WO2016134496A1 - 锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法和装置 - Google Patents

锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法和装置 Download PDF

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WO2016134496A1
WO2016134496A1 PCT/CN2015/000124 CN2015000124W WO2016134496A1 WO 2016134496 A1 WO2016134496 A1 WO 2016134496A1 CN 2015000124 W CN2015000124 W CN 2015000124W WO 2016134496 A1 WO2016134496 A1 WO 2016134496A1
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ion battery
lithium ion
charge
state
estimating
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PCT/CN2015/000124
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English (en)
French (fr)
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姜久春
张彩萍
赵婷
张维戈
王占国
龚敏明
吴健
孙丙香
时玮
李雪
牛利勇
李景新
黄彧
黄勤河
鲍谚
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北京交通大学
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Priority to CN201580077027.3A priority Critical patent/CN107533105B/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2015/000124 priority patent/WO2016134496A1/zh
Publication of WO2016134496A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016134496A1/zh

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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]

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  • the invention relates to the technical field of energy storage devices, in particular to a state detection technology for a rechargeable lithium ion battery.
  • the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium defines the state of charge (SOC) of a battery as a percentage of the remaining capacity and actual capacity in its "Electric Vehicle Battery Experiment Manual.”
  • SOC state of charge
  • the SOC of the power battery is used to reflect the remaining available power of the battery, and it plays the role of the traditional fuel vehicle oil meter for electric vehicles.
  • Accurate and reliable SOC estimation not only enhances the user's handling and comfort for electric vehicles, but also serves as an indispensable decision factor for electric vehicle energy management systems. It also optimizes electric vehicle energy management, improves battery capacity and energy efficiency. Important parameters to prevent overcharging and overdischarging of the battery, and to ensure the safety and service life of the battery during use.
  • the estimation methods for the SOC include an open circuit voltage method, an ampere-hour integration method, an internal resistance method, a neural network, and a Kalman filter method.
  • One of the simplest and commonly used methods is the ampere-time integration method.
  • the so-called ampere-time integration method means that if the initial state of charge and discharge is recorded as SOC 0 , then the current state SOC is: Wherein C N is the rated capacity of the lithium ion battery, I is the current of the lithium ion battery, and ⁇ is the charge and discharge efficiency. If the current measurement is not accurate in the application of the ampere-time integral method, it will cause SOC calculation error, long-term accumulation, and the error is getting larger and larger. In addition, the ampere-hour integration method needs to consider the charging and discharging efficiency of the lithium-ion battery, and the high-temperature state and current fluctuations are severe. In the case of a large error.
  • the observer-based SOC estimation method for lithium-ion battery is to estimate the state quantity by the process output, and add the error feedback of the output quantity to correct the SOC of the lithium-ion battery by the ampere-time integration method, and overcome the error accumulation of the ampere-hour integration method.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the prior art ampere-time integration method, which needs to know the initial value of the SOC of the lithium ion battery, and there is a large cumulative error, and the observer-based SOC estimation method has a large error in the partial interval. Combine the two to form a new SOC estimation method.
  • a method for estimating a state of charge of a lithium ion battery comprising the steps of:
  • step B For the state of charge of the lithium ion battery estimated in step B, if it is greater than a predetermined threshold, The state of charge of the lithium ion battery is estimated by the observer method. If it is less than the predetermined threshold, the state of charge of the lithium ion battery is estimated using the ampere-hour integration method.
  • the predetermined threshold value is a lithium ion battery state of charge value corresponding to a derivative value of an open circuit voltage and a state of charge relationship.
  • the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge of the lithium ion battery in step A includes:
  • A1 Collecting the terminal voltage of the lithium ion battery, the charging or discharging current of the lithium ion battery, and the ratio of the charging and discharging hours and the capacity of the lithium ion battery under the identification condition;
  • step A2 Using the collected amount of step A1, the coefficient of ohmic internal resistance, polarization resistance, polarization capacitance, and the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge of the lithium ion battery is identified.
  • the coefficients of the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge are a, b, c and d.
  • the identification condition is: taking a certain number of sample lithium ion batteries, charging or discharging the state of charge of the sample lithium ion battery to an intermediate value according to I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , ... I k ,
  • the currents of ..., I N , -I 1 , -I 2 , -I 3 ,...-I k ,..., -I N amp are charged and discharged at equal intervals, and are collected at each time interval according to step A1. The number of times the data is scheduled.
  • the identification condition is: taking a certain number of sample lithium ion batteries, charging or discharging the state of charge of the sample lithium ion battery to an intermediate value according to I 1 , -I 1 , I 2 , -I 2 , I 3
  • the currents of -I 3 , ... I k , -I k ..., I N , -I N amps are charged and discharged at equal time intervals, and a predetermined number of times of data are acquired in each time interval according to step A1.
  • the method for identifying the ohmic internal resistance, the polarization resistance, the polarization capacitance, and the coefficient of the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge of the lithium ion battery in the step A2 is as follows:
  • Li-ion battery charging or discharging current Li-ion battery charging and discharging
  • the ratio of the number to the capacity is used as the model input, and the mathematical input is used to form the input matrix ⁇ (1), ⁇ (2)... ⁇ (n), where n is the total number of data acquisition times;
  • C is an arbitrary constant
  • the vector consisting of the coefficients of the ohmic internal resistance, polarization resistance, polarization capacitance, and the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge of the lithium ion battery in the kth iteration, the total number of iterations is n, and ⁇ is the forgetting factor.
  • the value is between 0 and 1
  • Y(k) is the terminal voltage value of the lithium ion battery in the kth iteration.
  • the lithium ion battery state of charge estimation method samples a sample lithium ion battery in a full life area, and the charge and discharge test temperature ranges from 0 ° C to 45 ° C.
  • the invention also includes a lithium ion battery state of charge estimating device, the device comprising:
  • An open circuit voltage fitting unit for fitting the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge of the lithium ion battery
  • the observer estimating unit estimates the state of charge of the lithium ion battery by using an observer method
  • An hour integral estimation unit estimates the state of charge of the lithium ion battery by using the hourly integration method
  • a controller for estimating a state of charge of the lithium ion battery for the observer estimating unit if the value is greater than a predetermined threshold, estimating a state of charge of the lithium ion battery using an observer estimating unit, and if less than a predetermined threshold, estimating using an hourly integral
  • the unit estimates the state of charge of the lithium ion battery.
  • the controller includes a threshold determining unit, and the threshold determining unit is based on a state of charge The state of charge of the open circuit voltage relationship derivative minimum value is taken as a predetermined threshold.
  • the method and apparatus for estimating the state of charge of the lithium ion battery of the present invention can avoid the disadvantages of the ampere-integration method and the observer method, and provide high estimation accuracy in the fully charged state region.
  • the method and apparatus for estimating the state of charge of the lithium ion battery of the present invention can find the optimal demarcation point for the ampere-integration method and the observer method, and avoid the simple selection by the empirical method, which can further improve the accuracy of the estimation.
  • the ohmic internal resistance, the polarization resistance, the polarization capacitance, and the coefficient of the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge of the lithium ion battery are identified in an iterative manner, so that the lithium ion battery parameters can be accurately recognized and avoided. An error in the observer method due to inaccurate lithium ion battery parameters.
  • the OCV-SOC relationship fitting method in the present invention has high precision, and has a high degree of fit with the actual OCV-SOC curve in all SOC intervals.
  • the estimation method and apparatus of the present invention can significantly improve the accuracy of the prior art and have a good technical effect.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a parameter online identification condition according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph of OCV-SOC of a lithium-lithium ion battery for different temperatures, different types, and different aging conditions.
  • 3 is a schematic diagram showing the fitting accuracy of the SOC-OCV function in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a comparison of the true value, estimated value and terminal voltage estimation error of the lithium ion battery terminal under DST conditions.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic flow chart of a parameter identification method in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the principle of estimating the SOC by the observer in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a fragmentary schematic diagram of a SOC-OCV curve of a lithium ion battery in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a first derivative diagram of a SOC-OCV function curve of a lithium ion battery in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a second derivative diagram of a SOC-OCV function curve of a lithium ion battery in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic flow chart of a method for estimating a SOC of a lithium ion battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 11 is a schematic diagram showing the results of the SOC estimation method using the observer and the ampere-time method in the DST condition at 25 degrees.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic flow chart of a method for estimating a SOC of a lithium ion battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a method for estimating a state of charge in an embodiment of the present invention includes: A. Fitting a relationship between an open circuit voltage of a lithium ion battery and an SOC; B, estimating a SOC of a lithium ion battery by using an observer method; C, estimating for step B.
  • the lithium ion battery SOC if greater than a predetermined threshold, estimates the lithium ion battery SOC using an observer method, and if less than a predetermined threshold, estimates the lithium ion battery SOC using an hourly integration method.
  • FIG. 4 is a comparative diagram of the actual value, estimated value and terminal voltage estimation error of the lithium ion battery terminal voltage under the dynamic stress test (DST) condition. It can be seen from Fig.
  • the observer method estimates the SOC largely depends on the lithium-ion battery SOC-OCV relationship curve and model parameters, such as the accuracy of the resistor or capacitor, so that the low-end SOC estimation method using the observer method has problems, so this
  • the lithium ion battery SOC estimation method in the embodiment of the invention needs to combine the two methods: the observer method is used to estimate the lithium ion battery SOC in the high-end region of the SOC, and the low-end region of the SOC is used to estimate the lithium-ion battery SOC.
  • the advantages of the observer method and the ampere-time integration method can be combined to achieve the accuracy improvement in the full SOC interval of the lithium ion battery, compared with the simple one in the prior art.
  • the use of the observer method or the ampere-time integration method has obvious advantages.
  • the predetermined threshold may be considered based on experience. For example, when the SOC of the lithium ion battery is less than 30%, the SOC of the lithium ion battery may be estimated by using the chrono integration method, and may also be selected according to the characteristics of the SOC-OCV relationship.
  • the SOC value of the lithium ion battery SOC value corresponding to the minimum value of the SOC-OCV relationship derivative is used as the specific threshold, when the SOC value of the lithium ion battery estimated by the observer method is greater than the specific threshold. Observe the observer method, otherwise use the ampere-hour integral method to estimate the SOC of the lithium-ion battery.
  • FIG. 7 is the SOC-OCV relationship curve of the lithium-lithium battery. The curve can be roughly divided into four segments. : 0% - 6% SOC, 6% - 32% SOC, 32% - 60% SOC, 60% - 100% SOC, as can be seen from Figure 7, 0% - 6% SOC voltage change rate is large, 6% The -32% SOC voltage curve is slow, and the curve at this stage is more complicated.
  • the lithium ion battery material has a complicated phase transition reaction in this interval; 32%-60% SOC, 60%-100% SOC voltage change is For two straight lines with different slopes, the increase in the equilibrium potential of the lithium-ion battery at the high end of the SOC has not changed.
  • the use of the observer method to estimate the SOC of the lithium-ion battery will have a relatively large estimation error;
  • the general ampere-time integration method needs to know the initial value of the SOC of the lithium-ion battery in advance, and there is accumulated error, and the observer estimation solves these problems to some extent; therefore, it can be combined with the observer estimation and the ampere-hour integral calculation.
  • the boundary point between the use of the observer method and the ampere-time integration method is precisely selected by utilizing the characteristics of the SOC-OCV relationship curve of the lithium ion battery. This further enhances the accuracy of embodiments of the present invention.
  • the SOC-OCV relationship curve is fitted according to the following SOC-OCV relationship.
  • a is a predetermined index
  • the value is 2.1
  • the predetermined index can also be adjusted according to actual conditions, and all fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
  • the parameters a, b, c and d are fitted in an iterative manner and the parameters of the lithium ion battery model are obtained, such as ohmic internal resistance, polarization resistance, polarization capacitance.
  • the meaning of these parameters is the various parameters in the first-order Thevenin model of a lithium-ion battery.
  • ohmic internal resistance, polarization resistance, polarization capacitance parameters a, b.
  • ohmic internal resistance, polarization resistance, polarization capacitance parameters a, b.
  • Step A1 collecting the terminal voltage of the lithium ion battery, the charging or discharging current of the lithium ion battery, and the ratio of the charging and discharging hours and the capacity of the lithium ion battery under the identification condition;
  • Step A2 Using the collected amount of step A1, identify the coefficient of ohmic internal resistance, polarization resistance, polarization capacitance, and the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge of the lithium ion battery.
  • the ratio of the collected terminal voltage, lithium ion battery charging or discharging current, lithium ion battery charge and discharge safety time and capacity is used as a model input, and the mathematical input is used to form an input.
  • the iteration is performed in the following manner, and the ohmic internal resistance, polarization resistance, polarization capacitance, and the coefficient of the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge of the lithium ion battery are identified:
  • C is an arbitrary constant
  • the vector consisting of the coefficients of the ohmic internal resistance, polarization resistance, polarization capacitance, and the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge of the lithium ion battery in the kth iteration, the total number of iterations is n, and ⁇ is the forgetting factor.
  • the value is between 0 and 1
  • Y(k) is the voltage of the lithium ion battery terminal collected at the kth time.
  • the forgetting factor ⁇ is taken to be 0.995. This is a numerical value selected based on experience, and the present invention is not limited thereto. In fact, those skilled in the art can select the value of the forgetting factor according to the situation, and do not hinder the implementation of the specific embodiment of the present invention.
  • the identification condition can also be implemented by a specific selection manner.
  • the identification condition is designed according to the manner of FIG. 1( a ), specifically, the identification condition is : taking a certain number of sample lithium ion batteries, charging or discharging the state of charge of the sample lithium ion battery to an intermediate value according to I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , ... I k , ..., I N , -I 1 , - The currents of I 2 , -I 3 , ... -I k , ..., -I N amps are charged and discharged at equal intervals, and a predetermined number of data are acquired at each time interval. For example, if each time interval is 5 seconds and is taken once per second, a total of 2N ⁇ 5 times of data is collected.
  • the identification condition is designed according to the method of FIG. 1(b). Specifically, the identification condition is: taking a certain number of sample lithium ion batteries, and charging state of the sample lithium ion battery. Charging or discharging to an intermediate value, performing equal time according to the currents of I 1 , -I 1 , I 2 , -I 2 , I 3 , -I 3 , ... I k , -I k ..., I N , -I N amps The charging and discharging of the interval collects a predetermined number of data at each time interval. For example, if each time interval is 5 seconds and is taken once per second, a total of 2N ⁇ 5 times of data is collected.
  • the values of the parameters include the ohmic internal resistance of the lithium ion battery, the polarization resistance, the polarization capacitance, and the coefficients a, b, c and d of the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge.
  • a lithium ion battery with different aging degrees can be selected as a sample lithium ion battery for the sample lithium ion battery, and the test can also be performed at different temperatures.
  • the SOC estimation method of the lithium ion battery of the present invention can be applied to various temperature conditions. In particular, it is suitable for use between 0 °C and 45 °C.
  • the fitted SOC-OCV relationship curve and the actual SOC-OCV relationship curve are shown in Fig. 3(a).
  • the fitting curve has a small amount of error at the low end of the SOC and between individual cells.
  • the fitting curve In the high-end region of the SOC, the fitting curve almost coincides with the actual curve, and the fitting accuracy of OCV is relatively high in the overall SOC interval.
  • the observer method can be used to estimate the SOC of the lithium-ion battery.
  • FIG. 6 The block diagram of estimating the lithium ion battery using the observer method is shown in Fig. 6.
  • y in Figure 6 is the terminal voltage of the lithium ion battery, Is the actual terminal voltage y of the lithium ion battery and the terminal voltage calculated by the lithium ion battery model.
  • the error between L, L is the observer error gain matrix. Both represent the corresponding estimates.
  • U p is the voltage across the polarization resistance or polarization capacitance of the first-order Thevenin model of the lithium ion battery
  • iR o is the voltage across the ohmic internal resistance of the lithium ion battery.
  • R p and C p are polarization resistance and polarization capacitance, respectively
  • Q is the rated capacity of the lithium ion battery
  • U o is the lithium ion battery terminal voltage lithium ion battery.
  • the DST condition at 25 degrees can be obtained, and the SOC estimation result of the lithium ion battery combined by the observer method and the ampere-time integration method is shown in FIG.
  • the observer method estimates that the initial value of the SOC is 0%, and the actual initial value of the SOC is 95%, that is, there is a large initial error in the SOC estimation, and the observer method requires a period of time to estimate the SOC.
  • the adjustment can better track the true value of the SOC.
  • Fig. 11 that the observer estimates that the tracking is better after about 500s, and the relatively stable estimation effect is obtained.
  • the error between the estimated value and the actual value of the SOC of the lithium ion battery is within plus or minus 3%, so
  • the lithium ion battery SOC estimation method of the present invention has a high estimation accuracy.
  • the embodiment of the present invention further includes a lithium ion battery SOC estimating device, and the device includes:
  • An open circuit voltage fitting unit for fitting the relationship between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge of the lithium ion battery
  • the observer estimating unit estimates the state of charge of the lithium ion battery by using an observer method
  • An hour integral estimation unit estimates the state of charge of the lithium ion battery by using the hourly integration method
  • a controller for estimating a state of charge of the lithium ion battery for the observer estimating unit if the value is greater than a predetermined threshold, estimating a state of charge of the lithium ion battery using an observer estimating unit, and if less than a predetermined threshold, estimating using an hourly integral
  • the unit estimates the state of charge of the lithium ion battery.
  • the controller includes a threshold determining unit that is a predetermined threshold value according to a state of charge value corresponding to a minimum value of an open circuit voltage and a state of charge relationship derivative fitted by the open circuit voltage fitting unit.

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Abstract

一种锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法和装置。所述方法包括步骤:A、拟合锂离子电池的开路电压与荷电状态关系;B、利用观测器方法估算锂离子电池荷电状态;C、对于步骤B中估算出的锂离子电池荷电状态,如果大于预定阈值,则使用观测器方法估算锂离子电池荷电状态,如果小于预定阈值,则使用安时积分法估算锂离子电池荷电状态。通过本发明的锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法和装置,能够避免安时积分法和观测器方法的缺点,在全寿命周期、全荷电状态区域内提供高估算精度。

Description

锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法和装置 技术领域
本发明涉及储能设备技术领域,特别是涉及到可充电锂离子电池的状态检测技术。
背景技术
美国先进电池联合会(U.S.Advanced Battery Consortium,USABC)在其《电动汽车电池实验手册》中将电池的荷电状态(State of Charge,SOC)定义为剩余电量与实际容量的百分比。电池SOC的估算在电动汽车和智能电网的应用领域变得越来越必要,动力电池的SOC被用来反映电池的剩余可用电量状况,对电动汽车而言起着传统燃油汽车油表的作用,精确可靠的SOC估计值,不仅可以增强用户对电动汽车的操控性和舒适度,同时其作为电动汽车能量管理系统不可或缺的决策因素,也是优化电动汽车能量管理、提高电池容量和能量利用率、防止电池过充电和过放电、保障电池在使用过程中的安全性和使用寿命的重要参数。
对于纯电动汽车而言,电池管理系统是电动汽车中的一个重要部件,在线估算出电池的荷电状态是电池管理系统的关键问题之一。现有技术中,对于SOC的估算方法包括开路电压法、安时积分法、内阻法、神经网络和卡尔曼滤波法等,其中最简单、常用的方法之一是安时积分法。
所谓安时积分法,是指如果充放电起始状态记为SOC0,那么当前状态的SOC为:
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000001
其中CN为锂离子电池额定容量,I为锂离子电池电流,η为充放电效率。安时积分法应用中若电流测量不准,将造成SOC计算误差,长期积累,误差越来越大;另外,安时积分法需要考虑锂离子电池充放电效率, 且在高温状态和电流波动剧烈的情况下,误差较大。
除安时积分法外,还有其他一些常用的锂离子电池SOC估算方法:开路电压法、电化学测试法、神经网络法、阻抗频谱法、卡尔曼滤波器法以及基于滑模观测器、龙贝格观测器等基于观测器的估算方法,但都存在局限性:开路电压法需要将锂离子电池充分静置,不能满足在线估算;电化学方法需要专用测试设备支持;神经网络需要大量试验和数据训练,且模型的自适应性有一定的限度;阻抗分析法受到温度和老化等因素的影响;卡尔曼滤波难于消除由于锂离子电池温度和老化导致模型及其参数自身变化带来的误差。
基于观测器的锂离子电池SOC估算方法是通过过程输出量来估计状态量,并且加入输出量的误差反馈,对安时积分法估算锂离子电池SOC进行修正,克服了安时积分法误差积累和需要知道锂离子电池SOC初值的缺点,极大提高了锂离子电池SOC的估算精度,但该法估算的精确性是由模型参数的准确性来保证的,实际应用中需要实现锂离子电池模型参数的在线辨识;此外,由于锂离子电池本身的特性(开路电压-剩余电量曲线等)导致锂离子电池SOC的估算在某区间内误差较大。
发明内容
鉴于此,本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的安时积分法需要知道锂离子电池的SOC初值,而且存在较大的累积误差,基于观测器的SOC估算方法在部分区间误差较大的缺陷,将二者有机结合起来组成新的SOC估算方法。
为了实现此目的,本发明采取的技术方案为如下。
一种锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法,所述方法包括步骤:
A、拟合锂离子电池的开路电压与荷电状态关系;
B、利用观测器方法估算锂离子电池荷电状态;
C、对于步骤B中估算出的锂离子电池荷电状态,如果大于预定阈值,则使 用观测器方法估算锂离子电池荷电状态,如果小于预定阈值,则使用安时积分法估算锂离子电池荷电状态。
其中所述预定阈值为:根据开路电压与荷电状态关系导数最小值所对应的锂离子电池荷电状态值。
另外,步骤A中拟合锂离子电池的开路电压与荷电状态关系包括:
A1、在辨识工况下采集锂离子电池的端电压、锂离子电池充电或放电电流、锂离子电池充放电安时数与容量的比值;
A2、利用步骤A1的采集量,辨识锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数。
另外,开路电压OCV与荷电状态s的拟合关系为:
OCV=f(s)=a+b·(一ln(s))α+c·s+d·exp(s),
其中α为预定指数,
相应地,所述开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数为a,b,c和d。
另一方面,所述辨识工况为:取一定数量的样本锂离子电池,将样本锂离子电池的荷电状态充电或放电至中间值,按照I1,I2,I3,…Ik,…,IN,-I1,-I2,-I3,…-Ik,…,-IN安培的电流进行相等时间间隔的充、放电,并根据步骤A1在每个时间间隔内采集预定次数的数据。
或者所述辨识工况为:取一定数量的样本锂离子电池,将样本锂离子电池的荷电状态充电或放电至中间值,按照I1,-I1,I2,-I2,I3,-I3,…Ik,-Ik…,IN,-IN安培的电流进行相等时间间隔的充、放电,并根据步骤A1在每个时间间隔内采集预定次数的数据。
所述步骤A2中辨识锂离子电池的欧姆内阻,极化电阻,极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数的方法为:
以采集到的端电压、锂离子电池充电或放电电流、锂离子电池充放电安时 数与容量的比值作为模型输入,经过数学运算组成输入矩阵Φ(1),Φ(2)……Φ(n),其中n为总的数据采集次数;
按照以下方式迭代,辨识锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数:
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000004
P(0)=C·I
其中C为任意常数,
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000005
为第k次迭代中的锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数组成的向量,总迭代次数为n,λ为遗忘因子,取值在0到1之间,Y(k)为第k次迭代中锂离子电池的端电压值。
所述锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法在全寿命区域内取样样本锂离子电池,充放电测试温度范围为0℃-45℃之间。
本发明还包括一种锂离子电池荷电状态估算装置,所述装置包括:
开路电压拟合单元,用于拟合锂离子电池的开路电压与荷电状态关系;
观测器估算单元,利用观测器方法估算锂离子电池荷电状态;
安时积分估算单元,利用安时积分法估算锂离子电池荷电状态;
控制器,用于对于观测器估算单元估算出的锂离子电池荷电状态,如果大于预定阈值,则使用观测器估算单元估算锂离子电池荷电状态,如果小于预定阈值,则使用安时积分估算单元估算锂离子电池荷电状态。
其中,所述控制器包括阈值确定单元,所述阈值确定单元根据荷电状态与 开路电压关系导数最小值对应的荷电状态值,作为预定阈值。
通过本发明的锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法和装置,能够避免安时积分法和观测器方法的缺点,在全荷电状态区域内提供高估算精度。
另外,通过本发明的锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法和装置,能够找到适用安时积分法和观测器方法的最佳分界点,避免简单采用经验方法来选取,这样能够进一步提高估算的精度。
另外,本发明中通过迭代的方式,辨识出锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数,这样能够准确获知锂离子电池参数,避免了观测器方法中由于锂离子电池参数不准确而导致的错误。
本发明中的OCV-SOC关系拟合方式精度高,在全部SOC区间内均与实际的OCV-SOC曲线有较高的契合程度。
另外,本发明中设计了不同辨识工况,对于不同温度、不同锂离子电池类型、不同容量的锂离子电池进行了测试和数据采集,这样扩大了本发明锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法的应用范围。特别是对于全寿命周期的锂锂离子电池荷电状态估算,本发明的估算方法和装置能够明显提高现有技术的精度,具有良好的技术效果。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施方式参数在线辨识工况的示意图。
图2是针对不同温度、不同类型、不同老化情况的锂锂离子电池OCV-SOC曲线图。
图3是本发明实施方式中SOC-OCV函数的拟合精度示意图。
图4是DST工况下锂离子电池端电压真值、估算值以及端电压估算误差的对比示意图。
图5是本发明实施方式中参数辨识方法的流程示意图。
图6是本发明实施方式中观测器估算SOC的方法原理框图。
图7是本发明实施方式中锂离子电池SOC-OCV曲线的分段示意图。
图8是本发明实施方式中锂离子电池SOC-OCV函数曲线的一阶导数图。
图9是本发明实施方式中锂离子电池SOC-OCV函数曲线的二阶导数图。
图10是本发明实施方式中锂离子电池SOC估算方法流程示意图。
图11是25度下DST工况、利用观测器和安时法结合的SOC估算方法结果示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图,对本发明作详细说明。
以下公开详细的示范实施例。然而,此处公开的具体结构和功能细节仅仅是出于描述示范实施例的目的。
然而,应该理解,本发明不局限于公开的具体示范实施例,而是覆盖落入本公开范围内的所有修改、等同物和替换物。在对全部附图的描述中,相同的附图标记表示相同的元件。
同时应该理解,如在此所用的术语“和/或”包括一个或多个相关的列出项的任意和所有组合。另外应该理解,当部件或单元被称为“连接”或“耦接”到另一部件或单元时,它可以直接连接或耦接到其他部件或单元,或者也可以存在中间部件或单元。此外,用来描述部件或单元之间关系的其他词语应该按照相同的方式理解(例如,“之间”对“直接之间”、“相邻”对“直接相邻”等)。
图10是本发明实施方式中锂离子电池SOC估算方法的流程示意图。参考图10,本发明实施方式中荷电状态估算方法包括:A、拟合锂离子电池的开路电压与SOC关系;B、利用观测器方法估算锂离子电池SOC;C、对于步骤B中估算出的锂离子电池SOC,如果大于预定阈值,则使用观测器方法估算锂离子电池SOC,如果小于预定阈值,则使用安时积分法估算锂离子电池SOC。
之所以要采取以上方式,是因为利用观测器方法估算锂离子电池SOC时,采用的锂离子电池模型参数,例如电阻或电容值在全SOC区间内取固定值,但该值与SOC低端的参数相差较大,这样SOC低端的锂离子电池模型估算的端电压会有比较大的误差,同时SOC-OCV关系曲线在SOC低端的特性比较复杂。例如图4是动态应力测试(Dynamic Stress Test,DST)工况下锂离子电池端电压实际值、估算值以及端电压估算误差的对比示意图。从图4中可以看出:放电过程中随着时间的延长,锂离子电池端电压逐渐下降,而锂离子电池实际端电压U和估计值U*之间的差距越来越大,说明在SOC低端,观测器方法的误差越来越大。这是由于观测器方法估算SOC很大程度上依赖于锂离子电池SOC-OCV关系曲线和模型参数,例如电阻或电容的准确性,这样SOC低端采用观测器方法估算SOC就存在问题,因此本发明实施方式中的锂离子电池SOC估算方法需要结合这两种方法:在SOC高端区域利用观测器方法来估算锂离子电池SOC,SOC低端区域采用安时积分法来估算锂离子电池SOC。
因此,通过使用本发明实施方式中的锂离子电池SOC估算方法,能够结合观测器方法和安时积分法的优点,达到锂离子电池全SOC区间内的精度提升,相对于现有技术中的单纯使用观测器方法或者安时积分法,都具有明显的优势。
如何确定所述预定阈值,可以考虑根据经验选取,例如当锂离子电池SOC小于30%时即考虑使用安时积分法来进行估算锂离子电池SOC,也可以根据SOC-OCV关系的特性来选择。
例如在本发明一个具体实施方式中,利用SOC-OCV关系导数最小值对应的锂离子电池SOC值来作为所述特定阈值,当观测器方法估算出的锂离子电池SOC值大于所述特定阈值时,采用观测器方法,否则改用安时积分法来估算锂离子电池SOC。
现在结合附图说明以上实施方式的原理和具体方法。由于采用观测器方法 来估计锂离子电池SOC很大程度上依赖于锂离子电池模型参数,尤其是依赖于SOC-OCV曲线特性,图7为锂锂离子电池的SOC-OCV关系曲线,该曲线大致可以分为四段:0%-6%SOC、6%-32%SOC、32%-60%SOC、60%-100%SOC,由图7可以看出,0%-6%SOC电压变化率较大,6%-32%SOC电压曲线变缓,这一阶段曲线比较复杂,可以推断锂离子电池材料在该区间发生了较复杂的相变反应;32%-60%SOC,60%-100%SOC电压变化为两段斜率不同的直线,锂离子电池在SOC高端平衡电势增幅没有变化。
因此在SOC-OCV关系曲线的某些特殊区间段(锂离子电池SOC低端对数区以及特性相对复杂的区域)内,利用观测器方法估算锂离子电池SOC会有比较大的估算误差;由于通用的安时积分法需要预先知道锂离子电池SOC初值、存在累积误差,而观测器估算在一定程度上解决了这些问题;因此,可以通过结合观测器估算和安时积分计算两种方法来实现锂离子电池SOC的估算:在SOC高端区域利用观测器估算方法来估算,SOC低端区域采用安时积分法,而两种方法的SOC临界节点即为前述特定阈值,该特定阈值可以基于分析锂锂离子电池的SOC-OCV关系曲线特性来判断。
图8为图7所对应的OCV=f(SOC)关系曲线对锂离子电池SOC的导数曲线,由该图可以看出OCV的导数值先减小后增大,即SOC-OCV关系的斜率存在最小值。结合对图7的分析可以判断,可取SOC-OCV关系函数导数的最小值点所对应的SOC值作为观测器和安时积分法估算SOC的临界点,即如图9所示的OCV函数二阶导数取0值的SOC值处。
因此,在本发明具体实施方式中,利用到了锂离子电池的SOC-OCV关系曲线的特点,来精确选择了使用观测器方法和安时积分法之间的分界点。这样进一步提高了本发明实施方式的精度。
对于图6中的SOC-OCV关系曲线,可以采用多种拟合方法,在本发明的 一个具体实施方式中,提出了一种利用迭代的方式进行拟合的方法,通过实验结果验证,此拟合方法得到的SOC-OCV关系精度高,有很好的实施效果。
例如在一个具体实施方式中,按照以下SOC-OCV关系式来拟合SOC-OCV关系曲线。
开路电压OCV与荷电状态s的拟合关系为:
OCV=f(s)=a+b·(-ln(s))α+c·s+d·exp(s),
其中α为预定指数,在一个具体实施方式中取值为2.1,本领域内技术人员应当明白,所述预定指数也可以根据实际情况进行调整,都属于本发明的保护范围。
这样就通过对参数a,b,c和d的调整来拟合SOC-OCV关系曲线。
在一个具体实施方式中,通过迭代的方式来拟合参数a,b,c和d,并且得到锂离子电池模型的参数,例如欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容。这些参数的含义是锂离子电池的一阶戴维宁模型中的各种参量。
对于参数a,b,c和d的拟合,以及欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容的获取,在以下被统称为对欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容和参数a,b,c和d的辨识,本发明具体实施方式的参数辨识方法的流程图如图5所示,具体而言参数辨识方法包括以下步骤:
步骤A1、在辨识工况下采集锂离子电池的端电压、锂离子电池充电或放电电流、锂离子电池充放电安时数与容量的比值;
步骤A2、利用步骤A1的采集量,辨识锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数。
例如在辨识工况下共采集了n次数据,则以采集到的端电压、锂离子电池充电或放电电流、锂离子电池充放电安时数与容量的比值作为模型输入,经过数学运算组成输入矩阵Φ(1),Φ(2),……,Φ(n)。
这时按照以下方式进行迭代,辨识了锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数:
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000007
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000008
P(0)=C·I
其中C为任意常数,
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000009
为第k次迭代中的锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数组成的向量,总迭代次数为n,λ为遗忘因子,取值在0到1之间,Y(k)为第k次采集到的锂离子电池端电压。
在本发明一个更具体的实施方式中,遗忘因子λ取值为0.995。这是根据经验选取的数值,本发明并不限制于此,实际上本领域内技术人员可以根据情况进行遗忘因子数值的选取,并不会阻碍本发明具体实施方式的实现。
另外,所述的辨识工况,也可以通过特定的选取方式来实现,例如在一个具体实施方式中,按照图1(a)的方式来设计辨识工况,具体而言所述辨识工况为:取一定数量的样本锂离子电池,将样本锂离子电池的荷电状态充电或放电至中间值,按照I1,I2,I3,…Ik,…,IN,-I1,-I2,-I3,…-Ik,…,-IN安培的电流进行相等时间间隔的充、放电,在每个时间间隔采集预定次数的数据。例如每个时间间隔为5秒,每秒取1次,则一共采集2N×5次数据。
在另一个具体实施方式中,按照图1(b)的方式来设计辨识工况,具体而言所述辨识工况为:取一定数量的样本锂离子电池,将样本锂离子电池的荷电状态充电或放电至中间值,按照I1,-I1,I2,-I2,I3,-I3,…Ik,-Ik…,IN,-IN安培的电流进行相等时间间隔的充、放电,在每个时间间隔采集预定次数的数 据。例如每个时间间隔为5秒,每秒取1次,则一共采集2N×5次数据。
虽然以上两个实施方式中提出了具体的辨识工况,但这并不意味本发明限于此方式,实际上本领域技术人员可以设计其他的辨识工况。为了确保准确性,一般需要保证充电和放电过程的安时数相同即可。
这样经过迭代次数为总的采样次数的迭代之后,辨识了
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000010
中各参数的取值,包括锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数a,b,c和d。
为了使得本发明的锂离子电池SOC估算方法有更加宽广的适用范围,对于样本锂离子电池的选取可以选择不同老化程度的锂离子电池作为样本锂离子电池,也可以在不同温度下进行测试。
从图2(a)可以看出,在0℃-45℃之间不同温度状况下,SOC-OCV关系曲线差别不大,因此,本发明的锂离子电池SOC估算方法能够应用在各种温度条件下,特别地,适用于0℃-45℃之间。
从图2(b)和图2(c)可以看出,对于不同类型的锂离子电池(A类、B类锂离子电池)和不同老化程度的锂离子电池(容量A、容量B和容量C),本发明的锂离子电池SOC估算方法都能够适用。
拟合得到的SOC-OCV关系曲线和实际的SOC-OCV关系曲线如图3(a)所示,从图中可以看出,该拟合曲线在SOC低端及个别小区间内有少量误差,而在SOC的高端区域,拟合曲线几乎与实际曲线完全重合,在整体SOC区间上OCV的拟合精度都是比较高的。
从图3(b)可以看出,对于不同容量的三种锂离子电池(容量A、容量B和容量C),拟合得到的SOC-OCV关系曲线和实际的SOC-OCV关系曲线均符合以上特点:在SOC的低端区域,拟合得到的SOC-OCV关系曲线和实际的SOC-OCV关系曲线之间的误差较大,而在SOC的高端区域,所述误差较小, 这再一次说明了本发明具体实施方式的技术效果。
辨识了SOC-OCV关系、锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容之后,就可以使用观测器方法来估算锂离子电池的SOC。
利用观测器方法估算锂离子电池的结构框图如图6所示。
图6中的y是锂离子电池的端电压,
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000011
是锂离子电池实际端电压y和锂离子电池模型计算获得的端电压
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000012
之间的误差,L是观测器误差增益矩阵。
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000013
均代表相应的估计值。
图6中的锂离子电池模型采用一阶戴维宁模型,因此锂离子电池的端电压与开路电压OCV之间的关系为:y=OCV+Up+iRo
其中Up为锂离子电池的一阶戴维宁模型中极化电阻或极化电容两端的电压,而iRo为锂离子电池欧姆内阻两端的电压。
所以观测器方法中的参数关系为:
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000014
y=OCV+Up+iRo
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000015
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000016
Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-000017
其中Rp,Cp分别为极化电阻和极化电容,Q为锂离子电池的额定容量,而Uo为 锂离子电池端电压锂离子电池。
基于本发明的锂离子电池OCV估算方法,可以得出25度下DST工况,利用观测器方法和安时积分法结合的锂离子电池SOC估算结果,如图11所示。由图可知,在SOC高端区域,由于观测器方法估算SOC初值为0%,而SOC实际初值为95%,即SOC估算存在很大的初始误差,而观测器方法估算SOC需要经过一段时间的调整才能更好地跟踪到SOC真值。从图11中可以看出,观测器估算经过500s左右实现较好地跟踪,达到相对稳定的估算效果,锂离子电池SOC的估计值与实际值之间的误差均在正负3%以内,因此本发明的锂离子电池SOC估算方法具有较高的估算精度。
为了实现本发明的锂离子电池SOC估算方法,本发明实施方式中还包括一种锂离子电池SOC估算装置,所述装置包括:
开路电压拟合单元,用于拟合锂离子电池的开路电压与荷电状态关系;
观测器估算单元,利用观测器方法估算锂离子电池荷电状态;
安时积分估算单元,利用安时积分法估算锂离子电池荷电状态;
控制器,用于对于观测器估算单元估算出的锂离子电池荷电状态,如果大于预定阈值,则使用观测器估算单元估算锂离子电池荷电状态,如果小于预定阈值,则使用安时积分估算单元估算锂离子电池荷电状态。
特别地,所述控制器包括阈值确定单元,所述阈值确定单元根据开路电压拟合单元所拟合的开路电压与荷电状态关系导数最小值对应的荷电状态值,作为预定阈值。
需要说明的是,上述实施方式仅为本发明较佳的实施方案,不能将其理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,在未脱离本发明构思前提下,对本发明所做的任何微小变化与修饰均属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法,所述方法包括步骤:
    A、拟合锂离子电池的开路电压与荷电状态关系;
    B、利用观测器方法估算锂离子电池荷电状态;
    C、对于步骤B中估算出的锂离子电池荷电状态,如果大于预定阈值,则使用观测器方法估算锂离子电池荷电状态,如果小于预定阈值,则使用安时积分法估算锂离子电池荷电状态。
  2. 根据权利要求1中所述的锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法,其特征在于,所述预定阈值为:根据开路电压与荷电状态关系导数最小值所对应的锂离子电池荷电状态值。
  3. 根据权利要求1中所述的锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法,其特征在于,步骤A中拟合锂离子电池的开路电压与荷电状态关系包括:
    A1、在辨识工况下采集锂离子电池的端电压、锂离子电池充电或放电电流、锂离子电池充放电安时数与容量的比值;
    A2、利用步骤A1的采集量,辨识锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数。
  4. 根据权利要求3中所述的锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法,其特征在于,开路电压OCV与荷电状态s的拟合关系为:
    OCV=f(s)=a+b·(-ln(s))α+c·s+d·exp(s),
    其中α为预定指数,
    相应地,所述开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数为a,b,c和d。
  5. 根据权利要求3中所述的锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法,其特征在于,所述辨识工况为:取一定数量的样本锂离子电池,将样本锂离子电池的荷电状态充 电或放电至中间值,按照I1,I2,I3,…Ik,…,IN,-I1,-I2,-I3,…-Ik,…,-IN安培的电流进行相等时间间隔的充、放电,并根据步骤A1在每个时间间隔内采集预定次数的数据。
  6. 根据权利要求3中所述的锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法,其特征在于,所述辨识工况为:取一定数量的样本锂离子电池,将样本锂离子电池的荷电状态充电或放电至中间值,按照I1,-I1,I2,-I2,I3,-I3,…Ik,-Ik…,IN,-IN安培的电流进行相等时间间隔的充、放电,并根据步骤A1在每个时间间隔内采集预定次数的数据。
  7. 根据权利要求5或6中任一项所述的锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法,其特征在于,所述步骤A2中辨识锂离子电池的欧姆内阻,极化电阻,极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数的方法为:
    以采集到的端电压、锂离子电池充电或放电电流、锂离子电池充放电安时数与容量的比值作为模型输入,经过数学运算组成输入矩阵Φ(1),Φ(2)……Φ(n),其中n为总的数据采集次数;
    按照以下方式迭代,辨识锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数:
    Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-100002
    Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-100003
    P(0)=C·I
    其中C为任意常数,
    Figure PCTCN2015000124-appb-100004
    为第k次迭代中的锂离子电池的欧姆内阻、极化电阻、极化电容以及开路电压与荷电状态拟合关系的系数组成的向量,总迭代 次数为n,λ为遗忘因子,取值在0到1之间,Y(k)为第k次迭代中锂离子电池的端电压值。
  8. 权利要求5或6中任一项所述的锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法,其特征在于,在全寿命区域内取样样本锂离子电池,充放电测试温度范围为0℃-45℃之间。
  9. 一种锂离子电池荷电状态估算装置,所述装置包括:
    开路电压拟合单元,用于拟合锂离子电池的开路电压与荷电状态关系;
    观测器估算单元,利用观测器方法估算锂离子电池荷电状态;
    安时积分估算单元,利用安时积分法估算锂离子电池荷电状态;
    控制器,用于对于观测器估算单元估算出的锂离子电池荷电状态,如果大于预定阈值,则使用观测器估算单元估算锂离子电池荷电状态,如果小于预定阈值,则使用安时积分估算单元估算锂离子电池荷电状态。
  10. 权利要求9中所述的锂离子电池荷电状态估算装置,其特征在于,所述控制器包括阈值确定单元,所述阈值确定单元根据荷电状态与开路电压关系导数最小值对应的荷电状态值,作为预定阈值。
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