Celmet” (registered trademark) or “Aluminum Celmet” (registered trademark) of copper or nickel manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. can be used.
- the cathode current collector 5 preferably contains an alloy of Ni and Sn (Ni—Sn alloy) because it is easily deformed.
- the proportion of Sn in the alloy is not particularly limited. Among these, from the viewpoint of deformability and strength maintenance, the proportion of Sn in the alloy is preferably 5 to 30% by mass, and more preferably 5 to 20% by mass.
- the Ni—Sn alloy may contain elements other than Ni and Sn, but the content is preferably as small as possible (for example, 3% by mass or less).
- the Ni—Sn alloy containing Sn in the above proportion is preferably used for a PCFC operated in a middle temperature range from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance.
- As the anode current collector 12 for example, a metal porous body formed of Ni may be used.
- the specific surface area (BET specific surface area) of the metal porous body is, for example, 100 to 9000 m 2 / m 3 , and preferably 200 to 6000 m 2 / m 3 .
- the density (cell density) of the openings 53 is, for example, 10 to 100 / 2.54 cm, and preferably 30 to 80 / 2.54 cm.
- the width Wf of the fiber part 52 is not particularly limited.
- the width Wf is, for example, 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and preferably 10 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the porosity of the metal porous body is not particularly limited.
- the porosity of the metal porous body used as the cathode current collector 5 is preferably 80% by volume or more and more preferably 85% by volume or more from the viewpoint of low pressure loss and easy deformation. 90% by volume or more is particularly preferable.
- the porosity of the cathode current collector 5 is less than 100% by volume, may be 99.5% by volume or less, and may be 99% by volume or less. These lower limit values and upper limit values can be arbitrarily combined.
- the porosity of a metal porous body is 90 volume% or more and 99 volume% or less.
- the porosity (volume%) is obtained by ⁇ 1- (apparent specific gravity of metal porous body / true specific gravity of metal) ⁇ ⁇ 100.
- the thickness of the cathode current collector 5 is not particularly limited.
- the thickness T of the cathode current collector 5 is preferably from 0.1 to 5 mm, and preferably from 1 to 3 mm, from the viewpoint that the warpage of the cell structure is easily absorbed and from the viewpoint of pressure loss. More preferred.
- the thickness T is an average value when the thickness in the normal direction of the main surface of the cathode current collector 5 is measured at any 10 locations.
- the thickness of the anode current collector 12 is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 0.1 to 5 mm.
- the seal member 8 is a frame-like body that surrounds the cathode 3 and has a predetermined width and thickness.
- the material of the seal member 8 is not particularly limited, it has heat resistance at the operating temperature of the fuel cell, has excellent gas barrier properties, and can be appropriately deformed (can be elastically or plastically deformed to some extent). Stainless steel is preferred.
- the size of the heel seal member 8 may be appropriately set according to the sizes of the cathode 3, the first pressing member 20, and the second pressing member 30.
- the inner dimension of the sealing member 8 (the size of the inner opening) may be a size that allows the entire cathode 3 to be accommodated in the inner opening of the sealing member 8.
- the inner dimension of the seal member 8 is such that the seal member 8 can face most of the second projecting portion 2a (for example, 80% or more). Is preferred. In particular, it is preferable that the entire second projecting portion 2a and the seal member 8 face each other.
- the outer dimension of the seal member 8 is such that the outer edge portion 8a of the seal member 8 can be opposed to the end surface S of the first pressing member 20 when the seal member 8 is disposed so as to surround the cathode 3. It's fine It is preferable that the outer dimension of the sealing member 8 is the same as or larger than that of the cathode current collector 5 in that the sealing performance is further improved. What is necessary is just to set suitably the thickness of the sealing member 8 so that it may become substantially the same as the thickness of the cathode 3. FIG.
- the first pressing member 20 and the second pressing member 30 are not particularly limited as long as at least a part of the sealing member 8 can be sandwiched.
- the first pressing member 20 and the second pressing member 30 are pressed from the outside in the thickness direction of the cell structure 4 and are in close contact with the seal member 8. Thereby, the fuel flow path 6 and the oxidant flow path 7 are separated.
- the first pressing member 20 and the second pressing member 30 may be, for example, a pair of interconnectors, or the first pressing member 20 including a spacer 21, an insulating member 22, and an interconnector 23 as shown in FIG. And the second pressing member 30 that is the interconnector 31.
- the insulating member 22 may be interposed between the seal member 8 and the interconnector 23 or the interconnector 31, and is not limited to the position shown in FIG. In the case of FIG. 1, by pressing the interconnector 23 and the interconnector 31 from the outside in the thickness direction of the cell structure 4, the spacer 21 and the cathode current collector 5 are brought into close contact with the seal member 8 to ensure the sealing performance. Is done.
- the spacers (21, 9) are frame-like bodies that are arranged between the interconnector 23 and the seal member 8 or around the cathode current collector 5 as necessary.
- the material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include iron-chromium (FeCr) alloy.
- the spacer may be used as one of the components of the pressing member that sandwiches the seal member 8.
- the insulating member 22 is a frame-like body interposed between the interconnectors (23, 31) in order to prevent a short circuit.
- the material is not particularly limited as long as it is insulative, and examples thereof include mica and aluminum oxide.
- an insulating material formed into a frame shape may be used.
- the insulating member 22 is formed by applying a coating material including an insulating material to the end face of the spacer 21 or the interconnector 23. May be.
- the insulating member may be used as one of the components of the pressing member that sandwiches the seal member 8.
- the interconnectors (23, 31) are arranged on both sides of the cell structure 4 and have a function as a current collector.
- the interconnector may be used as one of the components of the pressing member that sandwiches the seal member 8.
- a fuel flow path 6 and an oxidant flow path 7 may be formed in the interconnectors (23, 31), respectively.
- the plurality of stacked cell structures 4 may be connected in series by using an interconnector in which the fuel flow path 6 and the oxidant flow path 7 are formed on both surfaces.
- the oxidant may be supplied directly from the manifold 11 to the cathode current collector 5 without forming the oxidant flow path 7 in the interconnector 31.
- the cathode current collector 5 has a high porosity and is excellent in gas diffusibility, and thus functions as a gas flow path.
- the fuel flow path 6 may not be formed in the interconnector 23, and the fuel may be supplied to the anode current collector 12 directly from a manifold (not shown).
- a porous metal body having a three-dimensional network skeleton similar to that of the cathode current collector 5 as the anode current collector 12 from the viewpoint of gas diffusibility.
- Examples of the material for the interconnector (23, 31) include heat-resistant alloys such as stainless steel, nickel-base alloy, and chromium-base alloy in terms of conductivity and heat resistance. In the case of PCFC, since the operating temperature is about 400 to 600 ° C., inexpensive stainless steel can be used as a material for the interconnector (23, 31).
- the cell structure 4 includes an anode 1, a cathode 3, and an electrolyte layer 2 interposed between the anode 1 and the cathode 3 and containing a solid oxide.
- the anode 1, the cathode 3, and the electrolyte layer 2 are integrated by, for example, sintering.
- the electrolyte layer 2 includes a solid oxide having ion conductivity.
- the ions that move through the electrolyte layer 2 are not particularly limited, and may be oxide ions or hydrogen ions (protons). Especially, it is preferable that the electrolyte layer 2 has proton conductivity.
- a proton conductive fuel cell (PCFC) can be operated at an intermediate temperature range of 400 to 600 ° C., for example. Therefore, the PCFC can be used for various purposes.
- Examples of the solid oxide having oxide ion conductivity include zirconium dioxide (stabilized zirconia) doped with at least one selected from the group consisting of calcium, scandium, and yttrium. Of these, yttria-stabilized zirconia (ZrO 2 —Y 2 O 3 , YSZ) is preferable in terms of oxide ion conductivity and cost.
- metal oxides include, for example, barium zirconate doped with yttrium (BZY, BaZr 1-e Y e O 3- ⁇ , 0.05 ⁇ e ⁇ 0.25, and ⁇ is an oxygen deficiency amount.
- Barium cerate doped with yttrium (BCY, BaCe 1-f Y f O 3- ⁇ , 0.05 ⁇ f ⁇ 0.25, ⁇ is the amount of oxygen deficiency)
- zirconic acid doped with yttrium barium / mixed oxide of cerium barium BZCY, BaZr 1-g- h Ce g Y h O 3- ⁇ , 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1,0.05 ⁇ h ⁇ 0.25, ⁇ is the oxygen deficiency ) And the like.
- the electrolyte layer 2 includes BZY, BCY, and BZCY in which a sintered body having relatively low strength is formed, by using the cathode current collector 5, the cell structure 4 is not damaged. Sealability can be improved.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 2 is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m from the viewpoint that resistance can be kept low.
- the cathode 3 has a porous structure that can adsorb oxygen molecules, dissociate them, and ionize them.
- a material of the cathode 3 for example, a known material used as a cathode of a fuel cell can be used.
- the material of the cathode 3 is, for example, a compound containing lanthanum and having a perovskite structure.
- lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite La 1a S a Fe 1-b Co b O 3- ⁇ , 0.2 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.8, 0.1 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.9, ⁇ is oxygen a deficiency
- lanthanum strontium manganite LSM, La 1-c S c MnO 3- ⁇ , 0.2 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.8, ⁇ is the oxygen deficiency amount
- lanthanum strontium cobaltite LSC, La 1-HR S HR CoO 3- ⁇ , 0.2 ⁇ HR ⁇ 0.8, and ⁇ is an oxygen deficiency amount).
- the cathode 3 may contain a catalyst such as nickel, iron or cobalt. When a catalyst is included, the cathode can be formed by mixing the catalyst and the above materials and sintering.
- the thickness of the cathode 3 is not particularly limited, but may be about 5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the anode 1 has an ion conductive porous structure.
- a reaction fuel oxidation reaction
- oxidizing protons and electrons by oxidizing fuel such as hydrogen introduced from the fuel flow path 6 is performed.
- the thickness of the anode 1 may be about 10 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, for example.
- the material of the soot anode 1 for example, a known material used as an anode of a fuel cell can be used. Specifically, a composite oxide of a metal oxide exemplified as a solid oxide used for the electrolyte layer 2 and nickel oxide (NiO) as a catalyst component can be used.
- the anode 1 containing such a composite oxide can be formed, for example, by mixing and sintering NiO powder and the powdered metal oxide.
- the manufacturing method of the cell structure 4 is not specifically limited, A conventionally well-known method can be used. For example, a step of press molding an anode material, a step of laminating and sintering an electrolyte material containing a solid oxide on one side of the obtained anode molded body, and a surface of the sintered electrolyte material And a step of laminating and sintering the cathode material.
- the anode 1 the electrolyte layer 2, and the cathode 3 are integrated.
- a paste obtained by mixing a powder of the electrolyte material and a water-soluble binder resin is applied to one side of the anode molded body by screen printing, spray coating, spin coating, dip coating, or the like. Is done.
- the cathode material can be laminated on the surface of the electrolyte.
- Sintering of the electrolyte material is performed by heating the laminated body of the anode molded body and the electrolyte material to, for example, 1300 to 1500 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere.
- the oxygen content in the sintering atmosphere is not particularly limited, and may be 50% by volume or more, or 60% by volume or more.
- the heating temperature is preferably 1350 to 1450 ° C. Sintering can be performed under normal pressure or under pressure.
- the anode material Before laminating the electrolyte material, the anode material may be pre-sintered.
- the preliminary sintering may be performed at a temperature lower than the temperature at which the anode material is sintered (for example, 900 to 1100 ° C.). By performing preliminary sintering, the electrolyte material is easily laminated.
- resin components such as a binder contained in each material may be removed. That is, after laminating the cathode material, it is heated to a relatively low temperature of about 500 to 800 ° C. in the atmosphere to remove the resin component contained in each material. Thereafter, the laminate may be heated to 1300-1500 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere to sinter each material.
- the cathode material is sintered by sintering the laminate of the anode molded body on which the electrolyte layer is formed and the cathode material, for example, at 800 to 1100 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere.
- the oxygen content in the sintering atmosphere is not particularly limited, and may be in the above range, for example. Sintering can be performed under normal pressure or under pressure.
- the metal porous body having a three-dimensional network skeleton as described above can be suitably used for production of hydrogen by electrolysis (electrolysis) of water in addition to the fuel cell.
- Hydrogen production methods can be broadly divided into (1) alkaline water electrolysis using an alkaline aqueous solution, (2) PEM method (polymer-electrolyte membrane), (3) SOEC method (Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cell: There is a solid oxide electrolytic cell system), and the above metal porous body can be used in any system.
- the alkaline water electrolysis method is a method in which water is electrolyzed by immersing the anode and the cathode in an alkaline aqueous solution (preferably a strong alkaline aqueous solution) and applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode.
- an alkaline aqueous solution preferably a strong alkaline aqueous solution
- the metal porous body is used as at least an anode.
- a hydrogen production apparatus using an alkaline water electrolysis system includes an electrolytic cell that contains an alkaline aqueous solution, an anode and a cathode immersed in the electrolytic cell, and a power source that applies a voltage between the anode and the cathode, At least one of the anode and the cathode includes a porous metal body having a three-dimensional network skeleton.
- hydroxide ions are oxidized at the anode to produce oxygen and water.
- hydrogen ions are reduced to generate hydrogen. Since the said metal porous body has a large surface area, the contact area of each ion and a metal porous body is large, and the electrolysis efficiency of water improves.
- the said metal porous body is equipped with favorable electrical conductivity, the efficiency of electrolysis of water improves more. Further, since the porous metal body has a high porosity, the generated hydrogen and oxygen can be rapidly desorbed. In this respect also, improvement in water electrolysis efficiency can be expected.
- the metal which comprises the said metal porous body is not specifically limited, The same metal as what was illustrated as a metal which comprises said each electrical power collector can be illustrated.
- the metal porous body used for the cathode preferably contains Ni or a Ni alloy because it is inexpensive and has a good catalytic ability for the hydrogen generation reaction.
- the metal porous body used for the anode preferably contains platinum.
- the pore diameter of the metal porous body is preferably 100 ⁇ m or more and 5000 ⁇ m or less. If the pore diameter of the metal porous body is in the above range, the hydrogen or oxygen generated at each electrode can be rapidly desorbed, so that the electrolysis efficiency is further improved and the sufficient contact between each electrode and hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions. A contact area can be secured. From the same viewpoint, the pore diameter of the metal porous body is preferably 400 ⁇ m or more and 4000 ⁇ m or less. In addition, in order to achieve both the detachability of bubbles and the securing of the contact area, a plurality of the above metal porous bodies having different pore diameters may be combined and used as each electrode.
- the thickness per unit area and the mass (metal amount) of the said metal porous body may be set according to the area of the main surface of each electrode so that bending or the like does not occur.
- the material of the separator is not particularly limited as long as it has wettability, ion permeability, alkali resistance, non-conductivity, non-breathability, thermal stability, and the like.
- Examples of the material for such a separator include fluororesin impregnated with potassium titanate, polyantimonic acid, polysulfone, hydrophilized polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and the like.
- the solute of the alkaline aqueous solution is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include hydroxides of alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium) or alkaline earth metals (calcium, strontium, barium, radium). Of these, alkali metal hydroxides (particularly NaOH and KOH) are preferred in that a strong alkaline aqueous solution can be obtained.
- the concentration of the alkaline aqueous solution is not particularly limited, and may be 20 to 40% by mass from the viewpoint of electrolytic efficiency.
- the operating temperature is, for example, about 60 to 90 ° C.
- the current density is, for example, about 0.1 to 0.3 A / cm 2 .
- the PEM method is a method of electrolyzing water using a polymer electrolyte membrane. Specifically, in the PEM method, an anode and a cathode are disposed on both sides of the polymer electrolyte membrane, water is introduced into the anode, and a voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, whereby water is electrically discharged. Decompose. In this case, the metal porous body is used as at least the anode.
- a hydrogen production apparatus using the PEM method applies a voltage between an anode, a cathode, a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the anode and the cathode, and the anode and the cathode.
- the metal porous body has a large surface area and good electrical conductivity. Therefore, the said metal porous body can be conveniently used as an anode of a PEM type hydrogen production apparatus.
- protons generated by the PEM type hydrogen production apparatus move to the cathode through the polymer electrolyte membrane and are taken out as hydrogen on the cathode side. That is, the PEM-type hydrogen production apparatus has the same configuration as the solid polymer fuel cell that generates electricity by reacting hydrogen and oxygen and discharges water, but uses the opposite reaction. ing.
- the operating temperature of the PEM type hydrogen production apparatus is about 100 ° C.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane a proton conductive polymer such as perfluorosulfonic acid polymer conventionally used in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell or a PEM type hydrogen production apparatus can be used.
- a cathode also contains the said metal porous body at the point which generated hydrogen can detach
- the metal which comprises the said metal porous body is not specifically limited, The same metal as what was illustrated as a metal which comprises said each electrical power collector can be illustrated.
- the metal porous body used for the anode preferably contains Ni or Ni alloy because it is inexpensive and has a good catalytic ability for the hydrogen generation reaction.
- the metal porous body used for the cathode preferably contains rhodium.
- the pore diameter of the metal porous body is preferably 100 ⁇ m or more and 5000 ⁇ m or less.
- hydrogen or oxygen generated at each electrode can be rapidly desorbed, so that the electrolysis efficiency is further improved and water retention is increased.
- the pore diameter of the metal porous body is preferably 400 ⁇ m or more and 4000 ⁇ m or less.
- a plurality of porous metal bodies having different pore diameters may be combined and used as each electrode. Furthermore, you may use another metal porous body in combination with the said metal porous body.
- the thickness per unit area of the said metal porous body is preferably 400 g / m 2 or more.
- the SOEC method (also referred to as a steam electrolysis method) is a method of electrolyzing water vapor using a solid oxide electrolyte membrane. Specifically, in the SOEC method, an anode and a cathode are arranged on both sides of a solid oxide electrolyte membrane, respectively, and a voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode while introducing water vapor into one of the electrodes. Electrolyze water.
- the electrode into which water vapor is introduced differs depending on whether the solid oxide electrolyte membrane is proton conductive or oxide ion conductive.
- the solid oxide electrolyte membrane is oxide ion conductive
- water vapor is introduced into the cathode.
- Water vapor is electrolyzed at the cathode to produce protons and oxide ions.
- the produced protons are directly reduced at the cathode and taken out as hydrogen.
- the oxide ions pass through the solid oxide electrolyte membrane and move to the anode, and then are oxidized at the anode and taken out as oxygen.
- water vapor is introduced into the anode.
- Water vapor is electrolyzed at the anode to produce protons and oxide ions.
- the produced protons move to the cathode through the solid oxide electrolyte membrane, and then are reduced at the cathode and taken out as hydrogen.
- the oxide ions are directly oxidized at the anode and taken out as oxygen.
- the metal porous body is used as an electrode into which water vapor is introduced. That is, a water electrolysis apparatus (SOEC hydrogen production apparatus) using the SOEC method applies a voltage between an anode, a cathode, a solid oxide electrolyte membrane interposed between the anode and the cathode, and the anode and the cathode. And at least an electrode into which water vapor is introduced includes a porous metal body having a three-dimensional network skeleton. Since the said metal porous body has a large surface area, the contact area of water vapor and an electrode also becomes large, and the electrolysis efficiency of water improves. Furthermore, since the said metal porous body is equipped with favorable electrical conductivity, the electrolysis efficiency of water vapor
- the solid oxide electrolyte membrane is proton conductive in that high-purity hydrogen is easily obtained. This is because when the solid oxide electrolyte membrane is proton conductive, the electrode into which water vapor is introduced is different from the electrode from which hydrogen is extracted.
- the metal porous body is used for the anode.
- the cathode also includes the metal porous body in that the generated hydrogen can be rapidly desorbed.
- the SOEC-type hydrogen production apparatus and the solid oxide fuel cell that generates electricity by reacting hydrogen and oxygen and discharges water have the same configuration while utilizing the opposite reaction.
- the operating temperature of the SOEC hydrogen production apparatus is about 600 ° C. to 800 ° C., and oxygen is generated at the anode. Therefore, the anode is placed in a high temperature oxidizing atmosphere. Since the metal porous body has high oxidation resistance and heat resistance, it can be suitably used particularly as an anode in an SOEC hydrogen production apparatus.
- the metal which comprises the said metal porous body is not specifically limited, The same metal as what was illustrated as a metal which comprises said each electrical power collector can be illustrated.
- the metal porous body used for the cathode preferably contains Sn.
- the pore diameter of the metal porous body is preferably 100 ⁇ m or more and 5000 ⁇ m or less. If the hole diameter of the said metal porous body is the said range, the pressure loss of water vapor
- the thickness of the metal porous body and the mass per unit area may be appropriately set depending on the scale of the hydrogen production apparatus. Especially, it is preferable to adjust thickness and the mass per unit area so that the porosity of the said metal porous body may be 30% or more. This is because when the porosity of the metal porous body is smaller than 30%, the pressure loss when water flows into the metal porous body increases. Further, in this method, the solid oxide electrolyte membrane and each electrode are electrically connected by being crimped. For this reason, it is preferable to adjust the mass per unit area so that the deformation of each electrode and the increase in electrical resistance due to creep when the two are crimped are within a practically acceptable range.
- the mass per unit area of the metal porous body is preferably 400 g / m 2 or more.
- FIG. 6 schematically shows a cross-sectional view of a main part of an SOEC hydrogen production apparatus 200 using a proton conductive solid oxide electrolyte membrane.
- the hydrogen production apparatus 200 includes a structure 204 including a solid oxide electrolyte membrane 202, electrodes 205 and 212 facing the respective main surfaces of the structure 204, and a main body on the opposite side of the structure 204 of the electrodes 205 and 212. Plate members 231 and 223 respectively facing the surface and a power source (not shown) are provided.
- Both the saddle electrodes 205 and 212 are metal porous bodies having a three-dimensional network skeleton as described above.
- the plate-like members 231 and 223 are interconnectors arranged so that water vapor, oxygen, and hydrogen are not mixed, and include gas flow paths 207 and 206, respectively.
- the water vapor V is introduced into the electrode 212 from the gas flow path 206 of the plate-like member 223.
- the generated hydrogen is discharged from the gas flow path 207. That is, the electrode 212 is an anode and the electrode 205 is a cathode.
- the SOEC hydrogen production apparatus 200 has the same configuration as the fuel cell 100 shown in FIG. That is, the structure 204 includes a solid oxide electrolyte membrane 202 containing a solid oxide having proton conductivity, and porous layers 201 and 203 disposed so as to face each main surface thereof.
- the solid oxide electrolyte membrane 202 includes a solid oxide having the same proton conductivity as exemplified as the electrolyte layer 2.
- the porous layers 201 and 203 support the solid oxide electrolyte membrane 202.
- the porous layer 201 has a larger outer diameter than the porous layer 203, and the porous layer 201 supports the entire structure 204.
- the porous layer 201 disposed on the anode (electrode 212) side is formed of a composite oxide of the solid oxide and nickel oxide (NiO) which is a catalyst component, like the anode 1. Therefore, electrolysis efficiency further increases.
- the porous layer 203 is formed of, for example, the same compound as exemplified for the cathode 3.
- the soot gas flow paths 206 and 207 are separated by a seal member 208.
- the seal member 208 is sandwiched between the pressing member 220 including the spacer 221, the insulating member 222, and the plate-like member 223, and the electrode 205. Thereby, sealing performance improves.
- the electrode 205 preferably contains the Ni—Sn alloy exemplified in the cathode current collector 5.
- the configurations of the saddle plate members 223 and 231 correspond to the interconnectors 23 and 31 shown in FIG. 1, respectively, and the configuration of the spacer 209 corresponds to the spacer 9 shown in FIG.
- corresponds to the structural member of the location corresponding to FIG. 1, respectively.
- Example 1 A fuel cell was fabricated by the following procedure.
- a cell structure was produced according to the following procedure.
- BCY BaCe 0.8 Y 0.2 O 2.9
- NiO so as to contain 70% by volume of Ni (catalyst component)
- pulverized and kneaded by a ball mill was pulverized and kneaded by a ball mill.
- a paste obtained by mixing BCY and a water-soluble binder resin (ethyl cellulose) was applied to one surface of the molded body by screen printing, and then the water-soluble binder resin was removed at 750 ° C. Subsequently, it co-sintered by heat-processing at 1400 degreeC, and formed the laminated body of a circular anode and a solid oxide layer (thickness 30 micrometers, diameter 100mm).
- LSCF La 0.6 HR 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3- ⁇
- a cell structure A (thickness: 650 ⁇ m) was produced by screen printing the paste and firing at 1000 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the thickness of the cathode was 50 ⁇ m and the diameter was 90 mm.
- the warpage amount of the obtained cell structure A was 0.85 mm.
- the amount of warpage was determined as the shortest distance between the horizontal plane and the highest point of the convex portion by placing the cell structural body on the horizontal plane with the convex portion of the cellular structure facing upward.
- Example 2 A fuel cell B was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the cell structure B having a warpage amount of 0.78 mm was used. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 A fuel cell C was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the cell structure C having a warpage amount of 0.83 mm was used. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 Example 1 except that the cell structure D having a warp amount of 0.75 mm and a cathode current collector made of a Ni—Sn alloy having a Sn content of 30% by mass were used. Thus, a fuel cell D was produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 A fuel cell a was fabricated and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the cell structure a having a warp amount of 0.88 mm was used and that the cathode-side spacer and the cathode current collector were not used. did. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 2 A fuel cell b was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the cell structure b having a warpage amount of 0.75 mm was used. The results are shown in Table 1.
- OCV is reduced by gas leaks and cell structure damage.
- the fuel cells a to c that did not use the cathode current collector have a small OCV, and gas leakage and / or damage to the cell structure are suspected.
- the fuel cells A to D all have large OCV, and there is no gas leak or cell damage.
Abstract
Description
本出願は、2016年1月29日出願の日本出願第2016-016682号に基づく優先権を主張し、前記日本出願に記載された全ての記載内容を援用するものである。
燃料流路106には、図示しないマニホールドから燃料が供給される。
[本開示の効果]
最初に本発明の実施形態の内容を列記して説明する。
(1)本発明の固体酸化物型燃料電池は、カソードと、前記カソードに対向しない周縁部を備える、前記カソードより外径の大きなアノードと、前記カソードおよび前記アノードの間に介在するとともに、前記カソードに対向しない周縁部を備え、かつ、固体酸化物を含む電解質層と、を備える、平板状のセル構造体と、前記カソードの周囲を囲むように配置された、前記カソードより外径の大きな枠状のシール部材と、前記シール部材を挟持する第1押さえ部材および第2押さえ部材と、前記カソードに隣接し、三次元網目状の骨格を有する金属多孔体からなる、平板状のカソード集電体と、を備える。前記カソード集電体の周縁部は、前記アノードに対向せず、前記シール部材の前記アノード側の主面の外縁部は、前記第1押さえ部材に対向し、前記シール部材の前記アノード側の主面の内縁部は、前記電解質層の前記周縁部に対向し、前記シール部材の前記アノード側の主面とは反対側の主面の外縁部は、前記カソード集電体の前記周縁部を介して、前記第2押さえ部材に対向し、前記シール部材の前記アノード側の主面とは反対側の主面の内縁部は、前記カソード集電体の前記周縁部以外の胴体部に対向する。
AaBbMcO3-δ
(ただし、元素Aは、Ba、CaおよびSrよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、元素Bは、CeおよびZrよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、元素Mは、Y、Yb、Er、Ho、Tm、Gd、およびScよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、0.85≦a≦1、0.5≦b<1、c=1-b、δは酸素欠損量である)で表される金属酸化物を含んでいても良い。このような固体酸化物は、比較的強度の低い焼結体を形成するが、上記構造によれば、セル構造体を損傷することなく、シール性を向上させることができる。
本発明の実施形態を具体的に以下に説明する。なお、本発明は、以下の内容に限定されるものではなく、請求の範囲によって示され、請求の範囲と均等の意味および範囲内でのすべての変更が含まれることが意図される。
燃料電池100は、セル構造体4と、燃料を通過させる燃料流路6と、酸化剤を通過させる酸化剤流路7と、燃料流路6と酸化剤流路7とを分離する枠状のシール部材8と、シール部材8を、直接的または間接的に挟持する一対の押さえ部材(第1押さえ部材20および第2押さえ部材30)と、を備える。酸化剤流路7には、マニホールド11から酸化剤が供給される。燃料流路6には、図示しないマニホールドから燃料が供給される。なお、図1および2では、それぞれの流路の一部のみを図示している。
そのため、電解質層2の周縁部は、第1張出部1aに対向するが、カソード3に対向しない第2張出部2aを形成している。電解質層2の第2張出部2aと他の部分との境界は、アノード1の第1張出部1aと他の部分との境界と同様に、破線L1で示される。
本実施形態に係るカソード集電体5は、三次元網目状の骨格を有する金属多孔体である。アノード集電体12も、カソード集電体5と同様に、三次元網目状の骨格を有する金属多孔体であることが好ましい。このような金属多孔体は、例えば、不織布状の構造や、スポンジ状の構造を有する。このような構造は、空孔および金属製の骨格を有する。例えば、スポンジ状の構造を有する金属多孔体は、空孔および金属製の骨格を有する複数のセルにより構成される。
すなわち、金属多孔体の骨格は、連続する複数の空孔51を区画しながら、網目状のネットワークを形成する繊維部52により形成される。このような構造を有する骨格を、三次元網目状の骨格という。なお、図4は、金属多孔体の骨格の一部の構造の一例を示す模式図である。
金属による被覆処理により、三次元網目状の骨格が形成される。これらの被覆方法のうち、メッキ処理が好ましい。
シール部材8は、カソード3を取り囲み、所定の幅および厚みを有する枠状体である。
シール部材8の材質は特に限定されないが、燃料電池の動作温度で耐熱性を有し、ガスバリア性に優れる点、および、適度に変形可能(ある程度、弾性変形あるいは塑性変形できる)である点から、ステンレス鋼が好ましい。
第1押さえ部材20および第2押さえ部材30は、少なくともシール部材8の一部を挟持できるものであれば、特に限定されない。第1押さえ部材20および第2押さえ部材30は、外部からセル構造体4の厚み方向に押圧されて、シール部材8と強く密着する。これにより、燃料流路6と酸化剤流路7とが分離される。
スペーサ(21、9)は、必要に応じて、インターコネクタ23とシール部材8との間や、カソード集電体5の周囲に配置される、枠状体である。その材質は特に限定されず、例えば、鉄-クロム(FeCr)合金等が挙げられる。スペーサは、シール部材8を挟持する押さえ部材の構成要素の一つとして使用されても良い。
絶縁部材22は、短絡を防止するために、インターコネクタ同士(23、31)の間に介在される、枠状体である。その材質は、絶縁性である限り特に限定されず、例えば、マイカ、酸化アルミニウム等が挙げられる。絶縁部材22として、枠状に成形された絶縁性材料を用いても良いし、絶縁性材料を含むコーティング材を、図示例の場合、スペーサ21あるいはインターコネクタ23の端面に塗布することにより形成されても良い。絶縁部材は、シール部材8を挟持する押さえ部材の構成要素の一つとして使用されても良い。
インターコネクタ(23、31)は、セル構造体4の両側に配置され、集電体としての機能を備える。インターコネクタは、シール部材8を挟持する押さえ部材の構成要素の一つとして使用されても良い。
セル構造体4は、アノード1と、カソード3と、アノード1およびカソード3の間に介在し、固体酸化物を含む電解質層2と、を備える。アノード1とカソード3と電解質層2とは、例えば、焼結により一体化されている。
電解質層2は、イオン伝導性を有する固体酸化物を含む。電解質層2を移動するイオンとしては特に限定されず、酸化物イオンであっても良いし、水素イオン(プロトン)であっても良い。なかでも、電解質層2は、プロトン伝導性を有することが好ましい。プロトン伝導性の燃料電池(PCFC)は、例えば400~600℃の中温域で稼働できる。そのため、PCFCは、多様な用途に使用可能である。
AaBbMcO3-δ
(ただし、元素Aは、Ba、CaおよびSrよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、元素Bは、CeおよびZrよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、元素Mは、Y、Yb、Er、Ho、Tm、Gd、およびScよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、0.85≦a≦1、0.5≦b<1、c=1-b、δは酸素欠損量である)で表される金属酸化物が挙げられる。
カソード3は、酸素分子を吸着し、解離させてイオン化することができる多孔質の構造を有している。カソード3の材料としては、例えば、燃料電池のカソードとして用いられる公知の材料を用いることができる。カソード3の材料は、例えば、ランタンを含み、ペロブスカイト構造を有する化合物である。具体的には、ランタンストロンチウムコバルトフェライト(LSCF、La1aSaFe1-bCobO3-δ、0.2≦a≦0.8、0.1≦b≦0.9、δは酸素欠損量である)、ランタンストロンチウムマンガナイト(LSM、La1-cScMnO3-δ、0.2≦c≦0.8、δは酸素欠損量である)、ランタンストロンチウムコバルタイト(LSC、La1-HRSHRCoO3-δ、0.2≦HR≦0.8、δは酸素欠損量である)等が挙げられる。
アノード1は、イオン伝導性の多孔質構造を有している。例えば、プロトン伝導性を有するアノード1では、燃料流路6から導入される水素等の燃料を酸化して、プロトンと電子とを放出する反応(燃料の酸化反応)が行われる。アノード1の厚みは、例えば、10μm~1000μm程度であれば良い。
セル構造体4の製造方法は、特に限定されず、従来公知の方法を用いることができる。
例えば、アノード用材料をプレス成形する工程と、得られたアノード成形体の片面に、固体酸化物を含む電解質用材料を積層し、焼結する工程と、焼結された電解質用材料の表面に、カソード用材料を積層し、焼結する工程と、を備える方法により、製造することができる。このようにして製造されたセル構造体4は、アノード1と電解質層2とカソード3とが一体化されている。
焼結の雰囲気中の酸素含有量は、特に限定されず、例えば、上記範囲であれば良い。焼結は、常圧下または加圧下で行うことができる。
この場合、少なくとも陽極として、上記金属多孔体を用いる。すなわち、PEM方式を用いる水素製造装置(PEM式水素製造装置)は、陽極と、陰極と、陽極と陰極との間に介在する高分子電解質膜と、陽極と陰極との間に電圧を印加する電源と、を備え、少なくとも陽極が三次元網目状の骨格を有する金属多孔体を含む。PEM方式では、高分子電解質膜によって陽極側と陰極側とが完全に分離されているため、(1)のアルカリ電解方式と比較して、純度の高い水素を取り出せる利点がある。また、上記金属多孔体は、表面積が大きく良好な電気伝導性を備えている。そのため、上記金属多孔体は、PEM式水素製造装置の陽極として、好適に使用できる。
同様の観点から、上記金属多孔体の孔径は400μm以上、4000μm以下が好ましい。なお、気泡の脱離性、保水性および電気的接続を考慮して、異なる孔径を持つ複数の上記金属多孔体を組み合わせて、各電極として使用してもよい。さらに、他の金属製の多孔体を上記金属多孔体と組み合わせて用いてもよい。
また、本方式において、高分子電解質膜と各電極とは、圧着されることにより導通する。
そのため、両者を圧着する際の各電極の変形およびクリープによる電気抵抗増加が実用上問題ない範囲になるように、単位面積当たりの質量を調節することが好ましい。上記金属多孔体の単位面積当たりの質量としては400g/m2以上が好ましい。
上記金属多孔体の単位面積当たりの質量としては400g/m2以上が好ましい。
[実施例1]
以下の手順で、燃料電池を作製した。
(1)セル構造体の作製
まず、下記の手順でセル構造体を作製した。
BCY(BaCe0.8Y0.2O2.9)に、Ni(触媒成分)を70体積%含むようにNiOを混合し、ボールミルによって粉砕混練した。次いで、プレス成形により、アノードを構成する円形の成形体(厚さ約600μm)を形成し、1000℃で仮焼結した。続いて、上記成形体の一方の面に、BCYと水溶性バインダ樹脂(エチルセルロース)とを混合したペーストをスクリーン印刷によって塗布した後、750℃で水溶性バインダ樹脂を除去した。次いで、1400℃で加熱処理することにより共焼結し、円形のアノードと固体酸化物層(厚さ30μm、直径100mm)との積層体を形成した。
得られたセル構造体Aの反り量は、0.85mmであった。なお、反り量は、セル構造体を、水平面にセル構造体の凸部が上になるようにして載置し、水平面と凸部の最も高い地点との最短距離として求めた。
住友電気工業株式会社製のセルメット(登録商標)の品番#8(気孔率:95%)に相当し、Ni-Sn合金(Sn含有量:10質量%)により形成された、円形の金属多孔体(単位当たりの質量:700g/m2、厚さ1.5mm、外寸127mm)を準備した。
外寸127mm、内寸96mm、厚さ50μmのフェライト系ステンレス鋼からなる円形リングを準備した。
上記で得られたセル構造体A、カソード集電体およびシール部材と、アノード集電体(住友電気工業株式会社製のニッケルのセルメット(登録商標)、品番♯8、厚さ1.4mm、気孔率:95%)と、ガス流路を備えるステンレス鋼製の一対のインターコネクタと、スペーサ(材質:FeCr合金)と、絶縁部材(マイカ)とを用いて、図1に示す燃料電池Aを製作した。このようにして得られた燃料電池Aをアノード側を下にして静置し、カソード側から40kPaの荷重をかけた状態で、開回路電圧(OCV)を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
反り量が0.78mmであるセル構造体Bを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、燃料電池Bを作製し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
反り量が0.83mmであるセル構造体Cを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、燃料電池Cを作製し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
反り量が0.75mmであるセル構造体Dを用いたこと、および、Sn含有量が30質量%であるNi-Sn合金からなるカソード集電体を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、燃料電池Dを作製し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
反り量が0.88mmであるセル構造体aを用いたこと、カソード側のスペーサおよびカソード集電体を用いなかったこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、燃料電池aを作製し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
反り量が0.75mmであるセル構造体bを用いたこと以外は、比較例1と同様にして、燃料電池bを作製し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
反り量が0.95mmであるセル構造体cを用いたこと以外は、比較例1と同様にして、燃料電池cを作製し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
Claims (7)
- カソードと、前記カソードに対向しない周縁部を備える、前記カソードより外径の大きなアノードと、前記カソードおよび前記アノードの間に介在するとともに、前記カソードに対向しない周縁部を備え、かつ、固体酸化物を含む電解質層と、を備える、平板状のセル構造体と、
前記カソードの周囲を囲むように配置された、前記カソードより外径の大きな枠状のシール部材と、
前記シール部材を挟持する第1押さえ部材および第2押さえ部材と、
前記カソードに隣接し、三次元網目状の骨格を有する金属多孔体からなる、平板状のカソード集電体と、を備え、
前記カソード集電体の周縁部は、前記アノードに対向せず、
前記シール部材の前記アノード側の主面の外縁部は、前記第1押さえ部材に対向し、
前記シール部材の前記アノード側の主面の内縁部は、前記電解質層の前記周縁部に対向し、
前記シール部材の前記アノード側の主面とは反対側の主面の外縁部は、前記カソード集電体の前記周縁部を介して、前記第2押さえ部材に対向し、
前記シール部材の前記アノード側の主面とは反対側の主面の内縁部は、前記カソード集電体の前記周縁部以外の胴体部に対向する、固体酸化物型燃料電池。 - 前記カソード集電体を構成する前記金属多孔体の気孔率が、90%以上99%以下である、請求項1に記載の固体酸化物型燃料電池。
- 前記シール部材の外寸が、前記カソード集電体の外寸以上である、請求項1または2に記載の固体酸化物型燃料電池。
- 前記固体酸化物が、プロトン伝導性を有する、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の固体酸化物型燃料電池。
- 前記固体酸化物が、ペロブスカイト型構造を有し、かつ下記式(1):
AaBbMcO3-δ
(ただし、元素Aは、Ba、CaおよびSrよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、元素Bは、CeおよびZrよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、元素Mは、Y、Yb、Er、Ho、Tm、Gd、およびScよりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、0.85≦a≦1、0.5≦b<1、c=1-b、δは酸素欠損量である)
で表される金属酸化物を含む、請求項4に記載の固体酸化物型燃料電池。 - 前記金属多孔体が、ニッケルと錫との合金を含む、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の固体酸化物型燃料電池。
- 前記合金に占める錫の割合が、5~30質量%である、請求項6に記載の固体酸化物型燃料電池。
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US20190036131A1 (en) | 2019-01-31 |
US10847814B2 (en) | 2020-11-24 |
KR20180103900A (ko) | 2018-09-19 |
JP6578970B2 (ja) | 2019-09-25 |
JP2017135090A (ja) | 2017-08-03 |
EP3410524A4 (en) | 2018-12-26 |
CN108701843B (zh) | 2021-04-27 |
EP3410524B1 (en) | 2019-08-28 |
EP3410524A1 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
CN108701843A (zh) | 2018-10-23 |
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