WO2017061267A1 - 高効率乾式再処理用電解槽および電解法 - Google Patents
高効率乾式再処理用電解槽および電解法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017061267A1 WO2017061267A1 PCT/JP2016/077666 JP2016077666W WO2017061267A1 WO 2017061267 A1 WO2017061267 A1 WO 2017061267A1 JP 2016077666 W JP2016077666 W JP 2016077666W WO 2017061267 A1 WO2017061267 A1 WO 2017061267A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/34—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of metals not provided for in groups C25C3/02 - C25C3/32
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
- C25C7/02—Electrodes; Connections thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
- C25C7/06—Operating or servicing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C19/00—Arrangements for treating, for handling, or for facilitating the handling of, fuel or other materials which are used within the reactor, e.g. within its pressure vessel
- G21C19/42—Reprocessing of irradiated fuel
- G21C19/44—Reprocessing of irradiated fuel of irradiated solid fuel
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C19/00—Arrangements for treating, for handling, or for facilitating the handling of, fuel or other materials which are used within the reactor, e.g. within its pressure vessel
- G21C19/42—Reprocessing of irradiated fuel
- G21C19/44—Reprocessing of irradiated fuel of irradiated solid fuel
- G21C19/46—Aqueous processes, e.g. by using organic extraction means, including the regeneration of these means
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a structure of a crucible for anode electrolysis using a high-temperature molten salt and an electrolysis apparatus including the same for dry reprocessing spent metal fuel containing uranium (U) and / or plutonium (Pu), and
- the present invention relates to an electrolysis method using the same.
- the present invention relates to a method for enabling radioactive waste volume reduction by accelerating the decay rate of radioactive elements discharged in the dry reprocessing process.
- the reprocessing process for recovering U237, U233, etc. from spent nuclear fuel rods is a wet reprocessing called PUREX method using an aqueous solution based on tributyl phosphate (TBP), nitric acid, etc., and a molten salt electrolysis method
- TBP tributyl phosphate
- nitric acid nitric acid
- molten salt electrolysis method It is roughly divided into dry reprocessing using Conventionally, spent oxide fuel rods have been processed by wet reprocessing. In wet reprocessing, it is first necessary to dissolve the oxide fuel, and for this reason, strongly acidic nitric acid has been used.
- wet reprocessing facility is still not operating in Japan.
- large costs are required to operate the wet reprocessing facility.
- the dry reprocessing method is small-scale and can be reduced in cost, and critical management is easy.
- This dry reprocessing method was developed for metal fuels, and is a process that mainly extracts U and Pu from U-Pu-Zr ternary alloy fuel rods.
- neutron energy is high in the fast reactor, and it is not necessary to purify the fuel with high purity. Therefore, dry reprocessing with a low purity of the recovered material is easy to apply.
- the fuel assembly (bundle of fuel pins) taken out from the fast reactor is decomposed in the “assembly disassembly process”. Subsequently, these fuel pins are sheared to a length of about several centimeters in a “fuel element shearing process”.
- the spent fuel chip thus obtained is dissolved in a lithium chloride-potassium chloride (LiCl-KCl) molten salt in the next "electrolytic refining process”, and the actinide element is applied to the solid cathode or liquid cadmium (Cd) cathode. Separate and recover from fission products.
- LiCl-KCl lithium chloride-potassium chloride
- Solvents such as molten salts and liquid metal cadmium are attached to the actinoid elements recovered here. For this reason, these deposits are separated by distillation at a high temperature in the “cathode recovery product treatment step”.
- the actinoid metal thus obtained is melted and cast into a rod-shaped fuel alloy in a high-temperature “injection molding process” by adding zirconium (Zr) or U so as to have a target concentration.
- This fuel rod becomes a new fuel pin by being sealed in a stainless steel cladding tube in the “fuel element sealing step”, and further bundled in the assembly in the “assembly assembly step” and reloaded into the fast reactor.
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a dry reprocessing system. Referring to this, the chopped metal fuel is put into a stainless steel cage anode structure, and the metal fuel is dissolved in an anode (anode) according to the following formula in a LiCl—KCl salt melted at about 500 ° C. Let Therefore, it is necessary to use a material that can withstand high-temperature molten salt in the crucible.
- the Argonne National Laboratory which developed dry reprocessing, uses a graphite crucible coated with yttria (Y 2 O 3 ), but it has also been proposed to develop a material that is more heat and corrosion resistant. .
- Y 2 O 3 yttria
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of a conventional dry reprocessing electrolysis apparatus.
- an anode electrode feeder (anode) 30, a cathode electrode feeder (cathode) 40, and a liquid Cd electrode feeder 50 are installed in the crucible 10, and the molten salt 20 of LiCl—KCl is placed in the crucible. Then, argon gas is injected into the space above, and a lid 12 is attached to the crucible to create an argon gas atmosphere.
- the anode pole power supply body is provided with a metallic molten salt for housing the metal fuel pin and a porous rod 33 through which the anode-dissolved metal ions can pass.
- the cathode 41 at the tip of the rod-shaped cathode electrode feeder 40 is integrated.
- a plurality of cathode electrode feeders may be disposed around the anode electrode feeder in order to reduce overvoltage of the cathode electrode and improve electrolytic refining efficiency.
- a Cd electrode feeder 50 that is a liquid metal at a high temperature is provided. This power feeder is immersed in and electrically connected to the liquid metal Cd 62 in the liquid metal Cd tank 60.
- a coil is provided on the outer periphery of the crucible and heated using an electromagnetic induction phenomenon.
- Non-patent Document 2 shows the positional relationship of redox potentials of these metals / metal ions according to P. Soucek et al. (Non-patent Document 2). As shown in FIG. 3, the oxidation-reduction potential depends on the electrode material, but in the case of electrolytic refining, it is advantageous that the change in oxidation-reduction potential is larger, and therefore W or Al is desirable.
- the metal reduction potentials of many other MA elements, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, rare earth elements, etc. are at a lower level. Utilizing such a difference in oxidation-reduction potential, a cathode electrode that can be set to the reduction potential of U and / or Pu and a liquid metal Cd cathode electrode that can be set to the reduction potential of other metal ions are separately installed, U and / or Pu can be separated and refined.
- a simulated spent metal fuel rod sample was first prepared.
- an actinide element metal is required, but oxides such as U, Pu, Am, Cm, and Np, which are metal oxides that are difficult to be electrolytically reduced, are reduced by using metal Li to simulate spent metal fuel.
- a bar sample was prepared. Actinide element oxide and LiCl—KCl were put in a crucible and dissolved in a molten salt at 1000 ° C. After the melting operation, metal Li was further added to the crucible, and reduction treatment was performed at about 1000 ° C. using argon gas as a cover gas. By this process, a simulated spent metal fuel rod sample was produced.
- anode dissolution rate of metal fuel a. Contact: In the present invention, a metal fuel rod element (fuel pin) chopped into a saddle type anode electrode is put into electrolysis. As the anodic dissolution proceeds, the surface of the metal fuel pin is dissolved, so that there is a high possibility that the contact between the vertical anode and the metal fuel rod will be poor. In order to efficiently dissolve the anode of the metal fuel pin, it is necessary to take measures against this contact failure.
- b. Potential As mentioned above, anodic dissolution of metals is strongly dependent on the potential.
- Temperature The higher the temperature, the higher the dissolution rate.
- d. Flow rate It is necessary to quickly remove the dissolved product from the metal surface.
- U and Pu metal ions are selectively reduced.
- U and Pu can be selectively reduced at a potential nobler than the reduction potential of alkali metal AL, alkaline earth metal ALE, or the like. Then, the potential is controlled to a potential suitable for a phenomenon in which U 3+ and Pu 3+ ions dissolved in the anode are reduced to metal on the cathode electrode surface. As a result, alkali metal ions and alkaline earth metal ions are not reduced to metal and are present in an ionic state, so that separation becomes easy.
- Most of MA and some of U, Pu ions, etc. are absorbed by the liquid metal Cd cathode. d.
- a rod-shaped main cathode electrode for reducing U and Pu to metal and a liquid metal Cd cathode electrode for collecting the remaining U, Pu, MA and other elements are installed.
- Insoluble materials fall in the process of anodic dissolution of spent nuclear fuel rods placed in vertical anodes. The falling object is absorbed by the liquid metal Cd.
- the gap between the anode and the cathode is similar to the coil used in the magnetron sputtering method (Non-patent Document 3).
- a coil is set in the crucible so that a magnetic field is formed substantially perpendicular to the connecting direction.
- An object of the present invention is to solve the problems hindering the efficiency of the dry reprocessing method mentioned above and further improve the electrolytic refining efficiency.
- the electrolytic cell of the present invention for realizing it is A spent metal fuel rod containing an element composed of zirconium (Zr) and uranium (U), U and plutonium (Pu), or Zr, U and Pu is dissolved by anodic electrolysis in a molten salt filled in a crucible. A molten salt electrolytic cell in which U and / or Pu is again reduced and deposited on the cathode electrode surface, and is electrolytically refined.
- An anode electrode feeder having a mechanism for recovering deterioration of contact resistance between the metal fuel rod and the anode electrode as the anode electrolysis progresses;
- a cathode electrode feeder coupled to the cathode electrode controlled to a potential in a range where U and / or Pu ions are reduced to metal;
- a heating mechanism for locally heating the metal fuel rod, and / or an excitation mechanism for bringing the metal fuel rod into an excited state;
- a solenoid coil or a permanent magnet is disposed between the anode electrode feeder and the cathode electrode feeder so as to improve the separation efficiency of the U and / or Pu ions by a combination of an electric field and a magnetic field.
- the present invention includes an electrolysis method in which the electrolytic refining efficiency is improved using the above electrolytic cell.
- the present invention provides a mechanism for recovering the deterioration of contact resistance between the metal fuel rod and the anode electrode as the anode electrolysis progresses, so that the tip portion of the anode electrode feeder inserts the spent metal fuel rod.
- a saddle type, a press plate for holding the metal fuel rod is disposed inside the vertical anode electrode feeder, and the press plate is automatically pressurized and moved as the anode electrolysis progresses. It may include a mechanism capable of.
- a vibration may be applied to the contact portion between the anode electrode feeder and the metal fuel rod.
- the mechanical vibration frequency is preferably 50 to 200 kHz.
- the heating mechanism or the excitation mechanism may include a mechanism that applies a low frequency electromagnetic field of 1 kHz to 20 MHz to the anode electrode feeder.
- the electrolytic cell includes a liquid Cd layer electrically connected to a Cd cathode electrode feeder for reducing and adsorbing metals such as minor actinides other than the anode-dissolved U and Pu. It may include providing in the lower part.
- the electrolytic cell is provided by attaching a rotating device having a horizontal rotating shaft to the outside of the crucible, and stirring the molten salt by periodically swinging the crucible around the rotating shaft, or mechanically.
- a mechanism for separating and diffusing the molten salt on the surfaces of the anode electrode feeder and the cathode electrode feeder by stirring the molten salt using a vibration mechanism may be included.
- a pipe for circulating the molten salt in the crucible and further provided with a filter and a circulation pump in the pipe, thereby circulating and stirring the molten salt,
- the molten salt on the surface of the anode electrode feeder and the cathode electrode feeder may be separated and diffused, and the molten salt may be further purified.
- an angle of 60 ° to 90 ° with respect to the direction of the electric field applied between the anode electrode feeder and the cathode electrode feeder may be applied using a solenoid coil or a permanent magnet in the direction of forming a circle.
- a dry reprocessing method that enables radioactive waste volume reduction is provided by accelerating the decay rate of radioactive elements discharged in the dry reprocessing process by applying a low frequency electromagnetic field. Specifically, it includes applying a low frequency electromagnetic field of 100 kHz to 20 MHz to spent metal fuel rods and radioactive metal ions.
- an AC power source that is full-wave rectified or half-wave rectified is used as an electrolytic current for anode electrolysis, and 10 ⁇ is applied to the surface layer of the anode electrode feeder and the cathode electrode feeder.
- An electric field containing an AC electric field component of 5 to 10 7 V / cm may be applied.
- the ⁇ decay rate and / or the ⁇ decay rate may be accelerated by irradiating the anode electrode feeder and / or the cathode electrode feeder with laser light as an excitation mechanism.
- the radioactive waste volume can be reduced by reducing the radioactive element concentration or by accelerating the ⁇ decay rate.
- the conceptual diagram of a dry-type reprocessing system It is typical sectional drawing of the electrolytic device for dry reprocessing by a prior art. This is the redox potential of the transuranium element. A cyclic voltammogram of LiCl—KCl—PuCl 3 —UCl 3 is shown. It is a schematic sectional drawing of the crucible for electrolytic refining which improved the metal fuel rod contact efficiency by the Example of this invention. This is a change in potential of the metal fuel during electrolytic refining under the condition where there is no pressure spring. This is a change in potential of metal fuel during electrolytic refining when a pressure spring is used.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a crucible structure capable of heating an anode feeder according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a method for locally heating a metal bar pin according to still another embodiment of the present invention. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the amount of anode dissolution of a metal fuel rod, and temperature.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a crucible structure suitable for improving the separation efficiency of U and Pu ions using a magnetic field generated by a solenoid coil according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a method for locally heating a metal bar pin according to still another embodiment of the present invention. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the amount of anode dissolution of a metal fuel rod, and temperature.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a crucible structure suitable for improving the separation efficiency of U and Pu ions using
- FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view of a crucible structure suitable for improving the separation efficiency of U and Pu ions using a magnetic field generated from a permanent magnet according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a crucible structure suitable for improving the separation efficiency of U and Pu ions using a magnetic field generated from a permanent magnet according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view of a crucible structure suitable for improving the separation efficiency of U and Pu ions using a magnetic field generated from a solenoid coil according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a crucible structure for improving separation efficiency using laser light according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a crucible structure for improving separation efficiency using laser light according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- the metal fuel rod is placed in the soot so that the shredded metal fuel rod pin 33 housed in the saddle type anode electrode of the basic crucible shown in FIG.
- the power feeder 30 with the pin retainer plate 32 is inserted.
- a pressurizing body spring 91 for pressurizing the anode pole feeder 30 with a presser plate is mounted in the anode pole pressurizing body cover 90.
- the broken metal fuel rod is pressed against the saddle-shaped anode pole (in this embodiment, it is pressed with a force of 10,000 N / m 2 ), and the metal fuel rod becomes poorly contacted as the anode melts. To prevent that.
- FIG. 6A shows the current flowing through the U metal fuel rod and the potential change associated with the dissolution of the anode when the pressure spring 91 shown in FIG. 5 is not provided.
- the current density was changed to 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 A / cm 2
- the potential of the anode of the metal fuel rod that undergoes anodic reaction and the change of the cathode potential were shown.
- the cathode potential was small, the anode potential changed greatly and shifted from about ⁇ 1.4 V to about ⁇ 1 V with time.
- the greater the applied current the greater the potential shift.
- the potential shifts from about ⁇ 1.3 V to the noble direction the anodic dissolution reaction decreases. This large potential shift means a reduction in electrolytic refining efficiency.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B when the electrolysis current is made constant, the potential of the anode of the metal fuel rod shifts in the noble direction with the electrolysis time. This indicates that the anode electrode surface is rapidly changing to the oxidizing material layer.
- the first embodiment is shown in FIG. 7A.
- the rotation shaft 70 is attached to the side wall of the crucible so that the crucible can swing.
- FIG. 7B Another example is shown in FIG. 7B.
- a mechanical vibration mechanism 39 is added to the joint portion of the saddle-shaped anode electrode 31, the fuel pin pressing plate 32 and the anode electrode feeder 30. Thereby, mechanical vibration is given to the fuel pin 33 which melts the anode, and the contact resistance between the saddle-shaped anode electrode 31 and the fuel pin is reduced.
- FIG. 7C Another example is shown in FIG. 7C.
- the fuel pin 33 is brought into close contact with the saddle-shaped anode electrode 31 by using the fuel pin pressing plate 32 and the fuel pin pressing plate spring 91 shown in FIG. 7A.
- a mechanical vibration mechanism 39 is added to the joint portion of the saddle-shaped anode electrode 31, the fuel pin presser plate 32, and the anode electrode feeder 30. The contact resistance can be further reduced by the effect of both the spring and the vibration.
- ultrasonic vibration As another example of mechanical vibration, application of ultrasonic vibration is effective. For example, it is effective to irradiate ultrasonic waves of 10 kHz to 200 kHz with an output of 1 W / cm 2 or more. In addition to ultrasonic waves, mechanical vibrations of 50 Hz to 10 kHz can also be used.
- FIG. 9 shows another embodiment in which the molten salt in the crucible can be stirred.
- a mechanism capable of circulating the molten salt is incorporated.
- a molten salt circulation pipe 21 is attached to the crucible body, and a filter 22 and a circulation pump 23 are further attached to the pipe.
- the molten salt can be stirred, and the electrolytic refining efficiency can be improved as in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 10A shows an example of a crucible equipped with a heating mechanism for increasing the anode dissolution rate by raising the temperature of the metal fuel rod.
- the entire crucible is induction-heated using a coil 81 installed outside the crucible, and the molten salt temperature is set to about 500 ° C.
- the metal fuel rod to be anodic melted is locally heated to raise the temperature and efficiently improve the anodic melt speed.
- a coil 83 is installed in a pipe-shaped metallic anode electrode feeder 30, a high frequency is applied to the coil to heat the anode electrode feeder 30, and the metal fuel rod 33 is heated to conduct heat. Is heated locally.
- the pipe-shaped power feeder is stainless steel, has a total length of 30 cm, a diameter of 10 cm ⁇ , and a thickness of 1 cm.
- a coil was installed in a cavity having an inner diameter of 8 cm.
- the heating was set to 100 ° C. with a target of 600 ° C., and the rate of temperature increase was 10 ° C./min.
- the power required under these conditions is calculated to be 900 W, but the actual power required for heating and heating the metal fuel rods is estimated to be 2.5 times this in consideration of loss and the like.
- a high frequency power of 2.2 kW is actually required.
- the frequency of the applied electromagnetic wave was 50 to 10 kHz.
- the temperature of the metal fuel rod was raised stepwise, and the change in the amount of dissolved anode was measured.
- the result is shown in FIG.
- the amount of anodic dissolution increased obviously.
- a solenoid coil is installed inside the anode feeder, an AC wave electromagnetic field is applied, and induction heating is performed locally to raise the temperature of the metal fuel rod, confirming that a large dissolution amount increase effect can be obtained. did it.
- the metal fuel pin when the metal fuel pin is anodicly melted, it is effective to obtain a temperature rise effect even if the anodic melted portion is directly and locally heated.
- it is necessary to consider the relationship between the high frequency and the current penetration depth.
- Current penetration depth depends on temperature and material. In the present invention, a molten salt environment of about 500 ° C. is assumed. Considering the current penetration depth of several ⁇ m to several mm at this temperature, the frequency range is preferably 1 kHz to 20 MHz (high frequency region) and the output is preferably 100 W or more.
- the local heating method also has an advantage that the heating temperature of the entire crucible can be reduced and the reprocessing cost can be reduced.
- Examples 1 to 3 a method of separating U and Pu ions from other metal ions by controlling the potentials of two types of cathode electrodes was adopted. Separately from this method, a separation method using a magnetic field is shown below (see Patent Document 1). Specifically, as shown in FIG. 12, a separation solenoid coil 82 for improving separation efficiency is installed in the crucible 10 around the anode pole 31, the metal fuel pin 33 placed in the cage, and the cathode poles 40 and 41. To do.
- M / Z e (Br) 2 / 2E (M: mass, Z: number of ionic charges, e: charge of electrons, Br: magnetic flux density, E: electric field)
- H nI / 2 (H: central magnetic field of coil, n: number of turns of coil, I: current)
- H central magnetic field of coil
- n number of turns of coil
- I current
- B ⁇ H ( ⁇ : permeability)
- the separation efficiency depends on the number of turns of the coil and the current. For example, when the number of turns is 100 and the current value is 50 A, the central magnetic field H of the coil is 0.25 T (Tesla).
- U and Pu ions are targeted, and by comparing the characteristics of the ions, the magnetic field required in the present invention is 0.01 T or more, but in order to achieve effective efficiency, it is 10 times. Application of a magnetic field of 0.25 T or more is desirable.
- FIGS. 13A and 13B Another embodiment in which a magnetic field is applied is shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B.
- permanent magnets 85 and 86 are arranged around the saddle-shaped anode pole 31 and the cathode pole 41.
- the direction of the magnetic field is arranged so as to be perpendicular to the arrangement direction of the anode and cathode.
- anodic-dissolved actinide element metal ions such as U 3+ and Pu 3+ ions can be separated and distributed in the axial direction of the cathode electrode.
- a permanent magnet is installed in a molten salt at 500 ° C., a Curie point of 500 ° C. or higher is required.
- Examples of such permanent magnets having a high Curie point include samarium-based (Sm) permanent magnets (SmCo 5 magnets), alnico alloys (Al—Ni—Co), Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets, and the like. Further, these permanent magnets have an advantage that the saturation magnetism is 1T or more. Thus, even when a permanent magnet is used, it is possible to expect the same separation efficiency as in the fifth embodiment.
- Sm samarium-based
- Al—Ni—Co alnico alloys
- Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets and the like.
- these permanent magnets have an advantage that the saturation magnetism is 1T or more. Thus, even when a permanent magnet is used, it is possible to expect the same separation efficiency as in the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 13C A structure for improving the separation efficiency by a magnetic field using a solenoid coil is shown in FIG. 13C.
- four cathode electrodes 41 and cathode electrode feeders 40 are installed on concentric circles.
- Four solenoid coils 42 are installed between the cathode 41 and the saddle-shaped anode 31. The relationship between the solenoid coil and the magnetic field is the same as the condition described in the fifth embodiment.
- the decay of radioactive elements is roughly divided into ⁇ decay and ⁇ decay. Generally, after ⁇ decay, excess energy is released and ⁇ decay occurs. In terms of ⁇ decay, there are an allowable transition type and a forbidden transition type in terms of quantum theory. Regarding the half-life, which is the lifetime of ⁇ decay, the half-life is shorter for the allowable transition type and longer for the forbidden transition type. The radioactivity of ⁇ decay with this long half-life is a big problem as an environmental measure. Reiss considers this in a quantum theory, and reports that the beta decay half-life is shortened by using the perturbation theory for the Hamiltonian indicating the decay process and entering an item regarding the allowable transition (Non-patent Document 5). ).
- the beta decay half-life may be shortened by applying a strong electromagnetic field of 200 kHz to 4.4 MHz.
- ⁇ decay can be accelerated.
- a solenoid coil 82 is used to apply an electromagnetic field to the cathode electrode on which metal ions are reduced and adsorbed, and U, Pu and other radioactive elements adsorbed on the liquid Cd cathode electrode. It becomes possible to do. This can be expected to shorten the ⁇ decay half-life.
- Embodiment 7 Another embodiment of the ⁇ decay acceleration method described in Embodiment 7 will be described below.
- Example 4 when electrolysis is performed, a strong electric field of 10 5 to 10 7 V / cm is applied to the number of reaction surface layers of 10 electrodes.
- it is significant from the viewpoint of accelerating the decay rate to study alternating current in addition to simple direct current application during electrolysis.
- AC electrolysis is not desirable in that respect because the redox reaction takes place almost simultaneously.
- electromagnetic wave application and electrolysis can be performed simultaneously. In Example 7, 200 kHz to 4.4 MHz is effective.
- Non-patent Document 6 there is a method of using a high voltage using a direct current or a low frequency fluctuation current of 50 or 60 Hz. In general, when a high voltage is applied, a discharge is generated, so there is a limit to the voltage application. When applying a high voltage, a vacuum is often applied.
- the electrolytic current is set to 0.41 A / cm 2 or less in the molten salt, and a full-wave rectified current having a frequency of 50 Hz or more is applied.
- the electric field is directly applied to the electrode surface layer, and as described in Example 4, a high electric field of 10 5 to 10 7 V / cm is applied to the surface layer.
- the low frequency high electric field for radioactive elements in the surface layer results in an accelerated decay rate.
- the frequency of the low-frequency electromagnetic field is 100 kHz to 20 MHz, and the alternating electromagnetic field is applied so that the anode potential is in the range of ⁇ 2 to 1 V (V: Ag / AgCl).
- V: Ag / AgCl Ag / AgCl
- This embodiment is a crucible using laser light and is shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B.
- a mechanism for irradiating a laser beam and further purifying and stirring the melt is incorporated.
- a hollow anode electrode power supply 35 is used in the crucible 10
- a Pyrex (registered trademark) or quartz fuel pin presser plate 37 is used to transmit laser light.
- a fuel pin 33 is inserted into the saddle-shaped anode electrode 31, and laser light is irradiated to the fuel pin from a laser light source 36.
- a melt circulation pipe 21 is provided for the purpose of stirring and purifying the molten salt 20, and a molten salt filter 22 and a circulation pump 23 are attached to the pipe.
- a laser beam can be irradiated to the cathode electrode in addition to the anode electrode.
- a laser beam can be directly irradiated to bring U and Pu adsorbed on the cathode electrode by metal reduction into an excited state. ing.
- a carbon dioxide gas laser, a YAG laser, a solar light laser and the like capable of emitting a large output are suitable.
- A. V. Have reported on the acceleration phenomenon of U decay rate such as U and acceleration of ⁇ decay rate of Pb (212) and Tl (208) by using a high power laser such as YAG laser (Non-patent Document 7). ).
- the electric field of the laser photon generates a solid plasma state in the radioactive element metal fine particles, and plasmons are generated. At this time, the energy density of the laser beam needs to be 10 12 to 10 13 W / cm 2 .
- the energy is amplified 10 4 to 10 6 times.
- the intensity of the laser light is amplified to 10 16 to 10 18 W / cm 2 . It is predicted that the ⁇ decay rate and / or the ⁇ decay rate are accelerated under such a strong energy state.
- Non-patent Document 8 In the process of electrolytic refining spent nuclear fuel pins in the present invention, in the process of melting the surface layer of the metal fuel pins to be put into the vertical anode, selectively along the structure of the metal crystal (grain boundaries, etc.) It has been reported to dissolve (Non-patent Document 8). This means that a partly undissolved colloidal metal fine particle may be released. Conversely, selective reduction deposition also occurs on the entire surface on the cathode electrode side. These phenomena indicate that there is a high possibility that unstable colloidal fine particles are formed in the electrode surface layer. When the metal structure is observed microscopically, it becomes a lump of crystal grains. Of course, there are many transitions inside the crystal grains. When the metal is anodicly melted, the melting starts first from a weak spot.
- This weak point is a grain boundary and a transition part. If crystal grain boundaries and transitions are selectively dissolved, the remaining crystal grains are more likely to fall off.
- the size of the crystal grains depends on the processing method and is widely distributed from the nm order to 10 ⁇ m. In the present invention, since the fuel pin is injection-molded, the growth of crystal grains was suppressed, and crystal grains of the order of ⁇ m or less were observed (Non-patent Document 9). As described above, if high-power laser light is irradiated in a state where metal colloids are formed on the anode and cathode surfaces, an effect of shortening the ⁇ decay half-life can be expected.
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Abstract
Description
1.金属燃料のアノード溶解速度の向上
a.接触: 本発明では、籠型アノード電極の中に細断した金属燃料棒要素(燃料ピン)を入れて電解している。アノード溶解が進むと、金属燃料ピン表面が溶解するので、籠型アノード極と金属燃料棒と接触が不良になる可能性が高くなる。金属燃料ピンを効率的にアノード溶解させるためには、この接触不良対策をすることが必要となる。
b.電位: 前述の通り、金属のアノード溶解は電位に強く依存する。
c.温度: 高温になるほど、溶解速度は大きくなる。
d.流速: 溶解生成物を金属表面から素早く除去することが必要となる。
a. UおよびPuが選択的還元されるカソード極の設置。
b. アルカリ金属AL、アルカリ土類金属ALE等の還元電位より貴な電位で選択的にUおよびPuが還元可能なようにする。そして、アノード溶解したU3+、Pu3+イオンがカソード極表面で金属に還元される現象に適した電位に制御する。この結果、アルカリ金属イオン、アルカリ土類金属イオンは金属に還元されず、イオンの状態で存在するので分離が容易となる。
c. 大部分のMAおよび一部のU、Puイオン等は、液体金属Cdカソード極に吸収されるようにする。
d. U、Puを金属還元する棒状の主カソード極と、残りのU、Pu、MAその他の元素を収集する液体金属Cdカソード極の2種類のカソード極を設置する。
e. 籠型アノード電極に入れた使用済核燃料棒をアノード溶解する過程で、不溶解性の物質が落下する。この落下物を液体金属Cdに吸収されるようにする。
f. U、Puイオンと他のMA、アルカリ元素、アルカリ土類金属イオンの分離効率を向上させるために、マグネトロンスパッタリング法において用いられるコイル(非特許文献3)と同様に、アノード極とカソード極間を結ぶ方向に対して略垂直に磁場が形成されように、ルツボの中にコイルを設定する。
a. Puイオン等が液体金属Cdと以下の式に基づき反応し、液体金属Cdにデンドライト状の結晶が成長することが報告されている。
このデンドライトの形成は電解精錬効率を低下させるので、液体金属Cdを攪拌するなどして、デンドライトの形成をなるべく防止することが望ましい。
ジルコニウム(Zr)とウラン(U)、Uとプルトニウム(Pu)、またはZrとUおよびPuからなる元素を含有した使用済金属燃料棒を、ルツボ中に充填した溶融塩中でアノード電解により溶解し、カソード極表面にUおよび/またはPuを再度還元析出させて電解精錬する溶融塩電解槽であって、前記電解槽は、
前記アノード電解の進行に伴う前記金属燃料棒と前記アノード極の接触抵抗の劣化を回復させる機構を備えたアノード極給電体と、
Uおよび/またはPuイオンが金属に還元される範囲の電位に制御された前記カソード極に結合されたカソード極給電体と、
前記金属燃料棒を局所的に加熱するための加熱機構、および/または局所的に励起状態にするための励起機構と、
前記アノード極給電体と前記カソード極給電体の間に、電場と磁場の組み合わせにより、前記Uおよび/またはPuイオンの分離効率を向上させるように配置されたソレノイドコイルまたは永久磁石とを含む。
さらに本発明は、上記電解槽を用いて電解精錬効率を向上させた電解法も含む。
図5に示すように、図2に示した基本型ルツボの籠型アノード極に収納した細断金属燃料棒ピン33を、籠型アノード極31に密着させるように、籠の中に金属燃料棒ピン押え板32がついた給電体30を入れる。この細断金属燃料棒を籠型アノード極に押しつけるために、押え板付きアノード極給電体30を加圧するための加圧体バネ91をアノード極加圧体カバー90の中に装着する。このバネ力により、断金属燃料棒は籠型アノード極に押しつけられ(本実施例では、10,000N/m2の力で押しつけている)、金属燃料棒がアノード溶解進行に伴い接触不良になることを防止する。
この式からわかるように、金属イオンがカソード極40、41に到着する位置はM/Zの値に依存する。この現象を利用して、電解精錬の分離効率を向上させることができる。分離効率は磁場の強さに依存するが、B=μH(μ:透磁率)の関係に基づき、分離効率はコイルの巻き数と電流に依存する。例えば、巻き数を100、電流値を50Aとしたときのコイルの中心磁場Hは0.25T(テスラ)となる。本発明では、UおよびPuイオンを対象にしており、イオンの特性を比較することにより、本発明で必要となる磁場は0.01T以上となるが、有効な効率を達成するためには10倍以上の0.25T以上の磁場の印加が望ましい。
10 ルツボ
12 ルツボカバー
13 溶融塩ドレイン配管
14 溶融塩ドレイン配管バルブ
20 溶融塩
21 溶融塩循環配管
22 溶融塩フィルター
23 循環ポンプ
30 アノード極給電体
31 籠型アノード極
32 燃料ピン押え板
33 燃料ピン
35 中空アノード極給電体
36 レーザー
37 透明燃料ピン押え板
39 機械的振動機構
40 カソード極給電体
41 カソード極
42 ソレノイドコイル
50 Cdカソード極給電体
60 液体Cdカソード槽
61 液体Cdドレイン配管
62 液体Cd
63 液体Cdドレイン配管バルブ
70 回転軸
81 ルツボ誘導加熱コイル
82 分離効率向上ソレノイドコイル
83 アノード極局所誘導加熱コイル
85 永久磁石N極
86 永久磁石S極
90 燃料ピン押さえバネ固定ケース
91 燃料ピン押さえバネ
Claims (26)
- ジルコニウム(Zr)とウラン(U)、Uとプルトニウム(Pu)、またはZrとUおよびPuからなる元素を含有した使用済金属燃料棒を、ルツボ中に充填した溶融塩中でアノード電解により溶解し、カソード極表面にUおよび/またはPuを再度還元析出させて電解精錬する溶融塩電解槽であって、前記電解槽は、
前記アノード電解の進行に伴う前記金属燃料棒と前記アノード極の接触抵抗の劣化を回復させる機構を備えたアノード極給電体と、
Uおよび/またはPuイオンが金属に還元される範囲の電位に制御された前記カソード極に結合されたカソード極給電体と、
前記金属燃料棒を局所的に加熱するための加熱機構、および/または局所的に励起状態にするための励起機構と、
前記アノード極給電体と前記カソード極給電体の間に、電場と磁場の組み合わせにより、前記Uおよび/またはPuイオンの分離効率を向上させるように配置されたソレノイドコイルまたは永久磁石と、
を含む前記電解槽。 - 前記アノード極給電体の先端部分が、前記使用済金属燃料棒を入れるために籠型に構成され、前記金属燃料棒を押さえるための押え板が前記籠型アノード極給電体の内部に配置され、前記アノード電解の進行に伴って前記押え板を自動的に加圧して移動させることが可能な機構をさらに備え、これにより前記金属燃料棒と前記アノード極給電体間の接触抵抗の劣化を回復させるように構成された、請求項1に記載の電解槽。
- 前記アノード極給電体の先端部分が、前記使用済金属燃料棒を入れるために籠型に構成され、前記金属燃料棒を押さえるための押え板が前記籠型アノード極給電体の内部に配置され、前記籠型アノード極給電体と前記押え板の接合部に、50Hzから200kHzの機械的振動を発生する機構がさらに配置され、前記押え板の前記機械的振動により前記金属燃料棒と前記アノード極給電体間の接触抵抗の劣化を回復させるように構成された、請求項1に記載の電解槽。
- 前記加熱機構または前記励起機構が、前記アノード極給電体に1kHz~20MHzの低周波電磁場を印加する機構である、請求項1または2に記載の電解槽。
- 前記アノード溶解したU、Pu以外のマイナーアクチノイド等の金属を還元吸着するための液体Cd層を前記アノード極給電体の下部に備え、前記液体Cd層を電気的に接続させたCdカソード極給電体をさらに備えた、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の電解槽。
- 前記カソード極の過電圧を低減し、電解精錬効率を向上させるために、前記アノード極給電体の周囲に複数のカソード極給電体を配置した、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の電解槽。
- 水平回転軸を有する回転装置を前記ルツボの外側に設け、前記回転軸を中心に前記ルツボを周期的に揺動させて前記溶融塩を攪拌することにより、前記アノード極給電体および前記カソード極給電体の表面の溶融塩を分離・拡散させるように構成された、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の電解槽。
- 前記ルツボに前記溶融塩を循環させるための配管と、さらに該配管にフィルターおよび循環ポンプとを備え、これにより前記溶融塩を循環・攪拌し、前記アノード極給電体および前記カソード極給電体の表面の溶融塩を分離・拡散させ、さらに前記溶融塩を浄化するように構成された、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の電解槽。
- 前記アノード極給電体と前記カソード極給電体の間に印加された電場の方向に対して60°~90°の角度をなす方向に、前記ソレノイドコイルまたは前記永久磁石を用いて磁場を印加して、前記Uおよび/またはPuイオンの分離効率を向上させるように構成された、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の電解槽。
- 前記使用済金属燃料棒および放射性金属イオンに100kHz~20MHzの低周波電磁場を印加することにより、放射性元素濃度を低減させる請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の電解槽。
- 前記アノード電解の電解電流として全波整流または半波整流化した交流電源を用い、前記アノード極給電体と前記カソード極給電体の表面層に105~107V/cmの交流成分を有する電場を印加してβ崩壊速度を加速するように構成された、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の電解槽。
- 前記アノード極給電体および/または前記カソード極給電体に前記励起機構としてレーザー光を照射してα崩壊速度および/またはβ崩壊速度を加速するように構成された、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の電解槽。
- 前記レーザーが出力1012W/cm2以上のYAGレーザーまたは太陽光レーザーである、請求項12に記載の電解槽。
- ジルコニウム(Zr)とウラン(U)、Uとプルトニウム(Pu)、またはZrとUおよびPuからなる元素を含有した使用済金属燃料棒を、ルツボ中に充填した溶融塩中でアノード電解により溶解し、カソード極表面にUおよび/またはPuを再度還元析出させて電解精錬する電解法において、
前記アノード電解を行う際に、前記アノード電解の進行に伴う前記金属燃料棒と前記アノード極の接触抵抗の劣化を回復させる機構を備えたアノード極給電体を用いることと、
前記カソード極に結合されたカソード極給電体を、Uおよび/またはPuイオンが金属に還元される範囲の電位に制御することと、
加熱機構により前記金属燃料棒を局所的に加熱すること、および/または励起機構により局所的に励起状態にすることと、
前記アノード極給電体と前記カソード極給電体の間に、電場と磁場の組み合わせにより、前記Uおよび/またはPuイオンの分離効率を向上させるようにソレノイドコイルまたは永久磁石を配置することと、
を含む、電解精錬効率を向上させた前記電解法。 - 前記アノード極給電体の先端部分を、前記使用済金属燃料棒を入れるために籠型に構成し、前記金属燃料棒を押さえるための押え板を前記籠型アノード極給電体の内部に配置し、前記アノード電解の進行に伴い、前記押え板を自動的に加圧して移動させることにより、前記金属燃料棒と前記アノード極間の接触抵抗の劣化を回復させる、請求項14に記載の電解法。
- 前記アノード極給電体の先端部分を、前記使用済金属燃料棒を入れるために籠型に構成し、前記金属燃料棒を押さえるための押え板を前記籠型アノード極給電体の内部に配置し、前記籠型アノード極給電体と前記押え板の接合部に、50Hzから200kHzの機械的振動を発生する機構をさらに配置し、前記押え板の前記機械的振動により前記金属燃料棒と前記アノード極給電体間の接触抵抗の劣化を回復させる、請求項14に記載の電解法。
- 前記アノード極給電体に、1kHz~20MHz以下の低周波電磁場を印加して前記金属燃料棒を局所的に加熱する、請求項14~16に記載の電解法。
- 前記アノード極給電体の下部に配置され、Cdカソード極給電体に電気的に接続された液体Cd層で、アノード溶解したU、Pu以外のマイナーアクチノイド等の金属を還元吸着する、請求項14~17のいずれか1項に記載の電解法。
- 前記アノード極給電体の周囲に複数のカソード極給電体を配置することによりカソード極の過電圧を低減し、電解精錬効率を向上させる請求項14~18のいずれか1項に記載の電解法。
- 前記ルツボの外側に取付けられた水平回転軸を有する回転装置により、前記回転軸を中心に前記ルツボを周期的に揺動させて前記溶融塩を攪拌することにより、前記アノード極給電体および前記カソード極給電体の表面の溶融塩を分離・拡散させる、請求項14~19のいずれか1項に記載の電解法。
- 前記ルツボに設けられた配管、および該配管に設けられたフィルターおよび循環ポンプにより前記溶融塩を循環・攪拌し、前記アノード極給電体および前記カソード極給電体の表面の溶融塩を分離・拡散させ、さらに前記溶融塩を浄化する、請求項14~20のいずれか1項に記載の電解法。
- 前記アノード極給電体と前記カソード極給電体の間に印加された電場に対して60°~90°をなす角度の方向に、ソレノイドコイルまたは永久磁石を用いて磁場を印加することにより金属イオン分離効率を向上させる、請求項14~21のいずれか1項に記載の電解法。
- 前記使用済金属燃料棒および放射性金属イオンに100kHz~20MHzの低周波電磁場を印加することにより、放射性元素濃度を低減させる請求項14~22のいずれか1項に記載の電解法。
- 請求項14~22のいずれか1項に記載の電解法において、電解電流として全波整流または半波整流化した交流電源を用い、前記アノード極給電体と前記カソード極給電体の表面層に105~107V/cmの交流成分を有する電場を印加することによりβ崩壊速度を加速する方法。
- 請求項14~22のいずれか1項に記載の電解法において、前記アノード極給電体および/または前記カソード極給電体に前記励起機構としてレーザー光を照射することにより、α崩壊速度および/またはβ崩壊速度を加速する方法。
- 前記レーザー光に出力1012W/cm2以上のYAGレーザーまたは太陽光レーザーを用いる、請求項25に記載の方法。
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CN108885913B (zh) | 2021-12-17 |
JPWO2017061267A1 (ja) | 2018-07-26 |
EP3300082A1 (en) | 2018-03-28 |
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US20180202057A1 (en) | 2018-07-19 |
CN108885913A (zh) | 2018-11-23 |
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US10400343B2 (en) | 2019-09-03 |
EP3300082B1 (en) | 2021-12-08 |
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