WO2017130073A1 - 半導体装置、及び該半導体装置を有する表示装置 - Google Patents
半導体装置、及び該半導体装置を有する表示装置 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor film and a display device including the semiconductor device.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- the technical field of one embodiment of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- one embodiment of the present invention relates to a process, a machine, a manufacture, or a composition (composition of matter). Therefore, the technical field of one embodiment of the present invention disclosed in this specification more specifically includes a semiconductor device, a display device, a liquid crystal display device, a light-emitting device, a lighting device, a power storage device, a memory device, an imaging device, A driving method or a manufacturing method thereof can be given as an example.
- a semiconductor device refers to all devices that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- a semiconductor element such as a transistor, a semiconductor circuit, an arithmetic device, and a memory device are one embodiment of the semiconductor device.
- An imaging device, a display device, a liquid crystal display device, a light emitting device, an electro-optical device, a power generation device (including a thin film solar cell, an organic thin film solar cell, and the like) and an electronic device may include a semiconductor device.
- a technique for forming a transistor also referred to as a thin film transistor (TFT) or a field effect transistor (FET)) using a semiconductor film formed over a substrate has attracted attention.
- the transistor is widely applied to an electronic device such as an integrated circuit (IC) or an image device (display device).
- IC integrated circuit
- FET field effect transistor
- As a semiconductor film applicable to a transistor a silicon-based semiconductor material is widely known, but an oxide semiconductor has attracted attention as another material.
- Patent Document 1 For example, a technique for manufacturing a transistor using an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide as an oxide semiconductor is disclosed (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- copper (Cu) has drawbacks such as poor adhesion to a film used as a base, and diffusion to a semiconductor film of a transistor to easily deteriorate transistor characteristics.
- a Cu—Mn alloy is disclosed as a material for an ohmic electrode formed on an oxide semiconductor film containing indium (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
- the Cu—Mn alloy film is heat-treated, and the oxide semiconductor film and the Cu—Mn alloy film are formed.
- Mn oxide is formed at the bonding interface.
- the Mn oxide is formed when Mn in the Cu—Mn alloy film diffuses toward the oxide semiconductor film and preferentially bonds with oxygen constituting the oxide semiconductor film.
- the region in the oxide semiconductor film reduced by Mn becomes oxygen deficient, and the carrier concentration is increased to have high conductivity.
- Mn diffuses toward the oxide semiconductor film and the Cu—Mn alloy becomes pure Cu, so that an ohmic electrode having a low electric resistance is obtained.
- the influence of Cu diffusion from the ohmic electrode is not considered.
- an electrode including a Cu—Mn alloy film is formed over the oxide semiconductor film, heat treatment is performed, so that a Mn oxide is formed at the bonding interface between the oxide semiconductor film and the Cu—Mn alloy film.
- Cu that can diffuse into the oxide semiconductor film from the Cu—Mn alloy film in contact with the oxide semiconductor film can be suppressed by forming the Mn oxide, the side surface of the Cu—Mn alloy film and the Cu -Mn in the Mn alloy film is desorbed to form a pure Cu film, and Cu is reattached to the surface of the oxide semiconductor film from the side surface or surface of the film.
- a part of the surface of the oxide semiconductor film is on a so-called back channel side, and Cu is reattached to the back channel side.
- characteristics for example, on-current, field-effect mobility, frequency characteristics, etc.
- transistor characteristics are deteriorated in a gate BT stress test, which is one of transistor reliability tests.
- an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel semiconductor device using a conductive film including copper for a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film includes a transistor with excellent electrical characteristics (eg, on-state current, field-effect mobility, and frequency characteristics) using a conductive film including copper. It is an object to provide a semiconductor device.
- Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device including a transistor in which variation in electrical characteristics is suppressed by using a conductive film including copper for a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film. .
- One embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a transistor.
- the transistor includes a gate electrode, a first insulating film over the gate electrode, and a region overlapping with the gate electrode with the first insulating film interposed therebetween.
- An oxide semiconductor film, a source electrode electrically connected to the oxide semiconductor film, a drain electrode electrically connected to the oxide semiconductor film, the oxide semiconductor film, the source electrode, and the drain electrode A semiconductor having a source electrode and a drain electrode each including copper, and an end portion of the source electrode and an end portion of the drain electrode each including a region containing copper and silicon Device.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a transistor.
- the transistor includes a gate electrode, a first insulating film over the gate electrode, and a gate electrode with the first insulating film interposed therebetween.
- the second insulating film on the drain electrode, the source electrode and the drain electrode each include copper, and the end portion of the source electrode and the end portion of the drain electrode each include copper and silicon.
- a semiconductor device having a region containing a compound.
- the end portion of the source electrode and the end portion of the drain electrode each have a region in contact with the second insulating film.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a transistor.
- the transistor includes a gate electrode, a first insulating film over the gate electrode, and a gate electrode with the first insulating film interposed therebetween.
- a second insulating film on the drain electrode, and the source electrode and the drain electrode each include a first conductive film, a second conductive film in contact with the first conductive film, and a second
- a third conductive film in contact with the conductive film, the second conductive film includes copper, and the first conductive film and the third conductive film include a material that suppresses copper diffusion.
- the end portion of the second conductive film has a region containing copper and silicon.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a transistor.
- the transistor includes a gate electrode, a first insulating film over the gate electrode, and a gate electrode with the first insulating film interposed therebetween.
- a second insulating film on the drain electrode, and the source electrode and the drain electrode each include a first conductive film, a second conductive film in contact with the first conductive film, and a second
- a third conductive film in contact with the conductive film, the second conductive film includes copper, and the first conductive film and the third conductive film include a material that suppresses copper diffusion.
- the end portion of the second conductive film has a region having a compound containing copper and silicon. That is a semiconductor device.
- the end portion of the second conductive film has a region in contact with the second insulating film.
- the first conductive film and the third conductive film preferably include at least one of titanium, tungsten, tantalum, and molybdenum.
- the first conductive film and the third conductive film preferably include an oxide, and the oxide preferably includes at least one of In or Zn.
- the oxide semiconductor film preferably includes In, Zn, and M (M represents Al, Ga, Y, or Sn).
- the oxide semiconductor film preferably includes a crystal part, and the crystal part preferably has c-axis alignment.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a display device including the semiconductor device according to each of the above embodiments and a display element.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a display module including the display device of the above embodiment and a touch sensor.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is an electronic device including the semiconductor device of each of the above embodiments, the display device of the above embodiment, or the display module of the above embodiment, and at least one of an operation key and a battery.
- a novel semiconductor device in which a conductive film including copper is used for a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film can be provided.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film includes a transistor having excellent electrical characteristics (eg, on-state current, field-effect mobility, and frequency characteristics) using a conductive film including copper.
- a semiconductor device can be provided.
- a semiconductor device including a transistor in which variation in electrical characteristics is suppressed using a conductive film including copper as a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film can be provided.
- a semiconductor device including a highly reliable transistor can be provided using a conductive film including copper as a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film.
- a semiconductor device in which manufacturing cost is reduced can be provided using a conductive film including copper for a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film.
- a semiconductor device with high productivity can be provided using a conductive film including copper for a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film.
- a novel semiconductor device can be provided.
- a novel method for manufacturing a semiconductor device can be provided.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- 8A and 8B are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- 8A and 8B are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- 8A and 8B are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- 8A and 8B are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device.
- 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device.
- 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device.
- 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device.
- 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device.
- 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device.
- 6A and 6B illustrate a range of an atomic ratio of an oxide semiconductor according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a crystal of InMZnO 4 .
- FIG. 11 is a band diagram of a stacked structure of an oxide semiconductor.
- FIG. 4A to 4C illustrate structural analysis by XRD of a CAAC-OS and a single crystal oxide semiconductor, and a diagram illustrating a limited-field electron diffraction pattern of the CAAC-OS.
- FIG. 6 shows changes in crystal parts of an In—Ga—Zn oxide due to electron irradiation.
- FIG. 14 is a top view illustrating one embodiment of a display device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a display device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a display device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a display device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a display device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a display device.
- 10A and 10B are a block diagram and a circuit diagram illustrating a display device.
- 6A and 6B are a circuit diagram and a timing chart for illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
- 5A and 5B are a graph and a circuit diagram for illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6A and 6B are a circuit diagram and a timing chart for illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram and timing chart illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
- 4A and 4B are a block diagram, a circuit diagram, and a waveform diagram for illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
- 6A and 6B are a circuit diagram and a timing chart for illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram illustrating one embodiment of the present invention. The figure explaining a display module. 10A and 10B each illustrate an electronic device. 10A and 10B each illustrate an electronic device.
- FIG. 14 is a perspective view illustrating a display device.
- FIG. 4A and 4B are a cross-sectional view and a circuit diagram illustrating a structure of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a structure of a CPU according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram illustrating a structure of a memory element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the circuit diagram which shows an example of an imaging device.
- FIG. 11 illustrates a configuration example of an imaging device.
- the Id-Vg characteristic of the transistor based on an Example.
- the ordinal numbers attached as the first and second are used for convenience, and may not indicate the process order or the stacking order. Therefore, for example, the description can be made by appropriately replacing “first” with “second” or “third”.
- the ordinal numbers described in this specification and the like may not match the ordinal numbers used to specify one embodiment of the present invention.
- the “semiconductor” in this specification and the like can be called an “insulator” in some cases.
- an “insulator” in this specification and the like can be called a “semiconductor” in some cases.
- the “insulator” in this specification and the like can be referred to as a “semi-insulator” in some cases.
- the semiconductor device may have characteristics as a “conductor”. Further, the boundary between the “semiconductor” and the “conductor” is ambiguous, and there are cases where it cannot be strictly distinguished. Therefore, a “semiconductor” in this specification and the like can be called a “conductor” in some cases. Similarly, a “conductor” in this specification and the like can be called a “semiconductor” in some cases.
- a transistor is an element having at least three terminals including a gate, a drain, and a source.
- a channel region is provided between the drain (drain terminal, drain region or drain electrode) and the source (source terminal, source region or source electrode), and a current flows through the drain, channel region, and source. Can do.
- a channel region refers to a region through which a current mainly flows.
- the functions of the source and drain may be switched when transistors with different polarities are used or when the direction of current changes during circuit operation. Therefore, in this specification and the like, the terms source and drain can be used interchangeably.
- the channel length refers to, for example, a region where a semiconductor (or a portion where current flows in the semiconductor when the transistor is on) and a gate electrode overlap with each other in a top view of the transistor, or a region where a channel is formed
- the channel length is not necessarily the same in all regions. That is, the channel length of one transistor may not be fixed to one value. Therefore, in this specification and the like, the channel length is any one of values, the maximum value, the minimum value, or the average value in a region where a channel is formed.
- the channel width is, for example, a region in which a semiconductor (or a portion in which a current flows in the semiconductor when the transistor is on) and a gate electrode overlap each other, or a source and a drain in a region where a channel is formed. This is the length of the part. Note that in one transistor, the channel width is not necessarily the same in all regions. That is, the channel width of one transistor may not be fixed to one value. Therefore, in this specification and the like, the channel width is any one of values, the maximum value, the minimum value, or the average value in a region where a channel is formed.
- “electrically connected” includes a case of being connected via “something having an electric action”.
- the “thing having some electric action” is not particularly limited as long as it can exchange electric signals between connection targets.
- “thing having some electric action” includes electrodes, wiring, switching elements such as transistors, resistance elements, inductors, capacitors, and other elements having various functions.
- the voltage often indicates a potential difference between a certain potential and a reference potential (for example, a ground potential (GND) or a source potential). Therefore, a voltage can be rephrased as a potential.
- a reference potential for example, a ground potential (GND) or a source potential. Therefore, a voltage can be rephrased as a potential.
- a silicon oxynitride film refers to a film having a higher oxygen content than nitrogen, preferably 55 to 65 atomic% oxygen and 1 atomic% nitrogen.
- the silicon nitride oxide film refers to a film having a nitrogen content higher than that of oxygen as a composition.
- nitrogen is 55 atomic% to 65 atomic%
- oxygen is 1 atomic% to 20 atomic%
- silicon is included.
- film and “layer” can be interchanged.
- conductive layer may be changed to the term “conductive film”.
- insulating film may be changed to the term “insulating layer” in some cases.
- parallel means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of ⁇ 10 ° to 10 °. Therefore, the case of ⁇ 5 ° to 5 ° is also included.
- substantially parallel means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of ⁇ 30 ° to 30 °.
- Vertical refers to a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 80 ° to 100 °. Therefore, the case of 85 ° to 95 ° is also included.
- substantially vertical means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 60 ° to 120 °.
- FIG. 1A is a top view of a transistor 100 which is a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- 1B corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross section taken along the dashed-dotted line X1-X2 in FIG. 1A
- FIG. 1C illustrates the dashed-dotted line Y1- in FIG. This corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the cut surface between Y2.
- some components of the transistor 100 are omitted for clarity.
- a channel length direction of the transistor 100 may be referred to as a channel length direction of the transistor 100, and a one-dot chain line Y1-Y2 direction may be referred to as a channel width direction of the transistor 100 in some cases.
- the transistor 100 includes a conductive film 104 functioning as a gate electrode over a substrate 102, an insulating film 106 over the substrate 102 and the conductive film 104, an insulating film 107 over the insulating film 106, and an oxide semiconductor film over the insulating film 107.
- conductive films 112a and 112b functioning as a pair of electrodes electrically connected to the oxide semiconductor film 108, insulating films 114 and 116 over the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the conductive films 112a and 112b, And an insulating film 118 over the insulating film 116.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108 includes indium (In), zinc (Zn), and M (M represents aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), yttrium (Y), or tin (Sn)). Preferably it has.
- the insulating films 106 and 107 function as gate insulating films of the transistor 100.
- one of the conductive films 112a and 112b functioning as a pair of electrodes functions as a source electrode, and the other functions as a drain electrode.
- the conductive film 112a includes a conductive film 112a_1, a conductive film 112a_2 in contact with the conductive film 112a_1, and a conductive film 112a_3a in contact with the conductive film 112a_2.
- the conductive film 112b includes the conductive film 112b_1 and the conductive film 112b_1.
- the conductive film 112b_2 is in contact with the conductive film 112b_2 and the conductive film 112b_3 is in contact with the conductive film 112b_2.
- the conductive film 112a_2 includes a region 112a_2a and a region 112a_2b.
- the conductive film 112b_2 includes a region 112b_2a and a region 112b_2b.
- the conductive films 112a_2 and 112b_2 each include copper, the regions 112a_2b and 112b_2b each include copper and silicon, and the conductive films 112a_1, 112a_3, 112b_1, and 112b_1 each include copper. Includes materials that inhibit diffusion.
- the region 112a_2b is located at an end portion of the conductive film 112a_2 and has a region in contact with the insulating film 114, and the region 112b_2b has a region located at an end portion of the conductive film 112b_2 and in contact with the insulating film 114.
- an end portion of the conductive film 112a_1 has a region located outside the end portion of the conductive film 112a_2, and an end portion of the conductive film 112b_1 has a region located outside the end portion of the conductive film 112b_2.
- the conductive film 112a_3 covers the upper surface of the conductive film 112a_2, and the conductive film 112b_3 covers the upper surface of the conductive film 112b_2. Therefore, the conductive film 112a_2a has a structure covered with the conductive film 112a_1, the region 112a_2b, and the conductive film 112a_3.
- the conductive film 112b_2a has a structure covered with the conductive film 112b_1, the region 112b_2b, and the conductive film 112b_3.
- the region 112a_2b and the region 112b_2b are preferably formed of copper silicide (copper silicide). Since copper silicide has a bond between copper and silicon, it is more stable than copper and has a function of suppressing copper from diffusing to the outside.
- the regions 112a_2b and 112b_2b each include copper and silicon, so that the adhesion between the conductive films 112a_2 and 112b_2 and the insulating film 114 is increased.
- the regions 112a_2b and 112b_2b may contain copper, silicon, and nitrogen, and may form a copper silicide nitride (copper silicide nitride).
- copper silicide nitride copper silicide nitride
- the conductive film 112a and the conductive film 112b include the conductive film 112a_2 and the conductive film 112b_2 containing copper, respectively, the resistance of the conductive films 112a and 112b can be reduced.
- diffusion of copper element to the outside of the conductive films 112a and 112b, in particular, diffusion into the oxide semiconductor film 108 can be suppressed. Therefore, a semiconductor device including a transistor with excellent electrical characteristics can be provided.
- FIG. 2A is a top view of a transistor 100A that is a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of a cross section taken along dashed-dotted line X1-X2 in FIG.
- FIG. 2C corresponds to a drawing
- FIG. 2C corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross-sectional surface taken along the alternate long and short dash line Y1-Y2 illustrated in FIG.
- the transistor 100A includes a conductive film 104 functioning as a first gate electrode over the substrate 102, an insulating film 106 over the substrate 102 and the conductive film 104, an insulating film 107 over the insulating film 106, and an oxidation film over the insulating film 107.
- the semiconductor film 108, the conductive films 112a and 112b functioning as a pair of electrodes electrically connected to the oxide semiconductor film 108, the insulating film 114 and the insulating films 114a and 112b over the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the conductive films 112a and 112b
- the conductive film 112 is electrically connected to one of the conductive films 112a and 112b (the conductive film 112b in FIG.
- the insulating films 106 and 107 have a function as a first gate insulating film of the transistor 100A, and the insulating films 114 and 116 have a function as a second gate insulating film of the transistor 100A.
- the insulating film 118 functions as a protective insulating film of the transistor 100A. Note that in this specification and the like, the insulating films 106 and 107 may be referred to as a first gate insulating film, and the insulating films 114 and 116 may be referred to as a second gate insulating film.
- one of the conductive films 112a and 112b functioning as a pair of electrodes functions as a source electrode, and the other functions as a drain electrode.
- the conductive film 120a functions as a pixel electrode used for the display device.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108 in the transistor 100A illustrated in FIG. 2 is sandwiched between the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b with the first gate insulating film and the second gate insulating film interposed therebetween.
- the length in the channel length direction and the length in the channel width direction of the conductive film 104 are longer than the length in the channel length direction and the length in the channel width direction of the oxide semiconductor film 108, respectively.
- the length in the channel length direction and the length in the channel width direction of the conductive film 120b are longer than the length in the channel length direction and the length in the channel width direction of the oxide semiconductor film 108, respectively. Therefore, the entire oxide semiconductor film 108 is covered with the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b with the first gate insulating film and the second gate insulating film interposed therebetween.
- the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b surround the oxide semiconductor film 108 with the first gate insulating film and the second gate insulating film interposed therebetween.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108 included in the transistor 100A can be electrically surrounded by the electric fields of the conductive films 104 and 120b.
- a device structure of a transistor that electrically surrounds an oxide semiconductor film in which a channel region is formed by an electric field of the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b like the transistor 100A can be referred to as a surrounded channel (s-channel) structure. .
- the transistor 100A Since the transistor 100A has an s-channel structure, an electric field for inducing a channel by the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b can be effectively applied to the oxide semiconductor film 108. Therefore, the current driving capability of the transistor 100A is improved, and high on-current characteristics can be obtained. Further, since the on-state current can be increased, the transistor 100A can be miniaturized. In addition, since the transistor 100A has a structure in which the oxide semiconductor film 108 is surrounded by the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b, the mechanical strength of the transistor 100A can be increased.
- the carrier flow region in the oxide semiconductor film 108 is on the first gate insulating film side of the oxide semiconductor film 108 and on the second gate insulating film side of the oxide semiconductor film 108.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108 has a wider range in the film, the amount of carrier movement in the transistor 100A increases.
- the on-state current of the transistor 100A is increased and the field-effect mobility is increased.
- the field-effect mobility is 10 cm 2 / V ⁇ s or more. Note that the field-effect mobility here is not an approximate value of mobility as a physical property value of the oxide semiconductor film but an index of current driving force in a saturation region of the transistor and is an apparent field-effect mobility.
- the conductive films 120a and 120b may be provided over the insulating film 118.
- the conductive film 120a and one of the conductive films 112a and 112b are electrically connected.
- a top view of the transistor 100B is similar to the transistor 100A illustrated in FIG. 2A, and FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view taken along the dashed-dotted line X1-X2 illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 3B corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross-sectional surface taken along the alternate long and short dash line Y1-Y2 illustrated in FIG.
- the other structure of the transistor 100B is similar to that of the transistor 100A; therefore, the structure of the transistor 100A may be referred to.
- the conductive films 112a and 112b may have a region where the end of the conductive film 112a_1 and the end of the conductive film 112a_2 are aligned. There may be a region where the end portion is aligned with the end portion of the conductive film 112b_2.
- the conductive film 120b functioning as the second gate electrode includes the first gate insulating film (the insulating films 106 and 107) and the first gate insulating film.
- the openings 152a and 152b provided in the second gate insulating film (insulating films 114 and 116) may be connected to the conductive film 104 functioning as the first gate electrode.
- FIG. 4A is a top view of a transistor 100D which is a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- 4B corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross section taken along the dashed-dotted line X1-X2 in FIG. 4A, and FIG.
- FIG. 4C illustrates the dashed-dotted line Y1- in FIG. 4A. This corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the cut surface between Y2. Further, the other structure of the transistor 100D is similar to that of the transistor 100A; therefore, the structure of the transistor 100A may be referred to.
- the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b are connected to each other in the opening portions 152a and 152b provided in the first gate insulating film and the second gate insulating film.
- the side faces the conductive film 120b with the first gate insulating film and the second gate insulating film interposed therebetween.
- the same potential is applied to the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b. Therefore, the oxide semiconductor film 108 included in the transistor 100D can be effectively surrounded by the electric fields of the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b. Note that only one of the opening 152a and the opening 152b may be provided.
- the conductive films 120a and 120b may be provided over the insulating film 118.
- the conductive film 120a and one of the conductive films 112a and 112b are electrically connected, and the insulating films 106, 107, 114, 116, and 118 are electrically connected.
- the conductive film 120 b functioning as the second gate electrode and the conductive film 104 functioning as the first gate electrode are electrically connected.
- a top view of the transistor 100E is similar to the transistor 100D illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view taken along the dashed-dotted line X1-X2 illustrated in FIG. 5B corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross-sectional surface taken along the alternate long and short dash line Y1-Y2 illustrated in FIG.
- the other structure of the transistor 100E is similar to that of the transistor 100D; therefore, the structure of the transistor 100D may be referred to.
- FIG. 6A is a top view of a transistor 100F that is a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- 6B corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross section taken along the dashed-dotted line X1-X2 in FIG. 6A
- FIG. 6C illustrates the dashed-dotted line Y1- in FIG. 6A. This corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the cut surface between Y2.
- a transistor 100F illustrated in FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C is provided over the insulating film 107 and the conductive film 104 in the opening 151 provided in the first gate insulating film (insulating films 106 and 107).
- the conductive film 120b is electrically connected to the conductive film 120c.
- the conductive film 120b is provided on the insulating film 116 and conductive in the opening 152d provided in the second gate insulating film (insulating films 114 and 116). It is different from the transistor 100A in that it is electrically connected to the film 112c.
- the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b are electrically connected to each other through the conductive film 112c.
- One of the side surfaces in the channel width direction of the oxide semiconductor film 108 is the first gate insulating film and the second gate insulating film.
- the gate insulating film is opposed to the conductive film 112c.
- the same potential is applied to the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b. Therefore, the oxide semiconductor film 108 included in the transistor 100F can be effectively surrounded by the electric fields of the conductive film 104 and the conductive film 120b.
- one or both of the length in the channel length direction and the length in the channel width direction of the conductive film 120b may not be longer than the length in the channel length direction and the length in the channel width direction of the oxide semiconductor film 108, respectively. Good.
- the conductive film 112c can be formed through the same process as the conductive films 112a and 112b.
- the conductive film 112c includes a conductive film 112c_1, a conductive film 112c_2 in contact with the conductive film 112c_1, and a conductive film 112c_3 in contact with the conductive film 112c_2.
- the conductive film 112c_2 includes a region 112c_2a and a region 112c_2b.
- the conductive film 112c_2 includes copper, the region 112c_2b includes copper and silicon, and the conductive film 112c_1 and the conductive film 112c_3 each include a material that suppresses diffusion of copper.
- the region 112c_2b is located at an end portion of the conductive film 112c_2 and has a region in contact with the insulating film 114.
- the end portion of the conductive film 112c_1 includes a region located outside the end portion of the conductive film 112c_2.
- the conductive film 112c_3 covers the upper surface of the conductive film 112c_2. Therefore, the conductive film 112c_2a has a structure covered with the conductive film 112c_1, the region 112c_2b, and the conductive film 112c_3.
- the region 112c_2b can be formed using a material and a process similar to those of the regions 112a_2b and 112b_2b.
- the resistance of the conductive film 112c can be reduced. Further, diffusion of copper element to the outside of the conductive film 112c, particularly diffusion to the oxide semiconductor film 108 can be suppressed.
- the other structure of the transistor 100F is similar to that of the transistor 100A; therefore, the structure of the transistor 100A may be referred to.
- FIG. 7A and 7B are cross-sectional views of a transistor 100G which is a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- a top view of the transistor 100G is similar to the transistor 100 illustrated in FIG. 7A corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the cut surface between the alternate long and short dash line X1-X2 shown in FIG. 1A, and FIG. 7B shows the cross section between the alternate long and short dash line Y1-Y2 shown in FIG. This corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the cut surface.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108 includes an oxide semiconductor film 108a on the conductive film 104 side, an oxide semiconductor film 108b over the oxide semiconductor film 108a, and an oxide semiconductor film 108c over the oxide semiconductor film 108b. It differs from the transistor 100 in that it has. That is, the oxide semiconductor film 108 has a three-layer structure. Other configurations are similar to those of the transistor 100, and have the same effects. Hereinafter, a structure different from that of the transistor 100 will be described.
- the oxide semiconductor films 108a, 108b, and 108c each include In, Zn, and M (M is Al, Ga, Y, or Sn).
- the oxide semiconductor film 108b preferably includes a region where the atomic ratio of In is larger than the atomic ratio of M.
- the oxide semiconductor films 108a and 108c preferably each include a region with a smaller number of In atoms than the oxide semiconductor film 108b.
- the field-effect mobility of the transistor 100G can be increased. Specifically, the field-effect mobility of the transistor 100G exceeds 10 cm 2 / Vs, more preferably the field-effect mobility of the transistor 100G can exceed 30 cm 2 / Vs.
- the above-described transistor having a high field-effect mobility is used for a gate driver that generates a gate signal (particularly, a demultiplexer connected to an output terminal of a shift register included in the gate driver).
- a semiconductor device or a display device (also referred to as a frame) can be provided.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108b includes a region where the atomic ratio of In is larger than the atomic ratio of M, the electrical characteristics of the transistor 100G are likely to fluctuate during light irradiation.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108c is formed over the oxide semiconductor film 108b. Since the oxide semiconductor film 108c has a region with a smaller atomic ratio of In than the oxide semiconductor film 108b, Eg is larger than that of the oxide semiconductor film 108b. Therefore, the oxide semiconductor film 108 which has a stacked structure of the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the oxide semiconductor film 108c can have increased resistance by an optical negative bias stress test.
- oxygen vacancies formed in the channel region in the oxide semiconductor film 108b are problematic because they affect transistor characteristics. For example, when oxygen vacancies are formed in the channel region of the oxide semiconductor film 108b, hydrogen is bonded to the oxygen vacancies to serve as a carrier supply source. When a carrier supply source is generated in the channel region of the oxide semiconductor film 108b, a change in electrical characteristics of the transistor 100G including the oxide semiconductor film 108b, typically, a threshold voltage shift occurs. Therefore, the number of oxygen vacancies is preferably as small as possible in the channel region of the oxide semiconductor film 108b.
- the insulating film in contact with the oxide semiconductor film 108 specifically, the insulating films 114 and 116 formed over the oxide semiconductor film 108 have a structure containing excess oxygen. .
- oxygen vacancies in the oxide semiconductor film can be reduced.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108 may have a two-layer structure including the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the oxide semiconductor film 108c.
- the top view of the transistor 100H is similar to the transistor 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A, and FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view taken along the dashed-dotted line X1-X2 illustrated in FIG. 8B corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross section taken along the dashed-dotted line Y1-Y2 in FIG.
- the other structure of the transistor 100H is similar to that of the transistor 100G; therefore, the structure of the transistor 100G may be referred to.
- the conductive film 120b functioning as the second gate electrode is provided, and the oxide semiconductor film 108 includes the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the oxide semiconductor film. It is good also as a structure which has 108c.
- a top view of the transistor 100J is similar to the transistor 100A illustrated in FIG. 2A, and FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view taken along the dashed-dotted line X1-X2 illustrated in FIG. FIG. 9B corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross-sectional surface taken along the alternate long and short dash line Y1-Y2 illustrated in FIG.
- the other structure of the transistor 100J is similar to that of the transistor 100A; therefore, the structure of the transistor 100A may be referred to.
- the conductive films 112a and 112b may have a region where the end of the conductive film 112a_1 and the end of the conductive film 112a_2 are aligned. There may be a region where the end portion is aligned with the end portion of the conductive film 112b_2.
- the conductive films 120a and 120b may be provided over the insulating film 118.
- the conductive films 112a and 112b may have a region where the end of the conductive film 112a_1 and the end of the conductive film 112a_2 are aligned. There may be a region where the end portion is aligned with the end portion of the conductive film 112b_2.
- the region where carriers flow in the oxide semiconductor film 108 is formed on the first gate insulating film side of the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the oxide semiconductor film 108b. Since the oxide semiconductor film 108 has a wide range in the second gate insulating film side of the physical semiconductor film 108b and further in the oxide semiconductor film 108, the amount of carrier movement in these transistors increases. As a result, the on-current of the transistor increases and the field effect mobility increases.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108 included in the transistor 100 is illustrated with a shape in which the oxide semiconductor film in a region exposed from the conductive films 112a and 112b is thin, in other words, a shape in which part of the oxide semiconductor film has a recess. is doing.
- the oxide semiconductor film in the region exposed from the conductive films 112a and 112b does not have to be thin and does not have to have a depression.
- FIGS. 11A and 11B are cross-sectional views illustrating an example of a semiconductor device.
- 11A and 11B are cross-sectional views of the transistor 100N in which the oxide semiconductor film 108 of the transistor 100 described above does not have a depression.
- Configuration Example 4 of Semiconductor Device> 12A is a top view of the transistor 100P, and FIG. 12B corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross section taken along dashed-dotted line X1-X2 in FIG. 12A. Corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cut surface taken along the alternate long and short dash line Y1-Y2 shown in FIG.
- insulating film 104 over a substrate 102, an insulating film 106 over the substrate 102 and the conductive film 104, an insulating film 107 over the insulating film 106, and an oxide semiconductor film 108 over the insulating film 107.
- the insulating film 114 over the oxide semiconductor film 108, the insulating film 116 over the insulating film 114, and the insulating film 114 and the opening 151 a provided in the insulating film 116 are electrically connected to the oxide semiconductor film 108.
- the conductive film 112b electrically connected to the oxide semiconductor film 108 through the opening 151b provided in the insulating film 114 and the insulating film 116.
- An insulating film 118 is provided over the transistor 100P, more specifically, over the conductive films 112a and 112b and the insulating film 116.
- the insulating films 106 and 107 function as a gate insulating film of the transistor 100P, and the insulating films 114 and 116 function as a protective insulating film of the oxide semiconductor film 108.
- the film 118 functions as a protective insulating film of the transistor 100P.
- the conductive film 104 functions as a gate electrode
- the conductive film 112a functions as a source electrode
- the conductive film 112b functions as a drain electrode.
- the transistor 100P shown in FIGS. 12A, 12B, and 12C has a channel protection type structure.
- a channel protection transistor can also be preferably used for the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. Note that the other structure of the transistor 100P is similar to that of the transistor 100; therefore, the structure of the transistor 100 may be referred to.
- FIG. 13A is a top view of the transistor 100Q
- FIG. 13B corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross section taken along dashed-dotted line X1-X2 in FIG. 13A
- C) corresponds to a cross-sectional view of a cross-sectional surface taken along the alternate long and short dash line Y1-Y2 illustrated in FIG.
- transistor 13 differs from the transistor 100P shown in FIGS. 12A, 12B, and 12C in the shapes of the insulating films 114 and 116.
- the transistor 100Q shown in FIG. Specifically, the insulating films 114 and 116 of the transistor 100Q are provided in an island shape over the channel region of the oxide semiconductor film 108. Other configurations are similar to those of the transistor 100P.
- each of the above structures can be freely combined.
- the substrate 102 There is no particular limitation on the material of the substrate 102, but it is necessary that the substrate 102 have at least heat resistance to withstand heat treatment performed later.
- a glass substrate, a ceramic substrate, a quartz substrate, a sapphire substrate, or the like may be used as the substrate 102.
- a single crystal semiconductor substrate made of silicon or silicon carbide, a polycrystalline semiconductor substrate, a compound semiconductor substrate such as silicon germanium, an SOI substrate, or the like can be applied, and a semiconductor element is provided over these substrates.
- a substrate may be used as the substrate 102.
- the sixth generation (1500 mm ⁇ 1850 mm), the seventh generation (1870 mm ⁇ 2200 mm), the eighth generation (2200 mm ⁇ 2400 mm), the ninth generation (2400 mm ⁇ 2800 mm), the tenth generation.
- a large area substrate such as a generation (2950 mm ⁇ 3400 mm)
- a large display device can be manufactured.
- a flexible substrate may be used as the substrate 102, and the transistor 100 may be formed directly over the flexible substrate.
- a separation layer may be provided between the substrate 102 and the transistor 100. The separation layer can be used for separation from the substrate 102 and transfer to another substrate after the semiconductor device is partially or entirely completed thereon. At that time, the transistor 100 can be transferred to a substrate having poor heat resistance or a flexible substrate.
- the conductive film 104 functioning as a first gate electrode, the conductive film 112a functioning as a source electrode, the conductive film 112b functioning as a drain electrode, the conductive film 112c functioning as a connection electrode, and the conductive film 120b functioning as a second gate electrode
- the conductive film 120a functioning as a pixel electrode
- Cr chromium
- Cu copper
- Al aluminum
- Au gold
- Ag silver
- Zn zinc
- tantalum Is it a metal element selected from Ta), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), or an alloy containing the above metal elements as components?
- Each of these can be formed using an alloy or the like in which the above metal elements are combined.
- Cu is preferably used for the conductive films 104, 112a, 112b, 112c, 120a, 120b.
- a Cu—X alloy film (X is Mn, Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, Mo, Ta, or Ti) may be applied. By using a Cu-X alloy film, it can be processed by a wet etching process, and thus manufacturing costs can be suppressed.
- Cu or the above-described Cu—X alloy film can be preferably used for the conductive film 112a_2 included in the conductive film 112a, the conductive film 112b_2 included in the conductive film 112b, and the conductive film 112c_2 included in the conductive film 112c.
- the Cu—X alloy film a Cu—Mn alloy film is particularly preferable. Note that in one embodiment of the present invention, the present invention is not limited to this, and the conductive films 112a_2 and 112b_2 and the conductive film 112c_2 may include at least copper.
- the regions 112a_2b, 112b_2b, and 112c_2b preferably include Cu and Si, and preferably include copper silicide.
- the regions 112a_2b, 112b_2b, and 112c_2b have copper silicide nitride, diffusion of copper to the outside can be suppressed.
- Copper silicide is formed by reacting Cu or an alloy containing Cu with, for example, silane gas after film formation.
- the conductive films 112a_1 and 112a_3 included in the conductive film 112a, the conductive films 112b_1 and 112b_3 included in the conductive film 112b, and the conductive films 112c_1 and 112c_3 included in the conductive film 112c include titanium, tungsten, It is preferable to have one or more selected from tantalum and molybdenum.
- the conductive films 112a_1, 112a_3, 112b_1, 112b_3, 112c_1, and 112c_3 include one or more selected from titanium, tungsten, tantalum, and molybdenum
- the conductive films 112a_2, 112b_2, and 112c_2 have copper outside. Can be suppressed. That is, the conductive films 112a_1, 112a_3, 112b_1, 112b_3, 112c_1, and 112c_3 have a function as a so-called barrier metal.
- a so-called tantalum nitride film containing nitrogen and tantalum is preferably used for the conductive films 112a_1, 112a_3, 112b_1, 112b_3, 112c_1, and 112c_3.
- the tantalum nitride film has conductivity and high barrier properties against copper or hydrogen.
- a tantalum nitride film can be most preferably used as a conductive film in contact with the oxide semiconductor film 108 because it emits less hydrogen from itself.
- the conductive films 104, 112a_1, 112a_3, 112b_1, 112b_3, 112c_1, 112c_3, 120a, and 120b each include an oxide containing indium and tin, an oxide containing tungsten and indium, and tungsten, indium, and zinc.
- An oxide conductor such as an oxide having the same can also be applied.
- the conductive films 112a_1, 112a_3, 112b_1, 112b_3, 112c_1, and 112c_3 each include an oxide containing at least one of In or Zn, so that diffusion of copper included in the conductive films 112a_2, 112b_2, and 112c_2 to the outside is suppressed. be able to.
- the above-described oxide conductor can be suitably used for the conductive film 120a.
- the conductive film 120a and the oxide semiconductor film 108 (the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the oxide semiconductor film 108c) preferably include the same metal element. With this configuration, manufacturing costs can be suppressed.
- the oxide conductor will be described.
- the oxide conductor may be referred to as OC (Oxide Conductor).
- Oxide Conductor As an oxide conductor, for example, when an oxygen vacancy is formed in an oxide semiconductor and hydrogen is added to the oxygen vacancy, a donor level is formed in the vicinity of the conduction band. As a result, the oxide semiconductor becomes highly conductive and becomes a conductor.
- a conductive oxide semiconductor can be referred to as an oxide conductor.
- an oxide semiconductor has a large energy gap and thus has a light-transmitting property with respect to visible light.
- an oxide conductor is an oxide semiconductor having a donor level in the vicinity of the conduction band. Therefore, the oxide conductor is less influenced by absorption due to the donor level, and has a light-transmitting property similar to that of an oxide semiconductor with respect to visible light.
- Insulating film functioning as first gate insulating film As the insulating films 106 and 107 functioning as the first gate insulating film of the transistor 100, a silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride film is formed by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method, a sputtering method, or the like. Film, silicon nitride oxide film, silicon nitride film, aluminum oxide film, hafnium oxide film, yttrium oxide film, zirconium oxide film, gallium oxide film, tantalum oxide film, magnesium oxide film, lanthanum oxide film, cerium oxide film and neodymium oxide film Insulating layers containing one or more of each can be used. Note that instead of the stacked structure of the insulating films 106 and 107, a single-layer insulating film selected from the above materials or an insulating film having three or more layers may be used.
- PECVD plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
- the insulating film 106 functions as a blocking film that suppresses permeation of oxygen.
- the insulating film 106 can suppress permeation of oxygen.
- the insulating film 107 in contact with the oxide semiconductor film 108 functioning as the channel region of the transistor 100 is preferably an oxide insulating film, and includes a region containing oxygen in excess of the stoichiometric composition (oxygen-excess region). ) Is more preferable.
- the insulating film 107 is an insulating film capable of releasing oxygen.
- the insulating film 107 may be formed in an oxygen atmosphere.
- the insulating film 107 after deposition may be heat-treated in an oxygen atmosphere.
- hafnium oxide has a higher dielectric constant than silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride. Accordingly, since the thickness of the insulating film 107 can be increased as compared with the case where silicon oxide is used, the leakage current due to the tunnel current can be reduced. That is, a transistor with a small off-state current can be realized. Further, hafnium oxide having a crystal structure has a higher dielectric constant than hafnium oxide having an amorphous structure. Therefore, in order to obtain a transistor with low off-state current, it is preferable to use hafnium oxide having a crystal structure. Examples of the crystal structure include a monoclinic system and a cubic system. Note that one embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto.
- a silicon nitride film is formed as the insulating film 106 and a silicon oxide film is formed as the insulating film 107. Since the silicon nitride film has a higher relative dielectric constant than that of the silicon oxide film and has a large film thickness necessary for obtaining a capacitance equivalent to that of the silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film is used as a gate insulating film of the transistor 100. Insulating film can be thickened. Accordingly, a decrease in the withstand voltage of the transistor 100 can be suppressed, and further, the withstand voltage can be improved, so that electrostatic breakdown of the transistor 100 can be suppressed.
- oxide semiconductor film 108 any of the above materials can be used.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108b is an In-M-Zn oxide
- the atomic ratio of the metal elements of the sputtering target used for forming the In-M-Zn oxide preferably satisfies In> M.
- the oxide semiconductor films 108a and 108c are In-M-Zn oxides
- the atomic ratio of the metal elements of the sputtering target used for forming the In-M-Zn oxide satisfies In ⁇ M. It is preferable.
- each of the oxide semiconductor films 108 is an In-M-Zn oxide
- a target including a polycrystalline In-M-Zn oxide is preferably used as a sputtering target.
- the oxide semiconductor films 108a, 108b, and 108c having crystallinity can be easily formed.
- the atomic ratio of the oxide semiconductor films 108a, 108b, and 108c to be formed includes a variation of ⁇ 40% in the atomic ratio of the metal element included in the sputtering target.
- the atomic ratio of the oxide semiconductor film 108b to be formed is In: Ga: Zn may be in the vicinity of 4: 2: 3.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108 has an energy gap of 2 eV or more, preferably 2.5 eV or more, more preferably 3 eV or more.
- an oxide semiconductor film with an energy gap of 2 eV or more, preferably 2 eV or more and 3.0 eV or less is used for the oxide semiconductor film 108b, and an energy gap of 2.5 eV or more and 3 is used for the oxide semiconductor films 108a and 108c. It is preferable to use an oxide semiconductor film of .5 eV or less.
- the energy gap between the oxide semiconductor films 108a and 108c is preferably larger than that of the oxide semiconductor film 108b.
- the thicknesses of the oxide semiconductor films 108a, 108b, and 108c are each 3 nm to 200 nm, preferably 3 nm to 100 nm, more preferably 3 nm to 50 nm.
- oxide semiconductor films 108a and 108c oxide semiconductor films with low carrier density are used.
- the oxide semiconductor films 108a and 108c have a carrier density of 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 11 cm -3 or less.
- a transistor having an appropriate composition may be used depending on required semiconductor characteristics and electrical characteristics (such as field-effect mobility and threshold voltage) of a transistor.
- the carrier density, impurity concentration, defect density, atomic ratio of metal element to oxygen, interatomic distance, density, and the like of the oxide semiconductor film 108 are appropriate. It is preferable.
- an oxide semiconductor film with a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states is preferably used because a transistor having more excellent electric characteristics can be manufactured.
- low impurity concentration and low defect level density are referred to as high purity intrinsic or substantially high purity intrinsic.
- a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has few carrier generation sources, and thus can have a low carrier density. Therefore, a transistor in which a channel region is formed in the oxide semiconductor film rarely has electrical characteristics (also referred to as normally-on) in which the threshold voltage is negative.
- a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has a low density of defect states, and thus may have a low density of trap states.
- a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has an extremely small off-state current, a channel width of 1 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ m, and a channel length L of 10 ⁇ m.
- the voltage between the drain electrodes is in the range of 1V to 10V, it is possible to obtain a characteristic that the off-current is less than the measurement limit of the semiconductor parameter analyzer, that is, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 13 A or less.
- a transistor in which a channel region is formed in the high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic oxide semiconductor film can be a highly reliable transistor with little variation in electrical characteristics.
- the charge trapped in the trap level of the oxide semiconductor film takes a long time to disappear, and may behave as if it were a fixed charge. Therefore, a transistor in which a channel region is formed in an oxide semiconductor film with a high trap state density may have unstable electrical characteristics.
- impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals.
- Hydrogen contained in the oxide semiconductor film reacts with oxygen bonded to metal atoms to become water, and forms oxygen vacancies in a lattice from which oxygen is released (or a portion from which oxygen is released). When hydrogen enters the oxygen vacancies, electrons serving as carriers may be generated. In addition, a part of hydrogen may be combined with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to generate electrons as carriers. Therefore, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film containing hydrogen is likely to be normally on. Therefore, it is preferable that hydrogen be reduced in the oxide semiconductor film 108 as much as possible.
- the hydrogen concentration obtained by SIMS analysis is 2 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19. atoms / cm 3 or less, 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less. cm 3 or less.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108b preferably includes a region with a lower hydrogen concentration than the oxide semiconductor film 108c. Since the oxide semiconductor film 108b has a region with a lower hydrogen concentration than the oxide semiconductor film 108c, a highly reliable semiconductor device can be obtained.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108b contains silicon or carbon which is one of Group 14 elements, oxygen vacancies increase in the oxide semiconductor film 108b, and the oxide semiconductor film 108b becomes n-type. Therefore, the concentration of silicon or carbon in the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the concentration of silicon or carbon in the vicinity of the interface with the oxide semiconductor film 108b (concentration obtained by SIMS analysis) are 2 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less. Preferably, it is 2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal obtained by SIMS analysis is set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or lower, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or lower.
- the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the oxide semiconductor film 108b is set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or lower, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or lower.
- the nitrogen in the oxide semiconductor film 108b is preferably reduced as much as possible.
- the nitrogen concentration obtained by SIMS analysis is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the oxide semiconductor film 108c may each have a non-single-crystal structure.
- the non-single crystal structure includes, for example, a CAAC-OS (C Axis Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor), a polycrystalline structure, a microcrystalline structure, or an amorphous structure, which will be described later.
- CAAC-OS C Axis Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor
- the amorphous structure has the highest density of defect states
- the CAAC-OS has the lowest density of defect states.
- the insulating films 114 and 116 function as a second gate insulating film of the transistor 100.
- the insulating films 114 and 116 have a function of supplying oxygen to the oxide semiconductor film 108. That is, the insulating films 114 and 116 include oxygen.
- the insulating film 114 is an insulating film that can transmit oxygen. Note that the insulating film 114 also functions as a damage reducing film for the oxide semiconductor film 108 when an insulating film 116 to be formed later is formed.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like with a thickness of 5 nm to 150 nm, preferably 5 nm to 50 nm can be used.
- the insulating film 114 preferably has a small amount of defects.
- the insulating film 114 can be formed using an oxide insulating film having a low level density due to nitrogen oxides.
- the level density due to the nitrogen oxide can be formed between the energy (Ev_os) at the upper end of the valence band of the oxide semiconductor film and the energy (Ec_os) at the lower end of the conduction band of the oxide semiconductor film.
- the oxide insulating film a silicon oxynitride film with a low emission amount of nitrogen oxide, an aluminum oxynitride film with a low emission amount of nitrogen oxide, or the like can be used.
- a silicon oxynitride film with a small amount of released nitrogen oxide is a film in which the amount of released ammonia is larger than the amount of released nitrogen oxide in the temperature programmed desorption gas analysis method.
- the amount of released ammonia is Is 1 ⁇ 10 18 pieces / cm 3 or more and 5 ⁇ 10 19 pieces / cm 3 or less.
- the amount of ammonia released is the amount released by heat treatment at a film surface temperature of 50 ° C. to 650 ° C., preferably 50 ° C. to 550 ° C.
- Nitrogen oxide (NO x , x exceeds 0 and is 2 or less, preferably 1 or more and 2 or less), typically NO 2 or NO forms a level in the insulating film 114 or the like.
- the level is located in the energy gap of the oxide semiconductor film 108. Therefore, when nitrogen oxide diffuses to the interface between the insulating film 114 and the oxide semiconductor film 108, the level may trap electrons on the insulating film 114 side. As a result, trapped electrons remain in the vicinity of the interface between the insulating film 114 and the oxide semiconductor film 108, so that the threshold voltage of the transistor is shifted in the positive direction.
- nitrogen oxides react with ammonia and oxygen during heat treatment. Since nitrogen oxide contained in the insulating film 114 reacts with ammonia contained in the insulating film 116 in the heat treatment, nitrogen oxide contained in the insulating film 114 is reduced. Therefore, electrons are hardly trapped at the interface between the insulating film 114 and the oxide semiconductor film 108.
- the oxide insulating film as the insulating film 114, a shift in threshold voltage of the transistor can be reduced, and variation in electric characteristics of the transistor can be reduced.
- the insulating film 114 has a g value of 2.037 or more in a spectrum obtained by measurement with an ESR of 100 K or less by heat treatment in a manufacturing process of the transistor, typically 300 ° C. or more and less than 350 ° C.
- a first signal having a g value of 2.001 or more and 2.003 or less and a third signal having a g value of 1.964 or more and 1.966 or less are observed.
- the split width of the first signal and the second signal and the split width of the second signal and the third signal are about 5 mT in the X-band ESR measurement.
- the first signal having a g value of 2.037 to 2.039
- the second signal having a g value of 2.001 to 2.003
- the total density of the spins of the third signal is less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 spins / cm 3 , typically 1 ⁇ 10 17 spins / cm 3 or more and less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 spins / cm 3 .
- the total spin density of the third signal that is 1.966 or less corresponds to a signal caused by nitrogen oxides (NO x , x is greater than 0 and 2 or less, preferably 1 or more and 2 or less).
- nitrogen oxides include nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. That is, the first signal having a g value of 2.037 to 2.039, the second signal having a g value of 2.001 to 2.003, and the g value of 1.964 to 1.966. It can be said that the smaller the total density of spins of the third signal, the smaller the content of nitrogen oxide contained in the oxide insulating film.
- the oxide insulating film has a nitrogen concentration measured by SIMS of 6 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- oxide insulating film By forming the oxide insulating film using a PECVD method using silane and dinitrogen monoxide with a substrate temperature of 220 ° C. or higher and 350 ° C. or lower, a dense and high hardness film is formed. be able to.
- the insulating film 116 is formed using an oxide insulating film containing more oxygen than that in the stoichiometric composition. Part of oxygen is released by heating from the oxide insulating film containing oxygen in excess of that in the stoichiometric composition.
- An oxide insulating film containing oxygen in excess of the stoichiometric composition has an oxygen desorption amount of 1.0 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or more in terms of oxygen atoms in TDS analysis.
- the oxide insulating film is preferably 3.0 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or more.
- the surface temperature of the film in the TDS is preferably in the range of 100 ° C. to 700 ° C., or 100 ° C. to 500 ° C.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like having a thickness of 30 nm to 500 nm, preferably 50 nm to 400 nm can be used.
- the insulating film 116 preferably has a small amount of defects.
- the insulating films 114 and 116 can be made of the same kind of material, the interface between the insulating film 114 and the insulating film 116 may not be clearly confirmed. Therefore, in this embodiment mode, the interface between the insulating film 114 and the insulating film 116 is indicated by a broken line. Note that although a two-layer structure of the insulating film 114 and the insulating film 116 has been described in this embodiment mode, the present invention is not limited thereto, and for example, a single-layer structure of the insulating film 114 or a stacked structure of three or more layers may be used. Good.
- the insulating film 118 functions as a protective insulating film for the transistor 100.
- the insulating film 118 has one or both of hydrogen and nitrogen. Alternatively, the insulating film 118 includes nitrogen and silicon.
- the insulating film 118 has a function of blocking oxygen, hydrogen, water, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or the like.
- a nitride insulating film can be used as the insulating film 118.
- the nitride insulating film include silicon nitride, silicon nitride oxide, aluminum nitride, and aluminum nitride oxide.
- various films such as the conductive film, the insulating film, and the oxide semiconductor film described above can be formed by a sputtering method or a PECVD method, but other methods such as a thermal CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method can be used. May be formed.
- thermal CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- examples of the thermal CVD method include MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) method or ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method.
- the thermal CVD method has an advantage that no defects are generated due to plasma damage because it is a film forming method that does not use plasma.
- film formation may be performed by sending a source gas and an oxidant into the chamber at the same time, making the inside of the chamber under atmospheric pressure or reduced pressure, reacting in the vicinity of the substrate or on the substrate and depositing on the substrate. .
- film formation may be performed by setting the inside of the chamber to atmospheric pressure or reduced pressure, sequentially introducing source gases for reaction into the chamber, and repeating the order of gas introduction.
- the thermal CVD method such as the MOCVD method and the ALD method can form various films such as the conductive film, the insulating film, the oxide semiconductor film, and the metal oxide film of the above embodiment, for example, an In—Ga—ZnO film.
- Is used trimethylindium, trimethylgallium, and dimethylzinc are used.
- the chemical formula of trimethylindium is In (CH 3 ) 3 .
- the chemical formula of trimethylgallium is Ga (CH 3 ) 3 .
- the chemical formula of dimethylzinc is Zn (CH 3 ) 2 .
- Triethylgallium (chemical formula Ga (C 2 H 5 ) 3 ) can be used instead of trimethylgallium, and diethylzinc (chemical formula Zn (C 2 H 5 ) is used instead of dimethylzinc. 2 ) can also be used.
- hafnium oxide film when a hafnium oxide film is formed by a film formation apparatus using ALD, a liquid containing a solvent and a hafnium precursor compound (hafnium amide such as hafnium alkoxide or tetrakisdimethylamide hafnium (TDMAH)) is vaporized.
- hafnium amide such as hafnium alkoxide or tetrakisdimethylamide hafnium (TDMAH)
- gases that is, source gas and ozone (O 3 ) as an oxidizing agent are used.
- source gas and ozone (O 3 ) as an oxidizing agent are used.
- the chemical formula of tetrakisdimethylamide hafnium is Hf [N (CH 3 ) 2 ] 4 .
- Other material liquids include tetrakis (ethylmethylamide) hafnium.
- a source gas obtained by vaporizing a liquid such as trimethylaluminum (TMA)
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- H 2 a solvent and an aluminum precursor compound
- gases of O Two kinds of gases of O are used.
- trimethylaluminum is Al (CH 3 ) 3 .
- Other material liquids include tris (dimethylamido) aluminum, triisobutylaluminum, aluminum tris (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) and the like.
- hexachlorodisilane is adsorbed on the film formation surface, chlorine contained in the adsorbate is removed, and an oxidizing gas (O 2 , monoxide) Dinitrogen) radicals are supplied to react with the adsorbate.
- oxidizing gas O 2 , monoxide
- tungsten film is formed by a film forming apparatus using ALD
- an initial tungsten film is formed by repeatedly introducing WF 6 gas and B 2 H 6 gas successively, and then WF 6 gas and H 2.
- a tungsten film is formed using a gas.
- SiH 4 gas may be used instead of B 2 H 6 gas.
- an oxide semiconductor film such as an In—Ga—ZnO film is formed by a film formation apparatus using ALD
- In (CH 3 ) 3 gas and O 3 gas are sequentially introduced and In—O is sequentially introduced.
- a GaO layer is formed using Ga (CH 3 ) 3 gas and O 3 gas
- a ZnO layer is formed using Zn (CH 3 ) 2 gas and O 3 gas.
- a mixed compound layer such as an In—Ga—O layer, an In—Zn—O layer, or a Ga—Zn—O layer may be formed using these gases.
- O 3 may be used of H 2 O gas obtained by bubbling with an inert gas such as Ar in place of the gas, but better to use an O 3 gas containing no H are preferred.
- In (C 2 H 5 ) 3 gas may be used instead of In (CH 3 ) 3 gas.
- Ga (C 2 H 5 ) 3 gas may be used instead of Ga (CH 3 ) 3 gas.
- Zn (CH 3 ) 2 gas may be used.
- FIGS. 14A to 17B are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
- FIGS. 14A to 14C, FIGS. 15A to 15C, and FIGS. (C) (E) and FIGS. 17 (A), (C), and (E) are channel length directions indicated by X1-X2, and FIGS. 14 (B), (D), (F), and FIGS. D, (F), FIGS. 16B, 16D, 17F, 17B, 17D, and 17F are cross-sectional views in the channel width direction indicated by Y1-Y2.
- a conductive film is formed over the substrate 102, and the conductive film is processed by a lithography process and an etching process, so that the conductive film 104 functioning as a first gate electrode is formed.
- insulating films 106 and 107 functioning as first gate insulating films are formed over the conductive film 104 (see FIGS. 14A and 14B).
- a glass substrate is used as the substrate 102, and a 10-nm-thick titanium film, a 100-nm-thick copper film, and a 50-nm-thick tantalum nitride film are used as the conductive film 104 functioning as the first gate electrode.
- a 10-nm-thick titanium film, a 100-nm-thick copper film, and a 50-nm-thick tantalum nitride film are used as the conductive film 104 functioning as the first gate electrode.
- conductive film 104 functioning as the first gate electrode.
- insulating film 106 can have a stacked structure of silicon nitride films.
- the insulating film 106 can have a three-layer structure including a first silicon nitride film, a second silicon nitride film, and a third silicon nitride film. As an example of the three-layer structure, it can be formed as follows.
- the first silicon nitride film for example, silane having a flow rate of 200 sccm, nitrogen having a flow rate of 2000 sccm, and ammonia gas having a flow rate of 100 sccm are supplied as source gases to the reaction chamber of the PECVD apparatus, and the pressure in the reaction chamber is controlled to 100 Pa. What is necessary is just to form 2000 W electric power using a high frequency power supply of 27.12 MHz so that thickness may be set to 50 nm.
- silane having a flow rate of 200 sccm, nitrogen having a flow rate of 2000 sccm, and ammonia gas having a flow rate of 2000 sccm are supplied as source gases to the reaction chamber of the PECVD apparatus, and the pressure in the reaction chamber is controlled to 100 Pa;
- a thickness of 300 nm may be formed by supplying 2000 W of power using a 12 MHz high frequency power source.
- silane having a flow rate of 200 sccm and nitrogen having a flow rate of 5000 sccm are supplied as source gases to the reaction chamber of the PECVD apparatus, the pressure in the reaction chamber is controlled to 100 Pa, and a high frequency power source of 27.12 MHz is used. Then, the power may be formed so as to have a thickness of 50 nm by supplying power of 2000 W.
- the substrate temperature when forming the first silicon nitride film, the second silicon nitride film, and the third silicon nitride film can be 350 ° C. or lower.
- the insulating film 106 has a three-layer structure of a silicon nitride film, for example, when a conductive film containing copper (Cu) is used for the conductive film 104, the following effects can be obtained.
- the first silicon nitride film can suppress diffusion of copper (Cu) element from the conductive film 104.
- the second silicon nitride film has a function of releasing hydrogen and can improve the withstand voltage of the insulating film functioning as a gate insulating film.
- the third silicon nitride film emits less hydrogen from the third silicon nitride film and can suppress diffusion of hydrogen released from the second silicon nitride film.
- the insulating film 107 is preferably formed using an insulating film containing oxygen in order to improve interface characteristics with the oxide semiconductor film 108 (more specifically, the oxide semiconductor film 108b) to be formed later. Further, oxygen may be added to the insulating film 107 after the insulating film 107 is formed. Examples of oxygen added to the insulating film 107 include oxygen radicals, oxygen atoms, oxygen atom ions, and oxygen molecular ions. Examples of the addition method include an ion doping method, an ion implantation method, and a plasma treatment method.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the oxide semiconductor film 108c are formed over the insulating film 107 (see FIGS. 14C and 14D).
- FIGS. 14C and 14D are schematic cross-sectional views of the inside of a film formation apparatus when an oxide semiconductor film which will later become the oxide semiconductor film 108 is formed over the insulating film 107.
- a sputtering apparatus is used as a film forming apparatus, and a target 191 installed inside the sputtering apparatus and a plasma 192 formed below the target 191 are schematically shown. Yes.
- an oxide semiconductor film when forming an oxide semiconductor film, plasma is discharged in an atmosphere containing a first oxygen gas. At that time, oxygen is added into the insulating film 107 to be a formation surface of the oxide semiconductor film.
- an inert gas eg, helium gas, argon gas, xenon gas, or the like
- helium gas e.g, helium gas, argon gas, xenon gas, or the like
- the first oxygen gas may be contained at least when forming the oxide semiconductor film, and the ratio of the first oxygen gas to the entire deposition gas when forming the oxide semiconductor film is as follows: It is greater than 0% and not more than 100%, preferably not less than 10% and not more than 100%, more preferably not less than 30% and not more than 100%.
- FIGS. 14C and 14D oxygen or excess oxygen added to the insulating film 107 is schematically represented by broken-line arrows.
- the substrate temperatures at the time of forming the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the oxide semiconductor film 108c may be the same or different. Note that it is preferable that the substrate temperatures of the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the oxide semiconductor film 108c be the same because manufacturing costs can be reduced.
- the substrate temperature when the oxide semiconductor film 108 is formed is from room temperature to less than 340 ° C., preferably from room temperature to 300 ° C., more preferably from 100 ° C. to 250 ° C., and even more preferably from 100 ° C. to 200 ° C. It is as follows. By forming the oxide semiconductor film 108 by heating, the crystallinity of the oxide semiconductor film 108 can be increased. On the other hand, when a large glass substrate (for example, the sixth generation to the tenth generation) is used as the substrate 102, the substrate temperature when the oxide semiconductor film 108 is formed is 150 ° C. or higher and lower than 340 ° C., The substrate 102 may be deformed (distorted or warped). Therefore, in the case where a large glass substrate is used, deformation of the glass substrate can be suppressed by setting the substrate temperature at the time of forming the oxide semiconductor film 108 to 100 ° C. or higher and lower than 150 ° C.
- a large glass substrate for example, the sixth generation to the
- oxygen gas or argon gas used as a sputtering gas is a gas having a dew point of ⁇ 40 ° C. or lower, preferably ⁇ 80 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 100 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 120 ° C. or lower. By using it, moisture and the like can be prevented from being taken into the oxide semiconductor film as much as possible.
- the chamber in the sputtering apparatus is provided with an adsorption-type vacuum exhaust pump such as a cryopump so as to remove water or the like which is an impurity for the oxide semiconductor film as much as possible. It is preferable to use and evacuate a high vacuum (from 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Pa to about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa). Alternatively, it is preferable to combine a turbo molecular pump and a cold trap so that a gas, particularly a gas containing carbon or hydrogen, does not flow backward from the exhaust system into the chamber.
- an oxide semiconductor film to be an oxide semiconductor film 108b is formed later, an oxide semiconductor film to be an oxide semiconductor film 108c later is formed. Note that when these oxide semiconductor films are formed, plasma may be discharged in an atmosphere containing the second oxygen gas.
- the ratio of the first oxygen gas when the oxide semiconductor film which will be the oxide semiconductor film 108b later is formed and the second oxygen gas when the oxide semiconductor film which will be the oxide semiconductor film 108c later is formed may be the same or different.
- An oxide semiconductor film to be the oxide semiconductor film 108c later is formed by a method. The substrate temperature at the time of forming these oxide semiconductor films is set to 170 ° C.
- an oxygen gas with a flow rate of 15 sccm and an argon gas with a flow rate of 35 sccm are used.
- an oxygen gas with a flow rate of 25 sccm and an argon gas with a flow rate of 25 sccm are used.
- the oxide semiconductor film formed is processed into a desired shape, whereby the island-shaped oxide semiconductor film 108b and the island-shaped oxide semiconductor film 108c are formed (see FIGS. 14E and 14F). ). Note that in this embodiment, the oxide semiconductor film 108b is formed using the oxide semiconductor film 108b and the oxide semiconductor film 108c (see FIGS. 14E and 14F).
- first heat treatment heat treatment
- hydrogen, water, and the like contained in the oxide semiconductor film 108 can be reduced.
- heat treatment for reducing hydrogen, water, and the like may be performed before the oxide semiconductor film 108 is processed into an island shape.
- the first heat treatment is one of purification treatments of the oxide semiconductor film.
- the first heat treatment can be, for example, 150 ° C. or higher and lower than the strain point of the substrate, preferably 200 ° C. or higher and 450 ° C. or lower, more preferably 250 ° C. or higher and 350 ° C. or lower.
- an electric furnace, an RTA (Rapid Thermal Anneal) apparatus, or the like can be used for the first heat treatment.
- the first heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere of nitrogen, oxygen, ultra-dry air (air with a water content of 20 ppm or less, preferably 1 ppm or less, preferably 10 ppb or less), or a rare gas (such as argon or helium). Just do it.
- nitrogen, oxygen, ultra-dry air air with a water content of 20 ppm or less, preferably 1 ppm or less, preferably 10 ppb or less
- a rare gas such as argon or helium
- the heat treatment may be performed in an oxygen or ultra-dry air atmosphere.
- hydrogen, water, and the like contained in the oxide semiconductor film can be eliminated and oxygen can be supplied into the oxide semiconductor film.
- oxygen vacancies contained in the oxide semiconductor film can be reduced.
- a conductive film 112 which will be a source electrode and a drain electrode later is formed over the insulating film 107 and the oxide semiconductor film 108 by a sputtering method (see FIGS. 15A and 15B).
- conductive films 112_1, 112_2, and 112_3 are stacked as the conductive film 112.
- a stacked film in which a 50-nm-thick tungsten film as the conductive film 112_1, a 200-nm-thick copper film as the conductive film 112_2, and a 5-nm-thick tungsten film as the conductive film 112_3 are sequentially stacked is formed by a sputtering method. Note that although the conductive film 112_1 and the conductive film 112_3 are formed using the same material in this embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this.
- a stacked film in which a tungsten film with a thickness of 50 nm is formed as the conductive film 112_1, a copper film with a thickness of 200 nm as the conductive film 112_2, and a titanium film with a thickness of 50 nm as the conductive film 112_3 may be used.
- the conductive film 112 has a three-layer structure, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductive film 112 may have a two-layer structure or a four-layer structure.
- masks 141a and 141b are formed in desired regions over the conductive film 112_3.
- the conductive films 112_2 and 112_3 are processed using the masks 141a and 141b to form island-shaped conductive films 112a_2, 112b_2, 112a_3, and 112b_3 that are separated from each other (FIGS. 15C and 15D). )reference).
- the conductive films 112_2 and 112_3 are processed using a wet etching apparatus.
- the method for processing the conductive film 112 is not limited to this, and for example, a dry etching apparatus may be used. Note that the manufacturing cost can be reduced by processing the conductive film 112 using a wet etching apparatus rather than processing the conductive film 112 using a dry etching apparatus.
- the end portions of the conductive films 112a_2 and 112b_2 are silicided, so that regions 112a_2a and 112b_2a having copper and regions 112a_2b and 112b_2b having copper silicide are formed.
- FIGS. 15E and 15F are schematic cross-sectional views inside the plasma device when the ends of the conductive films 112a_2 and 112b_2 are silicided. 15E and 15F schematically show plasma 195 generated inside the PECVD apparatus using a PECVD apparatus as the plasma apparatus.
- Copper exposed at the ends of the conductive films 112a_2 and 112b_2 easily forms an oxide film on the surface. Therefore, as a pretreatment for siliciding copper, plasma is discharged in an atmosphere containing a reducing gas (for example, hydrogen gas, ammonia gas, etc.) in order to remove the oxide film covering the copper surface. . At that time, the oxide film covering the copper surface is reduced, and copper is exposed at the ends of the conductive films 112a_2 and 112b_2.
- the reduction method for removing the oxide film is not limited to plasma treatment.
- the surface of copper may be exposed to an atmosphere containing a reducing gas (for example, hydrogen gas, ammonia gas, etc.) and heat treatment may be performed for reduction.
- the substrate temperature when performing the plasma treatment and the heat treatment is preferably 300 ° C. or higher, more preferably 350 ° C. or higher. In the present embodiment, the substrate temperature when removing the oxide film covering the copper surface is set to 350 ° C.
- the substrate temperature when forming the copper silicide is preferably 200 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower, more preferably 220 ° C. or higher and 350 ° C. or lower. In this embodiment, the substrate temperature for forming copper silicide is 220 ° C., and a silane gas with a flow rate of 300 sccm and a nitrogen gas with a flow rate of 500 sccm are used.
- the substrate temperature when removing the oxide film on the copper surface and the substrate temperature when forming the copper silicide be equalized because the oxide film removal and the copper silicide formation can be performed in the same apparatus or the same chamber. In this case, it is preferable that the substrate temperature when forming the copper silicide be 350 ° C.
- the gas for forming the copper silicide only needs to contain at least silicon, and the ratio of the gas containing silicon in the total gas for forming the copper silicide is greater than 0% and not more than 100%. , Preferably 10% to 100%, more preferably 30% to 100%.
- silicon or silane added to the conductive films 112a_2 and 112b_2 is schematically represented by dashed arrows.
- plasma may be discharged in an atmosphere of a gas containing nitrogen to form copper silicide nitride containing copper, silicon, and nitrogen in the conductive films 112a_2 and 112b_2.
- copper silicide nitride containing copper, silicon, and nitrogen may be formed in the conductive films 112a_2 and 112b_2 by performing heat treatment by exposing the substrate to a gas atmosphere containing nitrogen.
- masks 142a and 142b are formed in part over the conductive film 112_1 and desired regions over the conductive films 112a_2, 112b_2, 112a_3, and 112b_3. Subsequently, the conductive film 112_1 is processed using the masks 142a and 142b, whereby island-shaped conductive films 112a_1 and 112b_1 that are separated from each other are formed.
- the conductive film 112a_1, the conductive film 112a_2 including the region 112a_2 and the region 112a_2b, the conductive film 112a including the conductive film 112_3, the conductive film 112b_1, and the conductive film 112b_2 including the region 112b_2a and the region 112b_2b are included.
- a conductive film 112b including the conductive film 112b_3 is formed (see FIGS. 16A and 16B).
- the conductive film 112_1 is processed using a dry etching apparatus.
- the method for processing the conductive film 112_1 is not limited to this, and a wet etching apparatus may be used, for example.
- a finer pattern can be formed by processing the conductive film 112_1 using a dry etching apparatus than by processing the conductive film 112_1 using a wet etching apparatus.
- the surface (back channel side) of the oxide semiconductor film 108 may be cleaned after the conductive films 112a and 112b are formed.
- the cleaning method include cleaning using a chemical solution such as phosphoric acid.
- a chemical solution such as phosphoric acid
- impurities attached to the surface of the oxide semiconductor film 108b eg, elements contained in the conductive films 112a and 112b
- the cleaning is not necessarily performed, and in some cases, the cleaning may not be performed.
- the region exposed from the conductive films 112a and 112b of the oxide semiconductor film 108 may be thin.
- Step of Forming Second Gate Insulating Film the insulating film 114 and the insulating film 116 are formed over the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the conductive films 112a and 112b (see FIGS. 16C and 16D).
- the insulating film 114 it is preferable to continuously form the insulating film 116 without exposure to the air.
- the insulating film 114 and the insulating film are formed by continuously forming the insulating film 116 by adjusting one or more of the flow rate, pressure, high frequency power, and substrate temperature of the source gas without opening to the atmosphere.
- the concentration of impurities derived from atmospheric components can be reduced at the interface with 116, and oxygen contained in the insulating films 114 and 116 can be transferred to the oxide semiconductor film 108. The amount can be reduced.
- a silicon oxynitride film can be formed by a PECVD method.
- a deposition gas and an oxidation gas containing silicon as the source gas.
- the deposition gas containing silicon include silane, disilane, trisilane, and fluorinated silane.
- the oxidizing gas include dinitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.
- the flow rate of the oxidizing gas is more than 20 times and less than 100 times, preferably 40 times or more and 80 times or less, and the pressure in the processing chamber is less than 100 Pa, preferably 50 Pa or less with respect to the flow rate of the deposition gas.
- the insulating film 114 contains nitrogen and has a small amount of defects.
- the temperature at which the substrate 102 is held is 220 ° C.
- silane with a flow rate of 50 sccm and dinitrogen monoxide with a flow rate of 2000 sccm are used as source gases
- the pressure in the processing chamber is 20 Pa
- parallel plates A silicon oxynitride film is formed by a PECVD method in which high-frequency power supplied to the electrode is 13.56 MHz and 100 W (power density is 1.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 W / cm 2 ).
- a substrate placed in a processing chamber evacuated by a PECVD apparatus is held at 180 ° C. or higher and 350 ° C. or lower, and a raw material gas is introduced into the processing chamber so that the pressure in the processing chamber is 100 Pa or higher and 250 Pa or lower. , more preferably not more than 200Pa than 100 Pa, the electrode provided in the processing chamber 0.17 W / cm 2 or more 0.5 W / cm 2 or less, more preferably 0.25 W / cm 2 or more 0.35 W / cm 2 or less of A silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride film is formed depending on conditions for supplying high-frequency power.
- the oxygen content in the insulating film 116 is higher than the stoichiometric composition.
- a film formed at the above substrate temperature since the bonding force between silicon and oxygen is weak, part of oxygen in the film is released by heat treatment in a later step. As a result, an oxide insulating film containing more oxygen than that in the stoichiometric composition and from which part of oxygen is released by heating can be formed.
- the insulating film 114 serves as a protective film for the oxide semiconductor film 108 in the step of forming the insulating film 116. Therefore, the insulating film 116 can be formed using high-frequency power with high power density while reducing damage to the oxide semiconductor film 108.
- the amount of defects in the insulating film 116 can be reduced by increasing the flow rate of the deposition gas containing silicon with respect to the oxidizing gas under the deposition conditions of the insulating film 116.
- An oxide insulating film with a small amount of defects that is preferably 1.5 ⁇ 10 17 spins / cm 3 or less can be formed. As a result, the reliability of the transistor 100 can be improved.
- second heat treatment heat treatment
- nitrogen oxides contained in the insulating films 114 and 116 can be reduced.
- part of oxygen contained in the insulating films 114 and 116 can be moved to the oxide semiconductor film 108 by the second heat treatment, so that the amount of oxygen vacancies contained in the oxide semiconductor film 108 can be reduced.
- the temperature of the second heat treatment is typically less than 400 ° C, preferably less than 375 ° C, and more preferably 150 ° C to 350 ° C.
- the second heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere of nitrogen, oxygen, ultra-dry air (air with a water content of 20 ppm or less, preferably 1 ppm or less, preferably 10 ppb or less), or a rare gas (such as argon or helium). Just do it.
- an electric furnace, an RTA apparatus, or the like can be used for the heat treatment in which hydrogen, water, or the like is preferably not contained in the nitrogen, oxygen, ultra-dry air, or the rare gas.
- a mask is formed on the insulating film 116 by a lithography process, and an opening 152 c is formed in a desired region of the insulating films 114 and 116. Note that the opening 152c is formed so as to reach the conductive film 112b (see FIGS. 16E and 16F).
- conductive films 120a and 120b are formed over the insulating film 116 so as to cover the opening 152c (see FIGS. 17A to 17D).
- FIGS. 17A and 17B are schematic cross-sectional views inside the film formation apparatus when the conductive films 120 a and 120 b are formed over the insulating film 116.
- a sputtering apparatus is used as a film forming apparatus, and a target 193 installed inside the sputtering apparatus and a plasma 194 formed below the target 193 are schematically shown. Yes.
- the conductive films 120a and 120b when forming the conductive films 120a and 120b, plasma is discharged in an atmosphere containing a third oxygen gas. At that time, oxygen is added into the insulating film 116 which is a formation surface of the conductive films 120a and 120b.
- an inert gas eg, helium gas, argon gas, xenon gas, or the like
- oxygen can be preferably added to the insulating film 116.
- the ratio of the fourth oxygen gas in the entire deposition gas may be 50% or more and 100% or less, preferably 80% or more and 100% or less. .
- FIGS. 17A and 17B oxygen or excess oxygen added to the insulating film 116 is schematically represented by broken-line arrows.
- the substrate temperature for forming the conductive films 120a and 120b is from room temperature to less than 340 ° C, preferably from room temperature to 300 ° C, more preferably from 100 ° C to 250 ° C, and even more preferably from 100 ° C to 200 ° C. It is as follows. By forming the conductive films 120a and 120b by heating, the crystallinity of the conductive films 120a and 120b can be increased. On the other hand, when a large glass substrate (for example, 6th generation to 10th generation) is used as the substrate 102, when the substrate temperature when forming the conductive films 120a and 120b is 150 ° C. or higher and lower than 340 ° C., The substrate 102 may be deformed (distorted or warped). Therefore, when a large glass substrate is used, deformation of the glass substrate can be suppressed by setting the substrate temperature at the time of forming the conductive films 120 a and 120 b to 100 ° C. or higher and lower than 150 ° C.
- the method for adding oxygen to the insulating film 116 when the conductive films 120a and 120b are formed is exemplified, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- oxygen may be further added to the insulating film 116 after the conductive films 120a and 120b are formed.
- the thickness of the oxide conductive film is preferably 1 nm or more and 20 nm or less, or 2 nm or more and 10 nm or less because oxygen can be suitably transmitted and release of oxygen can be suppressed.
- oxygen is added to the insulating film 116 through the oxide conductive film.
- the method for adding oxygen include an ion doping method, an ion implantation method, and a plasma treatment method. Further, when oxygen is added, oxygen can be effectively added to the insulating film 116 by applying a bias voltage to the substrate side.
- an ashing device may be used as the bias voltage, and the power density of the bias voltage applied to the substrate side of the ashing device may be 1 W / cm 2 or more and 5 W / cm 2 or less.
- the substrate temperature at the time of adding oxygen is from room temperature to 300 ° C., preferably from 100 ° C. to 250 ° C., whereby oxygen can be efficiently added to the insulating film 116.
- the island-shaped conductive film 120a and the island-shaped conductive film 120b are formed by processing the formed conductive film into a desired shape (see FIGS. 17C and 17D).
- the insulating film 118 is formed over the insulating film 116 and the conductive films 120a and 120b (see FIGS. 17E and 17F).
- the insulating film 118 has one or both of hydrogen and nitrogen.
- a silicon nitride film is preferably used.
- the insulating film 118 can be formed using, for example, a sputtering method or a PECVD method.
- the substrate temperature is lower than 400 ° C., preferably lower than 375 ° C., more preferably 180 ° C. or higher and 350 ° C. or lower. It is preferable to set the substrate temperature in the case of forming the insulating film 118 within the above range because a dense film can be formed.
- oxygen or excess oxygen in the insulating films 114 and 116 can be moved to the oxide semiconductor film 108.
- a heat treatment equivalent to the first heat treatment or the second heat treatment described above (hereinafter referred to as a third heat treatment) may be performed.
- heat treatment is performed at a temperature lower than 400 ° C., preferably lower than 375 ° C., more preferably 180 ° C. or higher and 350 ° C. or lower.
- oxygen or excess oxygen in the insulating film 116 can be moved into the oxide semiconductor film 108 (particularly, the oxide semiconductor film 108b), so that oxygen vacancies in the oxide semiconductor film 108 can be filled.
- an insulating film 106 is provided below the insulating film 107, and an insulating film 118 is provided above the insulating films 114 and 116.
- oxygen contained in the insulating films 107, 114, and 116 can be confined to the oxide semiconductor film 108 side. Oxygen can be preferably transferred to the oxide semiconductor film 108.
- the insulating film 118 has one or both of hydrogen and nitrogen. Therefore, when the insulating film 118 is formed, the conductive films 120a and 120b in contact with the insulating film 118 have one or both of hydrogen and nitrogen added, so that the carrier density is increased and the conductive film is formed as an oxide conductive film. Can function.
- a silicon nitride film is formed as the insulating film 118 by PECVD
- a deposition gas containing silicon, nitrogen, and ammonia as a source gas.
- ammonia is dissociated in the plasma and active species are generated.
- the active species are a combination of silicon and hydrogen contained in a deposition gas containing silicon, and nitrogen. Break the triple bond. As a result, the bonding between silicon and nitrogen is promoted, the bonding between silicon and hydrogen is small, the defects are few, and a dense silicon nitride film can be formed.
- the flow rate ratio of nitrogen to ammonia is preferably 5 to 50 times and 10 to 50 times.
- a silicon nitride film with a thickness of 100 nm is formed as the insulating film 118 using a PECVD apparatus and using silane, nitrogen, and ammonia as source gases.
- the flow rates are 50 sccm for silane, 5000 sccm for nitrogen, and 100 sccm for ammonia.
- the processing chamber pressure is 100 Pa
- the substrate temperature is 350 ° C.
- high frequency power of 1000 W is supplied to the parallel plate electrodes using a high frequency power source of 27.12 MHz.
- PECVD apparatus is a PECVD apparatus of a parallel plate type electrode area is 6000 cm 2, which is in terms 1.7 ⁇ 10 -1 W / cm 2 to the power per unit area power supplied (power density).
- the transistor 100J illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B can be manufactured.
- the substrate temperature is less than 400 ° C., preferably less than 375 ° C., more preferably 180 ° C. or more and 350 ° C. or less, so that deformation of the substrate ( This is preferable because distortion or warpage can be extremely reduced.
- the substrate temperature at the time of forming the insulating films 106 and 107 typically, the substrate temperature at the time of forming the insulating films 106 and 107 (less than 400 ° C., preferably 250 ° C. to 350 ° C.), The substrate temperature at the time of forming the oxide semiconductor film 108 (room temperature to less than 340 ° C., preferably 100 ° C. to 200 ° C., more preferably 100 ° C.
- the substrate at the time of forming the insulating films 116 and 118 Temperature (less than 400 ° C., preferably less than 375 ° C., more preferably 180 ° C. or more and 350 ° C. or less), first heat treatment or second heat treatment after addition of oxygen (less than 400 ° C., preferably less than 375 ° C., More preferably, 180 degreeC or more and 350 degrees C or less) etc. are mentioned.
- FIGS. 18 to 20 are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
- FIGS. 18A to 18C, FIGS. 19A to 19C, and FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional view in the channel width direction indicated by Y1-Y2.
- FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional view in the channel width direction indicated by Y1-Y2. It is.
- FIGS. 14 and 15 may be referred to.
- a tungsten film with a thickness of 50 nm is formed as the conductive film 112_1 used for the conductive film 112, a copper film with a thickness of 200 nm as the conductive film 112_2, and a titanium film with a thickness of 50 nm as the conductive film 112_3.
- a stacked film sequentially stacked is used.
- the conductive film 112_1 is processed using the conductive films 112a_2, 112b_2, and 112_3 as masks, thereby forming island-shaped conductive films 112a_1 and 112b_1 that are separated from each other.
- a conductive film 112b having see FIGS. 18A and 18B).
- a method for forming the conductive films 112a and 112b As a method for forming the conductive films 112a and 112b, a method similar to that for the transistor 100J can be used.
- insulating films 114 and 116 and an insulating film 118 are formed over the oxide semiconductor film 108 and the conductive films 112a and 112b (see FIGS. 18C, 18D, 18E, and 18F).
- a method for forming the insulating films 114, 116, and 118 a method similar to that for the transistor 100J can be used.
- a heat treatment equivalent to the first heat treatment or the second heat treatment described above (hereinafter referred to as a third heat treatment) may be performed.
- heat treatment is performed at a temperature lower than 400 ° C., preferably lower than 375 ° C., more preferably 180 ° C. or higher and 350 ° C. or lower.
- oxygen or excess oxygen in the insulating film 116 can be moved into the oxide semiconductor film 108 (particularly, the oxide semiconductor film 108b), so that oxygen vacancies in the oxide semiconductor film 108 can be filled.
- FIG. 20 illustrates an oxide semiconductor by a substrate temperature (typically less than 375 ° C.) at the time of forming the insulating film 118 or a second heat treatment (typically less than 375 ° C.) after the insulating film 118 is formed.
- 2 is a model diagram showing oxygen moving into a film 108.
- oxygen oxygen radicals, oxygen atoms, or oxygen molecules
- FIG. 20 oxygen (oxygen radicals, oxygen atoms, or oxygen molecules) in the oxide semiconductor film 108 is represented by a dashed arrow.
- oxygen vacancies are compensated by movement of oxygen from an insulating film (here, the insulating film 107 and the insulating film 114) adjacent to the oxide semiconductor film 108.
- an insulating film here, the insulating film 107 and the insulating film 1104.
- oxygen gas is used and oxygen is added to the insulating film 107; thus, the insulating film 107 has an excess oxygen region.
- oxygen gas is used to add oxygen into the insulating film 116 when the oxide conductive film is formed by sputtering, the insulating film 116 has an excess oxygen region.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108 sandwiched between insulating films having excess oxygen regions is preferably filled with oxygen vacancies.
- a mask is formed on the insulating film 118 by a lithography process, and an opening 152c is formed in a desired region of the insulating films 114, 116, and 118. Note that the opening 152c is formed so as to reach the conductive film 112b (see FIGS. 19A and 19B).
- conductive films 120a and 120b are formed over the insulating film 116 so as to cover the opening 152c (see FIGS. 19C and 19D).
- a method similar to that of the transistor 100J can be used.
- the transistor 100M illustrated in FIG. 10C can be manufactured.
- the oxide semiconductor preferably contains at least indium or zinc. In particular, it is preferable to contain indium and zinc. In addition to these, it is preferable that aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, or the like is contained. Further, one or more selected from boron, silicon, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, or the like may be included.
- the oxide semiconductor has indium, an element M, and zinc
- the element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, or the like.
- Other elements applicable to the element M include boron, silicon, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, and magnesium.
- the element M may be a combination of a plurality of the aforementioned elements.
- FIGS. 21A, 21B, and 21C a preferable range of the atomic ratio of indium, the element M, and zinc included in the oxide semiconductor according to one embodiment of the present invention is used.
- FIG. 21 does not describe the atomic ratio of oxygen.
- the terms of the atomic ratio of indium, element M, and zinc included in the oxide semiconductor are [In], [M], and [Zn].
- [In]: [M]: [Zn] (1 + ⁇ ): (1- ⁇ ): number of atoms of 4
- a line to be a ratio and a line to have an atomic ratio of [In]: [M]: [Zn] (1 + ⁇ ) :( 1 ⁇ ): 5.
- FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate an example of a preferable range of the atomic ratio of indium, the element M, and zinc included in the oxide semiconductor of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 shows the crystal structure of InMZnO 4 when observed from a direction parallel to the b-axis.
- a metal element in a layer including M, Zn, and oxygen (hereinafter referred to as (M, Zn) layer) illustrated in FIG. 22 represents the element M or zinc.
- the ratio of the element M and zinc shall be equal.
- the element M and zinc can be substituted and the arrangement is irregular.
- InMZnO 4 has a layered crystal structure (also referred to as a layered structure), and as shown in FIG. 22, a layer containing indium and oxygen (hereinafter referred to as an In layer) contains 1 element M, zinc, and oxygen.
- the (M, Zn) layer having 2 is 2.
- indium and element M can be substituted for each other. Therefore, the element M in the (M, Zn) layer can be replaced with indium and expressed as an (In, M, Zn) layer. In that case, a layered structure in which the In layer is 1 and the (In, M, Zn) layer is 2 is employed.
- a film having an atomic ratio that deviates from the atomic ratio of the target is formed.
- [Zn] of the film may be smaller than [Zn] of the target.
- a plurality of phases may coexist in an oxide semiconductor (two-phase coexistence, three-phase coexistence, etc.).
- the biphasic crystal structure and the layered crystal structure have two phases. Easy to coexist.
- a grain boundary also referred to as a grain boundary
- the carrier mobility (electron mobility) of the oxide semiconductor can be increased. This is because, in an oxide semiconductor containing indium, element M, and zinc, the s orbital of heavy metal mainly contributes to carrier conduction, and by increasing the indium content, the region where the s orbital overlaps becomes larger. This is because an oxide semiconductor with a high indium content has higher carrier mobility than an oxide semiconductor with a low indium content.
- the oxide semiconductor of one embodiment of the present invention have an atomic ratio shown in a region A in FIG. 21A in which a carrier mobility is high and a layered structure with few grain boundaries is likely to be formed.
- An oxide semiconductor having an atomic ratio represented by the region B is an excellent oxide semiconductor particularly having high crystallinity and high carrier mobility.
- the conditions under which an oxide semiconductor forms a layered structure are not uniquely determined by the atomic ratio. Depending on the atomic ratio, there is a difference in difficulty for forming a layered structure. On the other hand, even if the atomic ratio is the same, there may be a layered structure or a layered structure depending on the formation conditions. Therefore, the illustrated region is a region where the oxide semiconductor has an atomic ratio with a layered structure, and the boundaries between the regions A to C are not strict.
- oxide semiconductor for a transistor, carrier scattering and the like at grain boundaries can be reduced, so that a transistor with high field-effect mobility can be realized. In addition, a highly reliable transistor can be realized.
- the oxide semiconductor has a carrier density of less than 8 ⁇ 10 11 / cm 3 , preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 11 / cm 3 , more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 10 / cm 3 , and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 / What is necessary is just to be cm 3 or more.
- a high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic oxide semiconductor has few carrier generation sources, and thus can have a low carrier density.
- a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor has a low density of defect states, and thus may have a low density of trap states.
- the charge trapped in the trap level of the oxide semiconductor takes a long time to disappear, and may behave as if it were a fixed charge. Therefore, a transistor in which a channel region is formed in an oxide semiconductor with a high trap state density may have unstable electrical characteristics.
- Impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, iron, nickel, silicon, and the like.
- the concentration of silicon or carbon in the oxide semiconductor and the concentration of silicon or carbon in the vicinity of the interface with the oxide semiconductor are 2 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the oxide semiconductor contains an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal
- a defect level is formed and carriers may be generated in some cases. Therefore, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor containing an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal is likely to be normally on. Therefore, it is preferable to reduce the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the oxide semiconductor.
- the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the oxide semiconductor obtained by SIMS is set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- nitrogen in the oxide semiconductor is preferably reduced as much as possible.
- the nitrogen concentration in the oxide semiconductor is less than 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 in SIMS, preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18. atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, and even more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the oxide semiconductor reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to become water, so that an oxygen vacancy may be formed in some cases.
- an oxygen vacancy may be formed in some cases.
- electrons serving as carriers may be generated.
- a part of hydrogen may be combined with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to generate electrons as carriers. Therefore, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor containing hydrogen is likely to be normally on. For this reason, it is preferable that hydrogen in the oxide semiconductor be reduced as much as possible.
- the hydrogen concentration obtained by SIMS is less than 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 , preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3. Less than 3 , more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 .
- Stable electrical characteristics can be provided by using an oxide semiconductor in which impurities are sufficiently reduced for a channel formation region of a transistor.
- FIG. 23A is an example of a band diagram in the film thickness direction of a stacked structure including the insulator I1, the oxide semiconductor S1, the oxide semiconductor S2, the oxide semiconductor S3, and the insulator 12.
- FIG. 23B is an example of a band diagram in the film thickness direction of a stacked structure including the insulator I1, the oxide semiconductor S2, the oxide semiconductor S3, and the insulator I2. Note that the band diagram shows the energy level (Ec) at the lower end of the conduction band of the insulator I1, the oxide semiconductor S1, the oxide semiconductor S2, the oxide semiconductor S3, and the insulator I2 for easy understanding.
- Ec energy level
- the energy level at the bottom of the conduction band is closer to the vacuum level than the oxide semiconductor S2, typically, the energy level at the bottom of the conduction band of the oxide semiconductor S2;
- the difference from the energy level at the lower end of the conduction band of the oxide semiconductor S1 and the oxide semiconductor S3 is preferably 0.15 eV or more, or 0.5 eV or more, and 2 eV or less, or 1 eV or less.
- the electron affinity of the oxide semiconductor S2 is larger than the electron affinity of the oxide semiconductor S1 and oxide semiconductor S3, and the electron affinity of the oxide semiconductor S1 and oxide semiconductor S3 and the electron affinity of the oxide semiconductor S2 are The difference is preferably 0.15 eV or more, or 0.5 eV or more, and 2 eV or less, or 1 eV or less.
- the energy level at the lower end of the conduction band changes gently. In other words, it can be said that it is continuously changed or continuously joined.
- the defect state density of the mixed layer formed at the interface between the oxide semiconductor S1 and the oxide semiconductor S2 or the interface between the oxide semiconductor S2 and the oxide semiconductor S3 is lowered. Good.
- the oxide semiconductor S1 and the oxide semiconductor S2 and the oxide semiconductor S2 and the oxide semiconductor S3 have a common element (main component) in addition to oxygen, so that the density of defect states is low.
- a layer can be formed.
- the oxide semiconductor S2 is an In—Ga—Zn oxide semiconductor, an In—Ga—Zn oxide semiconductor, a Ga—Zn oxide semiconductor, gallium oxide, or the like is used as the oxide semiconductor S1 or the oxide semiconductor S3. Good.
- the main path of carriers is the oxide semiconductor S2. Since the defect level density at the interface between the oxide semiconductor S1 and the oxide semiconductor S2 and the interface between the oxide semiconductor S2 and the oxide semiconductor S3 can be lowered, the influence on the carrier conduction due to interface scattering is small. High on-current can be obtained.
- the trapped electrons behave like fixed charges, so that the threshold voltage of the transistor shifts in the positive direction.
- the trap level can be kept away from the oxide semiconductor S2. With this structure, the threshold voltage of the transistor can be prevented from shifting in the positive direction.
- the oxide semiconductor S1 and the oxide semiconductor S3 are made of a material having sufficiently low conductivity as compared with the oxide semiconductor S2.
- the oxide semiconductor S2, the interface between the oxide semiconductor S2 and the oxide semiconductor S1, and the interface between the oxide semiconductor S2 and the oxide semiconductor S3 mainly function as a channel region.
- the oxide semiconductor S2 when an oxide semiconductor having an atomic ratio indicated by the region A is used for the oxide semiconductor S2, [M] / [In] is 1 or more, preferably 2 or more in the oxide semiconductor S1 and the oxide semiconductor S3. It is preferable to use an oxide semiconductor.
- the oxide semiconductor S3 it is preferable to use an oxide semiconductor in which [M] / ([Zn] + [In]) is 1 or more, which can obtain sufficiently high insulation.
- An oxide semiconductor is classified into a single crystal oxide semiconductor and a non-single crystal oxide semiconductor.
- a CAAC-OS c-axis-aligned crystal oxide semiconductor
- a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor
- an nc-OS nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor
- a pseudo-amorphous oxide semiconductor a-like oxide OS
- amorphous oxide semiconductor amorphous-like oxide semiconductor
- oxide semiconductors are classified into amorphous oxide semiconductors and other crystalline oxide semiconductors.
- a crystalline oxide semiconductor include a single crystal oxide semiconductor, a CAAC-OS, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, and an nc-OS.
- Amorphous structures are generally isotropic, have no heterogeneous structure, are metastable, have no fixed atomic arrangement, have a flexible bond angle, have short-range order, but long-range order It is said that it does not have.
- a stable oxide semiconductor cannot be called a complete amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- an oxide semiconductor that is not isotropic (for example, has a periodic structure in a minute region) cannot be called a complete amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- an a-like OS is not isotropic but has an unstable structure having a void (also referred to as a void). In terms of being unstable, a-like OS is physically similar to an amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- CAAC-OS ⁇ CAAC-OS ⁇
- CAAC-OS is a kind of oxide semiconductor having a plurality of c-axis aligned crystal parts (also referred to as pellets).
- CAAC-OS is analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD: X-Ray Diffraction)
- XRD X-ray Diffraction
- CAAC-OS having an InGaZnO 4 crystal classified into the space group R-3m is subjected to structural analysis by an out-of-plane method
- a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) as illustrated in FIG. Shows a peak near 31 °. Since this peak is attributed to the (009) plane of the InGaZnO 4 crystal, in CAAC-OS, the crystal has a c-axis orientation, and the plane on which the c-axis forms a CAAC-OS film (formation target) It can also be confirmed that it faces a direction substantially perpendicular to the upper surface.
- a peak may also appear when 2 ⁇ is around 36 °.
- the peak where 2 ⁇ is around 36 ° is attributed to the crystal structure classified into the space group Fd-3m. Therefore, the CAAC-OS preferably does not show the peak.
- FIG. 24E shows a diffraction pattern obtained when an electron beam with a probe diameter of 300 nm is incident on the same sample in a direction perpendicular to the sample surface.
- a ring-shaped diffraction pattern is confirmed from FIG. Therefore, it can be seen that the a-axis and the b-axis of the pellet included in the CAAC-OS have no orientation even by electron diffraction using an electron beam with a probe diameter of 300 nm.
- the first ring in FIG. 24E is considered to originate from the (010) plane and the (100) plane of the InGaZnO 4 crystal. Further, the second ring in FIG. 24E is considered to be due to the (110) plane or the like.
- FIG. 25A shows a high-resolution TEM image of a cross section of the CAAC-OS observed from a direction substantially parallel to the sample surface.
- a spherical aberration correction function was used for observation of the high-resolution TEM image.
- a high-resolution TEM image using the spherical aberration correction function is particularly referred to as a Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM image.
- the Cs-corrected high resolution TEM image can be observed, for example, with an atomic resolution analytical electron microscope JEM-ARM200F manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- FIG. 25A shows a pellet that is a region where metal atoms are arranged in layers. It can be seen that the size of one pellet is 1 nm or more and 3 nm or more. Therefore, the pellet can also be referred to as a nanocrystal (nc).
- the CAAC-OS can also be referred to as an oxide semiconductor including CANC (C-Axis aligned nanocrystals).
- CANC C-Axis aligned nanocrystals.
- the pellet reflects the unevenness of the surface or top surface of the CAAC-OS film, and is parallel to the surface or top surface of the CAAC-OS.
- FIGS. 25B and 25C show Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM images of the plane of the CAAC-OS observed from the direction substantially perpendicular to the sample surface.
- 25D and 25E are images obtained by performing image processing on FIGS. 25B and 25C, respectively.
- an image processing method will be described.
- an FFT image is obtained by performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing on FIG.
- FFT Fast Fourier Transform
- IFFT inverse fast Fourier transform
- the image acquired in this way is called an FFT filtered image.
- the FFT filtered image is an image obtained by extracting periodic components from the Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM image, and shows a lattice arrangement.
- FIG. 25 (D) the portion where the lattice arrangement is disturbed is indicated by a broken line.
- a region surrounded by a broken line is one pellet.
- the location shown with the broken line is the connection part of a pellet and a pellet. Since the broken line has a hexagonal shape, it can be seen that the pellet has a hexagonal shape.
- the shape of a pellet is not necessarily a regular hexagonal shape, and is often a non-regular hexagonal shape.
- FIG. 25 (E) a dotted line is shown between a region where the lattice arrangement is aligned and a region where another lattice arrangement is aligned.
- a clear crystal grain boundary cannot be confirmed even in the vicinity of the dotted line.
- a distorted hexagon, pentagon, and / or heptagon can be formed. That is, it can be seen that the formation of crystal grain boundaries is suppressed by distorting the lattice arrangement. This is because the CAAC-OS can tolerate distortion due to the fact that the atomic arrangement is not dense in the ab plane direction and the bond distance between atoms changes due to substitution of metal elements. Conceivable.
- the CAAC-OS has a c-axis orientation and a crystal structure in which a plurality of pellets (nanocrystals) are connected in the ab plane direction and have a strain. Therefore, the CAAC-OS can also be referred to as CAA crystal (c-axis-aligned ab-plane-anchored crystal).
- CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor with high crystallinity. Since the crystallinity of an oxide semiconductor may be deteriorated by entry of impurities, generation of defects, or the like, the CAAC-OS can be said to be an oxide semiconductor with few impurities and defects (such as oxygen vacancies).
- the impurity means an element other than the main components of the oxide semiconductor, such as hydrogen, carbon, silicon, or a transition metal element.
- an element such as silicon which has a stronger bonding force with oxygen than a metal element included in an oxide semiconductor, disturbs the atomic arrangement of the oxide semiconductor by depriving the oxide semiconductor of oxygen, thereby reducing crystallinity. It becomes a factor.
- heavy metals such as iron and nickel, argon, carbon dioxide, and the like have large atomic radii (or molecular radii), which disturbs the atomic arrangement of the oxide semiconductor and decreases crystallinity.
- nc-OS is analyzed by XRD.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- FIG. 26B shows a diffraction pattern (nanobeam electron diffraction pattern) obtained when an electron beam with a probe diameter of 1 nm is incident on the same sample. From FIG. 26B, a plurality of spots are observed in the ring-shaped region. Therefore, nc-OS does not confirm order when an electron beam with a probe diameter of 50 nm is incident, but confirms order when an electron beam with a probe diameter of 1 nm is incident.
- the nc-OS has a highly ordered region, that is, a crystal in a thickness range of less than 10 nm. Note that there are some regions where a regular electron diffraction pattern is not observed because the crystal faces in various directions.
- FIG. 26D shows a Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM image of a cross section of the nc-OS observed from a direction substantially parallel to the formation surface.
- the nc-OS has a region in which a crystal part can be confirmed, such as a portion indicated by an auxiliary line, and a region in which a clear crystal part cannot be confirmed in a high-resolution TEM image.
- a crystal part included in the nc-OS has a size of 1 nm to 10 nm, particularly a size of 1 nm to 3 nm in many cases. Note that an oxide semiconductor in which the size of a crystal part is greater than 10 nm and less than or equal to 100 nm is sometimes referred to as a microcrystalline oxide semiconductor.
- the nc-OS may not be able to clearly confirm a crystal grain boundary in a high-resolution TEM image.
- the nanocrystal may have the same origin as the pellet in the CAAC-OS. Therefore, the crystal part of nc-OS is sometimes referred to as a pellet below.
- nc-OS has periodicity in atomic arrangement in a minute region (for example, a region of 1 nm to 10 nm, particularly a region of 1 nm to 3 nm).
- the nc-OS has no regularity in crystal orientation between different pellets. Therefore, orientation is not seen in the whole film. Therefore, the nc-OS may not be distinguished from an a-like OS or an amorphous oxide semiconductor depending on an analysis method.
- nc-OS is an oxide semiconductor having RANC (Random Aligned nanocrystals), or an oxide having NANC (Non-Aligned nanocrystals). It can also be called a semiconductor.
- Nc-OS is an oxide semiconductor having higher regularity than an amorphous oxide semiconductor. Therefore, the nc-OS has a lower density of defect states than an a-like OS or an amorphous oxide semiconductor. Note that the nc-OS does not have regularity in crystal orientation between different pellets. Therefore, the nc-OS has a higher density of defect states than the CAAC-OS.
- the a-like OS is an oxide semiconductor having a structure between the nc-OS and an amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- FIG. 27 shows a high-resolution cross-sectional TEM image of the a-like OS.
- FIG. 27A is a high-resolution cross-sectional TEM image of the a-like OS at the start of electron irradiation.
- FIG. 27B is a high-resolution cross-sectional TEM image of the a-like OS after irradiation with electrons (e ⁇ ) of 4.3 ⁇ 10 8 e ⁇ / nm 2 .
- electrons (e ⁇ ) of 4.3 ⁇ 10 8 e ⁇ / nm 2 .
- the a-like OS Since it has a void, the a-like OS has an unstable structure.
- the a-like OS has an unstable structure as compared with the CAAC-OS and the nc-OS, a change in structure due to electron irradiation is shown.
- Each sample is an In—Ga—Zn oxide.
- a high-resolution cross-sectional TEM image of each sample is acquired.
- Each sample has a crystal part by a high-resolution cross-sectional TEM image.
- a unit cell of an InGaZnO 4 crystal has a structure in which three In—O layers and six Ga—Zn—O layers have a total of nine layers stacked in the c-axis direction.
- the spacing between these adjacent layers is about the same as the lattice spacing (also referred to as d value) of the (009) plane, and the value is determined to be 0.29 nm from crystal structure analysis. Therefore, in the following, a portion where the interval between lattice fringes is 0.28 nm or more and 0.30 nm or less is regarded as a crystal part of InGaZnO 4 .
- the lattice fringes correspond to the ab plane of the InGaZnO 4 crystal.
- FIG. 28 is an example in which the average size of the crystal parts (22 to 30 locations) of each sample was investigated. Note that the length of the lattice stripes described above is the size of the crystal part. From FIG. 28, it can be seen that in the a-like OS, the crystal part becomes larger in accordance with the cumulative irradiation amount of electrons related to acquisition of a TEM image or the like. From FIG. 28, the crystal part (also referred to as the initial nucleus) having a size of about 1.2 nm in the initial observation by TEM has a cumulative electron (e ⁇ ) irradiation dose of 4.2 ⁇ 10 8 e ⁇ / nm. In FIG.
- FIG. 28 indicates that the crystal part sizes of the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS are approximately 1.3 nm and 1.8 nm, respectively, regardless of the cumulative electron dose.
- a Hitachi transmission electron microscope H-9000NAR was used for electron beam irradiation and TEM observation.
- the electron beam irradiation conditions were an acceleration voltage of 300 kV, a current density of 6.7 ⁇ 10 5 e ⁇ / (nm 2 ⁇ s), and an irradiation region diameter of 230 nm.
- the crystal part may be grown by electron irradiation.
- the crystal part is hardly grown by electron irradiation. That is, it can be seen that the a-like OS has an unstable structure as compared with the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS.
- the a-like OS has a structure with a lower density than the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS. Specifically, the density of the a-like OS is 78.6% or more and less than 92.3% of the density of the single crystal having the same composition. Further, the density of the nc-OS and the density of the CAAC-OS are 92.3% or more and less than 100% of the density of the single crystal having the same composition. An oxide semiconductor that is less than 78% of the density of a single crystal is difficult to form itself.
- the density of single crystal InGaZnO 4 having a rhombohedral structure is 6.357 g / cm 3 .
- the density of a-like OS is 5.0 g / cm 3 or more and less than 5.9 g / cm 3.
- the density of the nc-OS and the density of the CAAC-OS is 5.9 g / cm 3 or more and 6.3 g / less than cm 3 .
- the density corresponding to the single crystal having a desired composition can be estimated by combining single crystals having different compositions at an arbitrary ratio. What is necessary is just to estimate the density corresponding to the single crystal of a desired composition using a weighted average with respect to the ratio which combines the single crystal from which a composition differs. However, the density is preferably estimated by combining as few kinds of single crystals as possible.
- oxide semiconductors have various structures and various properties.
- the oxide semiconductor may be a stacked film including two or more of an amorphous oxide semiconductor, an a-like OS, an nc-OS, and a CAAC-OS, for example.
- oxygen vacancies (Vo) in the oxide semiconductor As factors that affect the carrier density of an oxide semiconductor, oxygen vacancies (Vo) in the oxide semiconductor, impurities in the oxide semiconductor, and the like can be given.
- the density of defect states increases when hydrogen is bonded to the oxygen vacancies (this state is also referred to as VoH).
- this state is also referred to as VoH.
- the carrier density of an oxide semiconductor can be controlled by controlling the density of defect states in the oxide semiconductor.
- the object is to suppress a negative shift in the threshold voltage of the transistor or to reduce the off-state current of the transistor, it is preferable to reduce the carrier density of the oxide semiconductor.
- the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor may be reduced and the defect state density may be reduced.
- a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states are referred to as high purity intrinsic or substantially high purity intrinsic.
- the carrier density of the high-purity intrinsic oxide semiconductor is less than 8 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 , preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 11 cm ⁇ 3 , more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 10 cm ⁇ 3 , and 1 ⁇ 10 What is necessary is just to be -9 cm ⁇ -3 > or more.
- the carrier density of an oxide semiconductor for the purpose of improving the on-state current of a transistor or the field effect mobility of a transistor, it is preferable to increase the carrier density of an oxide semiconductor.
- the impurity concentration of the oxide semiconductor may be slightly increased or the defect state density of the oxide semiconductor may be slightly increased.
- the band gap of the oxide semiconductor is preferably made smaller.
- an oxide semiconductor with a slightly high impurity concentration or a slightly high defect state density can be regarded as intrinsic in the range where the on / off ratio of the Id-Vg characteristics of the transistor can be obtained.
- an oxide semiconductor having a high electron affinity and a reduced band gap and, as a result, an increased density of thermally excited electrons (carriers) can be regarded as substantially intrinsic. Note that in the case where an oxide semiconductor having higher electron affinity is used, the threshold voltage of the transistor becomes lower.
- the oxide semiconductor whose carrier density is increased is slightly n-type. Therefore, an oxide semiconductor with an increased carrier density may be referred to as “Slightly-n”.
- the carrier density of the substantially intrinsic oxide semiconductor is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 5 cm ⁇ 3 or more and less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 7 cm ⁇ 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- 1 ⁇ 10 9 cm ⁇ 3 or more and 5 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less are more preferable, 1 ⁇ 10 10 cm ⁇ 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less are more preferable, and 1 ⁇ 10 11 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or less is more preferable.
- FIG. 29 is a top view showing an example of the display device.
- a display device 700 illustrated in FIG. 29 includes a pixel portion 702 provided over a first substrate 701, a source driver circuit portion 704 and a gate driver circuit portion 706 provided over the first substrate 701, a pixel portion 702,
- the sealant 712 is disposed so as to surround the source driver circuit portion 704 and the gate driver circuit portion 706, and the second substrate 705 is provided so as to face the first substrate 701.
- the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705 are sealed with a sealant 712. That is, the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, and the gate driver circuit portion 706 are sealed with the first substrate 701, the sealant 712, and the second substrate 705.
- a display element is provided between the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705.
- the display device 700 includes a pixel portion 702, a source driver circuit portion 704, a gate driver circuit portion 706, and a gate driver circuit portion in a region different from the region surrounded by the sealant 712 over the first substrate 701. 706 and an FPC terminal portion 708 (FPC: Flexible printed circuit) electrically connected to each other.
- FPC Flexible printed circuit
- an FPC 716 is connected to the FPC terminal portion 708, and various signals are supplied to the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, and the gate driver circuit portion 706 by the FPC 716.
- a signal line 710 is connected to each of the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, the gate driver circuit portion 706, and the FPC terminal portion 708.
- Various signals and the like supplied by the FPC 716 are supplied to the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, the gate driver circuit portion 706, and the FPC terminal portion 708 through the signal line 710.
- a plurality of gate driver circuit portions 706 may be provided in the display device 700.
- the display device 700 an example in which the source driver circuit portion 704 and the gate driver circuit portion 706 are formed over the same first substrate 701 as the pixel portion 702 is shown; however, the display device 700 is not limited to this structure.
- only the gate driver circuit portion 706 may be formed on the first substrate 701, or only the source driver circuit portion 704 may be formed on the first substrate 701.
- a substrate on which a source driver circuit, a gate driver circuit, or the like is formed eg, a driver circuit substrate formed of a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film
- a connection method of a separately formed drive circuit board is not particularly limited, and a COG (Chip On Glass) method, a wire bonding method, or the like can be used.
- the pixel portion 702, the source driver circuit portion 704, and the gate driver circuit portion 706 included in the display device 700 each include a plurality of transistors, and a transistor that is a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used. .
- the display device 700 can have various elements.
- the element include, for example, an electroluminescence (EL) element (an EL element including an organic substance and an inorganic substance, an organic EL element, an inorganic EL element, an LED, and the like), a light-emitting transistor element (a transistor that emits light in response to current), an electron Emission element, liquid crystal element, electronic ink element, electrophoretic element, electrowetting element, plasma display (PDP), MEMS (micro electro mechanical system) display (for example, grating light valve (GLV), digital micromirror device (DMD), digital micro shutter (DMS) element, interferometric modulation (IMOD) element, etc.), piezoelectric ceramic display, and the like.
- EL electroluminescence
- a light-emitting transistor element a transistor that emits light in response to current
- an electron Emission element for example, grating light valve (GLV), digital micromirror device (DMD), digital micro shutter (DMS) element, interfero
- An example of a display device using an EL element is an EL display.
- a display device using an electron-emitting device there is a field emission display (FED), a SED type flat display (SED: Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display), or the like.
- FED field emission display
- SED SED type flat display
- a display device using a liquid crystal element there is a liquid crystal display (a transmissive liquid crystal display, a transflective liquid crystal display, a reflective liquid crystal display, a direct view liquid crystal display, a projection liquid crystal display) and the like.
- An example of a display device using an electronic ink element or an electrophoretic element is electronic paper.
- part or all of the pixel electrode may have a function as a reflective electrode.
- part or all of the pixel electrode may have aluminum, silver, or the like.
- a memory circuit such as an SRAM can be provided under the reflective electrode. Thereby, power consumption can be further reduced.
- the color elements controlled by the pixels when performing color display are not limited to three colors of RGB (R represents red, G represents green, and B represents blue).
- RGB red
- G represents green
- B represents blue
- it may be composed of four pixels: an R pixel, a G pixel, a B pixel, and a W (white) pixel.
- one color element may be configured by two colors of RGB, and two different colors may be selected and configured depending on the color element.
- one or more colors such as yellow, cyan, and magenta may be added to RGB.
- the size of the display area may be different for each dot of the color element.
- the disclosed invention is not limited to a display device for color display, and can be applied to a display device for monochrome display.
- a colored layer (also referred to as a color filter) may be used in order to display white light (W) in a backlight (an organic EL element, an inorganic EL element, an LED, a fluorescent lamp, or the like) and display a full color display device.
- a backlight an organic EL element, an inorganic EL element, an LED, a fluorescent lamp, or the like
- red (R), green (G), blue (B), yellow (Y), and the like can be used in appropriate combination for the colored layer.
- the colored layer the color reproducibility can be increased as compared with the case where the colored layer is not used.
- white light in a region having no colored layer may be directly used for display by arranging a region having a colored layer and a region having no colored layer.
- a decrease in luminance due to the colored layer can be reduced during bright display, and power consumption can be reduced by about 20% to 30%.
- a self-luminous element such as an organic EL element or an inorganic EL element
- R, G, B, Y, and W may be emitted from elements having respective emission colors.
- power consumption may be further reduced as compared with the case where a colored layer is used.
- colorization method in addition to a method (color filter method) in which part of the light emission from the white light emission described above is converted into red, green, and blue through a color filter, red, green, and blue light emission is performed.
- a method of using each (three-color method) or a method of converting a part of light emission from blue light emission into red or green (color conversion method, quantum dot method) may be applied.
- FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view taken along one-dot chain line QR shown in FIG. 29 and has a configuration using a liquid crystal element as a display element.
- FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view taken along one-dot chain line QR shown in FIG. 29 and has a configuration using an EL element as a display element.
- a display device 700 illustrated in FIGS. 30 and 32 includes a lead wiring portion 711, a pixel portion 702, a source driver circuit portion 704, and an FPC terminal portion 708. Further, the lead wiring portion 711 includes a signal line 710. In addition, the pixel portion 702 includes a transistor 750 and a capacitor 790. In addition, the source driver circuit portion 704 includes a transistor 752.
- the transistor 750 and the transistor 752 have the same structure as the transistor 100 described above. Note that as the structures of the transistor 750 and the transistor 752, other transistors described in the above embodiment may be used.
- the transistor used in this embodiment includes an oxide semiconductor film which is highly purified and suppresses formation of oxygen vacancies.
- the transistor can have low off-state current. Therefore, the holding time of an electric signal such as an image signal can be increased, and the writing interval can be set longer in the power-on state. Therefore, since the frequency of the refresh operation can be reduced, there is an effect of suppressing power consumption.
- the transistor used in this embodiment can be driven at high speed because relatively high field-effect mobility can be obtained.
- the switching transistor in the pixel portion and the driver transistor used in the driver circuit portion can be formed over the same substrate. That is, since it is not necessary to use a semiconductor device formed of a silicon wafer or the like as a separate drive circuit, the number of parts of the semiconductor device can be reduced.
- a high-quality image can be provided by using a transistor that can be driven at high speed.
- the capacitor 790 includes a lower electrode formed through a step of processing the same conductive film as the conductive film that functions as the first gate electrode included in the transistor 750, and a conductive function that functions as a source electrode and a drain electrode included in the transistor 750. And an upper electrode formed through a process of processing the same conductive film as the film. Further, an insulating film formed through a step of forming the same insulating film as the insulating film functioning as the first gate insulating film included in the transistor 750 is provided between the lower electrode and the upper electrode. That is, the capacitor 790 has a stacked structure in which an insulating film functioning as a dielectric film is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes.
- the planarization insulating film 770 is provided over the transistor 750, the transistor 752, and the capacitor 790.
- planarization insulating film 770 an organic material having heat resistance such as polyimide resin, acrylic resin, polyimide amide resin, benzocyclobutene resin, polyamide resin, or epoxy resin can be used. Note that the planarization insulating film 770 may be formed by stacking a plurality of insulating films formed using these materials. Further, the planarization insulating film 770 may be omitted.
- the pixel portion 702 and the source driver circuit portion 704 may use different transistors. Specifically, a structure in which a staggered transistor is used for the pixel portion 702 and an inverted staggered transistor described in Embodiment 1 is used for the source driver circuit portion 704, or an inverted staggered structure described in Embodiment 1 is used for the pixel portion 702. For example, a configuration in which a staggered transistor is used for the source driver circuit portion 704 is used. Note that the source driver circuit portion 704 may be replaced with a gate driver circuit portion.
- the signal line 710 is formed through the same process as the conductive film functioning as the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistors 750 and 752. For example, when a material containing a copper element is used as the signal line 710, signal delay due to wiring resistance is small and display on a large screen is possible.
- the FPC terminal portion 708 includes a connection electrode 760, an anisotropic conductive film 780, and an FPC 716.
- the connection electrode 760 is formed through the same process as the conductive film functioning as the source and drain electrodes of the transistors 750 and 752.
- the connection electrode 760 is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC 716 through an anisotropic conductive film 780.
- first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705 for example, glass substrates can be used.
- a flexible substrate may be used as the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705.
- the flexible substrate include a plastic substrate.
- a structure body 778 is provided between the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705.
- the structure body 778 is a columnar spacer obtained by selectively etching an insulating film, and is provided to control the distance (cell gap) between the first substrate 701 and the second substrate 705. Note that a spherical spacer may be used as the structure body 778.
- a light shielding film 738 functioning as a black matrix, a colored film 736 functioning as a color filter, and an insulating film 734 in contact with the light shielding film 738 and the colored film 736 are provided.
- a display device 700 illustrated in FIG. 30 includes a liquid crystal element 775.
- the liquid crystal element 775 includes a conductive film 772, a conductive film 774, and a liquid crystal layer 776.
- the conductive film 774 is provided on the second substrate 705 side and functions as a counter electrode.
- a display device 700 illustrated in FIG. 30 can display an image by controlling transmission and non-transmission of light by changing the alignment state of the liquid crystal layer 776 depending on voltages applied to the conductive films 772 and 774.
- the conductive film 772 is electrically connected to a conductive film functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode of the transistor 750.
- the conductive film 772 is formed over the planarization insulating film 770 and functions as a pixel electrode, that is, one electrode of a display element.
- the conductive film 772 functions as a reflective electrode.
- a display device 700 illustrated in FIG. 30 is a so-called reflective color liquid crystal display device that displays light through a colored film 736 by reflecting light with a conductive film 772 using external light.
- a conductive film that is transparent to visible light or a conductive film that is reflective to visible light can be used.
- a conductive film that transmits visible light for example, a material containing one kind selected from indium (In), zinc (Zn), and tin (Sn) may be used.
- a material containing aluminum or silver is preferably used. In this embodiment, a conductive film that reflects visible light is used as the conductive film 772.
- FIG. 30 illustrates the structure in which the conductive film 772 is connected to the conductive film functioning as the drain electrode of the transistor 750
- the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the conductive film 772 may be electrically connected to the conductive film functioning as the drain electrode of the transistor 750 with the conductive film 777 functioning as the connection electrode interposed therebetween.
- the conductive film 777 can be formed without increasing the number of manufacturing steps because the conductive film 777 is formed through a process of processing the same conductive film as the conductive film functioning as the second gate electrode of the transistor 750.
- the display device 700 illustrated in FIG. 30 is illustrated as a reflective color liquid crystal display device, the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the conductive film 772 is transmitted by using a light-transmitting conductive film in visible light.
- Type color liquid crystal display device Alternatively, a so-called transflective color liquid crystal display device in which a reflective color liquid crystal display device and a transmissive color liquid crystal display device are combined may be used.
- FIG. 33 is a cross-sectional view taken along one-dot chain line QR shown in FIG. 29 and has a configuration using a liquid crystal element as a display element.
- a display device 700 illustrated in FIG. 33 is an example of a configuration using a horizontal electric field method (eg, an FFS mode) as a driving method of a liquid crystal element.
- the insulating film 773 is provided over the conductive film 772 functioning as the pixel electrode, and the conductive film 774 is provided over the insulating film 773.
- the conductive film 774 functions as a common electrode (also referred to as a common electrode), and the alignment of the liquid crystal layer 776 is generated by an electric field generated between the conductive film 772 and the conductive film 774 through the insulating film 773. The state can be controlled.
- an alignment film may be provided on one or both of the conductive film 772 and the conductive film 774 on the side in contact with the liquid crystal layer 776.
- an optical member optical substrate
- a polarizing member such as a polarizing member, a phase difference member, or an antireflection member
- circularly polarized light using a polarizing substrate and a retardation substrate may be used.
- a backlight, a sidelight, or the like may be used as the light source.
- thermotropic liquid crystal When a liquid crystal element is used as the display element, a thermotropic liquid crystal, a low molecular liquid crystal, a polymer liquid crystal, a polymer dispersed liquid crystal, a ferroelectric liquid crystal, an antiferroelectric liquid crystal, or the like can be used. These liquid crystal materials exhibit a cholesteric phase, a smectic phase, a cubic phase, a chiral nematic phase, an isotropic phase, and the like depending on conditions.
- a liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase without using an alignment film may be used.
- the blue phase is one of the liquid crystal phases.
- the temperature of the cholesteric liquid crystal is increased, the blue phase appears immediately before the transition from the cholesteric phase to the isotropic phase. Since the blue phase appears only in a narrow temperature range, in order to improve the temperature range, a liquid crystal composition mixed with several weight percent or more of a chiral agent is used for the liquid crystal layer.
- a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase and a chiral agent has a short response speed and is optically isotropic, so that alignment treatment is unnecessary.
- a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase has a small viewing angle dependency.
- a liquid crystal element when used as a display element, a TN (Twisted Nematic) mode, an IPS (In-Plane-Switching) mode, an FFS (Fringe Field Switching) mode, an ASM (Axial Symmetrical Aligned MicroOcell) mode.
- a Compensated Birefringence mode, an FLC (Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal) mode, an AFLC (Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal) mode, and the like can be used.
- a normally black liquid crystal display device such as a transmissive liquid crystal display device employing a vertical alignment (VA) mode may be used.
- VA vertical alignment
- the vertical alignment mode There are several examples of the vertical alignment mode. For example, an MVA (Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment) mode, a PVA (Patterned Vertical Alignment) mode, an ASV mode, and the like can be used.
- a display device 700 illustrated in FIG. 32 includes a light-emitting element 782.
- the light-emitting element 782 includes a conductive film 772, an EL layer 786, and a conductive film 788.
- the display device 700 illustrated in FIG. 32 can display an image when the EL layer 786 included in the light-emitting element 782 emits light.
- the EL layer 786 includes an organic compound or an inorganic compound such as a quantum dot.
- Examples of materials that can be used for the organic compound include fluorescent materials and phosphorescent materials.
- Examples of materials that can be used for the quantum dots include colloidal quantum dot materials, alloy type quantum dot materials, core / shell type quantum dot materials, and core type quantum dot materials.
- a material including an element group of Group 12 and Group 16, Group 13 and Group 15, or Group 14 and Group 16 may be used.
- a quantum dot material having an element such as aluminum (Al) may be used.
- an insulating film 730 is provided over the planarization insulating film 770 and the conductive film 772 in the display device 700 illustrated in FIG.
- the insulating film 730 covers part of the conductive film 772.
- the light-emitting element 782 has a top emission structure. Therefore, the conductive film 788 has a light-transmitting property and transmits light emitted from the EL layer 786.
- the top emission structure is illustrated, but is not limited thereto. For example, a bottom emission structure in which light is emitted to the conductive film 772 side or a dual emission structure in which light is emitted to both the conductive film 772 and the conductive film 788 can be used.
- a coloring film 736 is provided at a position overlapping with the light emitting element 782, and a light shielding film 738 is provided at a position overlapping with the insulating film 730, the lead wiring portion 711, and the source driver circuit portion 704. Further, the coloring film 736 and the light shielding film 738 are covered with an insulating film 734. A space between the light emitting element 782 and the insulating film 734 is filled with a sealing film 732. Note that in the display device 700 illustrated in FIG. 32, the structure in which the colored film 736 is provided is illustrated, but the present invention is not limited to this. For example, in the case where the EL layer 786 is formed by separate coating, the coloring film 736 may not be provided.
- ⁇ 3-4 Configuration example in which input / output device is provided in display device>
- an input / output device may be provided in the display device 700 illustrated in FIGS. Examples of the input / output device include a touch panel.
- FIGS. 32 and 33 A configuration in which the touch panel 791 is provided in the display device 700 shown in FIGS. 32 and 33 is shown in FIGS.
- FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view of a configuration in which the touch panel 791 is provided on the display device 700 shown in FIG. 32
- FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional view of a configuration in which the touch panel 791 is provided on the display device 700 shown in FIG.
- a touch panel 791 shown in FIGS. 34 and 35 is a so-called in-cell type touch panel provided between the substrate 705 and the colored film 736.
- the touch panel 791 may be formed on the substrate 705 side before the light shielding film 738 and the coloring film 736 are formed.
- the touch panel 791 includes a light-blocking film 738, an insulating film 792, an electrode 793, an electrode 794, an insulating film 795, an electrode 796, and an insulating film 797.
- a change in mutual capacitance between the electrode 793 and the electrode 794 can be detected when a detection target such as a finger or a stylus comes close.
- the intersection of the electrode 793 and the electrode 794 is clearly shown.
- the electrode 796 is electrically connected to two electrodes 793 sandwiching the electrode 794 through an opening provided in the insulating film 795.
- 34 and FIG. 35 exemplify the structure in which the region where the electrode 796 is provided is provided in the pixel portion 702, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the region may be formed in the source driver circuit portion 704.
- the electrode 793 and the electrode 794 are provided in a region overlapping with the light shielding film 738.
- the electrode 793 is preferably provided so as not to overlap with the light-emitting element 782.
- the electrode 793 is preferably provided so as not to overlap with the liquid crystal element 775.
- the electrode 793 has an opening in a region overlapping with the light-emitting element 782 and the liquid crystal element 775. That is, the electrode 793 has a mesh shape. With such a structure, the electrode 793 can be configured not to block light emitted from the light-emitting element 782.
- the electrode 793 can have a structure that does not block light transmitted through the liquid crystal element 775. Therefore, since the reduction in luminance due to the arrangement of the touch panel 791 is extremely small, a display device with high visibility and low power consumption can be realized. Note that the electrode 794 may have a similar structure.
- a metal material with low visible light transmittance can be used for the electrode 793 and the electrode 794.
- a metal material with low visible light transmittance can be used for the electrode 793 and the electrode 794.
- the resistance of the electrode 793 and the electrode 794 can be reduced as compared with an electrode using an oxide material having a high visible light transmittance, and the sensor sensitivity of the touch panel can be improved.
- conductive nanowires may be used for the electrodes 793, 794, and 796.
- the nanowire may have an average diameter of 1 nm to 100 nm, preferably 5 nm to 50 nm, more preferably 5 nm to 25 nm.
- metal nanowires such as Ag nanowire, Cu nanowire, or Al nanowire, or a carbon nanotube etc. may be used.
- the light transmittance in visible light can be 89% or more
- the sheet resistance value can be 40 ⁇ / ⁇ or more and 100 ⁇ / ⁇ or less.
- 34 and 35 illustrate the configuration of the in-cell type touch panel, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- a so-called on-cell touch panel formed over the display device 700 or a so-called out-cell touch panel used by being attached to the display device 700 may be used.
- the display device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used in combination with various forms of touch panels.
- a display device illustrated in FIG. 36A includes a circuit portion (hereinafter, referred to as a pixel portion 502) including a pixel of a display element and a circuit that is disposed outside the pixel portion 502 and drives the pixel. , A driver circuit portion 504), a circuit having a function of protecting an element (hereinafter referred to as a protection circuit 506), and a terminal portion 507. Note that the protection circuit 506 may be omitted.
- part or all of the drive circuit portion 504 is formed on the same substrate as the pixel portion 502. Thereby, the number of parts and the number of terminals can be reduced.
- part or all of the driver circuit portion 504 is formed by COG or TAB (Tape Automated Bonding). Can be implemented.
- the pixel portion 502 includes a circuit (hereinafter referred to as a pixel circuit 501) for driving a plurality of display elements arranged in X rows (X is a natural number of 2 or more) and Y columns (Y is a natural number of 2 or more).
- the driver circuit portion 504 outputs a signal for selecting a pixel (scanning signal) (hereinafter referred to as a gate driver 504a) and a circuit for supplying a signal (data signal) for driving a display element of the pixel (a data signal).
- a drive circuit such as a source driver 504b).
- the gate driver 504a has a shift register and the like.
- the gate driver 504a receives a signal for driving the shift register via the terminal portion 507, and outputs a signal.
- the gate driver 504a receives a start pulse signal, a clock signal, and the like and outputs a pulse signal.
- the gate driver 504a has a function of controlling the potential of a wiring to which a scan signal is supplied (hereinafter referred to as scan lines GL_1 to GL_X).
- scan lines GL_1 to GL_X a plurality of gate drivers 504a may be provided, and the scanning lines GL_1 to GL_X may be divided and controlled by the plurality of gate drivers 504a.
- the gate driver 504a has a function of supplying an initialization signal.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the gate driver 504a can supply another signal.
- the source driver 504b has a shift register and the like. In addition to a signal for driving the shift register, the source driver 504b receives a signal (image signal) as a source of a data signal through the terminal portion 507.
- the source driver 504b has a function of generating a data signal to be written in the pixel circuit 501 based on the image signal.
- the source driver 504b has a function of controlling output of a data signal in accordance with a pulse signal obtained by inputting a start pulse, a clock signal, or the like.
- the source driver 504b has a function of controlling the potential of a wiring to which a data signal is supplied (hereinafter referred to as data lines DL_1 to DL_Y).
- the source driver 504b has a function of supplying an initialization signal.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the source driver 504b can supply another signal.
- the source driver 504b is configured using a plurality of analog switches, for example.
- the source driver 504b can output a signal obtained by time-dividing the image signal as a data signal by sequentially turning on the plurality of analog switches. Further, the source driver 504b may be configured using a shift register or the like.
- Each of the plurality of pixel circuits 501 receives a pulse signal through one of the plurality of scanning lines GL to which the scanning signal is applied, and receives the data signal through one of the plurality of data lines DL to which the data signal is applied. Entered. Also. In each of the plurality of pixel circuits 501, writing and holding of data signals are controlled by the gate driver 504a. For example, the pixel circuit 501 in the m-th row and the n-th column receives a pulse signal from the gate driver 504a through the scanning line GL_m (m is a natural number less than or equal to X), and the data line DL_n (n) according to the potential of the scanning line GL_m. Is a natural number less than or equal to Y), a data signal is input from the source driver 504b.
- the protection circuit 506 shown in FIG. 36A is connected to, for example, the scanning line GL that is a wiring between the gate driver 504a and the pixel circuit 501.
- the protection circuit 506 is connected to a data line DL that is a wiring between the source driver 504 b and the pixel circuit 501.
- the protection circuit 506 can be connected to a wiring between the gate driver 504 a and the terminal portion 507.
- the protection circuit 506 can be connected to a wiring between the source driver 504 b and the terminal portion 507.
- the terminal portion 507 is a portion where a terminal for inputting a power supply, a control signal, and an image signal from an external circuit to the display device is provided.
- the protection circuit 506 is a circuit that brings the wiring and another wiring into a conductive state when a potential outside a certain range is applied to the wiring to which the protection circuit 506 is connected.
- the configuration of the protection circuit 506 is not limited thereto, and for example, a configuration in which the protection circuit 506 is connected to the gate driver 504a or a configuration in which the protection circuit 506 is connected to the source driver 504b may be employed. Alternatively, the protection circuit 506 may be connected to the terminal portion 507.
- FIG. 36A illustrates an example in which the driver circuit portion 504 is formed using the gate driver 504a and the source driver 504b; however, the present invention is not limited to this structure.
- the gate driver 504a may be formed, and a substrate on which a separately prepared source driver circuit is formed (for example, a driver circuit substrate formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film) may be mounted.
- the plurality of pixel circuits 501 illustrated in FIG. 36A can have a structure illustrated in FIG. 36B, for example.
- a pixel circuit 501 illustrated in FIG. 36B includes a liquid crystal element 570, a transistor 550, and a capacitor 560.
- the transistor described in the above embodiment can be applied to the transistor 550.
- One potential of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570 is appropriately set according to the specification of the pixel circuit 501.
- the alignment state of the liquid crystal element 570 is set by written data. Note that a common potential (common potential) may be applied to one of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570 included in each of the plurality of pixel circuits 501. Further, a different potential may be applied to one of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570 of the pixel circuit 501 in each row.
- a driving method of a display device including the liquid crystal element 570, a TN mode, an STN mode, a VA mode, an ASM (axially aligned micro-cell) mode, an OCB (Optically Compensated Birefringence) mode, and an FLC (Frequential) mode.
- AFLC Anti Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal
- MVA mode MVA mode
- PVA Powerned Vertical Alignment
- IPS mode Packed Vertical Alignment
- FFS mode Transverse Bend Alignment
- TBA Transverse Bend Alignment
- ECB Electrode Controlled Birefringence
- PDLC Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal
- PNLC Polymer Network Liquid Crystal mode
- the present invention is not limited to this, and various liquid crystal elements and driving methods thereof can be used.
- one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 550 is electrically connected to the data line DL_n, and the other is electrically connected to the other of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570.
- the In addition, the gate electrode of the transistor 550 is electrically connected to the scan line GL_m.
- the transistor 550 has a function of controlling data writing of the data signal.
- One of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 560 is electrically connected to a wiring to which a potential is supplied (hereinafter, potential supply line VL), and the other is electrically connected to the other of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570.
- potential supply line VL a wiring to which a potential is supplied
- the capacitor 560 functions as a storage capacitor for storing written data.
- the pixel circuits 501 in each row are sequentially selected by the gate driver 504a illustrated in FIG. Write data.
- the pixel circuit 501 in which data is written is in a holding state when the transistor 550 is turned off. By sequentially performing this for each row, an image can be displayed.
- the plurality of pixel circuits 501 illustrated in FIG. 36A can have a structure illustrated in FIG. 36C, for example.
- a pixel circuit 501 illustrated in FIG. 36C includes transistors 552 and 554, a capacitor 562, and a light-emitting element 572.
- the transistor described in any of the above embodiments can be applied to one or both of the transistor 552 and the transistor 554.
- One of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to a wiring to which a data signal is supplied (hereinafter referred to as a signal line DL_n). Further, the gate electrode of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to a wiring to which a gate signal is supplied (hereinafter referred to as a scanning line GL_m).
- the transistor 552 has a function of controlling data writing of the data signal.
- One of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 562 is electrically connected to a wiring to which a potential is applied (hereinafter referred to as a potential supply line VL_a), and the other is electrically connected to the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 552. Is done.
- the capacitor element 562 functions as a storage capacitor for storing written data.
- One of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 554 is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_a. Further, the gate electrode of the transistor 554 is electrically connected to the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 552.
- One of an anode and a cathode of the light-emitting element 572 is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_b, and the other is electrically connected to the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 554.
- the light-emitting element 572 for example, an organic electroluminescence element (also referred to as an organic EL element) or the like can be used.
- the light-emitting element 572 is not limited thereto, and an inorganic EL element made of an inorganic material may be used.
- one of the potential supply line VL_a and the potential supply line VL_b is supplied with the high power supply potential VDD, and the other is supplied with the low power supply potential VSS.
- the pixel circuits 501 in each row are sequentially selected by the gate driver 504a illustrated in FIG. Write.
- the pixel circuit 501 in which data is written is in a holding state when the transistor 552 is turned off. Further, the amount of current flowing between the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 554 is controlled in accordance with the potential of the written data signal, and the light-emitting element 572 emits light with luminance corresponding to the amount of flowing current. By sequentially performing this for each row, an image can be displayed.
- the transistor including an oxide semiconductor described in the above embodiment is referred to as an OS transistor and described below.
- FIG. 37A is a circuit diagram of an inverter that can be applied to a shift register, a buffer, or the like included in a driver circuit.
- the inverter 800 outputs a signal obtained by inverting the logic of the input terminal IN to the output terminal OUT.
- the inverter 800 includes a plurality of OS transistors.
- the signal SBG is a signal that can switch the electrical characteristics of the OS transistor.
- FIG. 37B is an example of the inverter 800.
- the inverter 800 includes an OS transistor 810 and an OS transistor 820. Since the inverter 800 can be manufactured using only an n-channel transistor, it can be manufactured at a lower cost than a case where an inverter (CMOS inverter) is manufactured using a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor).
- CMOS inverter Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
- the inverter 800 having an OS transistor can also be arranged on a CMOS composed of Si transistors. Since the inverter 800 can be arranged so as to overlap with a CMOS circuit, an increase in circuit area corresponding to the addition of the inverter 800 can be suppressed.
- the OS transistors 810 and 820 include a first gate that functions as a front gate, a second gate that functions as a back gate, a first terminal that functions as one of a source and a drain, and a second gate that functions as the other of a source and a drain. Terminal.
- the first gate of the OS transistor 810 is connected to the second terminal of the OS transistor 810.
- a second gate of the OS transistor 810 is connected to a wiring for supplying the signal SBG .
- a first terminal of the OS transistor 810 is connected to a wiring that supplies the voltage VDD.
- the second terminal of the OS transistor 810 is connected to the output terminal OUT.
- the first gate of the OS transistor 820 is connected to the input terminal IN.
- a second gate of the OS transistor 820 is connected to the input terminal IN.
- the first terminal of the OS transistor 820 is connected to the output terminal OUT.
- a second terminal of the OS transistor 820 is connected to a wiring that supplies the voltage VSS.
- FIG. 37C is a timing chart for explaining the operation of the inverter 800.
- the signal waveform of the input terminal IN the signal waveform of the output terminal OUT, and indicates a change in the threshold voltage of the signal S BG signal waveform and OS transistor 810,.
- the threshold voltage of the OS transistor 810 can be controlled.
- Signal S BG has a voltage V BG_B for shifted in the positive voltage V BG_A, the threshold voltage for negative shift the threshold voltage.
- FIG. 38A shows an Id-Vg curve which is one of the electrical characteristics of the transistor.
- the electrical characteristics of the OS transistor 810 described above can be shifted to a curve represented by a broken line 840 in FIG. 38A by increasing the voltage of the second gate as the voltage V BG_A . Further, the above-described electrical characteristics of the OS transistor 810 can be shifted to a curve represented by a solid line 841 in FIG. 38A by reducing the voltage of the second gate as the voltage V BG_B . As shown in FIG. 38 (A), OS transistor 810, by switching the signal S BG and so the voltage V BG_A or voltage V BG_B, can be shifted in the positive or negative shift of the threshold voltage.
- the OS transistor 810 can be in a state in which current does not easily flow.
- FIG. 38B visualizes this state.
- FIG. 38C visualizes this state. As shown in FIG. 38 (C), it can be larger than at least the current I B of the current I A flowing at this time. Therefore, when the signal supplied to the input terminal IN is at a low level and the OS transistor 820 is in an off state (OFF), the voltage of the output terminal OUT can be rapidly increased. As shown in FIG. 38C, the current flowing through the OS transistor 810 can easily flow, and thus the signal waveform 832 at the output terminal in the timing chart shown in FIG. Can do.
- the control of the threshold voltage of the OS transistor 810 by the signal S BG previously the state of the OS transistor 820 is switched, i.e. it is preferably performed before time T1 and T2.
- the threshold voltage V TH_A is changed from the threshold voltage V TH_A to the threshold voltage V TH_B before the time T1 when the signal applied to the input terminal IN switches to the high level. It is preferable to switch the threshold voltage.
- the OS transistor 810 is switched from the threshold voltage V TH_B to the threshold voltage V TH_A before the time T2 when the signal applied to the input terminal IN switches to the low level. It is preferable to switch the threshold voltage.
- FIG. 39A illustrates an example of a circuit configuration that can realize this configuration.
- FIG. 39A includes an OS transistor 850 in addition to the circuit configuration illustrated in FIG.
- the first terminal of the OS transistor 850 is connected to the second gate of the OS transistor 810.
- the second terminal of the OS transistor 850 is connected to a wiring for applying the voltage V BG_B (or voltage V BG_A ).
- the first gate of the OS transistor 850 is connected to a wiring for providing signal S F.
- a second gate of the OS transistor 850 is connected to a wiring that supplies the voltage V BG_B (or the voltage V BG_A ).
- FIG. 39A The operation of FIG. 39A will be described with reference to the timing chart of FIG.
- the voltage for controlling the threshold voltage of the OS transistor 810 is applied to the second gate of the OS transistor 810 before the time T3 when the signal applied to the input terminal IN switches to the high level.
- the OS transistor 850 is turned on the signal S F to the high level, providing a voltage V BG_B for controlling a threshold voltage in the node N BG.
- the voltage supplied to the second gate of the OS transistor 810 is shown by control from the outside, but another configuration may be used.
- a voltage for controlling the threshold voltage may be generated based on a signal supplied to the input terminal IN and supplied to the second gate of the OS transistor 810.
- An example of a circuit configuration that can realize this configuration is illustrated in FIG.
- a CMOS inverter 860 is provided between the input terminal IN and the second gate of the OS transistor 810 in the circuit configuration shown in FIG.
- the input terminal of the CMOS inverter 860 is connected to the input terminal IN.
- the output terminal of the CMOS inverter 860 is connected to the second gate of the OS transistor 810.
- FIG. 40A The operation in FIG. 40A will be described with reference to the timing chart in FIG. In the timing chart of FIG. 40B, changes in the signal waveform of the input terminal IN, the signal waveform of the output terminal OUT, the output waveform IN_B of the CMOS inverter 860, and the threshold voltage of the OS transistor 810 are shown.
- the output waveform IN_B which is a signal obtained by inverting the logic of the signal applied to the input terminal IN, can be a signal for controlling the threshold voltage of the OS transistor 810. Therefore, as described in FIGS. 38A to 38C, the threshold voltage of the OS transistor 810 can be controlled. For example, at time T4 in FIG. 40B, a signal supplied to the input terminal IN is high and the OS transistor 820 is turned on. At this time, the output waveform IN_B is at a low level. Therefore, the OS transistor 810 can be set in a state in which current does not easily flow, and the voltage increase at the output terminal OUT can be sharply decreased.
- the signal applied to the input terminal IN is at a low level, so that the OS transistor 820 is turned off.
- the output waveform IN_B is at a high level. Therefore, the OS transistor 810 can be in a state in which current easily flows, and the voltage of the output terminal OUT can be rapidly increased.
- the voltage of the back gate in the inverter having the OS transistor is switched in accordance with the signal logic of the input terminal IN.
- the threshold voltage of the OS transistor can be controlled.
- the voltage of the output terminal OUT can be changed abruptly.
- the through current between the wirings supplying the power supply voltage can be reduced. Therefore, low power consumption can be achieved.
- FIG. 41A is a block diagram of the semiconductor device 900.
- the semiconductor device 900 includes a power supply circuit 901, a circuit 902, a voltage generation circuit 903, a circuit 904, a voltage generation circuit 905, and a circuit 906.
- the power supply circuit 901 is a circuit that generates a reference voltage V ORG .
- the voltage V ORG may be a plurality of voltages instead of a single voltage.
- the voltage V ORG can be generated based on the voltage V 0 given from the outside of the semiconductor device 900.
- the semiconductor device 900 can generate the voltage V ORG based on a single power supply voltage given from the outside. Therefore, the semiconductor device 900 can operate without applying a plurality of power supply voltages from the outside.
- the circuits 902, 904, and 906 are circuits that operate with different power supply voltages.
- the power supply voltage of the circuit 902 is a voltage applied by the voltage V ORG and the voltage V SS (V ORG > V SS ).
- the power supply voltage of the circuit 904 is a voltage applied by the voltage V POG and the voltage V SS (V POG > V ORG ).
- the power supply voltage of the circuit 906 is a voltage applied by the voltage V ORG and the voltage V NEG (V ORG > V SS > V NEG ). Note that if the voltage VSS is set to the same potential as the ground (GND), the types of voltages generated by the power supply circuit 901 can be reduced.
- the voltage generation circuit 903 is a circuit that generates the voltage V POG .
- the voltage generation circuit 903 can generate the voltage V POG based on the voltage V ORG supplied from the power supply circuit 901. Therefore, the semiconductor device 900 including the circuit 904 can operate based on a single power supply voltage supplied from the outside.
- the voltage generation circuit 905 is a circuit that generates a voltage V NEG .
- the voltage generation circuit 905 can generate the voltage V NEG based on the voltage V ORG supplied from the power supply circuit 901. Therefore, the semiconductor device 900 including the circuit 906 can operate based on a single power supply voltage given from the outside.
- FIG. 41B illustrates an example of a circuit 904 that operates at the voltage V POG
- FIG. 41C illustrates an example of a waveform of a signal for operating the circuit 904.
- the transistor 911 is illustrated.
- Signal applied to the gate of the transistor 911 is generated, for example, based on the voltage V POG and voltage V SS.
- the signal is a voltage V SS during operation of the conductive state of transistor 911 voltage V POG, during operation of the non-conductive state.
- the voltage V POG is larger than the voltage V ORG as illustrated in FIG. Therefore, the transistor 911 can more reliably perform an operation of bringing the source (S) and the drain (D) into conduction.
- the circuit 904 can be a circuit in which malfunctions are reduced.
- FIG. 41D illustrates an example of a circuit 906 that operates at the voltage V NEG
- FIG. 41E illustrates an example of a waveform of a signal for operating the circuit 906.
- FIG. 41D illustrates a transistor 912 having a back gate.
- a signal supplied to the gate of the transistor 912 is generated based on the voltage V ORG and the voltage V SS , for example.
- the signal voltage V ORG during operation of the conductive state of transistor 911, a voltage V SS during operation of a non-conductive state.
- the voltage applied to the back gate of the transistor 912 is generated based on the voltage V NEG .
- the voltage V NEG is smaller than the voltage V SS (GND) as shown in FIG. Therefore, the threshold voltage of the transistor 912 can be controlled to shift positively. Therefore, the transistor 912 can be more reliably turned off, and the current flowing between the source (S) and the drain (D) can be reduced.
- the circuit 906 can be a circuit in which malfunctions are reduced and power consumption is reduced.
- the voltage V NEG may be directly applied to the back gate of the transistor 912.
- a signal to be supplied to the gate of the transistor 912 may be generated based on the voltage V ORG and the voltage V NEG and the signal may be supplied to the back gate of the transistor 912.
- FIGS. 41D and 41E show a modification of FIGS. 41D and 41E.
- a transistor 922 whose conduction state can be controlled by the control circuit 921 is illustrated between the voltage generation circuit 905 and the circuit 906.
- the transistor 922 is an n-channel OS transistor.
- Control signal S BG control circuit 921 is output a signal for controlling the conduction state of the transistor 922.
- transistors 912A and 912B included in the circuit 906 are OS transistors which are the same as the transistor 922.
- the timing chart of FIG. 42 (B) includes a control signal S BG, transistor 912A, indicated by a change in the potential of the state nodes N BG back gate potential of 912B.
- Control signal S BG is transistor 922 in a conducting state at the high level, the node N BG becomes voltage V NEG. Thereafter, when the control signal SBG is at a low level, the node NBG becomes electrically floating. Since the transistor 922 is an OS transistor, the off-state current is small. Therefore, even if the node NBG is electrically floating, the voltage V NEG once applied can be held.
- FIG. 43A illustrates an example of a circuit configuration which can be applied to the voltage generation circuit 903 described above.
- a voltage generation circuit 903 illustrated in FIG. 43A is a five-stage charge pump including diodes D1 to D5, capacitors C1 to C5, and an inverter INV.
- the clock signal CLK is supplied to the capacitors C1 to C5 directly or via the inverter INV.
- the power supply voltage of the inverter INV is a voltage applied by the voltage V ORG and the voltage V SS
- a voltage V POG that is boosted to a positive voltage five times the voltage V ORG can be obtained by the clock signal CLK.
- the forward voltage of the diodes D1 to D5 is 0V.
- a desired voltage V POG can be obtained by changing the number of stages of the charge pump.
- FIG. 43B shows an example of a circuit configuration applicable to the voltage generation circuit 905 described above.
- a voltage generation circuit 905 illustrated in FIG. 43B is a four-stage charge pump including diodes D1 to D5, capacitors C1 to C5, and an inverter INV.
- the clock signal CLK is supplied to the capacitors C1 to C5 directly or via the inverter INV.
- the power supply voltage of the inverter INV is a voltage applied by the voltage V ORG and the voltage V SS
- the voltage V that is stepped down to the negative voltage that is four times the voltage V ORG from the voltage V SS by the clock signal CLK.
- NEG can be obtained.
- the forward voltage of the diodes D1 to D5 is 0V.
- the desired voltage V NEG can be obtained by changing the number of stages of the charge pump.
- circuit configuration of the voltage generation circuit 903 described above is not limited to the configuration of the circuit diagram illustrated in FIG.
- modification examples of the voltage generation circuit 903 are illustrated in FIGS. Note that in the modification of the voltage generation circuit 903, in the voltage generation circuits 903A to 903C illustrated in FIGS. 44A to 44C, the voltage applied to each wiring is changed or the arrangement of elements is changed. It is feasible.
- a voltage generation circuit 903A illustrated in FIG. 44A includes transistors M1 to M10, capacitors C11 to C14, and an inverter INV1.
- the clock signal CLK is supplied directly to the gates of the transistors M1 to M10 or via the inverter INV1.
- a voltage V POG that is boosted to a positive voltage four times the voltage V ORG can be obtained by the clock signal CLK. Note that a desired voltage V POG can be obtained by changing the number of stages.
- the voltage generation circuit 903A illustrated in FIG. 44A can reduce off-state current by using the transistors M1 to M10 as OS transistors, and can suppress leakage of charges held in the capacitors C11 to C14. Therefore, the voltage V ORG can be efficiently boosted from the voltage V POG .
- a voltage generation circuit 903B illustrated in FIG. 44B includes transistors M11 to M14, capacitors C15 and C16, and an inverter INV2.
- the clock signal CLK is supplied directly to the gates of the transistors M11 to M14 or via the inverter INV2. With the clock signal CLK, it is possible to obtain a voltage V POG that is boosted to a positive voltage that is twice the voltage V ORG .
- the voltage generation circuit 903B illustrated in FIG. 44B can reduce off-state current by using the transistors M11 to M14 as OS transistors, and can suppress leakage of charges held in the capacitors C15 and C16. Therefore, the voltage V ORG can be efficiently boosted from the voltage V POG .
- a voltage generation circuit 903C illustrated in FIG. 44C includes an inductor Ind1, a transistor M15, a diode D6, and a capacitor C17.
- the conduction state of the transistor M15 is controlled by the control signal EN.
- a voltage V POG obtained by boosting the voltage V ORG can be obtained by the control signal EN. Since the voltage generation circuit 903C illustrated in FIG. 44C uses the inductor Ind1 to increase the voltage, the voltage generation circuit 903C can increase the voltage with high conversion efficiency.
- a voltage necessary for a circuit included in the semiconductor device can be generated internally. Therefore, the semiconductor device can reduce the number of power supply voltages given from the outside.
- a display module 7000 shown in FIG. 45 includes a touch panel 7004 connected to the FPC 7003, a display panel 7006 connected to the FPC 7005, a backlight 7007, a frame 7009, a printed circuit board 7010, and a battery between the upper cover 7001 and the lower cover 7002. 7011.
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for the display panel 7006, for example.
- the shape and dimensions of the upper cover 7001 and the lower cover 7002 can be changed as appropriate in accordance with the sizes of the touch panel 7004 and the display panel 7006.
- a resistive film type or capacitive type touch panel can be used by being superimposed on the display panel 7006.
- the counter substrate (sealing substrate) of the display panel 7006 can have a touch panel function.
- an optical sensor can be provided in each pixel of the display panel 7006 to form an optical touch panel.
- the backlight 7007 has a light source 7008.
- FIG. 45 illustrates the configuration in which the light source 7008 is provided over the backlight 7007, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the light source 7008 may be disposed at the end of the backlight 7007 and a light diffusing plate may be used.
- the backlight 7007 may not be provided.
- the frame 7009 has a function as an electromagnetic shield for blocking electromagnetic waves generated by the operation of the printed circuit board 7010 in addition to the protective function of the display panel 7006.
- the frame 7009 may have a function as a heat sink.
- the printed circuit board 7010 includes a power supply circuit, a signal processing circuit for outputting a video signal and a clock signal.
- the power source for supplying power to the power supply circuit may be an external commercial power source or a power source using a battery 7011 provided separately.
- the battery 7011 can be omitted when a commercial power source is used.
- the display module 7000 may be additionally provided with a member such as a polarizing plate, a phase difference plate, and a prism sheet.
- FIG. 46A is a diagram showing the appearance of the camera 8000 with the viewfinder 8100 attached.
- the camera 8000 includes a housing 8001, a display portion 8002, operation buttons 8003, a shutter button 8004, and the like.
- the camera 8000 is attached with a detachable lens 8006.
- the camera 8000 is configured such that the lens 8006 can be removed from the housing 8001 and replaced, but the lens 8006 and the housing may be integrated.
- the camera 8000 can take an image by pressing a shutter button 8004.
- the display portion 8002 has a function as a touch panel and can capture an image by touching the display portion 8002.
- the housing 8001 of the camera 8000 has a mount having electrodes, and can be connected to a stroboscope or the like in addition to the finder 8100.
- the finder 8100 includes a housing 8101, a display portion 8102, a button 8103, and the like.
- the housing 8101 has a mount that engages with the mount of the camera 8000, and the finder 8100 can be attached to the camera 8000.
- the mount includes an electrode, and an image received from the camera 8000 via the electrode can be displayed on the display portion 8102.
- the button 8103 has a function as a power button.
- a button 8103 can be used to switch display on the display portion 8102 on and off.
- the display device of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to the display portion 8002 of the camera 8000 and the display portion 8102 of the finder 8100.
- the camera 8000 and the viewfinder 8100 are separate electronic devices and are configured to be detachable.
- a finder including a display device is incorporated in the housing 8001 of the camera 8000. Also good.
- FIG. 46B is a diagram showing the appearance of the head mounted display 8200.
- the head mounted display 8200 includes a mounting portion 8201, a lens 8202, a main body 8203, a display portion 8204, a cable 8205, and the like.
- a battery 8206 is built in the mounting portion 8201.
- the cable 8205 supplies power from the battery 8206 to the main body 8203.
- the main body 8203 includes a wireless receiver and the like, and can display video information such as received image data on the display portion 8204.
- the mounting portion 8201 may be provided with a plurality of electrodes at positions where the user touches the mounting portion 8201.
- the main body 8203 may have a function of recognizing the user's viewpoint by detecting a current flowing through the electrode in accordance with the movement of the user's eyeball. Moreover, you may have a function which monitors a user's pulse by detecting the electric current which flows into the said electrode.
- the mounting portion 8201 may have various sensors such as a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, and an acceleration sensor, and may have a function of displaying the user's biological information on the display portion 8204. Further, the movement of the user's head or the like may be detected, and the video displayed on the display unit 8204 may be changed in accordance with the movement.
- the display device of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to the display portion 8204.
- the head mounted display 8300 includes a housing 8301, a display portion 8302, a band-shaped fixture 8304, and a pair of lenses 8305.
- the user can visually recognize the display on the display portion 8302 through the lens 8305.
- the display portion 8302 is preferably curved. By arranging the display portion 8302 to be curved, the user can feel a high sense of realism.
- the display device of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to the display portion 8302. Since the display device including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention has extremely high definition, the pixel is not visually recognized by the user even when the display device is enlarged using the lens 8305 as illustrated in FIG. More realistic video can be displayed.
- FIGS. 47A to 47G examples of electronic devices that are different from the electronic devices illustrated in FIGS. 46A to 46E are illustrated in FIGS. 47A to 47G.
- An electronic device illustrated in FIGS. 47A to 47G includes a housing 9000, a display portion 9001, a speaker 9003, operation keys 9005 (including a power switch or an operation switch), a connection terminal 9006, a sensor 9007 (force , Displacement, position, velocity, acceleration, angular velocity, rotation speed, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical, voice, time, hardness, electric field, current, voltage, power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, gradient, vibration , Including a function of measuring odor or infrared light), a microphone 9008, and the like.
- the electronic devices illustrated in FIGS. 47A to 47G have various functions. For example, a function for displaying various information (still images, moving images, text images, etc.) on the display unit, a touch panel function, a function for displaying a calendar, date or time, a function for controlling processing by various software (programs), Wireless communication function, function for connecting to various computer networks using the wireless communication function, function for transmitting or receiving various data using the wireless communication function, and reading and displaying the program or data recorded on the recording medium It can have a function of displaying on the section. Note that the functions of the electronic devices illustrated in FIGS. 47A to 47G are not limited to these, and can have various functions. Although not illustrated in FIGS.
- the electronic device may have a plurality of display portions.
- the electronic device is equipped with a camera, etc., to capture still images, to capture moving images, to store captured images on a recording medium (externally or built into the camera), and to display captured images on the display unit And the like.
- FIGS. 47A to 47G Details of the electronic devices illustrated in FIGS. 47A to 47G will be described below.
- FIG. 47A is a perspective view showing the television device 9100.
- the television device 9100 can incorporate the display portion 9001 with a large screen, for example, a display portion 9001 with a size of 50 inches or more, or 100 inches or more.
- FIG. 47B is a perspective view showing the portable information terminal 9101.
- the portable information terminal 9101 has one or a plurality of functions selected from, for example, a telephone, a notebook, an information browsing device, or the like. Specifically, it can be used as a smartphone.
- the portable information terminal 9101 may include a speaker 9003, a connection terminal 9006, a sensor 9007, and the like.
- the portable information terminal 9101 can display characters and image information on the plurality of surfaces.
- three operation buttons 9050 also referred to as operation icons or simply icons
- information 9051 indicated by a broken-line rectangle can be displayed on another surface of the display portion 9001.
- a display for notifying an incoming call such as an e-mail, SNS (social networking service), a telephone call, a title such as an e-mail or SNS, a sender name such as an e-mail or SNS, a date and time, and a time , Battery level, antenna reception strength and so on.
- an operation button 9050 or the like may be displayed instead of the information 9051 at a position where the information 9051 is displayed.
- FIG. 47C is a perspective view showing the portable information terminal 9102.
- the portable information terminal 9102 has a function of displaying information on three or more surfaces of the display portion 9001.
- information 9052, information 9053, and information 9054 are displayed on different planes.
- the user of the portable information terminal 9102 can check the display (information 9053 here) in a state where the portable information terminal 9102 is stored in the chest pocket of clothes.
- the telephone number or name of the caller of the incoming call is displayed at a position where it can be observed from above portable information terminal 9102.
- the user can check the display and determine whether to receive a call without taking out the portable information terminal 9102 from the pocket.
- FIG. 47D is a perspective view showing a wristwatch-type portable information terminal 9200.
- the portable information terminal 9200 can execute various applications such as a mobile phone, electronic mail, text browsing and creation, music playback, Internet communication, and computer games.
- the display portion 9001 is provided with a curved display surface, and can perform display along the curved display surface.
- the portable information terminal 9200 can execute short-range wireless communication with a communication standard. For example, it is possible to talk hands-free by communicating with a headset capable of wireless communication.
- the portable information terminal 9200 includes a connection terminal 9006 and can directly exchange data with other information terminals via a connector. Charging can also be performed through the connection terminal 9006. Note that the charging operation may be performed by wireless power feeding without using the connection terminal 9006.
- FIG. 47E, 47F, and 47G are perspective views showing a foldable portable information terminal 9201.
- FIG. 47E is a perspective view of a state in which the portable information terminal 9201 is expanded
- FIG. 47F is a state in which the portable information terminal 9201 is expanded or changed from one of the folded state to the other.
- FIG. 47G is a perspective view of the portable information terminal 9201 folded.
- the portable information terminal 9201 is excellent in portability in the folded state, and in the expanded state, the portable information terminal 9201 is excellent in display listability due to a seamless wide display area.
- a display portion 9001 included in the portable information terminal 9201 is supported by three housings 9000 connected by a hinge 9055.
- the portable information terminal 9201 By bending between the two housings 9000 via the hinge 9055, the portable information terminal 9201 can be reversibly deformed from the expanded state to the folded state.
- the portable information terminal 9201 can be bent with a curvature radius of 1 mm to 150 mm.
- FIG. 48A and 48B are perspective views of a display device having a plurality of display panels.
- FIG. 48A is a perspective view of a form in which a plurality of display panels are wound
- FIG. 48B is a perspective view of a state in which the plurality of display panels are developed.
- the 48A and 48B includes a plurality of display panels 9501, a shaft portion 9511, and a bearing portion 9512.
- the plurality of display panels 9501 each include a display region 9502 and a region 9503 having a light-transmitting property.
- the plurality of display panels 9501 have flexibility. Further, two adjacent display panels 9501 are provided so that a part of them overlap each other. For example, a light-transmitting region 9503 of two adjacent display panels 9501 can be overlapped. By using a plurality of display panels 9501, a large-screen display device can be obtained. In addition, since the display panel 9501 can be taken up depending on the use state, a display device with excellent versatility can be obtained.
- 48A and 48B illustrate a state in which the display area 9502 is separated by the adjacent display panel 9501
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the display area 9502 of the adjacent display panel 9501 is displayed.
- the display area 9502 may be a continuous display area by overlapping them with no gap.
- the electronic device described in this embodiment has a display portion for displaying some information. Note that the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can also be applied to an electronic device that does not include a display portion.
- Embodiment 8 In this embodiment mode, a semiconductor device (memory device) that can hold stored contents even when power is not supplied and has no limit on the number of writing times, and a CPU including the semiconductor device are described with reference to FIGS. explain.
- the CPU described in this embodiment can be used for, for example, the electronic device described in the above embodiment.
- FIG. 49 shows an example of a semiconductor device (storage device) in which stored contents can be held even when power is not supplied and the number of writings is not limited. Note that FIG. 49B is a circuit diagram of FIG.
- 49A and 49B includes a transistor 3200 using a first semiconductor material, a transistor 3300 using a second semiconductor material, and a capacitor 3400.
- the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material have different energy gaps.
- the first semiconductor material is a semiconductor material other than an oxide semiconductor (silicon (including strained silicon), germanium, silicon germanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride, an organic semiconductor, etc.)
- the second semiconductor material can be an oxide semiconductor.
- a transistor using single crystal silicon or the like as a material other than an oxide semiconductor can easily operate at high speed.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor has low off-state current.
- the transistor 3300 is a transistor in which a channel is formed in a semiconductor layer including an oxide semiconductor. Since the transistor 3300 has low off-state current, stored data can be held for a long time by using the transistor 3300. In other words, since it is possible to obtain a semiconductor memory device that does not require a refresh operation or has a very low frequency of the refresh operation, power consumption can be sufficiently reduced.
- the first wiring 3101 is electrically connected to the source electrode of the transistor 3200
- the second wiring 3102 is electrically connected to the drain electrode of the transistor 3200
- the third wiring 3103 is electrically connected to one of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the transistor 3300
- the fourth wiring 3104 is electrically connected to a gate electrode of the transistor 3300.
- the other of the gate electrode of the transistor 3200 and the source or drain electrode of the transistor 3300 is electrically connected to one of the electrodes of the capacitor 3400
- the fifth wiring 3105 is electrically connected to the other of the electrodes of the capacitor 3400. Connected.
- information can be written, held, and read as follows by utilizing the feature that the potential of the gate electrode of the transistor 3200 can be held.
- the potential of the fourth wiring 3104 is set to a potential at which the transistor 3300 is turned on, so that the transistor 3300 is turned on. Accordingly, the potential of the third wiring 3103 is supplied to the gate electrode of the transistor 3200 and the capacitor 3400. That is, predetermined charge is supplied to the gate of the transistor 3200 (writing).
- the potential of the fourth wiring 3104 is set to a potential at which the transistor 3300 is turned off and the transistor 3300 is turned off, whereby the charge given to the gate of the transistor 3200 is held (held).
- the reading of information will be described.
- an appropriate potential (reading potential) is applied to the fifth wiring 3105 in a state where a predetermined potential (constant potential) is applied to the first wiring 3101, according to the amount of charge held in the gate of the transistor 3200
- the second wiring 3102 has different potentials.
- the apparent threshold Vth_H in the case where a high level charge is applied to the gate electrode of the transistor 3200 is the case where the low level charge is applied to the gate electrode of the transistor 3200 This is because it becomes lower than the apparent threshold value Vth_L.
- the apparent threshold voltage refers to a potential of the fifth wiring 3105 necessary for turning on the transistor 3200.
- the charge given to the gate of the transistor 3200 can be determined. For example, in the case where a high-level charge is applied in writing, the transistor 3200 is turned on when the potential of the fifth wiring 3105 is V0 (> Vth_H). In the case where a low-level charge is supplied, the transistor 3200 remains in the “off state” even when the potential of the fifth wiring 3105 is V0 ( ⁇ Vth_L). Therefore, the held information can be read by determining the potential of the second wiring 3102.
- the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 49C is different from FIG. 49A in that the transistor 3200 is not provided. In this case, information can be written and held by the same operation as described above.
- the third wiring 3103 that is in a floating state and the capacitor 3400 are brought into conduction, and charge is redistributed between the third wiring 3103 and the capacitor 3400.
- the potential of the third wiring 3103 changes.
- the amount of change in potential of the third wiring 3103 has different values depending on one potential of the electrode of the capacitor 3400 (or charge accumulated in the capacitor 3400).
- the potential of one of the electrodes of the capacitor 3400 is V
- the capacitance of the capacitor 3400 is C
- the capacitance component of the third wiring 3103 is CB
- the potential of the third wiring 3103 before the charge is redistributed.
- the potential of the third wiring 3103 after the charge is redistributed is (CB ⁇ VB0 + C ⁇ V) / (CB + C).
- information can be read by comparing the potential of the third wiring 3103 with a predetermined potential.
- a transistor to which the first semiconductor material is applied is used for a driver circuit for driving the memory cell, and a transistor to which the second semiconductor material is applied is stacked over the driver circuit as the transistor 3300. And it is sufficient.
- memory contents can be held for an extremely long time by using a transistor with an extremely small off-state current that uses an oxide semiconductor for a channel formation region. That is, the refresh operation is not necessary or the frequency of the refresh operation can be extremely low, so that power consumption can be sufficiently reduced.
- stored data can be held for a long time even when power is not supplied (note that a potential is preferably fixed).
- high voltage is not needed for writing data and there is no problem of deterioration of elements.
- it is not necessary to inject electrons into the floating gate or extract electrons from the floating gate, so that there is no problem of deterioration of the gate insulating film. That is, in the semiconductor device described in this embodiment, the number of rewritable times that is a problem in the conventional nonvolatile memory is not limited, and the reliability is dramatically improved. Further, since data is written depending on the on / off state of the transistor, high-speed operation can be easily realized.
- the above-described storage device is, for example, an DSP such as a DSP (Digital Signal Processor), a custom LSI, a PLD (Programmable Logic Device), or an RF-ID (Radio Frequency Identity). Applicable.
- DSP Digital Signal Processor
- PLD Programmable Logic Device
- RF-ID Radio Frequency Identity
- FIG. 50 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of a CPU including the above-described storage device.
- the CPU shown in FIG. 50 has an ALU 2191 (ALU: Arithmetic logic unit, arithmetic circuit), an ALU controller 2192, an instruction decoder 2193, an interrupt controller 2194, a timing controller 2195, a register 2196, a register controller 2197, and a bus interface 2198 on a substrate 2190.
- ALU 2191 Arithmetic logic unit, arithmetic circuit
- ALU controller 2192 Arithmetic logic unit, arithmetic circuit
- an instruction decoder 2193 an interrupt controller 2194
- a timing controller 2195 a register 2196, a register controller 2197, and a bus interface 2198
- ROM I / F rewritable ROM 2199
- ROM interface 2189 ROM I / F
- the substrate 2190 a semiconductor substrate, an SOI substrate, a glass substrate, or the like is used.
- the ROM 2199 and the ROM interface 2189 may be provided in separate chips. Needless to say, the CPU in
- the configuration including the CPU or the arithmetic circuit illustrated in FIG. 50 may be a single core, and a plurality of the cores may be included, and each core may operate in parallel.
- the number of bits that the CPU can handle with the internal arithmetic circuit or the data bus can be, for example, 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits, or the like.
- Instructions input to the CPU via the bus interface 2198 are input to the instruction decoder 2193, decoded, and then input to the ALU controller 2192, interrupt controller 2194, register controller 2197, and timing controller 2195.
- the ALU controller 2192, interrupt controller 2194, register controller 2197, and timing controller 2195 perform various controls based on the decoded instructions. Specifically, the ALU controller 2192 generates a signal for controlling the operation of the ALU 2191.
- the interrupt controller 2194 determines and processes an interrupt request from an external input / output device or a peripheral circuit from the priority or mask state during execution of the CPU program.
- the register controller 2197 generates an address of the register 2196, and reads / writes data from / to the register 2196 according to the state of the CPU.
- the timing controller 2195 generates a signal for controlling the operation timing of the ALU 2191, the ALU controller 2192, the instruction decoder 2193, the interrupt controller 2194, and the register controller 2197.
- the timing controller 2195 includes an internal clock generation unit that generates an internal clock signal based on the reference clock signal, and supplies the internal clock signal to the various circuits.
- the register 2196 is provided with a storage device.
- the register controller 2197 selects a holding operation in the register 2196 in accordance with an instruction from the ALU 2191.
- the memory device included in the register 2196 selects whether to hold data by a flip-flop or to hold data by a capacitor.
- the power supply voltage is supplied to the storage device in the register 2196.
- data retention in the capacitor is selected, data is rewritten to the capacitor, and supply of power supply voltage to the memory device in the register 2196 can be stopped.
- FIG. 51 is an example of a circuit diagram of a memory element that can be used as the register 2196.
- the memory element 2200 includes a circuit 2201 in which stored data is volatilized by power-off, a circuit 2202 in which stored data is not volatilized by power-off, a switch 2203, a switch 2204, a logic element 2206, a capacitor 2207, and a selection function. And a circuit 2220 having the same.
- the circuit 2202 includes a capacitor 2208, a transistor 2209, and a transistor 2210. Note that the memory element 2200 may further include other elements such as a diode, a resistance element, and an inductor, as necessary.
- the above-described storage device can be used for the circuit 2202.
- the ground potential (0 V) or the potential at which the transistor 2209 is turned off is continuously input to the gate of the transistor 2209 in the circuit 2202.
- the gate of the transistor 2209 is grounded through a load such as a resistor.
- the switch 2203 is configured using a transistor 2213 of one conductivity type (eg, n-channel type), and the switch 2204 is configured using a transistor 2214 of conductivity type (eg, p-channel type) opposite to the one conductivity type.
- a transistor 2213 of one conductivity type eg, n-channel type
- the switch 2204 is configured using a transistor 2214 of conductivity type (eg, p-channel type) opposite to the one conductivity type.
- the first terminal of the switch 2203 corresponds to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 2213
- the second terminal of the switch 2203 corresponds to the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 2213
- the switch 2203 corresponds to the gate of the transistor 2213.
- conduction or non-conduction between the first terminal and the second terminal that is, the on state or the off state of the transistor 2213
- the first terminal of the switch 2204 corresponds to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 2214
- the second terminal of the switch 2204 corresponds to the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 2214
- the switch 2204 is input to the gate of the transistor 2214.
- the control signal RD selects the conduction or non-conduction between the first terminal and the second terminal (that is, the on state or the off state of the transistor 2214).
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 2209 is electrically connected to one of a pair of electrodes of the capacitor 2208 and a gate of the transistor 2210.
- the connection part is referred to as a node M2.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 2210 is electrically connected to a wiring (eg, a GND line) that can supply a low power supply potential, and the other is connected to the first terminal of the switch 2203 (the source and the drain of the transistor 2213 On the other hand).
- a second terminal of the switch 2203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 2213) is electrically connected to a first terminal of the switch 2204 (one of the source and the drain of the transistor 2214).
- a second terminal of the switch 2204 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 2214) is electrically connected to a wiring that can supply the power supply potential VDD.
- the second terminal of the switch 2203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 2213), the first terminal of the switch 2204 (one of the source and the drain of the transistor 2214), the input terminal of the logic element 2206, and the capacitor 2207
- One of the pair of electrodes is electrically connected.
- the connection part is referred to as a node M1.
- the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 2207 can have a structure in which a constant potential is input. For example, a low power supply potential (such as GND) or a high power supply potential (such as VDD) can be input.
- the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 2207 is electrically connected to a wiring (eg, a GND line) that can supply a low power supply potential.
- the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 2208 can have a structure in which a constant potential is input. For example, a low power supply potential (such as GND) or a high power supply potential (such as VDD) can be input.
- the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 2208 is electrically connected to a wiring (eg, a GND line) that can supply a low power supply potential.
- the capacitor 2207 and the capacitor 2208 can be omitted by actively using a parasitic capacitance of a transistor or a wiring.
- a control signal WE is input to a first gate (first gate electrode) of the transistor 2209.
- a conduction state or a non-conduction state between the first terminal and the second terminal is selected by a control signal RD different from the control signal WE, and the first terminal and the second terminal of one switch When the terminals of the other switch are in a conductive state, the first terminal and the second terminal of the other switch are in a non-conductive state.
- FIG. 51 illustrates an example in which the signal output from the circuit 2201 is input to the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 2209.
- a signal output from the second terminal of the switch 2203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 2213) is an inverted signal in which the logic value is inverted by the logic element 2206 and is input to the circuit 2201 through the circuit 2220. .
- FIG. 51 illustrates an example in which a signal output from the second terminal of the switch 2203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 2213) is input to the circuit 2201 through the logic element 2206 and the circuit 2220. It is not limited to. A signal output from the second terminal of the switch 2203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 2213) may be input to the circuit 2201 without having its logic value inverted. For example, when there is a node in the circuit 2201 that holds a signal in which the logical value of the signal input from the input terminal is inverted, the second terminal of the switch 2203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 2213) An output signal can be input to the node.
- a transistor other than the transistor 2209 among transistors used for the memory element 2200 can be a transistor formed in a layer formed of a semiconductor other than an oxide semiconductor or a substrate 2190.
- a transistor in which a channel is formed in a silicon layer or a silicon substrate can be used.
- all the transistors used for the memory element 2200 can be transistors whose channels are formed using an oxide semiconductor film.
- the memory element 2200 may include a transistor whose channel is formed using an oxide semiconductor film in addition to the transistor 2209, and the remaining transistors may be formed in a layer formed of a semiconductor other than an oxide semiconductor or the substrate 2190. It can also be a formed transistor.
- a flip-flop can be used for the circuit 2201 in FIG.
- the logic element 2206 for example, an inverter, a clocked inverter, or the like can be used.
- data stored in the circuit 2201 can be held by the capacitor 2208 provided in the circuit 2202 while the power supply voltage is not supplied to the memory element 2200.
- a transistor in which a channel is formed in an oxide semiconductor film has extremely low off-state current.
- the off-state current of a transistor in which a channel is formed in an oxide semiconductor film is significantly lower than the off-state current of a transistor in which a channel is formed in crystalline silicon. Therefore, by using a transistor in which a channel is formed in an oxide semiconductor film as the transistor 2209, a signal held in the capacitor 2208 is maintained for a long time even when a power supply voltage is not supplied to the memory element 2200. In this manner, the memory element 2200 can hold stored data (data) even while the supply of power supply voltage is stopped.
- the memory element is characterized by performing a precharge operation; therefore, after the supply of power supply voltage is resumed, the time until the circuit 2201 holds the original data again is shortened. be able to.
- a signal held by the capacitor 2208 is input to the gate of the transistor 2210. Therefore, after the supply of power supply voltage to the memory element 2200 is restarted, the signal held by the capacitor 2208 can be converted into the state of the transistor 2210 (on state or off state) and read from the circuit 2202. it can. Therefore, the original signal can be accurately read even if the potential corresponding to the signal held in the capacitor 2208 slightly fluctuates.
- a storage element 2200 for a storage device such as a register or a cache memory included in the processor, it is possible to prevent data in the storage device from being lost due to the supply of power supply voltage being stopped.
- the state before the power supply stop can be restored in a short time. Accordingly, power can be stopped in a short time in the entire processor or in one or a plurality of logic circuits constituting the processor, so that power consumption can be suppressed.
- the memory element 2200 is described as an example of using a CPU.
- the memory element 2200 is an DSP such as a DSP (Digital Signal Processor), a custom LSI, a PLD (Programmable Logic Device), or an RF-ID ( It can also be applied to Radio Frequency Identification.
- DSP Digital Signal Processor
- PLD Programmable Logic Device
- RF-ID Radio Frequency Identification
- 52A to 52C show circuit configuration examples of the imaging device.
- An imaging device 610 including the circuit illustrated in FIG. 52A includes a photoelectric conversion element 601, a transistor 602, a transistor 604, and a capacitor 606.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 602 is electrically connected to the photoelectric conversion element 601.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 602 is electrically connected to the gate of the transistor 604 through a node 607 (charge storage portion).
- An OS transistor is preferably used as the transistor 602. Since the OS transistor can extremely reduce off-state current, the capacitor 606 can be reduced. Alternatively, the capacitor 606 can be omitted as illustrated in FIG. In addition, when an OS transistor is used as the transistor 602, the potential of the node 607 hardly changes. Therefore, it is possible to realize an imaging device that is hardly affected by noise. As the transistor 602, for example, the transistor described in the above embodiment can be used. Note that an OS transistor may be used as the transistor 604.
- a diode element in which a pn-type or pin-type junction is formed on a silicon substrate can be used.
- a pin-type diode element using an amorphous silicon film, a microcrystalline silicon film, or the like may be used.
- a diode-connected transistor may be used.
- a variable resistor using a photoelectric effect may be formed using silicon, germanium, selenium, or the like.
- the photoelectric conversion element may be formed using a material that can absorb radiation and generate charges.
- materials that can generate charges by absorbing radiation include lead iodide, mercury iodide, gallium arsenide, CdTe, and CdZn.
- the imaging device 610 having the circuit shown in FIG. 52C shows the case where a photodiode is used as the photoelectric conversion element 601.
- An imaging device 610 illustrated in FIG. 52C includes a photoelectric conversion element 601, a transistor 602, a transistor 603, a transistor 604, a transistor 605, and a capacitor 606.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 602 is electrically connected to the cathode of the photoelectric conversion element 601 and the other is electrically connected to the node 607.
- the anode of the photoelectric conversion element 601 is electrically connected to the wiring 611.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 603 is electrically connected to the node 607 and the other is electrically connected to the wiring 608.
- a gate of the transistor 604 is electrically connected to the node 607, one of a source and a drain is electrically connected to the wiring 609, and the other is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 605.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 605 is electrically connected to the wiring 608.
- One electrode of the capacitor 606 is electrically connected to the node 607 and the other electrode is electrically connected to the wiring 611.
- the transistor 602 can function as a transfer transistor.
- a transfer signal TX is supplied to the gate of the transistor 602.
- the transistor 603 can function as a reset transistor.
- a reset signal RST is supplied to the gate of the transistor 603.
- the transistor 604 can function as an amplification transistor.
- the transistor 605 can function as a selection transistor.
- a selection signal SEL is supplied to the gate of the transistor 605.
- VDD is supplied to the wiring 608 and VSS is supplied to the wiring 611.
- OS transistors are preferably used as the transistors 602 and 603. As described above, since the off-state current of the OS transistor can be extremely small, the capacitor 606 can be small. Alternatively, the capacitor 606 can be omitted. In addition, when an OS transistor is used as the transistor 602 and the transistor 603, the potential of the node 607 hardly changes. Therefore, it is possible to realize an imaging device that is hardly affected by noise.
- an imaging device with high resolution can be realized.
- an imaging device capable of imaging at a resolution of so-called full high vision also referred to as “2K resolution”, “2K1K”, “2K”, etc.
- a resolution of so-called full high vision also referred to as “2K resolution”, “2K1K”, “2K”, etc.
- an imaging device capable of imaging at a resolution of so-called ultra high vision also referred to as “4K resolution”, “4K2K”, “4K”, etc.
- an imaging device capable of imaging at a resolution of so-called super high vision also referred to as “8K resolution”, “8K4K”, “8K”, etc.
- 8K resolution also referred to as “8K resolution”, “8K4K”, “8K”, etc.
- 53A and 53B show structural examples of the imaging device 610 using the above-described transistor.
- 53A and 53B are cross-sectional views of the imaging device 610.
- FIG. 53A and 53B are cross-sectional views of the imaging device 610.
- the imaging device 610 illustrated in FIG. 53A uses an n-type semiconductor as the substrate 641.
- a p-type semiconductor 1221 of the photoelectric conversion element 601 is provided in the substrate 641.
- part of the substrate 641 functions as the n-type semiconductor 1223 of the photoelectric conversion element 601.
- the transistor 604 is provided over the substrate 641.
- the transistor 604 can function as an n-channel transistor.
- a p-type semiconductor well 1220 is provided in part of the substrate 641.
- the well 1220 can be provided by a method similar to the formation of the p-type semiconductor 1221.
- the well 1220 and the p-type semiconductor 1221 can be formed at the same time.
- An imaging device 610 illustrated in FIG. 53B includes a transistor 604 and a transistor 605 provided over a substrate 641.
- the transistor 604 can function as an n-channel transistor.
- the transistor 605 can function as a p-channel transistor.
- the imaging device 610 illustrated in FIG. 53B includes a photoelectric conversion element 601 provided over a substrate 641.
- a photoelectric conversion element 601 illustrated in FIG. 53B includes a photoelectric conversion layer 681 between an electrode 686 formed using a metal material or the like and a light-transmitting conductive layer 682.
- FIG. 53B illustrates a mode in which a selenium-based material is used for the photoelectric conversion layer 681.
- a photoelectric conversion element 601 using a selenium-based material has a characteristic that external quantum efficiency with respect to visible light is high.
- the photoelectric conversion element can be a highly sensitive sensor with a large amplification of electrons with respect to the amount of incident light due to the avalanche phenomenon. Further, since the selenium-based material has a high light absorption coefficient, it has an advantage that the photoelectric conversion layer 681 can be easily thinned.
- amorphous selenium or crystalline selenium can be used as the selenium-based material.
- crystalline selenium can be obtained by heat-treating amorphous selenium after film formation. Note that by making the crystal grain size of crystalline selenium smaller than the pixel pitch, it is possible to reduce the characteristic variation of each pixel. Crystalline selenium has higher spectral sensitivity to visible light and higher light absorption coefficient than amorphous selenium.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 681 is illustrated as a single layer, gallium oxide or cerium oxide is provided as a hole injection blocking layer on the light-receiving surface side of the selenium-based material, and nickel oxide is used as an electron injection blocking layer on the electrode 686 side. Or it can also be set as the structure which provides antimony sulfide etc.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 681 may be a layer containing a compound of copper, indium, and selenium (CIS). Alternatively, it may be a layer containing a compound of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium (CIGS). In CIS and CIGS, a photoelectric conversion element that can utilize an avalanche phenomenon as in the case of a single layer of selenium can be formed.
- CIS and CIGS are p-type semiconductors, and an n-type semiconductor such as cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide may be provided in contact with the p-type semiconductor.
- a relatively high voltage for example, 10 V or more
- the OS transistor has a higher drain withstand voltage than the Si transistor, it is easy to apply a relatively high voltage to the photoelectric conversion element. Therefore, by combining an OS transistor with a high drain withstand voltage and a photoelectric conversion element using a selenium-based material as a photoelectric conversion layer, an imaging device with high sensitivity and high reliability can be obtained.
- the light-transmitting conductive layer 682 includes, for example, indium tin oxide, indium tin oxide containing silicon, indium oxide containing zinc, zinc oxide, zinc oxide containing gallium, zinc oxide containing aluminum, tin oxide, or fluorine. Tin oxide containing, tin oxide containing antimony, graphene, or the like can be used.
- the light-transmitting conductive layer 682 is not limited to a single layer, and may be a stack of different films.
- the photoelectric conversion element 601 may be a pin type diode element using an amorphous silicon film, a microcrystalline silicon film, or the like.
- the photodiode has a configuration in which an n-type semiconductor layer, an i-type semiconductor layer, and a p-type semiconductor layer are sequentially stacked.
- Amorphous silicon is preferably used for the i-type semiconductor layer.
- amorphous silicon or microcrystalline silicon containing a dopant imparting each conductivity type can be used.
- a photodiode using amorphous silicon as a photoelectric conversion layer has high sensitivity in the wavelength region of visible light and can easily detect weak visible light.
- the pn-type or pin-type diode element is preferably provided so that the p-type semiconductor layer serves as a light receiving surface.
- the output current of the photoelectric conversion element 601 can be increased.
- the photoelectric conversion element 601 formed using the above-described selenium-based material, amorphous silicon, or the like can be manufactured using a general semiconductor manufacturing process such as a film formation process, a lithography process, or an etching process.
- a sample having a conductive film that can be used for the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention is manufactured, and the cross-sectional shape of the sample is observed with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). went. Further, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis of the sample was performed.
- STEM scanning transmission electron microscope
- tantalum nitride having a thickness of 35 nm and copper having a thickness of 200 nm were sequentially formed using a sputtering apparatus on a glass substrate having a size of 720 mm ⁇ 600 mm.
- silicidation of the copper surface was performed.
- conditions for the silicidation treatment first, plasma was discharged in an atmosphere containing ammonia gas using a PECVD apparatus in order to remove the oxide film formed on the copper surface. Subsequently, silane gas was introduced into the PECVD apparatus, and the silane gas was exposed to the copper surface to form copper silicide.
- the substrate temperature for removing the oxide film on the copper surface was 350 ° C.
- the substrate temperature for forming copper silicide was 220 ° C., and a silane gas with a flow rate of 300 sccm and a nitrogen gas with a flow rate of 500 sccm were used.
- FIG. 54A is a cross-sectional STEM photograph of sample A1
- FIG. 54B is a cross-sectional STEM photograph of sample A2.
- FIG. 55 shows profiles of copper (Cu), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) in the depth direction from the film surface of the sample A2 to the glass substrate.
- FIGS. 56A and 56B Cu2p 3/2 spectrum and Si2p spectrum obtained by XPS analysis in the depth direction of sample A2 are shown in FIGS. 56A and 56B, respectively.
- a horizontal axis represents binding energy (Binding Energy).
- the peak in the range of 931 eV to 934 eV is attributed to the Cu—Si group.
- a peak in the range of 98 eV to 100 eV is attributed to a metal-Si group.
- a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention was manufactured and electrical characteristics were evaluated.
- Samples B1 and B2 corresponding to the transistor 100L shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B were manufactured as transistors for evaluating electrical characteristics. Note that Sample B1 is a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention, and Sample B2 is a transistor for comparison.
- the transistor 100L includes a conductive film 104 functioning as a gate electrode over the substrate 102, insulating films 106 and 107 functioning as first gate insulating films over the substrate 102 and the conductive film 104, and an oxide semiconductor over the insulating film 107.
- the oxide semiconductor film 108 includes oxide semiconductor films 108b and 108c.
- the conductive film 112a includes conductive films 112a_1, 112a_2, and 112a_3, and the conductive film 112b includes conductive films 112b_1, 112b_2, and 112b_3.
- the conductive film 112a_2 has a region 112a_2b in contact with the insulating film 114 at an end portion
- the conductive film 112b_2 has a region 112b_2b in contact with the insulating film 114 at an end portion.
- Embodiment 1 may be referred to for a method for manufacturing the transistor.
- a conductive film 104 was formed over the substrate 102.
- a glass substrate was used as the substrate 102.
- As the conductive film 104 a titanium film with a thickness of 10 nm, a copper film with a thickness of 100 nm, and a tantalum nitride film with a thickness of 50 nm were formed in this order using a sputtering apparatus.
- insulating films 106 and 107 were formed over the substrate 102 and the conductive film 104.
- insulating film 106 a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 400 nm was formed using a PECVD apparatus.
- insulating film 107 a silicon oxynitride film having a thickness of 15 nm was formed using a PECVD apparatus.
- an oxide semiconductor film 108 was formed over the insulating film 107.
- an In—Ga—Zn oxide (also referred to as IGZO) was used.
- an IGZO film with a thickness of 10 nm was formed using a sputtering apparatus.
- the substrate temperature is set to 170 ° C.
- the oxygen gas is introduced into the chamber so that the ratio of the flow rate of argon gas to oxygen gas is 30%, and the pressure is set to 0.2 Pa.
- an IGZO film having a thickness of 20 nm was formed using a sputtering apparatus.
- the substrate temperature is set to 170 ° C.
- the oxygen gas is introduced into the chamber so that the flow rate ratio between the argon gas and the oxygen gas is 50%, and the pressure is set to 0.2 Pa.
- heat treatment was performed at 350 ° C. for 1 hour.
- conductive films to be conductive films 112 a and 112 b later were formed over the insulating film 107 and the oxide semiconductor film 108.
- a 50-nm-thick tungsten film, a 200-nm-thick copper film, and a 5-nm-thick tungsten film were successively formed in a vacuum using a sputtering apparatus.
- a resist mask was formed over the conductive film, and desired regions of a tungsten film having a thickness of 5 nm and a copper film having a thickness of 200 nm were etched. After removing the resist mask, the exposed copper surface was silicided.
- silicidation treatment As conditions for the silicidation treatment, first, plasma was discharged in an atmosphere containing ammonia gas using a PECVD apparatus in order to remove the oxide film formed on the copper surface. Subsequently, silane gas was introduced into the PECVD apparatus, and the silane gas was exposed to the copper surface to form copper silicide.
- the substrate temperature for removing the oxide film on the copper surface was 350 ° C.
- the substrate temperature for forming copper silicide was 220 ° C., and a silane gas with a flow rate of 300 sccm and a nitrogen gas with a flow rate of 500 sccm were used.
- a resist mask was formed over the silicide-treated conductive film, and a desired region of the tungsten film having a thickness of 50 nm was etched to form the conductive films 112a and 112b. Note that the resist mask was removed after the formation of the conductive films 112a and 112b.
- a phosphoric acid aqueous solution (an aqueous solution in which a phosphoric acid concentration of 85% is further diluted 100 times with pure water) is applied over the insulating film 107, the oxide semiconductor film 108, and the conductive films 112a and 112b. Then, part of the surface of the oxide semiconductor film 108 exposed from the conductive films 112a and 112b was removed.
- the insulating film 114 and the insulating film 116 were formed over the insulating film 107, the oxide semiconductor film 108, and the conductive films 112a and 112b.
- a silicon oxynitride film having a thickness of 40 nm was formed using a PECVD apparatus.
- a silicon oxynitride film having a thickness of 400 nm was formed using a PECVD apparatus. Note that the insulating film 114 and the insulating film 116 were continuously formed in a vacuum by a PECVD apparatus.
- the substrate temperature was set to 220 ° C.
- silane gas having a flow rate of 50 sccm, and nitrous oxide gas having a flow rate of 2000 sccm were introduced into the chamber
- the pressure was set to 20 Pa
- the PECVD apparatus was installed.
- a film was formed by supplying RF power of 100 W between parallel plate electrodes.
- the insulating film 116 is formed by setting the substrate temperature to 220 ° C., introducing silane gas having a flow rate of 160 sccm and dinitrogen monoxide gas having a flow rate of 4000 sccm into the chamber, setting the pressure to 200 Pa, and installing it in the PECVD apparatus.
- the film was formed by supplying 1500 W of RF power between the parallel plate electrodes.
- an insulating film 118 was formed on the insulating film 116.
- a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 100 nm was formed using a PECVD apparatus.
- the substrate temperature is set to 220 ° C.
- silane gas having a flow rate of 50 sccm, nitrogen gas having a flow rate of 5000 sccm, and ammonia gas having a flow rate of 100 sccm are introduced into the chamber, and the pressure is set to 100 Pa.
- the film was formed by supplying RF power of 1000 W between the electrodes of the parallel plates installed in the plate.
- an ITSO film with a thickness of 100 nm was formed as a conductive film over the insulating film 118 using a sputtering apparatus.
- the conditions for forming the ITSO film were that the substrate temperature was room temperature, argon gas with a flow rate of 72 sccm and oxygen gas with a flow rate of 5 sccm were introduced into the chamber, and the pressure was 0.15 Pa.
- a conductive film 104 was formed over the substrate 102.
- a glass substrate was used as the substrate 102.
- a tungsten film with a thickness of 100 nm was formed using a sputtering apparatus.
- insulating films 106 and 107 were formed over the substrate 102 and the conductive film 104.
- insulating film 106 a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 400 nm was formed using a PECVD apparatus.
- insulating film 107 a silicon oxynitride film with a thickness of 50 nm was formed using a PECVD apparatus.
- an oxide semiconductor film 108 was formed over the insulating film 107.
- an IGZO film having a thickness of 20 nm was formed using a sputtering apparatus.
- the substrate temperature is set to 170 ° C.
- the oxygen gas is introduced into the chamber so that the ratio of the flow rate of argon gas to oxygen gas is 30%, and the pressure is set to 0.2 Pa.
- an IGZO film having a thickness of 30 nm was formed using a sputtering apparatus.
- the substrate temperature is set to 170 ° C.
- the oxygen gas ratio in the flow rate ratio between the argon gas and the oxygen gas is introduced into the chamber to be 50%
- the pressure is set to 0.2 Pa.
- heat treatment was performed at 350 ° C. for 1 hour.
- a conductive film was formed over the insulating film 107 and the oxide semiconductor film 108, a resist mask was formed over the conductive film, and desired regions were etched to form conductive films 112a and 112b.
- a 50-nm-thick tungsten film and a 200-nm-thick copper film were continuously formed in a vacuum using a sputtering apparatus. Note that the resist mask was removed after the formation of the conductive films 112a and 112b.
- the insulating film 114 and the insulating film 116 were formed over the insulating film 107, the oxide semiconductor film 108, and the conductive films 112a and 112b.
- a silicon oxynitride film having a thickness of 40 nm was formed using a PECVD apparatus.
- a silicon oxynitride film having a thickness of 400 nm was formed using a PECVD apparatus. Note that the insulating film 114 and the insulating film 116 were continuously formed in a vacuum by a PECVD apparatus.
- the substrate temperature was set to 220 ° C.
- silane gas having a flow rate of 50 sccm, and nitrous oxide gas having a flow rate of 2000 sccm were introduced into the chamber, the pressure was set to 20 Pa, and the PECVD apparatus was installed.
- the film was formed by supplying RF power of 100 W between the parallel plate electrodes.
- the film formation conditions for the insulating film 116 were as follows: the substrate temperature was 220 ° C., the flow rate was 160 sccm, the flow rate was 160 sccm, and the flow rate was 4000 sccm. Gas was introduced into the chamber, the pressure was set to 200 Pa, and a film was formed by supplying 1500 W of RF power between parallel plate electrodes installed in the PECVD apparatus.
- an insulating film 118 was formed on the insulating film 116.
- a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 100 nm was formed using a PECVD apparatus.
- the substrate temperature is set to 220 ° C.
- silane gas having a flow rate of 50 sccm, nitrogen gas having a flow rate of 5000 sccm, and ammonia gas having a flow rate of 100 sccm are introduced into the chamber, and the pressure is set to 100 Pa.
- the film was formed by supplying RF power of 1000 W between the electrodes of the parallel plates installed in the plate.
- an ITSO film with a thickness of 100 nm was formed as a conductive film over the insulating film 118 using a sputtering apparatus.
- the conditions for forming the ITSO film were that the substrate temperature was room temperature, argon gas with a flow rate of 72 sccm and oxygen gas with a flow rate of 5 sccm were introduced into the chamber, and the pressure was 0.15 Pa.
- each of the transistors has three sizes: a channel length of 2 ⁇ m and a channel width of 50 ⁇ m, a channel length of 3 ⁇ m and a channel width of 50 ⁇ m, and a channel length of 6 ⁇ m and a channel width of 50 ⁇ m.
- sample B1-1 having a channel length of 2 ⁇ m
- sample B1-2 having a channel length of 3 ⁇ m
- sample B1-3 sample B1 having a channel length of 6 ⁇ m
- FIGS. 57A and 58A show transistor characteristics with a channel length of 2 ⁇ m and a channel width of 50 ⁇ m.
- FIGS. 57B and 58B show the transistor characteristics with a channel length of 3 ⁇ m and a channel width of 50 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 57 (C) to FIG. 58 (C) show the transistor characteristics when the channel length is 6 ⁇ m and the channel width is 50 ⁇ m.
- 57 and 58 show the results of applying Vg at intervals of 0.25V from -15V to 20V with the voltage (Vd) between the source electrode and the drain electrode being 0.1V and 20V.
- the first vertical axis represents the drain current (Id)
- the horizontal axis represents the gate voltage (Vg). Represents.
- the data of 10 transistors are shown superimposed on each other. For any of the transistors, transistor characteristics exhibiting normally-off characteristics with little variation are obtained.
- the sample B2 had a different threshold voltage when Vd was 0.1V and Vd was 20V.
- the sample B1 had higher field effect mobility ( ⁇ FE) than the sample B2. From this, it was shown that a transistor having excellent electrical characteristics can be provided by performing silicide treatment on the end portions of the source electrode and the drain electrode in a transistor having copper in the source electrode and the drain electrode.
- a sample having a conductive film that can be used for the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention is manufactured, and the cross-sectional shape of the sample is observed with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). went. Further, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis of the sample was performed.
- STEM scanning transmission electron microscope
- a silicon oxynitride (SiON) film having a thickness of 100 nm was formed on a 720 mm ⁇ 600 mm glass substrate using a PECVD apparatus.
- a conductive film was formed over the silicon oxynitride film, a resist mask was formed over the conductive film, and a desired region was etched.
- a tungsten (W) film having a thickness of 5 nm, a copper (Cu) film having a thickness of 200 nm, and a tungsten (W) film having a thickness of 5 nm are continuously formed in a vacuum using a sputtering apparatus. Formed. Note that the resist mask was removed after the conductive film was formed.
- a silicon oxynitride (SiON) film having a thickness of 100 nm was formed on a 720 mm ⁇ 600 mm glass substrate using a PECVD apparatus.
- an IGZO film having a thickness of 50 nm was formed as an oxide semiconductor film over the silicon oxynitride film using a sputtering apparatus.
- a conductive film was formed over the oxide semiconductor film, a resist mask was formed over the conductive film, and a desired region was etched.
- a tungsten film having a thickness of 5 nm, a copper film having a thickness of 200 nm, and a tungsten film having a thickness of 5 nm were successively formed in a vacuum using a sputtering apparatus. Note that the resist mask was removed after the conductive film was formed.
- silicidation of the copper surface was performed. As conditions for the silicidation treatment, first, plasma was discharged in an atmosphere containing ammonia gas using a PECVD apparatus in order to remove the oxide film formed on the copper surface. Subsequently, silane gas was introduced into the PECVD apparatus, and the silane gas was exposed to the copper surface to form copper silicide.
- the substrate temperature for removing the oxide film on the copper surface was 350 ° C.
- the substrate temperature for forming the copper silicide was 350 ° C., a silane gas having a flow rate of 10 sccm and a nitrogen gas having a flow rate of 1000 sccm were used.
- FIG. 59A is a cross-sectional STEM photograph of sample C1
- FIG. 59B is a cross-sectional STEM photograph of sample C2.
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Abstract
Description
本実施の形態においては、本発明の一態様の半導体装置及び半導体装置の作製方法について、図1乃至図20を用いて以下説明する。
図1(A)は、本発明の一態様の半導体装置であるトランジスタ100の上面図である。また、図1(B)は、図1(A)に示す一点鎖線X1−X2間における切断面の断面図に相当し、図1(C)は、図1(A)に示す一点鎖線Y1−Y2間における切断面の断面図に相当する。なお、図1(A)においては明瞭化のため、トランジスタ100の構成要素の一部(基板102及び絶縁膜等)を省略して図示している。
次に、図1(A)(B)(C)に示すトランジスタ100と異なる構成例について、図2乃至図11を用いて説明する。なお、以下の図2乃至図11において、トランジスタ100と同様の機能を有する場合には、ハッチパターンを同じくし、特に符号を付さない場合がある。
図2に示すトランジスタ100Aにおける酸化物半導体膜108は、第1のゲート絶縁膜と、第2のゲート絶縁膜とを間に挟んで、導電膜104と、導電膜120bとに挟持される。導電膜104のチャネル長方向の長さ及びチャネル幅方向の長さは、酸化物半導体膜108のチャネル長方向の長さ及びチャネル幅方向の長さよりもそれぞれ長い。また、導電膜120bのチャネル長方向の長さ及びチャネル幅方向の長さは、酸化物半導体膜108のチャネル長方向の長さ及びチャネル幅方向の長さよりもそれぞれ長い。そのため、酸化物半導体膜108の全体は、第1のゲート絶縁膜及び第2のゲート絶縁膜を間に挟んで導電膜104及び導電膜120bに覆われている。
図7(A)(B)は、本発明の一態様の半導体装置であるトランジスタ100Gの断面図であり、トランジスタ100Gの上面図は、図1(A)に示すトランジスタ100と同様であり、図7(A)は、図1(A)に示す一点鎖線X1−X2間における切断面の断面図に相当し、図7(B)は、図1(A)に示す一点鎖線Y1−Y2間における切断面の断面図に相当する。
図12(A)は、トランジスタ100Pの上面図であり、図12(B)は、図12(A)に示す一点鎖線X1−X2間における切断面の断面図に相当し、図12(C)は、図12(A)に示す一点鎖線Y1−Y2間における切断面の断面図に相当する。
以下に本実施の形態の半導体装置に含まれる構成要素について、詳細に説明する。
基板102の材質などに大きな制限はないが、少なくとも、後の熱処理に耐えうる程度の耐熱性を有している必要がある。例えば、ガラス基板、セラミック基板、石英基板、サファイア基板等を、基板102として用いてもよい。また、シリコンや炭化シリコンを材料とした単結晶半導体基板、多結晶半導体基板、シリコンゲルマニウム等の化合物半導体基板、SOI基板等を適用することも可能であり、これらの基板上に半導体素子が設けられたものを、基板102として用いてもよい。
第1のゲート電極として機能する導電膜104、ソース電極として機能する導電膜112a、ドレイン電極として機能する導電膜112b、接続電極として機能する導電膜112c、第2のゲート電極として機能する導電膜120b、及び画素電極として機能する導電膜120aとしては、クロム(Cr)、銅(Cu)、アルミニウム(Al)、金(Au)、銀(Ag)、亜鉛(Zn)、モリブデン(Mo)、タンタル(Ta)、チタン(Ti)、タングステン(W)、マンガン(Mn)、ニッケル(Ni)、鉄(Fe)、コバルト(Co)から選ばれた金属元素、または上述した金属元素を成分とする合金か、上述した金属元素を組み合わせた合金等を用いてそれぞれ形成することができる。
トランジスタ100の第1のゲート絶縁膜として機能する絶縁膜106、107としては、プラズマ化学気相堆積(PECVD:(Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition))法、スパッタリング法等により、酸化シリコン膜、酸化窒化シリコン膜、窒化酸化シリコン膜、窒化シリコン膜、酸化アルミニウム膜、酸化ハフニウム膜、酸化イットリウム膜、酸化ジルコニウム膜、酸化ガリウム膜、酸化タンタル膜、酸化マグネシウム膜、酸化ランタン膜、酸化セリウム膜および酸化ネオジム膜を一種以上含む絶縁層を、それぞれ用いることができる。なお、絶縁膜106、107の積層構造とせずに、上述の材料から選択された単層の絶縁膜、または3層以上の絶縁膜を用いてもよい。
酸化物半導体膜108としては、先に示す材料を用いることができる。
絶縁膜114、116は、トランジスタ100の第2のゲート絶縁膜として機能する。また、絶縁膜114、116は、酸化物半導体膜108に酸素を供給する機能を有する。すなわち、絶縁膜114、116は、酸素を有する。また、絶縁膜114は、酸素を透過することのできる絶縁膜である。なお、絶縁膜114は、後に形成する絶縁膜116を形成する際の、酸化物半導体膜108へのダメージ緩和膜としても機能する。
絶縁膜118は、トランジスタ100の保護絶縁膜として機能する。
次に、本発明の一態様の半導体装置であるトランジスタ100Jの作製方法について、図14乃至図17を用いて説明する。なお、図14乃至図17は、半導体装置の作製方法を説明する断面図であり、図14(A)(C)(E)、図15(A)(C)(E)、図16(A)(C)(E)、図17(A)(C)(E)は、X1−X2に示すチャネル長方向であり、図14(B)(D)(F)、図15(B)(D)(F)、図16(B)(D)(F)、図17(B)(D)(F)は、Y1−Y2に示すチャネル幅方向の断面図である。
まず、基板102上に導電膜を形成し、該導電膜をリソグラフィ工程及びエッチング工程を行い加工して、第1のゲート電極として機能する導電膜104を形成する。次に、導電膜104上に第1のゲート絶縁膜として機能する絶縁膜106、107を形成する(図14(A)(B)参照)。
次に、絶縁膜107上に酸化物半導体膜108b及び酸化物半導体膜108cを形成する(図14(C)(D)参照)。
次に、絶縁膜107及び酸化物半導体膜108上に、後にソース電極及びドレイン電極となる、導電膜112をスパッタリング法によって形成する(図15(A)(B)参照)。
次に、酸化物半導体膜108、及び導電膜112a、112b上に絶縁膜114、及び絶縁膜116を形成する(図16(C)(D)参照)。
次に、開口部152cを覆うように、絶縁膜116上に導電膜120a、120bを形成する(図17(A)(B)(C)(D)参照)。
次に、絶縁膜116、及び導電膜120a、120b上に絶縁膜118を形成する(図17(E)(F)参照)。
次に、本発明の一態様の半導体装置であるトランジスタ100Mの作製方法について、図18乃至図20を用いて説明する。なお、図18乃至図20は、半導体装置の作製方法を説明する断面図であり、図18(A)(C)(E)、図19(A)(C)、図20(A)は、X1−X2に示すチャネル長方向であり、図18(B)(D)(F)、図19(B)(D)、図20(B)は、Y1−Y2に示すチャネル幅方向の断面図である。
本実施の形態においては、本発明の一態様に用いることのできる、酸化物半導体の組成、及び酸化物半導体の構造等について、図21乃至図28を参照して説明する。
まず、酸化物半導体の組成について説明する。
続いて、上記酸化物半導体をトランジスタに用いる場合について説明する。
続いて、該酸化物半導体を2層構造、または3層構造とした場合について述べる。酸化物半導体S1、酸化物半導体S2、および酸化物半導体S3の積層構造に接する絶縁体のバンド図と、酸化物半導体S2および酸化物半導体S3の積層構造に接する絶縁体のバンド図と、について、図23を用いて説明する。
以下では、酸化物半導体の構造について説明する。
まずは、CAAC−OSについて説明する。
次に、nc−OSについて説明する。
a−like OSは、nc−OSと非晶質酸化物半導体との間の構造を有する酸化物半導体である。
次に、酸化物半導体のキャリア密度について、以下に説明を行う。
本実施の形態においては、先の実施の形態で例示したトランジスタを有する表示装置の一例について、図29乃至図35を用いて以下説明を行う。
図30及び図32に示す表示装置700は、引き回し配線部711と、画素部702と、ソースドライバ回路部704と、FPC端子部708と、を有する。また、引き回し配線部711は、信号線710を有する。また、画素部702は、トランジスタ750及び容量素子790を有する。また、ソースドライバ回路部704は、トランジスタ752を有する。
図30に示す表示装置700は、液晶素子775を有する。液晶素子775は、導電膜772、導電膜774、及び液晶層776を有する。導電膜774は、第2の基板705側に設けられ、対向電極としての機能を有する。図30に示す表示装置700は、導電膜772と導電膜774に印加される電圧によって、液晶層776の配向状態が変わることによって光の透過、非透過が制御され画像を表示することができる。
図32に示す表示装置700は、発光素子782を有する。発光素子782は、導電膜772、EL層786、及び導電膜788を有する。図32に示す表示装置700は、発光素子782が有するEL層786が発光することによって、画像を表示することができる。なお、EL層786は、有機化合物、または量子ドットなどの無機化合物を有する。
また、図32及び図33に示す表示装置700に入出力装置を設けてもよい。当該入出力装置としては、例えば、タッチパネル等が挙げられる。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の半導体装置を有する表示装置について、図36を用いて説明を行う。
図36(A)に示す表示装置は、表示素子の画素を有する領域(以下、画素部502という)と、画素部502の外側に配置され、画素を駆動するための回路を有する回路部(以下、駆動回路部504という)と、素子の保護機能を有する回路(以下、保護回路506という)と、端子部507と、を有する。なお、保護回路506は、設けない構成としてもよい。
本実施の形態では、上述の実施の形態で説明したトランジスタの適用可能な回路構成の一例について、図37乃至図40を用いて説明する。
図37(A)には、駆動回路が有するシフトレジスタやバッファ等に適用することができるインバータの回路図を示す。インバータ800は、入力端子INの論理を反転した信号を出力端子OUTに出力する。インバータ800は、複数のOSトランジスタを有する。信号SBGは、OSトランジスタの電気特性を切り替えることができる信号である。
本実施の形態では、上述の実施の形態で説明した酸化物半導体を有するトランジスタ(OSトランジスタ)を、複数の回路に用いる半導体装置の一例について、図41乃至図44を用いて説明する。
図41(A)は、半導体装置900のブロック図である。半導体装置900は、電源回路901、回路902、電圧生成回路903、回路904、電圧生成回路905および回路906を有する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の半導体装置を有する表示モジュール及び電子機器について、図45乃至図48を用いて説明を行う。
図45に示す表示モジュール7000は、上部カバー7001と下部カバー7002との間に、FPC7003に接続されたタッチパネル7004、FPC7005に接続された表示パネル7006、バックライト7007、フレーム7009、プリント基板7010、バッテリ7011を有する。
次に、図46(A)乃至図46(E)に電子機器の一例を示す。
次に、図46(A)乃至図46(E)に示す電子機器と、異なる電子機器の一例を図47(A)乃至図47(G)に示す。
本実施の形態では、電力が供給されない状況でも記憶内容の保持が可能で、かつ、書き込み回数にも制限が無い半導体装置(記憶装置)、およびそれを含むCPUについて図49乃至図51を用いて説明する。本実施の形態で説明するCPUは、例えば、先の実施の形態で説明する電子機器に用いる事が出来る。
電力が供給されない状況でも記憶内容の保持が可能で、かつ、書き込み回数にも制限が無い半導体装置(記憶装置)の一例を図49に示す。なお、図49(B)は図49(A)を回路図で表した図である。
以下で、上記の記憶装置を含むCPUについて説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の半導体装置を用いることができる撮像装置について図52及び図53を用いて説明する。
図52(A)に示す回路を有する撮像装置610は、光電変換素子601、トランジスタ602、トランジスタ604、および容量素子606を有する。トランジスタ602のソースまたはドレインの一方は光電変換素子601と電気的に接続される。トランジスタ602のソースまたはドレインの他方はノード607(電荷蓄積部)を介してトランジスタ604のゲートと電気的に接続されている。
トランジスタ602として、例えば先の実施の形態に例示したトランジスタなどを用いることができる。なお、トランジスタ604にOSトランジスタを用いてもよい。
試料A1としては、720mm×600mmサイズのガラス基板上に、厚さが35nmの窒化タンタルと、厚さが200nmの銅とを、スパッタリング装置を用いて順に成膜した。
上記作製した試料A1及び試料A2を、STEMにより断面形状の観察を行った。図54(A)は、試料A1の断面STEM写真であり、図54(B)は、試料A2の断面STEM写真である。
次に、試料A2の表面のXPS分析を行った。表1に、XPSで求めた組成を示す。なお、表面のXPSにおける検出深さは、5nm程度である。
次に、試料B1及び試料B2に相当するトランジスタの作製方法について説明する。なお、トランジスタの作製方法は、実施の形態1を参酌すればよい。
基板102上に導電膜104を形成した。基板102としては、ガラス基板を用いた。また、導電膜104としては、厚さが10nmのチタン膜と、厚さが100nmの銅膜と、厚さが50nmの窒化タンタル膜とを、スパッタリング装置を用いて順に形成した。
基板102上に導電膜104を形成した。基板102としては、ガラス基板を用いた。また、導電膜104としては、厚さが100nmのタングステン膜を、スパッタリング装置を用いて形成した。
上記作製した試料B1及び試料B2に相当するトランジスタの電気特性の評価を行った。トランジスタの電気特性としては、ドレイン電流(Id)−ゲート電圧(Vg)特性、およびId−Vg特性における電界効果移動度(μFE)とした。試料B1及び試料B2のトランジスタの電気特性を図57及び図58に示す。また、図57(A)及び図58(A)はチャネル長が2μm且つチャネル幅が50μmのトランジスタ特性を、図57(B)及び図58(B)はチャネル長が3μm且つチャネル幅が50μmのトランジスタ特性を、図57(C)乃至図58(C)はチャネル長が6μm且つチャネル幅が50μmのトランジスタ特性を、それぞれ示す。
試料C1としては、720mm×600mmサイズのガラス基板上に、厚さが100nmの酸化窒化シリコン(SiON)膜を、PECVD装置を用いて成膜した。次に、酸化窒化シリコン膜上に導電膜を形成し、該導電膜上にレジストマスクを形成し、所望の領域をエッチングした。該導電膜としては、厚さ5nmのタングステン(W)膜と、厚さ200nmの銅(Cu)膜と、厚さ5nmのタングステン(W)膜とを、スパッタリング装置を用いて真空中で連続して形成した。なお、該導電膜の形成後レジストマスクを除去した。
上記作製した試料C1及び試料C2を、STEMにより断面形状の観察を行った。図59(A)は、試料C1の断面STEM写真であり、図59(B)は、試料C2の断面STEM写真である。
I2 絶縁体
S1 酸化物半導体
S2 酸化物半導体
S3 酸化物半導体
100 トランジスタ
100A トランジスタ
100B トランジスタ
100C トランジスタ
100D トランジスタ
100E トランジスタ
100F トランジスタ
100G トランジスタ
100H トランジスタ
100J トランジスタ
100K トランジスタ
100L トランジスタ
100M トランジスタ
100N トランジスタ
100P トランジスタ
100Q トランジスタ
102 基板
104 導電膜
106 絶縁膜
107 絶縁膜
108 酸化物半導体膜
108a 酸化物半導体膜
108b 酸化物半導体膜
108c 酸化物半導体膜
112 導電膜
112_1 導電膜
112_2 導電膜
112_3 導電膜
112a 導電膜
112a_1 導電膜
112a_2 導電膜
112a_2a 領域
112a_2b 領域
112a_3 導電膜
112b 導電膜
112b_1 導電膜
112b_2 導電膜
112b_2a 領域
112b_2b 領域
112b_3 導電膜
112c 導電膜
112c_1 導電膜
112c_2 導電膜
112c_2a 領域
112c_2b 領域
112c_3 導電膜
114 絶縁膜
116 絶縁膜
118 絶縁膜
120a 導電膜
120b 導電膜
141a マスク
141b マスク
142a マスク
142b マスク
151 開口部
151a 開口部
151b 開口部
152a 開口部
152b 開口部
152c 開口部
152d 開口部
191 ターゲット
192 プラズマ
193 ターゲット
194 プラズマ
195 プラズマ
501 画素回路
502 画素部
504 駆動回路部
504a ゲートドライバ
504b ソースドライバ
506 保護回路
507 端子部
550 トランジスタ
552 トランジスタ
554 トランジスタ
560 容量素子
562 容量素子
570 液晶素子
572 発光素子
601 光電変換素子
602 トランジスタ
603 トランジスタ
604 トランジスタ
605 トランジスタ
606 容量素子
607 ノード
608 配線
609 配線
610 撮像装置
611 配線
641 基板
681 光電変換層
682 透光性導電層
686 電極
700 表示装置
701 基板
702 画素部
704 ソースドライバ回路部
705 基板
706 ゲートドライバ回路部
708 FPC端子部
710 信号線
711 配線部
712 シール材
716 FPC
730 絶縁膜
732 封止膜
734 絶縁膜
736 着色膜
738 遮光膜
750 トランジスタ
752 トランジスタ
760 接続電極
770 平坦化絶縁膜
772 導電膜
773 絶縁膜
774 導電膜
775 液晶素子
776 液晶層
777 導電膜
778 構造体
780 異方性導電膜
782 発光素子
786 EL層
788 導電膜
790 容量素子
791 タッチパネル
792 絶縁膜
793 電極
794 電極
795 絶縁膜
796 電極
797 絶縁膜
800 インバータ
810 OSトランジスタ
820 OSトランジスタ
831 信号波形
832 信号波形
840 破線
841 実線
850 OSトランジスタ
860 CMOSインバータ
900 半導体装置
901 電源回路
902 回路
903 電圧生成回路
903A 電圧生成回路
903B 電圧生成回路
903C 電圧生成回路
904 回路
905 電圧生成回路
906 回路
911 トランジスタ
912 トランジスタ
912A トランジスタ
912B トランジスタ
921 制御回路
922 トランジスタ
1220 ウェル
1221 p型半導体
1223 n型半導体
2189 ROMインターフェース
2190 基板
2191 ALU
2192 ALUコントローラ
2193 インストラクションデコーダ
2194 インタラプトコントローラ
2195 タイミングコントローラ
2196 レジスタ
2197 レジスタコントローラ
2198 バスインターフェース
2199 ROM
2200 記憶素子
2201 回路
2202 回路
2203 スイッチ
2204 スイッチ
2206 論理素子
2207 容量素子
2208 容量素子
2209 トランジスタ
2210 トランジスタ
2213 トランジスタ
2214 トランジスタ
2220 回路
3101 配線
3102 配線
3103 配線
3104 配線
3105 配線
3200 トランジスタ
3300 トランジスタ
3400 容量素子
7000 表示モジュール
7001 上部カバー
7002 下部カバー
7003 FPC
7004 タッチパネル
7005 FPC
7006 表示パネル
7007 バックライト
7008 光源
7009 フレーム
7010 プリント基板
7011 バッテリ
8000 カメラ
8001 筐体
8002 表示部
8003 操作ボタン
8004 シャッターボタン
8006 レンズ
8100 ファインダー
8101 筐体
8102 表示部
8103 ボタン
8200 ヘッドマウントディスプレイ
8201 装着部
8202 レンズ
8203 本体
8204 表示部
8205 ケーブル
8206 バッテリ
8300 ヘッドマウントディスプレイ
8301 筐体
8302 表示部
8304 固定具
8305 レンズ
9000 筐体
9001 表示部
9003 スピーカ
9005 操作キー
9006 接続端子
9007 センサ
9008 マイクロフォン
9050 操作ボタン
9051 情報
9052 情報
9053 情報
9054 情報
9055 ヒンジ
9100 テレビジョン装置
9101 携帯情報端末
9102 携帯情報端末
9200 携帯情報端末
9201 携帯情報端末
9500 表示装置
9501 表示パネル
9502 表示領域
9503 領域
9511 軸部
9512 軸受部
Claims (13)
- トランジスタを有する半導体装置であって、
前記トランジスタは、
ゲート電極と、
前記ゲート電極上の第1の絶縁膜と、
前記第1の絶縁膜を間に挟んで前記ゲート電極と重なる領域を有する酸化物半導体膜と、
前記酸化物半導体膜と電気的に接続されるソース電極と、
前記酸化物半導体膜と電気的に接続されるドレイン電極と、
前記酸化物半導体膜上、前記ソース電極上、及び前記ドレイン電極上の第2の絶縁膜と、を有し、
前記ソース電極及び前記ドレイン電極は、それぞれ銅を有し、
前記ソース電極の端部及び前記ドレイン電極の端部は、それぞれ銅とシリコンとを含む領域を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - トランジスタを有する半導体装置であって、
前記トランジスタは、
ゲート電極と、
前記ゲート電極上の第1の絶縁膜と、
前記第1の絶縁膜を間に挟んで前記ゲート電極と重なる領域を有する酸化物半導体膜と、
前記酸化物半導体膜と電気的に接続されるソース電極と、
前記酸化物半導体膜と電気的に接続されるドレイン電極と、
前記酸化物半導体膜上、前記ソース電極上、及び前記ドレイン電極上の第2の絶縁膜と、を有し、
前記ソース電極及び前記ドレイン電極は、それぞれ銅を有し、
前記ソース電極の端部及び前記ドレイン電極の端部は、それぞれ銅とシリコンとを含む化合物を有する領域を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1または請求項2において、
前記ソース電極の端部及び前記ドレイン電極の端部は、それぞれ前記第2の絶縁膜と接する領域を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - トランジスタを有する半導体装置であって、
前記トランジスタは、
ゲート電極と、
前記ゲート電極上の第1の絶縁膜と、
前記第1の絶縁膜を間に挟んで前記ゲート電極と重なる領域を有する酸化物半導体膜と、
前記酸化物半導体膜と電気的に接続されるソース電極と、
前記酸化物半導体膜と電気的に接続されるドレイン電極と、
前記酸化物半導体膜上、前記ソース電極上、及び前記ドレイン電極上の第2の絶縁膜と、を有し、
前記ソース電極及び前記ドレイン電極は、それぞれ第1の導電膜と、前記第1の導電膜上に接する第2の導電膜と、前記第2の導電膜上に接する第3の導電膜と、を有し、
前記第2の導電膜は、銅を有し、
前記第1の導電膜及び前記第3の導電膜は、銅の拡散を抑制する材料を有し、
前記第2の導電膜の端部は、銅とシリコンとを含む領域を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - トランジスタを有する半導体装置であって、
前記トランジスタは、
ゲート電極と、
前記ゲート電極上の第1の絶縁膜と、
前記第1の絶縁膜を間に挟んで前記ゲート電極と重なる領域を有する酸化物半導体膜と、
前記酸化物半導体膜と電気的に接続されるソース電極と、
前記酸化物半導体膜と電気的に接続されるドレイン電極と、
前記酸化物半導体膜上、前記ソース電極上、及び前記ドレイン電極上の第2の絶縁膜と、を有し、
前記ソース電極及び前記ドレイン電極は、それぞれ第1の導電膜と、前記第1の導電膜上に接する第2の導電膜と、前記第2の導電膜上に接する第3の導電膜と、を有し、
前記第2の導電膜は、銅を有し、
前記第1の導電膜及び前記第3の導電膜は、銅の拡散を抑制する材料を有し、
前記第2の導電膜の端部は、銅とシリコンとを含む化合物を有する領域を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項4または請求項5において、
前記第2の導電膜の端部は、前記第2の絶縁膜と接する領域を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項4または請求項5において、
前記第1の導電膜及び前記第3の導電膜は、チタン、タングステン、タンタル、及びモリブデンの少なくとも一を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項4または請求項5において、
前記第1の導電膜及び前記第3の導電膜は、酸化物を有し、
前記酸化物は、InまたはZnのうち少なくとも一を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1、請求項2、請求項4、または請求項5において、
前記酸化物半導体膜は、Inと、Znと、M(Mは、Al、Ga、Y、またはSnを表す)と、を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項9において、
前記酸化物半導体膜は、結晶部を有し、
前記結晶部は、c軸配向性を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1、請求項2、請求項4、または請求項5に記載の半導体装置と、
表示素子と、を有する、
ことを特徴とする表示装置。 - 請求項11に記載の表示装置と、
タッチセンサと、を有する、
ことを特徴とする表示モジュール。 - 請求項1、請求項2、請求項4、または請求項5に記載の半導体装置と、
操作キーまたはバッテリの少なくとも一と、を有する、
ことを特徴とする電子機器。
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| US12408384B2 (en) | 2025-09-02 |
| CN114068723B (zh) | 2026-01-27 |
| JP2026048936A (ja) | 2026-03-17 |
| CN114093890B (zh) | 2023-07-04 |
| CN114093890A (zh) | 2022-02-25 |
| CN108475700B (zh) | 2022-01-14 |
| JP6941567B2 (ja) | 2021-09-29 |
| US10734529B2 (en) | 2020-08-04 |
| CN114068723A (zh) | 2022-02-18 |
| US20210305433A1 (en) | 2021-09-30 |
| US11107930B2 (en) | 2021-08-31 |
| KR20180107117A (ko) | 2018-10-01 |
| US20190035935A1 (en) | 2019-01-31 |
| US20200295195A1 (en) | 2020-09-17 |
| KR20250044456A (ko) | 2025-03-31 |
| KR102783613B1 (ko) | 2025-03-21 |
| JP2023078278A (ja) | 2023-06-06 |
| US20240088303A1 (en) | 2024-03-14 |
| KR20240162164A (ko) | 2024-11-14 |
| JP7595691B2 (ja) | 2024-12-06 |
| KR102726564B1 (ko) | 2024-11-07 |
| JPWO2017130073A1 (ja) | 2018-11-15 |
| JP7246442B2 (ja) | 2023-03-27 |
| JP2021184507A (ja) | 2021-12-02 |
| CN108475700A (zh) | 2018-08-31 |
| JP2025028072A (ja) | 2025-02-28 |
| DE112017000551T5 (de) | 2018-10-18 |
| CN114068724A (zh) | 2022-02-18 |
| US11830950B2 (en) | 2023-11-28 |
| CN121772293A (zh) | 2026-03-31 |
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