WO2017061190A1 - セルロース誘導体およびその用途 - Google Patents
セルロース誘導体およびその用途 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017061190A1 WO2017061190A1 PCT/JP2016/075137 JP2016075137W WO2017061190A1 WO 2017061190 A1 WO2017061190 A1 WO 2017061190A1 JP 2016075137 W JP2016075137 W JP 2016075137W WO 2017061190 A1 WO2017061190 A1 WO 2017061190A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B1/00—Preparatory treatment of cellulose for making derivatives thereof, e.g. pre-treatment, pre-soaking, activation
- C08B1/003—Preparation of cellulose solutions, i.e. dopes, with different possible solvents, e.g. ionic liquids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B3/00—Preparation of cellulose esters of organic acids
- C08B3/16—Preparation of mixed organic cellulose esters, e.g. cellulose aceto-formate or cellulose aceto-propionate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B1/00—Preparatory treatment of cellulose for making derivatives thereof, e.g. pre-treatment, pre-soaking, activation
- C08B1/02—Rendering cellulose suitable for esterification
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/10—Esters of organic acids, i.e. acylates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/10—Esters of organic acids, i.e. acylates
- C08L1/14—Mixed esters, e.g. cellulose acetate-butyrate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/30—Applications used for thermoforming
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cellulose derivative, a resin composition containing the cellulose derivative, and a molded body obtained by molding the cellulose derivative.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing the cellulose derivative.
- Bioplastics made from plants can contribute to oil depletion countermeasures and global warming countermeasures, and in addition to general products such as packaging, containers, and fibers, they are also being used in durable products such as electronic devices and automobiles.
- cellulose which is a main component of wood and vegetation, is representative, and various bioplastics using this have been developed and commercialized.
- durability stress resistance, water resistance, etc.
- cellulose pulp obtained by chemically separating lignin or hemicellulose from wood or the like with a chemical is known. Or since cotton is substantially made of cellulose, it can be used as it is.
- Such cellulose is a polymer in which ⁇ -glucose is polymerized, but has many hydroxyl groups and therefore has a strong intermolecular force due to hydrogen bonding. Therefore, it is hard and brittle, has no thermoplasticity, and has low solvent solubility except for special solvents. Furthermore, since it has many hydroxyl groups which are hydrophilic groups, water absorption is high and water resistance is low.
- Patent Document 1 a cellulose derivative in which at least a part of hydrogen atoms of a hydroxyl group of cellulose is substituted with an aliphatic acyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms and an aliphatic acyl group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms is synthesized. Yes. It is described that this cellulose derivative has good impact resistance and breaking elongation in addition to thermoplasticity and water resistance and is suitable for molding processing.
- Patent Document 2 shows a mixed fatty acid ester of cellulose obtained by substituting a hydroxyl group of cellulose with an acetyl group and an acyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms, and this cellulose derivative film has excellent physical properties. It is described that it can be produced by a solvent cast method.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes that by combining an acetyl group and a 2-ethylhexanoyl group, a material having thermoplasticity and an excellent balance of rigidity / impact resistance / heat resistance can be provided.
- a cellulose modification method that introduces a long-chain organic group having a larger number of carbon atoms in addition to a short-chain organic group such as an acetyl group
- the degree of substitution of the long-chain organic group is increased in order to give good thermoplasticity.
- the elasticity modulus of a cellulose derivative tends to fall under the influence of the high flexibility and steric hindrance of long-chain organic groups.
- the long-chain organic group should be introduced uniformly into the cellulose chain with a degree of substitution as low as possible.
- the cellulose resin according to Patent Document 1 described above is excellent in impact resistance, water resistance, and elongation at break. However, for example, modification of characteristics is required in application to applications requiring high elastic modulus.
- the cellulose resin according to Patent Document 2 has a high equilibrium water content, and for example, modification of characteristics is required in application to applications requiring water resistance.
- An object of this invention is to provide the cellulose derivative excellent in thermoplasticity, water resistance, and intensity
- At least a part of the hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl group of cellulose is substituted by a short chain organic group (acetyl group) having 2 carbon atoms, a medium chain organic group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and a long chain organic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms as follows.
- a cellulose derivative substituted with is provided.
- DS SH represents the degree of substitution of the short chain organic group
- DS ME represents the degree of substitution of the medium chain organic group
- DS LO represents the degree of substitution of the long chain organic group.
- a cellulose derivative excellent in thermoplasticity, water resistance, and strength (elastic modulus, impact strength) can be provided.
- a medium-chain organic group is used in combination, thereby exhibiting a high elastic modulus and good thermoplasticity.
- a cellulose derivative characterized by being excellent in impact resistance and a method for producing the same are provided.
- the medium chain organic group has a carbon number between the acetyl group and the long chain organic group, and in order to increase the affinity between the short chain organic group and the long chain organic group, each organic group is introduced homogeneously in the cellulose. Seem.
- Cellulose is a linear polymer of ⁇ -glucose represented by the following formula (1), and each glucose unit except the terminal has three hydroxy groups. These hydroxy groups can be substituted with short, medium and long chain organic groups.
- Cellulose is a main component of vegetation and is obtained by separating other components such as lignin from vegetation. In addition to those obtained in this manner, cotton or pulp having a high cellulose content can be purified or used as it is.
- the degree of polymerization of cellulose is preferably in the range of 50 to 5000, more preferably 100 to 3000, as the degree of glucose polymerization. If the degree of polymerization is too low, the strength, heat resistance, etc. of the produced resin may not be sufficient. On the other hand, if the degree of polymerization is too high, the melt viscosity of the produced resin becomes too high, which may hinder molding.
- Cellulose may be mixed with chitin or chitosan having a similar structure, and when mixed, it is preferably 30% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less, and preferably 10% by mass or less based on the entire mixture. Further preferred.
- Cellulose derivative In one embodiment of the present invention, at least some of the hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose are short chain organic groups having 2 carbon atoms (acetyl groups), medium chain organic groups having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms. Cellulose derivatives substituted with ⁇ 30 long-chain organic groups at the following substitution degrees are provided.
- DS SH represents the degree of substitution of the short chain organic group
- DS ME represents the degree of substitution of the medium chain organic group
- DS LO represents the degree of substitution of the long chain organic group.
- the short chain organic group is an acetyl group. It can be obtained by reacting a hydroxyl group in cellulose with a short-chain reagent such as acetic acid, acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.
- the number of hydroxyl groups substituted with short-chain organic groups per glucose unit of cellulose (hydroxyl substitution degree) (average value), that is, the substitution degree (DS SH ) (average value) increases the interaction of cellulose molecular chains, From the viewpoint of obtaining a high elastic modulus, it is 0.7 or more, preferably 0.9 or more, and more preferably 0.95 or more.
- DS SH is 1.5 or less, preferably 1.3 or less, from the viewpoint of sufficiently securing the degree of substitution (DS ME , DS LO ) of the medium chain organic group and the long chain organic group.
- the substitution degree DS of the cellulose derivative can be measured by dissolving in deuterated chloroform (CDCl 3 ) and 1 H-NMR. In a cellulose derivative insoluble in CDCl 3 , measurement can be performed after further acetylation or propionylation of the residual hydroxyl group of the cellulose derivative.
- the medium chain organic group is a linking group formed by a reaction between a hydroxyl group in cellulose and a medium chain reactant.
- the medium chain reactant is a compound having at least one functional group capable of reacting with a hydroxyl group in cellulose, such as a carboxyl group, a carboxylic acid halide group or a carboxylic acid anhydride group, an isocyanate group, a chloroformate group, or an acrylic group.
- the hydrocarbon compound which has group is mentioned. Specific examples include aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, acid halides or acid anhydrides thereof, aliphatic monoisocyanates, aliphatic monochloroformates, acrylic acid esters, and methacrylic acid esters.
- the medium chain organic group has a carbon number in the range of 3 to 5, preferably 3 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably 3 carbon atoms.
- the medium chain reactant for introducing these specifically, as the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, propionic acid, isopropionic acid, butanoic acid, isobutanoic acid, t-butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, isopentylic acid, Examples thereof include aliphatic monocarboxylic acids having 2-methylbutyryl group, 3-methylbutyryl group and the like, and propionic acid, isopropionic acid, butanoic acid, isobutanoic acid, and t-butanoic acid are preferable, and propionic acid is more preferable.
- Examples of the aliphatic monoisocyanate include those in which an isocyanate group is bonded to an aliphatic hydrocarbon having a linear or branched side chain.
- Examples of the aliphatic monochloroformate include those in which a chloroformate group is bonded to an aliphatic hydrocarbon having a linear or branched side chain.
- the medium chain organic group is preferably an acyl group having 3 or 4 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a propionyl group.
- the degree of substitution of the medium chain organic group per glucose unit of cellulose (DS ME ) (average value) is 0.5 or more in terms of obtaining the effect of increasing the affinity between the short chain organic group and the long chain organic group, 0.7 or more is preferable and 1.0 or more is more preferable.
- DS ME is 2.0 or less, preferably 1.5 or less, from the viewpoint of sufficiently ensuring the degree of substitution (DS LO ) of the long-chain organic group.
- the long chain organic group is a linking group formed by a reaction between a hydroxyl group in cellulose and a long chain reagent.
- the long-chain reactant is a compound having at least one functional group capable of reacting with a hydroxyl group in cellulose, such as a carboxyl group, a carboxylic acid halide group or a carboxylic acid anhydride group, an isocyanate group, a chloroformate group, or an acrylic group.
- the hydrocarbon compound which has group is mentioned.
- At least one compound selected from monocarboxylic acids such as aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, aromatic monocarboxylic acids, and alicyclic monocarboxylic acids, acid halides or acid anhydrides thereof, aliphatic monoisocyanates , At least one compound selected from aromatic monoisocyanate and alicyclic monoisocyanate, at least one compound selected from aliphatic monochloroformate, aromatic monochloroformate and alicyclic monochloroformate, acrylic ester, methacrylic ester Examples include acid esters.
- the long-chain organic group has a carbon number in the range of 6 to 30, preferably 9 to 30, and more preferably 12 to 30 because a thermoplastic effect can be obtained with a small amount.
- the long chain organic group may be one kind or may be substituted two or more kinds.
- Examples of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid as the long-chain reactant include fatty acids having linear or branched side chains.
- Examples of the fatty acid include saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids are preferable from the viewpoint of thermal stability.
- Aromatic monocarboxylic acids include those in which a carboxyl group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring, and those in which a carboxyl group is bonded to an aromatic ring via an alkylene group (for example, a methylene group or an ethylene group) (an aliphatic carboxylic acid group is bonded to the aromatic ring). Are combined).
- Alicyclic monocarboxylic acids include those in which a carboxyl group is directly bonded to an aliphatic ring, and those in which a carboxyl group is bonded to an aliphatic ring via an alkylene group (for example, a methylene group or an ethylene group). In which a group carboxylic acid group is bonded).
- aliphatic monoisocyanate examples include those in which an isocyanate group is bonded to an aliphatic hydrocarbon having a linear or branched side chain.
- Aromatic monoisocyanates include those in which an isocyanate group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring, and those in which an isocyanate group is bonded to an aromatic ring via an alkylene group (for example, a methylene group or an ethylene group) (an aliphatic isocyanate group is bonded to an aromatic ring).
- alkylene group for example, a methylene group or an ethylene group
- Alicyclic monoisocyanates include those in which an isocyanate group is directly bonded to an aliphatic ring, and those in which an isocyanate group is bonded to an aliphatic ring via an alkylene group (for example, a methylene group or an ethylene group) (an aliphatic ring is aliphatic. And those having an isocyanate group bonded thereto).
- alkylene group for example, a methylene group or an ethylene group
- an aliphatic ring is aliphatic.
- Examples of the aliphatic monochloroformate include those in which a chloroformate group is bonded to an aliphatic hydrocarbon having a linear or branched side chain.
- Aromatic monochloroformates include those in which a chloroformate group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring, and those in which a chloroformate group is bonded to an aromatic ring via an alkylene group (for example, methylene group, ethylene group). Group having a chloroformate group bonded thereto).
- Alicyclic monochloroformates include those in which a chloroformate group is directly bonded to an aliphatic ring, and those in which a chloroformate group is bonded to an aliphatic ring via an alkylene group (for example, a methylene group or an ethylene group). And an aliphatic chloroformate group bonded to an aromatic ring).
- the long chain organic group is preferably an acyl group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a stearyl group.
- DS LO Number of hydroxyl groups substituted with long-chain organic groups per glucose unit of cellulose (hydroxyl substitution degree) (average value)), that is, substitution degree (DS LO ) (average value is 0.1 or more, 0.2 or when the preferred .DS LO is too low, the improving effect of the thermoplastic and water resistance due to long-chain organic groups are not sufficiently obtained. Also, DS LO is less than 0.5, 0.4 And more preferably 0.3 or less If the DS LO is too high, the elastic modulus of the cellulose derivative decreases.
- the DS of short chain, medium chain and long chain organic groups can be set to an optimum value depending on the structure of the organic group and the physical properties required for the cellulose derivative.
- the number of hydroxyl groups remaining per glucose unit of the cellulose derivative (hydroxyl residual degree, DS OH ) (average value) is preferably 0.6 or less, more preferably 0.5 or less. 0.4 or less is more preferable.
- the sum DS SH + DS ME + DS LO of the short chain, medium chain, and long chain is 2.4 ⁇ DS SH + DS ME + DS LO ⁇ 3. It becomes.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the cellulose derivative of this embodiment is, for example, preferably 10,000 or more, more preferably 20,000 or more, and preferably 200,000 or less, more preferably 100,000. It is as follows.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is, for example, preferably 10,000 or more, more preferably 20,000 or more, and preferably 200,000 or less, more preferably 100,000 or less.
- the molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) is, for example, preferably 1.1 or more, more preferably 1.4 or more, and preferably 4.0 or less, more preferably 3.5 or less.
- the molecular weight can be measured (calibrated with a polystyrene standard sample) by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using chloroform as a solvent, for example. In a cellulose derivative insoluble in chloroform, the measurement can be performed after further acetylating or propionylating the residual hydroxyl group of the cellulose derivative.
- an activation treatment (pretreatment step) can be performed before the reaction step for introducing each organic group into cellulose.
- the cellulose and the solvent are brought into contact with each other by a wet method such as a method of spraying an activated solvent having affinity for cellulose onto the cellulose or a method of immersing cellulose in the activated solvent (immersion method). And swell the cellulose. This makes it easier for the reactants to enter between the cellulose molecular chains (when using a solvent or a catalyst, it tends to enter with them), so that the reactivity of the cellulose is improved.
- the activating solvent is, for example, water; acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid and other carboxylic acids; methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol and other alcohols; N , N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, formamide, ethanolamine, pyridine, nitrogen-containing compounds such as N-methylpyrrolidone; sulfoxide compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide, etc., and combinations of two or more of these can be used .
- water, acetic acid, propionic acid, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, pyridine, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide can be used.
- the activating solvent contains a carboxylic acid
- an acyl group having a corresponding number of carbon atoms may be introduced, and treatment with a corresponding short-chain, medium-chain, or long-chain reactant in the subsequent step becomes unnecessary.
- the amount of the activation solvent used can be set to, for example, 10 parts by mass or more, preferably 20 parts by mass or more, and more preferably 30 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of cellulose.
- cellulose When cellulose is immersed in an activating solvent, it can be set to, for example, 1 or more times, preferably 5 or more times, and more preferably 10 or more times by weight with respect to cellulose. 300 times or less is preferable, 100 times or less is more preferable, and 50 times or less is more preferable from the point of the burden of removal of the activated solvent after pre-processing, material cost reduction, etc.
- the temperature of the activation treatment can be appropriately set within a range of 0 to 100 ° C., for example. From the viewpoint of activation efficiency and energy cost reduction, 10 to 40 ° C is preferable, and 15 to 35 ° C is more preferable.
- the time for the activation treatment can be appropriately set within a range of, for example, 0.1 hour to 72 hours. From the viewpoint of performing sufficient activation and reducing the processing time, 0.1 to 24 hours are preferable, and 0.5 to 3 hours are more preferable.
- excess activated solvent can be removed by a solid-liquid separation method such as suction filtration.
- the activation solvent contained in cellulose can be replaced with the solvent used during the reaction after the activation treatment.
- the solvent replacement treatment can be performed by similarly immersing the activated cellulose by changing the activation solvent in the immersion method of the activation treatment described above to the solvent (reaction solvent) used during the reaction.
- Each organic group is introduced into cellulose or cellulose subjected to the above activation treatment.
- the above-mentioned short-chain reactant, medium-chain reactant, long-chain reactant, and, if necessary, a solvent and a catalyst are added to cellulose, and cellulose and short-chain reactant, medium-chain reactant and long-chain reactant are added.
- the chain reaction agent can be reacted in a solid-liquid heterogeneous system. At that time, heating and stirring can be performed as necessary.
- the reactive functional groups of the short chain reagent, the medium chain reagent and the long chain reagent are preferably the same.
- the reactant is an acid anhydride
- a mixed acid anhydride asymmetric acid anhydride of two organic acids selected from a short chain organic acid, a medium chain organic acid and a long chain organic acid is used. You can also
- cellulose in this reaction step, cellulose can be immersed in a reaction solution containing a short chain reagent, a medium chain reagent, and a long chain reagent, and the reaction can be performed in a state where the cellulose is swollen.
- a reaction solution containing a short chain reagent, a medium chain reagent, and a long chain reagent, and the reaction can be performed in a state where the cellulose is swollen.
- each of the reactants easily enters between the cellulose molecular chains, so that the reactivity is improved.
- the amount of the reaction solvent used can be set to, for example, 1 or more times, preferably 5 or more times, more preferably 10 or more times by weight with respect to cellulose. 300 times or less is preferable, 100 times or less is more preferable, 50 times or less is further more preferable, and 30 times or less is especially preferable from the point of the burden of the reaction solution removal after reaction, material cost reduction, etc.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 10 ° C. or higher, more preferably 20 ° C. or higher, and further preferably 30 ° C. or higher from the viewpoint of reaction efficiency.
- 200 degreeC or less is preferable from viewpoints of suppression of a decomposition reaction, energy cost reduction, etc., 150 degreeC or less is more preferable, and 100 degreeC or less is more preferable.
- the reaction time is preferably 0.5 hours or more from the viewpoint of sufficiently proceeding the reaction, more preferably 1 hour or more, preferably 24 hours or less, more preferably 12 hours or less from the viewpoint of improving the efficiency of the production process, etc. More preferred is a time or less.
- a solvent having high affinity with the cellulose derivative of the product can be used.
- a solvent can be appropriately selected according to the amount of residual hydroxyl group in the cellulose derivative, the hydrophobicity of the organic group, the amount introduced, and the type of the functional group of the organic reactant.
- the reaction solvent is preferably an aprotic solvent, and particularly preferably a proton affinity solvent that forms a hydrogen bond with a hydroxyl group of cellulose.
- Examples of the solvent having high affinity as described above include heterocyclic compounds, ethers, amides, ketones, esters, polar halogenated hydrocarbons, carbonates, nitro compounds, nitriles, and organic sulfur compounds.
- Examples of the heterocyclic compound include cyclic ethers (dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane and the like) and heteroarenes (pyridine, quinoline and the like).
- ethers having high affinity include acyclic ethers having a plurality of ether structure parts such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether in addition to the above cyclic ethers, ethers having aryl groups such as methylphenyl ether and diphenyl ether, etc. Is mentioned.
- the amide include N-methylpyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide, and N, N-dimethylacetamide.
- the ketone include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone.
- ester examples include methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and methyl cellosolve acetate.
- polar halogenated hydrocarbons include chloroform, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, propylene chloride, and tetrachloroethane.
- carbonate examples include propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate.
- nitro compound include nitromethane and nitropropane.
- nitriles examples include acetonitrile and benzonitrile.
- organic sulfur compound examples include sulfoxide compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Also, two or more of these solvents can be mixed and used. By using a solvent as described above, a good swelling state of the cellulose derivative is formed, thereby reducing the influence of steric hindrance and increasing the reactivity of the reactant. During the reaction, the same or different solvent may be added as appropriate.
- a catalyst When using a catalyst, it can be appropriately selected and used according to the kind of the short chain reagent, the medium chain reagent and the long chain reagent.
- the reactant is a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic anhydride
- an acid catalyst, a base catalyst, or a metal catalyst can be used.
- the acid catalyst include inorganic acids (sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc.) and organic acids (methanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, etc.).
- Examples of the base catalyst include pyridine derivatives (dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 4-pyrrolidinopyridine, etc.), imidazoles (1-methylimidazole, 1,2-dimethylimidazole, etc.), amidines (diazabicycloundecene). (DBU), diazabicyclononene, etc.). From the viewpoint of reactivity, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, DMAP and DBU are preferred.
- metal catalysts include metal chlorides such as iron, aluminum, indium, zirconium, zinc, cobalt, nickel and copper (iron chloride, aluminum chloride, indium chloride, zirconium oxychloride, zinc chloride, cobalt chloride, chloride) Nickel, copper chloride, etc.), metal nitrates, metal sulfates, metal organic acid salts (metal acetates, etc.).
- an organometallic catalyst or a base catalyst can be used.
- the organometallic catalyst include tin octylate and dibutyltin dilaurate.
- the base catalyst include triethylenediamine and trimethylaminoethylpiperazine.
- the amount of the short chain reagent, medium chain reagent and long chain reagent used is, for example, 1.1 to 10 equivalents, preferably 1.3 to 5.0 equivalents based on the hydroxyl group of cellulose. In consideration of the reactivity of the short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain organic reactants, the amount used can be appropriately set.
- an acid anhydride is used as a reactant, it is not necessary that all of the short chain, medium chain, and long chain reactants are acid anhydrides, and a mixture of carboxylic acid and acid anhydride may be used. These carboxylic acids can also be used in the reaction.
- a carboxylic acid for example, acetic acid
- mixed acid anhydride for example, medium chain acid anhydride and long chain carboxylic acid
- the reaction proceeds in the esterification step and the aging step, and short chain, medium chain, and long chain organic groups are introduced into the cellulose.
- the sulfuric acid catalyst When sulfuric acid is used as the reaction catalyst, the sulfuric acid catalyst is removed by a known method. Under the present circumstances, in order to improve the thermal stability of a cellulose derivative and to suppress a hydrolysis, it can heat-process with a well-known prescription. In particular, it is preferable to inactivate sulfate groups by adding salts or compounds of alkaline earth metals (calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, etc.) within a range that does not impair the physical properties of cellulose.
- alkaline earth metals calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, etc.
- the cellulose derivative as a product can be precipitated in a poor solvent and easily recovered by a normal solid-liquid separation process.
- a poor solvent water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), acetone, hexane and the like are used, and water, methanol, and a mixed solution of water and methanol are particularly preferable.
- the solid content obtained by the solid-liquid separation treatment can be washed as necessary and dried by an ordinary method.
- the cellulose derivative according to an embodiment of the present invention has a good strength (high elastic modulus, high impact strength), thermoplasticity and water resistance by adding a short chain, a medium chain, and a long chain organic group at a specific ratio. It is possible to provide a resin composition that provides a molded article that can exhibit properties.
- thermoplastic resins used for ordinary thermoplastic resins can be applied to the resin composition containing a cellulose derivative according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- thermoplasticity and elongation at break can be further improved by adding a plasticizer.
- plasticizers examples include phthalate esters such as dibutyl phthalate, diaryl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di-2-methoxyethyl phthalate, ethyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate, and methyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate; Tartrate esters such as dibutyl tartrate; adipates such as dioctyl adipate and diisononyl adipate; polyhydric alcohol esters such as triacetin, diacetyl glycerol, tripropionitrile glycerol and glycerol monostearate; triethyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, Phosphate esters such as tricresyl phosphate; dibasic fatty acid esters such as dibutyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, dibutyl azelate, dioctyl
- plasticizers include cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid esters such as dihexylcyclohexanedicarboxylate, dioctylcyclohexanedicarboxylate, and di-2-methyloctylcyclohexanedicarboxylate; trimexates such as dihexyl trimellitic acid, diethylhexyl trimellitic acid, and dioctyl trimellitic acid Mellitic acid esters; pyromellitic acid esters such as dihexyl pyromellitic acid, diethylhexyl pyromellitic acid, and dioctyl pyromellitic acid.
- an inorganic or organic granular or fibrous filler can be added as necessary.
- a filler By adding a filler, strength and rigidity can be further improved.
- the filler include mineral particles (talc, mica, calcined diatomaceous earth, kaolin, sericite, bentonite, smectite, clay, silica, quartz powder, glass beads, glass powder, glass flakes, milled fiber, wollastonite ( Or wollastonite), boron-containing compounds (boron nitride, boron carbide, titanium boride, etc.), metal carbonates (magnesium carbonate, heavy calcium carbonate, light calcium carbonate, etc.), metal silicates (calcium silicate, silicic acid, etc.) Aluminum, magnesium silicate, magnesium aluminosilicate, etc.), metal oxide (magnesium oxide, etc.), metal hydroxide (aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, etc.), metal s
- organic fibers natural fibers, papers, etc.
- inorganic fibers glass fibers, asbestos fibers, carbon fibers, silica fibers, silica / alumina fibers, wollastonite, zirconia fibers, potassium titanate fibers) Etc.
- metal fibers can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a flame retardant can be added to the resin composition of this embodiment as necessary. By adding a flame retardant, flame retardancy can be imparted.
- the flame retardant include metal hydrates such as magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and hydrotalcite, basic magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, silica, alumina, talc, clay, zeolite, brominated flame retardant, three Examples thereof include antimony oxide, phosphoric acid flame retardants (aromatic phosphate esters, aromatic condensed phosphate esters, etc.), compounds containing phosphorus and nitrogen (phosphazene compounds), and the like. These flame retardants can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the impact resistance improver can be added to the resin composition of this embodiment as necessary.
- the impact resistance can be improved by adding an impact resistance improver.
- the impact resistance improver include rubber components and silicone compounds.
- the rubber component include natural rubber, epoxidized natural rubber, and synthetic rubber.
- the silicone compound include organic polysiloxanes formed by polycondensation such as alkyl siloxane and alkyl phenyl siloxane, or the side chain or terminal of the organic polysiloxane is polyether, methyl styryl, alkyl, higher fatty acid ester, alkoxy.
- Modified silicone compounds modified with fluorine, amino group, epoxy group, carboxyl group, carbinol group, methacryl group, mercapto group, phenol group and the like. These impact modifiers can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the silicone compound is preferably a modified silicone compound (modified polysiloxane compound).
- This modified silicone compound has a main chain composed of repeating units of dimethylsiloxane, and a part of the side chain or terminal methyl group is an amino group, an epoxy group, a carbinol group, a phenol group, a mercapto group, Organic containing at least one group selected from carboxyl group, methacryl group, long chain alkyl group, aralkyl group, phenyl group, phenoxy group, alkylphenoxy group, long chain fatty acid ester group, long chain fatty acid amide group, and polyether group Mono-modified polydimethylsiloxane having a structure substituted with a substituent is preferred.
- the modified silicone compound can improve the affinity for the aforementioned cellulose derivative, improve the dispersibility in the cellulose derivative, and obtain a resin composition having excellent impact resistance. .
- additives that are applied to ordinary resin compositions such as a colorant, an antioxidant, and a heat stabilizer may be added to the resin composition of this embodiment.
- a general thermoplastic resin may be added to the resin composition of this embodiment as necessary.
- polyester can be added, and a linear aliphatic polyester can be suitably used.
- linear aliphatic polyester (Y) the following linear aliphatic polyesters (Y1) and (Y2) are preferable, and examples thereof include polybutylene succinate, polybutylene succinate adipate, and polycaprolactone. .
- R 23 represents a divalent aliphatic group, and the carbon number thereof is 1 to 12, preferably 2 to 8, and more preferably 2 to 4.
- R 24 represents a divalent aliphatic group, and the carbon number thereof is 2 to 12, preferably 2 to 8, and more preferably 2 to 4.
- R 25 represents a divalent aliphatic group, and the carbon number thereof is 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 8, and more preferably 2 to 4.
- (Y2) A linear aliphatic polyester comprising a ring-opening polymer of a cyclic ester.
- the linear aliphatic polyester (Y1) can be obtained, for example, by a condensation reaction of an aliphatic diol with at least one selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, acid anhydrides and diesters thereof.
- the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid has, for example, 3 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 3 to 9 carbon atoms, and more preferably 3 to 5 carbon atoms.
- the aliphatic carboxylic acid is, for example, alkanedicarboxylic acid, and specific examples thereof include malonic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanedicarboxylic acid and the like. Any one kind of the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid may be used, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the aliphatic diol has, for example, 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 8 carbon atoms, and more preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the aliphatic diol is, for example, alkylene glycol, and specific examples thereof include ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, Examples thereof include 1,10-decanediol and 1,12-dodecanediol.
- linear aliphatic diols having 2 to 6 carbon atoms are preferable, and ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,6-hexanediol are particularly preferable. Any one kind of the aliphatic diol may be used, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the linear aliphatic polyester (Y2) is a linear aliphatic polyester obtained by ring-opening polymerization of a cyclic ester.
- the cyclic ester include lactones having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and specific examples include ⁇ -acetolactone, ⁇ -propiolactone, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ⁇ -valerolactone. Any one kind of the cyclic ester may be used, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the number average molecular weight of the linear aliphatic polyester (Y) is not particularly limited, and is preferably 10,000 or more, more preferably 20,000 or more, and preferably 200,000 or less, more Preferably it is 100,000 or less.
- Y The number average molecular weight of the linear aliphatic polyester
- the number average molecular weight for example, a measurement value by GPC (calibrated with a polystyrene standard sample) relating to a 0.1% chloroform solution of the sample can be adopted.
- the impact resistance can be improved by adding a thermoplastic resin having excellent flexibility such as a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) to the resin composition of the embodiment of the present invention.
- a thermoplastic resin having excellent flexibility such as a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU)
- the addition amount of such a thermoplastic resin (particularly TPU) is preferably 1% by mass or more, preferably 5% by mass or more with respect to the total composition containing the cellulose derivative of the present embodiment example, from the viewpoint of obtaining a sufficient addition effect. Is more preferable.
- thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) suitable for improving the impact resistance those prepared using a polyol, a diisocyanate, and a chain extender can be used.
- the polyol include polyester polyol, polyester ether polyol, polycarbonate polyol, and polyether polyol.
- polyester polyol examples include aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, etc.), aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, etc.), and alicyclic dicarboxylic acids.
- Polyvalent carboxylic acids such as acids (hexahydrophthalic acid, hexahydroterephthalic acid, hexahydroisophthalic acid, etc.) or their acid esters or acid anhydrides, ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,2-propylene Glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,3-octane Diols, polyhydric alcohols such as 1,9-nonanediol or Polyester polyols obtained by dehydration condensation reaction of a mixture of these; polylactone diols obtained by ring-opening polymerization of lactones monomer ⁇ - caprolactone, and the like.
- acids hexahydrophthalic acid, hexahydr
- polyester ether polyol examples include aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, etc.), aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, etc.), alicyclic Polycarboxylic acids such as dicarboxylic acids (hexahydrophthalic acid, hexahydroterephthalic acid, hexahydroisophthalic acid, etc.) or their acid esters or anhydrides, and diethylene glycol or alkylene oxide adducts (propylene oxide adducts, etc.) And a compound obtained by a dehydration condensation reaction with a glycol or the like or a mixture thereof.
- aliphatic dicarboxylic acids succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, etc.
- aromatic dicarboxylic acids
- polycarbonate polyol examples include ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6
- One or more polyhydric alcohols such as hexanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, diethylene glycol, and diethylene carbonate
- Polycarbonate polyol obtained by reacting with dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate or the like. Further, it may be a copolymer of polycaprolactone polyol (PCL) and polyhexamethylene carbonate (PHL).
- polyether polyol examples include polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene ether glycol and the like obtained by polymerizing cyclic ethers such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and tetrahydrofuran, and copolyethers thereof.
- Examples of the diisocyanate used for forming TPU include tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate (NDI), tolidine diisocyanate, 1,6- Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), xylylene diisocyanate (XDI), hydrogenated XDI, triisocyanate, tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (TMXDI), 1,6,11-undecane triisocyanate, 1,8-diisocyanate Methyloctane, lysine ester triisocyanate, 1,3,6-hexamethylene triisocyanate, bicycloheptane triisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate Doo (hydrogenated MDI; HMDI) or the like.
- a low molecular weight polyol can be used as a chain extender used for forming TPU.
- the low molecular weight polyol include ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6 -Aliphatic polyols such as hexanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, diethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerin; Aromatic glycols such as 1,4-dimethylolbenzene, bisphenol A, ethylene oxide or propylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A are listed.
- thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer TPU
- TPU thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer
- a cellulose derivative dispersed in a solvent such as an organic solvent and various additives and a thermoplastic resin are mixed, and if necessary, a coagulation solvent is added and various additives are added.
- a solvent such as an organic solvent and various additives and a thermoplastic resin
- the cellulose derivative according to the embodiment described above can be used as a base resin of a molding material (resin composition).
- a molding material using the cellulose derivative as a base resin is suitable for a molded body such as a casing such as an exterior for an electronic device.
- the base resin means the main component in the molding material and means that other components can be contained within a range that does not interfere with the function of this main component.
- the content ratio of this main component is specified. Not what you want.
- the cellulose derivative occupies 50% by mass or more, preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 90% by mass or more in the composition.
- the obtained filtrate was dispersed in 90 mL of acetic acid, stirred for 24 hours, and suction filtered to remove acetic acid.
- the dispersion in acetic acid and the removal of acetic acid were performed twice. As a result, activated cellulose was obtained.
- a cellulose derivative was synthesized by the following method. First, 31.6 g of stearic acid and 28.5 mL of propionic anhydride were put into a three-necked flask and reacted at 100 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere to synthesize acid anhydrides of stearic acid and propionic acid. Then, 250 mL of 1,4-dioxane was added thereto, the temperature of the reaction solution was lowered to 50 ° C., and then the cellulose activated by the above acetic acid and a mixed solution of 120 ⁇ L of perchloric acid and 50 mL of 1,4-dioxane were added. In addition, the mixture was stirred at 50 ° C.
- the mixture was stirred at 50 ° C. After 2 hours, the reaction solution was transferred from the three-necked flask to a beaker, and 1.5 L of water was added dropwise to stop the reaction. The solid deposited by dropping was suction filtered, and the filtrate was washed with methanol and further washed with water. Then, the objective cellulose derivative (C3) was obtained by making it dry under reduced pressure at 100 degreeC.
- the solid precipitated by dropping was suction filtered, and the filtrate was washed twice with isopropyl alcohol, once with ethanol, and further washed once with water. Then, the objective cellulose derivative (C7) was obtained by making it dry under reduced pressure at 100 degreeC.
- Example 1 The cellulose derivative (C1) was kneaded at 180 ° C. and injection molded at a cylinder temperature of 190 ° C. and a mold temperature of 110 ° C. to obtain a molded body.
- the molded body was used to evaluate impact strength, bending strength, and water absorption.
- Example 2 The cellulose derivative (C2) was kneaded at 160 ° C. and injection molded at a cylinder temperature of 170 ° C. and a mold temperature of 80 ° C. to obtain a molded body.
- the molded body was used to evaluate impact strength, bending strength, and water absorption.
- Example 3 The cellulose derivative (C3) was kneaded at 160 ° C. and injection molded at a cylinder temperature of 170 ° C. and a mold temperature of 110 ° C. to obtain a molded body. The molded body was used to evaluate impact strength, bending strength, and water absorption.
- Example 4 The cellulose derivative (C4) was kneaded at 160 ° C. and injection molded at a cylinder temperature of 170 ° C. and a mold temperature of 80 ° C. to obtain a molded body. The molded body was used to evaluate impact strength, bending strength, and water absorption.
- Example 5 The cellulose derivative (C5) was kneaded at 160 ° C. and injection molded at a cylinder temperature of 170 ° C. and a mold temperature of 80 ° C. to obtain a molded body. The molded body was used to evaluate impact strength, bending strength, and water absorption.
- CAP482-20 commercially available cellulose acetate propionate (trade name “CAP482-20”, manufactured by Eastman Chemical Co., Ltd., hereinafter abbreviated as CAP) was used. Injection molding was performed at a cylinder temperature of 220 ° C. and a mold temperature of 110 ° C., and injection molding was performed.
- kneading mixing of a cellulose derivative, the formation method, and the evaluation method of the physical property are shown.
- Kneading method Using a kneader (manufactured by Thermo Electron Corporation, trade name: HAAKE MiniLab Rheomex CTW5), 7.5 g of the cellulose derivative was kneaded. At that time, the number of rotations of the screw was set to 60 rpm, and the raw materials were charged from the supply port of the kneader and kneaded for 3 minutes.
- the obtained molded body was subjected to a bending test (maximum bending stress, elongation at break, bending elastic modulus measurement) in accordance with JIS K7171.
- Table 1 shows the number average molecular weight (Mn), weight average molecular weight (Mw), and molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) of the obtained cellulose derivative, and Table 2 shows the evaluation results.
- the cellulose derivatives (Examples 1 to 5) in which the three components of short chain, medium chain, and long chain organic groups were introduced in a specific DS range, impact strength, bending
- the properties both showed high values, low water absorption, and excellent water resistance.
- the molding temperature was 200 ° C. or less, and good thermoplasticity was exhibited.
- Comparative Example 1 is a cellulose resin that does not contain a long-chain organic group and into which a short-chain organic group and a medium-chain organic group are introduced.
- the impact strength and bending properties are good due to the introduction of the short-chain organic group and the medium-chain organic group, but since the long-chain organic group is not introduced, the molding temperature is as high as 220 ° C., and the thermoplasticity and water resistance are low.
- Comparative Example 2 is a cellulose resin that does not contain a medium chain organic group and into which a short chain organic group and a long chain organic group are introduced. Although the water resistance was improved by the introduction of the long-chain organic group, the molding temperature was as high as 210 ° C. and the thermoplasticity was low.
- Comparative Example 3 is a cellulose derivative that does not contain a short-chain organic group and into which a medium-chain organic group and a long-chain organic group are introduced.
- the introduction of medium chain organic groups and long chain organic groups increased the flexibility of cellulose, improved impact strength and thermoplasticity, and improved water resistance.
- the short chain organic group is not included, the interaction between the cellulose molecular chains is weakened, so that the maximum bending stress and the bending elastic modulus are lowered.
- Example 6 To 90 parts of the cellulose derivative (C2), 10 parts of polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA; Bionore 3001, Showa Denko Co., Ltd.) is added as an additive, kneaded at 160 ° C, and the cylinder temperature of the molding machine is 170 ° C. Injection molding was performed at a mold temperature of 80 ° C. to obtain a transparent molded body. The molded body was used to evaluate impact strength, bending characteristics, and water absorption. The results are shown in Table 3.
- PBSA polybutylene succinate adipate
- Example 6 by adding PBSA as an additive to the cellulose derivative (C2), a resin composition having improved impact strength while maintaining high bending stress, bending elastic modulus, water resistance and thermoplasticity. was obtained (comparison with Example 2).
- thermoplasticity As described above, a cellulose derivative excellent in thermoplasticity, water resistance, and strength (elastic modulus, impact strength) is provided by adding three components of short chain, medium chain and long chain to cellulose with a specific degree of substitution. Can do.
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Abstract
Description
セルロースを改質する方法としては、セルロースの水酸基の水素原子をアセチル基などの短鎖有機基で置換する方法が知られている。この方法によれば、水酸基の数を低減できるため、セルロースの分子間力を下げることができる。ただし、アセチル基のような短鎖有機基だけでは熱可塑性や耐水性は不十分であるため、短鎖有機基に加えて、より炭素数の多い長鎖有機基をセルロースに導入することで、長鎖有機基が疎水性の内部可塑剤として機能し、熱可塑性や耐水性が改良される。
本発明は、熱可塑性、耐水性、強度(弾性率、衝撃強度)に優れたセルロース誘導体を提供することを目的とする。
セルロースの水酸基の水素原子の少なくとも一部が、炭素数2の短鎖有機基(アセチル基)、炭素数3~5の中鎖有機基および炭素数6~30の長鎖有機基により下記置換度で置換されたセルロース誘導体が提供される。
0.7≦DSSH≦1.5
0.5≦DSME≦2.0
0.1≦DSLO<0.5
2.4≦DSSH+DSME+DSLO≦3
(DSSHは前記短鎖有機基の置換度、DSMEは前記中鎖有機基の置換度、DSLOは前記長鎖有機基の置換度を示す。)
[セルロース]
セルロースは、下記式(1)で示されるβ-グルコースの直鎖状重合物であり、末端を除く各グルコース単位は三つのヒドロキシ基を有している。これらのヒドロキシ基を、短鎖、中鎖および長鎖有機基で置換することができる。
本発明の一実施形態例では、上記のセルロースの水酸基の水素原子の少なくとも一部が、炭素数2の短鎖有機基(アセチル基)、炭素数3~5の中鎖有機基および炭素数6~30の長鎖有機基により下記置換度で置換されたセルロース誘導体が提供される。
0.7≦DSSH≦1.5
0.5≦DSME≦2.0
0.1≦DSLO<0.5
2.4≦DSSH+DSME+DSLO≦3
(DSSHは前記短鎖有機基の置換度、DSMEは前記中鎖有機基の置換度、DSLOは前記長鎖有機基の置換度を示す。)
短鎖有機基はアセチル基である。セルロース中の水酸基と、酢酸、無水酢酸またはアセチルクロライドなどの短鎖反応剤を反応させて得られる。
セルロースのグルコース単位あたりの短鎖有機基で置換された水酸基の個数(水酸基置換度)(平均値)、すなわちの置換度(DSSH)(平均値)は、セルロース分子鎖の相互作用を高め、高い弾性率を得る点から、0.7以上であり、0.9以上が好ましく、0.95以上がより好ましい。また、中鎖有機基および長鎖有機基の置換度(DSME、DSLO)を十分に確保する点から、DSSHは1.5以下であり、1.3以下が好ましい。
中鎖有機基は、セルロース中の水酸基と中鎖反応剤が反応することでできた結合基である。当該中鎖反応剤は、セルロース中の水酸基と反応できる官能基を少なくとも一つ持つ化合物であり、例えばカルボキシル基、カルボン酸ハライド基またはカルボン酸無水物基、イソシアネート基、クロロホーメート基、またはアクリル基を有する炭化水素化合物が挙げられる。具体的には、脂肪族モノカルボン酸、その酸ハロゲン化物又はその酸無水物、脂肪族モノイソシアネート、脂肪族モノクロロホーメート、アクリル酸エステル、メタクリル酸エステルが挙げられる。
この中鎖有機基は、炭素数3~5の範囲であり、炭素数3~4であることが好ましく、炭素数3であることがより好ましい。これらを導入するための中鎖反応剤としては、具体的には、脂肪族モノカルボン酸としては、プロピオン酸、イソプロピオン酸、ブタン酸、イソブタン酸、t-ブタン酸、ペンタン酸、イソペンチル酸、2-メチルブチリル基、3-メチルブチリル基などを有する脂肪族モノカルボン酸が挙げられ、プロピオン酸、イソプロピオン酸、ブタン酸、イソブタン酸、t-ブタン酸、が好ましく、プロピオン酸がさらに好ましい。脂肪族モノイソシアネートとしては、直鎖状の又は分岐した側鎖をもつ脂肪族炭化水素にイソシアネート基が結合したものが挙げられる。脂肪族モノクロロホーメートとしては、直鎖状の又は分岐した側鎖をもつ脂肪族炭化水素にクロロホーメート基が結合したものが挙げられる。中鎖有機基としては炭素数3または4のアシル基であることが好ましく、プロピオニル基であることが特に好ましい。
長鎖有機基は、セルロース中の水酸基と長鎖反応剤が反応することでできた結合基である。当該長鎖反応剤は、セルロース中の水酸基と反応できる官能基を少なくとも一つ持つ化合物であり、例えばカルボキシル基、カルボン酸ハライド基またはカルボン酸無水物基、イソシアネート基、クロロホーメート基、またはアクリル基を有する炭化水素化合物が挙げられる。具体的には、脂肪族モノカルボン酸、芳香族モノカルボン酸、脂環族モノカルボン酸等のモノカルボン酸から選ばれる少なくとも一種の化合物、その酸ハロゲン化物又はその酸無水物、脂肪族モノイソシアネート、芳香族モノイソシアネート、脂環族モノイソシアネートから選ばれる少なくとも一種の化合物、脂肪族モノクロロホーメート、芳香族モノクロロホーメート、脂環族モノクロロホーメートから選ばれる少なくとも一種の化合物、アクリル酸エステル、メタクリル酸エステルが挙げられる。
水酸基の量が多いほど、セルロース誘導体の最大強度や耐熱性が大きくなる傾向がある一方で、吸水性が高くなる傾向がある。水酸基の変換率(置換度)が高いほど、吸水性が低下し、可塑性や破断歪みが増加する傾向がある一方で、最大強度や耐熱性が低下する傾向がある。これらの傾向と短鎖、中鎖、長鎖有機基の反応条件を考慮して、水酸基の変換率を適宜設定することができる。
となる。
短鎖有機基 0.7≦DSSH≦1.5
中鎖有機基 0.5≦DSME≦2.0
長鎖有機基 0.1≦DSLO<0.5
2.4<DSSH+DSME+DSLO≦3
本実施形態例のセルロース誘導体の数平均分子量(Mn)は、例えば、10,000以上が好ましく、より好ましくは20,000以上であり、また、200,000以下が好ましく、より好ましくは100,000以下である。また、重量平均分子量(Mw)は、例えば、10,000以上が好ましく、より好ましくは20,000以上であり、また、200,000以下が好ましく、より好ましくは100,000以下である。また、分子量分布(Mw/Mn)は、例えば、1.1以上が好ましく、より好ましくは1.4以上であり、また、4.0以下が好ましく、より好ましくは3.5以下である。この範囲の数平均分子量、重量平均分子量、分子量分布とすることにより、強度、熱可塑性、成型性等が向上する。分子量は、例えば、クロロホルムを溶媒とし、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)により測定(ポリスチレン標準試料で較正)することができる。クロロホルムに不溶のセルロース誘導体においては、セルロース誘導体の残存水酸基をさらにアセチル化もしくはプロピオニル化してから測定を行うことができる。
[セルロースの活性化]
セルロースに各有機基を導入するための反応工程の前に、セルロースの反応性を上げるために、活性化処理(前処理工程)を行うことができる。
活性化処理は、例えば、セルロースに親和する活性化溶媒をセルロースに対して噴霧する方法、あるいはセルロースを活性化溶媒に浸漬する方法(浸漬法)などの湿式法で、セルロースと当該溶媒とを接触させ、セルロースを膨潤させる。これにより、セルロース分子鎖間に反応剤が浸入しやすくなるため(溶媒や触媒を用いている場合はこれらとともに浸入しやすくなるため)、セルロースの反応性が向上する。ここで、活性化溶媒は、例えば、水;酢酸、プロピオン酸、酪酸、吉草酸、カプロン酸、エナント酸、カプリル酸、ペラルゴン酸などのカルボン酸;メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、イソプロパノールなどのアルコール;N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、ホルムアミド、エタノールアミン、ピリジン、N-メチルピロリドンなどの含窒素化合物;ジメチルスルホキシド等のスルホキシド化合物が挙げられ、これらの2種以上を組み合わせて使用できる。特に好ましくは、水、酢酸、プロピオン酸、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、ピリジン、N-メチルピロリドン、ジメチルスルホキシドを使用できる。なお、活性化溶媒がカルボン酸を含む場合、相当する炭素数のアシル基が導入されることがあり、後工程での相当する短鎖、中鎖、長鎖反応剤による処理が不要となる場合がある。特に、水でセルロースを膨潤させ、水を除去した後、酢酸で処理してセルロースの水酸基の一部をアセチル基に変換することが好ましい。
セルロース、あるいは上記の活性化処理を行ったセルロースに対して、各有機基を導入する。この反応工程では、セルロースに対し、前述の短鎖反応剤、中鎖反応剤、長鎖反応剤、および必要に応じて溶媒、触媒を加え、セルロースと短鎖反応剤、中鎖反応剤および長鎖反応剤とを固液不均一系で反応させることができる。その際、必要に応じて加熱や撹拌を行うことができる。短鎖反応剤、中鎖反応剤および長鎖反応剤の反応性官能基は、同種のものとすることが好ましい。なお、上記反応剤が酸無水物である場合、短鎖有機酸、中鎖有機酸および長鎖有機酸から選択される2種の有機酸の混合酸無水物(非対称酸無水物)を利用することもできる。
生成物であるセルロース誘導体は貧溶媒にて沈殿させ、通常の固液分離処理で容易に回収することができる。貧溶媒として、水、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロピルアルコール(IPA)、アセトン、ヘキサン等が用いられ、特に、水、メタノール、水とメタノールの混合溶液が好ましい。
本発明の一実施形態例に係るセルロース誘導体は、短鎖、中鎖、長鎖有機基を特定の割合で付加したことにより、良好な強度(高弾性率、高衝撃強度)、熱可塑性および耐水性を示しうる成形体を与える樹脂組成物が提供できる。
本発明の一実施形態例に係るセルロース誘導体を含有する樹脂組成物には、通常の熱可塑性樹脂に使用する各種の添加剤を適用できる。例えば、可塑剤を添加することで、熱可塑性や破断時の伸びを一層向上できる。このような可塑剤としては、フタル酸ジブチル、フタル酸ジアリール、フタル酸ジエチル、フタル酸ジメチル、フタル酸ジ-2-メトキシエチル、エチルフタリル・エチルグリコレート、メチルフタリル・エチルグリコレート等のフタル酸エステル;酒石酸ジブチル等の酒石酸エステル;アジピン酸ジオクチル、アジピン酸ジイソノニル等のアジピン酸エステル;トリアセチン、ジアセチルグリセリン、トリプロピオニトリルグリセリン、グリセリンモノステアレートなどの多価アルコールエステル;リン酸トリエチル、リン酸トリフェニル、リン酸トリクレシルなどのリン酸エステル;ジブチルアジペート、ジオクチルアジペート、ジブチルアゼレート、ジオクチルアゼレート、ジオクチルセバケート等の二塩基性脂肪酸エステル;クエン酸トリエチル、クエン酸アセチル・トリエチル、アセチルクエン酸トリブチル等のクエン酸エステル;エポキシ化大豆油、エポキシ化亜麻仁油等のエポキシ化植物油;ヒマシ油およびその誘導体;o-ベンゾイル安息香酸エチル等の安息香酸エステル;セバシン酸エステル、アゼライン酸エステル等の脂肪族ジカルボン酸エステル;マレイン酸エステル等の不飽和ジカルボン酸エステル;その他、N-エチルトルエンスルホンアミド、トリアセチン、p-トルエンスルホン酸o-クレジル、トリプロピオニンなどが挙げられる。中でも特に、アジピン酸ジオクチル、アジピン酸ベンジル-2ブトキシエトキシエチル、リン酸トリクレジル、リン酸ジフェニルクレジル、リン酸ジフェニルオクチルなどの可塑剤を添加すると、熱可塑性や破断時の伸びだけでなく、耐衝撃性も効果的に向上させることができる。
本実施形態例の樹脂組成物には、必要に応じて、一般的な熱可塑性樹脂を添加してもよい。
-(CO-R23-COO-R24-O-)- (VI)
-(CO-R25-O-)- (VII)
前記式(VII)中、R25は、二価脂肪族基を表し、その炭素数は、2~10であり、好ましくは2~8であり、より好ましくは2~4である。
このポリオールとしては、ポリエステルポリオール、ポリエステルエーテルポリオール、ポリカーボネートポリオール、ポリエーテルポリオールが挙げられる。
これらの熱可塑性ポリウレタンエラストマー(TPU)は、単独で用いても、組み合わせて用いてもよい。
[合成例1]
セルロースの反応性を上げるために酢酸で活性化処理を行い、その後、無水プロピオン酸とステアリン酸を反応させることで、セルロース誘導体を得た。
まずは、以下の方法でセルロースの活性化処理を行った。セルロース(日本製紙ケミカル製、製品名:KCフロック、銘柄:W-50GK)6.0g(吸着水分を除く重量)を、90mLの純水に分散させた。この分散液を24時間撹拌し、吸引ろ過することによって純水を除去した。得られたろ過物を90mLの酢酸に分散し、24時間撹拌後吸引ろ過することによって酢酸を除去した。この酢酸への分散と酢酸の除去は2回行った。これにより、活性化処理セルロースを得た。
セルロース誘導体(C1)に置換された短鎖(アセチル基)、中鎖(プロピオニル基)および長鎖(ステアリル基)有機基のDSは、1H-NMRにより求めた。それぞれのDSは、アセチル基(DSSH)=1.19,プロピオニル基(DSME)=1.49,ステアリル基(DSLO)=0.14であった。
酸無水物をステアリン酸63.2g、無水プロピオン酸28.5mLで合成した以外は、実施例1と同様にセルロースの活性化およびセルロース誘導体(C2)の合成を行った。
セルロース誘導体(C2)に置換された短鎖(アセチル基)、中鎖(プロピオニル基)および長鎖(ステアリル基)有機基のDSは、1H-NMRにより求めた。それぞれのDSは、アセチル基(DSSH)=0.95,プロピオニル基(DSME)=1.38,ステアリル基(DSLO)=0.26であった。
セルロースの活性化は合成例1と同様に行った。
セルロース誘導体の合成は、まず、ステアリン酸63.2g、無水プロピオン酸28.5mLを3口フラスコに投入し、窒素雰囲気下、100℃で1時間反応させてステアリン酸とプロピオン酸の酸無水物を合成した。そして、ここに1,4-ジオキサン250mLを加え、反応溶液の温度を50℃まで下げた後、上記の酢酸で活性化処理したセルロースおよび過塩素酸120μLと1,4-ジオキサン50mLの混合溶液を加え、50℃で撹拌した。2時間後に3口フラスコから反応溶液をビーカーに移し、水を1.5L滴下することで反応を停止した。滴下により析出した固体を吸引ろ過し、ろ過物をメタノールで洗浄し、さらに水で洗浄した。その後、100℃で減圧乾燥させることにより、目的のセルロース誘導体(C3)を得た。
セルロース誘導体(C3)に置換された短鎖(アセチル基)、中鎖(プロピオニル基)および長鎖(ステアリル基)有機基のDSは、1H-NMRにより求めた。それぞれのDSは、アセチル基(DSSH)=1.28,プロピオニル基(DSME)=1.43,ステアリル基(DSLO)=0.26であった。
酸無水物をステアリン酸94.7g、無水プロピオン酸28.5mLで合成した以外は、実施例1と同様にセルロースの活性化およびセルロース誘導体(C4)の合成を行った。
セルロース誘導体(C4)に置換された短鎖(アセチル基)、中鎖(プロピオニル基)および長鎖(ステアリル基)有機基のDSは、1H-NMRにより求めた。それぞれのDSは、アセチル基(DSSH)=0.72,プロピオニル基(DSME)=1.41,ステアリル基(DSLO)=0.38であった。
酸無水物をステアリン酸189g、無水プロピオン酸28.5mLで合成した以外は、実施例1と同様にセルロースの活性化およびセルロース誘導体(C5)の合成を行った。
セルロース誘導体(C5)に置換された短鎖(アセチル基)、中鎖(プロピオニル基)および長鎖(ステアリル基)有機基のDSは、1H-NMRにより求めた。それぞれのDSは、アセチル基(DSSH)=0.91,プロピオニル基(DSME)=1.04,ステアリル基(DSLO)=0.48であった。
セルロースの活性化は合成例1と同様に行った。
セルロース誘導体の合成は、まず、ステアリン酸189g、無水酢酸21.1mLを3口フラスコに投入し、窒素雰囲気下、100℃で1時間反応させてステアリン酸と酢酸の酸無水物を合成した。そして、ここに1,4-ジオキサン550mLを加え、反応溶液の温度を50℃まで下げた後、上記の酢酸で活性化処理したセルロースおよび過塩素酸240μLと1,4-ジオキサン50mLの混合溶液を加え、50℃で撹拌した。2時間後に3口フラスコから反応溶液をビーカーに移し、貧溶媒のメタノール/水混合溶液(メタノール:水=1:1vol)を1.5L滴下することで反応を停止した。滴下により析出した固体を吸引ろ過し、ろ過物をイソプロピルアルコールで3回洗浄し、さらに水で1回洗浄した。その後、100℃で減圧乾燥させることにより、目的のセルロース誘導体(C6)を得た。
セルロース誘導体(C6)に置換された短鎖(アセチル基)および長鎖(ステアリル基)有機基のDSは、1H-NMRにより求めた。それぞれのDSは、アセチル基(DSSH)=2.60,ステアリル基(DSLO)=0.40であった。
セルロース6.0g(吸着水分を除く重量)を、90mLの純水に分散させた。この分散液を24時間撹拌し、20分間吸引ろ過することによって純水を除去した。得られたろ過物を90mLのプロピオン酸に分散し、24時間撹拌後20分間吸引ろ過することによってプロピオン酸を除去した。このプロピオン酸への分散とプロピオン酸の除去は2回行った。これにより、活性化処理セルロースを得た。
次に、ステアリン酸63.1g、無水プロピオン酸28.5mLを3口フラスコに投入し、窒素雰囲気下、100℃で1時間反応させてステアリン酸とプロピオン酸の酸無水物を合成した。そして、ここに1,4-ジオキサン250mLを加え、反応溶液の温度を50℃まで下げた後、上記のプロピオン酸で活性化処理したセルロースおよび過塩素酸120μLと1,4-ジオキサン50mLの混合溶液を加え、50℃で撹拌した。2時間後に3口フラスコから反応溶液をビーカーに移し、メタノール/水混合溶液(メタノール:水=1:1vol)を1.5L滴下することで反応を停止した。滴下により析出した固体を吸引ろ過し、ろ過物をイソプロピルアルコールで2回、エタノールで1回洗浄し、さらに水で1回洗浄した。その後、100℃で減圧乾燥させることにより、目的のセルロース誘導体(C7)を得た。
セルロース誘導体(C7)に置換された中鎖(プロピオニル基)および長鎖(ステアリル基)有機基のDSは、1H-NMRにより求めた。それぞれのDSは、プロピオニル基(DSME)=2.45,ステアリル基(DSLO)=0.43であった。
合成したセルロース誘導体を用いて下記の通り成形体を作製し、その物性の評価を行った。
セルロース誘導体(C1)を180℃で混練、成型機のシリンダー温度190℃、金型温度110℃で射出成型し、成形体を得た。その成形体を用いて、衝撃強度、曲げ強度、吸水率を評価した。
セルロース誘導体(C2)を160℃で混練、成型機のシリンダー温度170℃、金型温度80℃で射出成型し、成形体を得た。その成形体を用いて、衝撃強度、曲げ強度、吸水率を評価した。
セルロース誘導体(C3)を160℃で混練、成型機のシリンダー温度170℃、金型温度110℃で射出成型し、成形体を得た。その成形体を用いて、衝撃強度、曲げ強度、吸水率を評価した。
セルロース誘導体(C4)を160℃で混練、成型機のシリンダー温度170℃、金型温度80℃で射出成型し、成形体を得た。その成形体を用いて、衝撃強度、曲げ強度、吸水率を評価した。
セルロース誘導体(C5)を160℃で混練、成型機のシリンダー温度170℃、金型温度80℃で射出成型し、成形体を得た。その成形体を用いて、衝撃強度、曲げ強度、吸水率を評価した。
セルロース誘導体は、市販のセルロースアセテートプロピオネート(商品名「CAP482-20」、イーストマンケミカル社製、以下CAPと略す)を用いた。成型機のシリンダー温度220℃、金型温度110℃で射出成型し、射出成型を行い、評価に用いた。
セルロース誘導体(C6)を210℃で混練、成型機のシリンダー温度210℃、金型温度110℃で射出成型し、成形体を得た。その成形体を用いて、衝撃強度、曲げ強度、吸水率を評価した。
セルロース誘導体(C7)を160℃で混練、成型機のシリンダー温度170℃、金型温度80℃で射出成型し、成形体を得た。その成形体を用いて、衝撃強度、曲げ強度、吸水率を評価した。
[混練方法]
混練機(Thermo Electron Corporation製、商品名:HAAKE MiniLab Rheomex CTW5)を使用して、セルロース誘導体7.5gを混錬した。その際、スクリューの回転数を60rpmに設定し、原料を混練機の供給口から投入後、3分間混練した。
射出成形機(Thermo Electron Corporation製、商品名:HAAKE MiniJet II)を使用し、上記のセルロース誘導体を用いて、厚み:2.5mm、幅:13mm、長さ:80mmの成形体を作製した。
得られた成形体について、JIS K7110に準拠してノッチ付アイゾット衝撃強度を測定した。
得られた成形体について、JIS K7171に準拠して曲げ試験(最大曲げ応力、破断伸び、曲げ弾性率測定)を行った。
得られた成形体について、JIS K7209に準拠して吸水率測定を行った。
セルロース誘導体(C2)90部に、添加剤としてポリブチレンサクシネートアジペート(PBSA;ビオノーレ3001、昭和電工株式会社製商品名)を10部添加し、160℃で混練、成型機のシリンダー温度170℃、金型温度80℃で射出成型し、透明な成形体を得た。その成形体を用いて、衝撃強度、曲げ特性、吸水率を評価した。結果を表3に示す。
この出願は、2015年10月9日に出願された日本出願特願2015-200886を基礎とする優先権を主張し、その開示の全てをここに取り込む。
Claims (10)
- セルロースの水酸基の水素原子の少なくとも一部が、炭素数2の短鎖有機基(アセチル基)、炭素数3~5の中鎖有機基および炭素数6~30の長鎖有機基により下記置換度で置換されたセルロース誘導体。
0.7≦DSSH≦1.5
0.5≦DSME≦2.0
0.1≦DSLO<0.5
2.4≦DSSH+DSME+DSLO≦3
(DSSHは前記短鎖有機基の置換度、DSMeは前記中鎖有機基の置換度、DSLOは前記長鎖有機基の置換度を示す。) - 前記中鎖有機基が炭素数3または4のアシル基であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のセルロース誘導体。
- 前記長鎖有機基が炭素数12~30のアシル基であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のセルロース誘導体。
- 前記中鎖有機基がプロピオニル基、長鎖有機基がステアリル基であることを特徴とする請求項1から3いずれに記載のセルロース誘導体。
- 請求項1から4いずれ1項に記載のセルロース誘導体を含有する樹脂組成物。
- 前記セルロース誘導体を50質量%以上含有する請求項5に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 請求項5または6に記載の樹脂組成物を成形してなる成形体。
- セルロースに親和する活性化溶媒を接触させてセルロースを膨潤させる活性化処理工程と、
前記短鎖有機基、中鎖有機基および長鎖有機基を導入する反応剤と活性化処理されたセルロースとを反応させる反応工程と
を含む請求項1から4のいずれか1項に記載のセルロース誘導体の製造方法。 - 前記短鎖有機基、中鎖有機基および長鎖有機基を導入する反応剤が、カルボン酸またはカルボン酸無水物である請求項8に記載のセルロース誘導体の製造方法。
- 前記活性化処理がセルロースを水に浸漬した後、水を除去する工程と、酢酸に浸漬した後、酢酸を除去する工程とを含み、該活性化処理されたセルロースを、ステアリン酸と無水プロピオン酸を混合比を調整して反応させて得られたステアリン酸とプロピオン酸の混合無水物と反応させる請求項8または9に記載のセルロース誘導体の製造方法。
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WO2017217503A1 (ja) * | 2016-06-17 | 2017-12-21 | 日本電気株式会社 | セルロース系樹脂組成物、成形体及びこれを用いた製品 |
WO2018221663A1 (ja) * | 2017-06-01 | 2018-12-06 | 日本電気株式会社 | セルロース系樹脂、成形用材料、成形体及びセルロース系樹脂の製造方法 |
WO2019049196A1 (ja) * | 2017-09-05 | 2019-03-14 | 株式会社ダイセル | 混合脂肪酸セルロースエステル及び混合脂肪酸セルロースエステルの製造方法 |
WO2019117315A1 (ja) * | 2017-12-15 | 2019-06-20 | 日本電気株式会社 | セルロース系樹脂組成物、成形体及びこれを用いた製品、並びにセルロース系樹脂組成物の製造方法 |
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JP6572903B2 (ja) | 2014-10-30 | 2019-09-11 | 日本電気株式会社 | セルロース誘導体を含む成形体用樹脂組成物、成形体および筐体 |
WO2019167641A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-01 | 2019-09-06 | 日本電気株式会社 | セルロース系樹脂、成形用材料及び成形体、並びにセルロース系樹脂の製造方法 |
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JPWO2018221663A1 (ja) * | 2017-06-01 | 2020-04-02 | 日本電気株式会社 | セルロース系樹脂、成形用材料、成形体及びセルロース系樹脂の製造方法 |
US11572416B2 (en) | 2017-06-01 | 2023-02-07 | Nec Corporation | Cellulose resin, molding material, molded body, and method for producing cellulose resin |
WO2019049196A1 (ja) * | 2017-09-05 | 2019-03-14 | 株式会社ダイセル | 混合脂肪酸セルロースエステル及び混合脂肪酸セルロースエステルの製造方法 |
WO2019117315A1 (ja) * | 2017-12-15 | 2019-06-20 | 日本電気株式会社 | セルロース系樹脂組成物、成形体及びこれを用いた製品、並びにセルロース系樹脂組成物の製造方法 |
JPWO2019117315A1 (ja) * | 2017-12-15 | 2020-12-03 | 日本電気株式会社 | セルロース系樹脂組成物、成形体及びこれを用いた製品、並びにセルロース系樹脂組成物の製造方法 |
US11434350B2 (en) | 2017-12-15 | 2022-09-06 | Nec Corporation | Cellulose resin composition, molded body and product using same, and a method for producing cellulose resin composition |
JP7143860B2 (ja) | 2017-12-15 | 2022-09-29 | 日本電気株式会社 | セルロース系樹脂組成物、成形体及びこれを用いた製品、並びにセルロース系樹脂組成物の製造方法 |
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US20180291117A1 (en) | 2018-10-11 |
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JP6819602B2 (ja) | 2021-01-27 |
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