WO2016016508A1 - Uso de bacillus methylotrophicus como estimulante del crecimiento vegetal y medio de control biológico, y cepas aisladas de dicha especie - Google Patents
Uso de bacillus methylotrophicus como estimulante del crecimiento vegetal y medio de control biológico, y cepas aisladas de dicha especie Download PDFInfo
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- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
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- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
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Definitions
- the present invention has as its main application agriculture.
- the bacteria of the present invention, as well as the products produced by them, have utility as plant growth stimulants and for the control of plant pathogens such as bacteria, insects, fungi and nematodes.
- Phytopathogenic organisms are an important cause of plant diseases; they determine changes in their form, function or integrity and can lead to their death. Among them are nematodes, bacteria, insects, fungi and viruses.
- phytopathogenic fungi include, among others, species of the genera Botrytis, Py ⁇ hium, Alternaria, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Coiieotrichium, Eutypa, Rhizopus, PeniciHium, Sderotinia and Vertid ⁇ iium. They cause local damage, such as leaf spots, tissue hypertrophy or blight, or widespread damage, when they affect the root or vascular system, causing wilting and death of the plant. There are more than 8,000 species that attack plants, some are very specific, and others have a wide range of hosts. The economic impact that these organisms cause is very important. As an example, when Botrytis dnnerea affects the vineyards, thousands of tons of losses are produced in the wine industry.
- Plant diseases caused by bacteria have a lower incidence than those caused by fungi or viruses (Vidhyasekaran 2002).
- the phytopathogenic bacteria are: Erwinia amylovora, responsible for the disease called bacterial fire, which especially affects pear, apple, medlar, quince and ornamental rosacea; Erwinia carotovora (Pectobacterium carotovorum), producer of soft rot; Raistonia soianacearum, which causes rot and wilting in cultivated Solanaceae, but also in plants of more than fifty families; the different Páudomonas syringae pathovars, which produce spots, burns and ulcerations; Agrobacter ⁇ um tumefaciens, a bacterium that causes tumors in the neck, roots and less frequently in the stem and has a wide spectrum of hosts, covering more than 700 species; and Xanthomonas campestris, responsible for spots and burns on plants, among others.
- Nematodes also have great importance in agriculture. They are microscopic worms between 0.2-1 mm with a stylet on top that they use to feed on the plant. The larvae enter any part of the plant in contact with the moist soil, but mainly through the tip of the root absorbent hairs, since their stylet is not very vigorous. Once they lodge in the tissues, they do not move or change their situation. The symptoms are manifested by the appearance of the typical nodules or greases in the roots. These damages cause the obstruction of vessels and prevent absorption by the roots, which translates into less plant development and symptoms of wilting, chlorosis and dwarfism. Among the phytopathogenic nematodes are the species of the genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Radopholus and Pratylenchus.
- Insect pests are also a major problem in plants. In some cases they are vectors of bacterial and / or viral infections. In others, they can weaken the plant and even slow its growth and development, and its control or elimination is tremendously complex. This is the case of the beetles that drill the bark and enter under it to build their galleries and the females deposit the eggs. Or the olive spider, which sucks the sap of the plant by biting into buds, leaves, flowers, fruits and young shoots while injecting toxins into the plant, stopping growth and deforming the affected organs. Another example is the whitefly, which absorbs the sap until the leaves begin to show yellow spotted spots and finally dry. In addition the secretions produced by this insect favor the proliferation of fungi. Aphids, pruning ants, mealybugs, sawing wasps, geranium butterflies, flower beetles, etc. are other examples of the main insects that cause damage to plants.
- Rhizobacteria are soil microorganisms that live near the roots and are also widely used in biocontrol. In most cases, bacteria that are found in the rhizosphere in their natural state do not usually harm other beneficial organisms and also in many cases benefit the ecosystem by stimulating plant growth and making agricultural production more sustainable. On the other hand, its effects on human health are minimal or zero. These microorganisms, also called growth promoting rhizobacteria or PGPR (pla ⁇ growth promoting rhizobacter ⁇ á), colonize plant roots, compete and control plant pathogens, and act as fertilizers.
- growth promoting rhizobacteria or PGPR plaque growth promoting rhizobacter ⁇ á
- PGPRs are characterized by their ability to stimulate plant growth, through direct or indirect mechanisms.
- Direct stimulation includes nitrogen fixation (Sessitsch et a /., 2002); the production of hormones, such as auxins, gibereiins and cytokinins that increase the lengthening, division and size of roots (Perrine et al., 2004; Garc ⁇ a de Saiamone ef a /., 2001); the soiubilization of phosphates (Rodr ⁇ guez and Fraga, 1999); and siderophores secretion (Carson et al., 2000), among others.
- Indirect stimulation of plant growth includes various biocontrol mechanisms of phytopathogenic organisms (bacteria, fungi and nematodes among others) among those found: competition for ecological niche or substrates; the production of hydrolytic enzymes (proteases, lipases, chitinases, collagenases and glucanases); antibiotic production (Hassan et al., 1997; Essalmani and Lahlou, 2003); the colonization of the roots becoming "biological envelopes" that delay invasion by nematodes (Rodr ⁇ guez-Kábana 1997; Loeppler 1997); the alteration of root exudates, making them less attractive to nematodes (Oostendorp, and Sikora, 1990); the production of siderophores and the production by some PGPR of volatile compounds such as acetoin and 2,3 butanediol that produce an increase in plant resistance to infections (also called systemic induced resistance or ISR) (Choudhary and Johri 2009)
- PGPRs at certain concentrations in the soil (at least 10 6 microorganisms / mL are required) act, in addition to how plant growth stimulants (phyto-fortifiers of itof and rti I iza ntes), as agents of biological control, avoiding the development of bacteria, fungi and phytopathogenic nematodes.
- PGPR bacteria Among the most commonly used PGPR bacteria are species of the genera Arthrobacter, Azospirillum, BacUlus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Serratia, among others (Kloepper et al. 2004) Others such as Tsukamurelia paurometabola are also used, for example, in the bionematicide HeberNem®, effective in the control of Meloidogyne spp., Radopholus simiiis and Pratylenchus spp. Its mode of action is related to the release of hydrogen sulfide and chitinases (Mena, 2004 and 2005).
- bacteria of the genus BacUlus Some of the bacteria most used in agriculture, in the control of pathogens or as PGPR, are the bacteria of the genus BacUlus.
- Bacteria of this genus have many of the aforementioned characteristics, and on the other hand the formation of spores allows this genus its long-term viability in commercial preparations, unlike other rhizobacteria such as Pseudomonas, Rhizobium or Serratia.
- Rhizobium strains to increase plant growth WO2003089640 A2.
- Shan et al. (Crop Protection 44 (2013), 29-37) describe the use of Bacilius methylotrophicus strain BC79 in the biocontrol of rice disease, also known as rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae ("rice blast” in English).
- Madhaiyan et al International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2010), 60, 2490-2495
- Mahusro et al. (Indian Journal of Research (2013) Vol. 2, Issue 1 1, pages 243-244) describe the improvement of a new strain of Bacillus methylotrophicus for the increased production of antimicrobial metabolites.
- the present invention relates to the use of microorganisms as plant growth stimulants and / or for the biological control of bacteria, insects, fungi and / or phytopathogenic nematodes. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of microorganisms of the Bacillus methylotrophicus species, to different culture methods of said microorganisms and to the products that comprise them, as plant growth stimulants and / or for the biological control of phytopathogens such as bacteria, insects, fungi and / or nematodes.
- the present invention relates to the use of microorganisms of the Bacillus methylotrophicus species, to different culture methods and to the products that comprise them for the biological control of phytopathogens such as bacteria, insects, nematodes and phytopathogenic fungi.
- phytopathogens such as bacteria, insects, nematodes and phytopathogenic fungi.
- the present invention relates to the use of microorganisms of the Bacillus methylotrQphicus species, to different culture methods of said microorganisms and to the products that comprise them, as plant growth stimulants and for the biological control of phytopathogens such as bacteria, insects, fungi and phytopathogenic nematodes.
- the present invention relates to the use of microorganisms of the species Bacillus methyiotrophicus, to different culture methods and to the products that they comprise for the biological control of phytopathogenic bacteria, phytopathogenic nematodes, phytopathogenic insects and phytopathogenic fungi with the exception of fungi belonging to the Magnaporthe oryzae species.
- the present invention relates to the use of microorganisms of the Bacillus methylotrophicus species, to different culture methods and to the products that comprise them for the biological control of bacteria such as those belonging to the species Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum and xanthomonas campestris, fungi such as Oidium, Botrytis or those belonging to the species Alternar ⁇ a alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cynerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora cinnamomi, Rhizopus orymerotorium scorotorium scorotorium scorotorium scorotorium scorotorium scorotorium scorotorium sclerotonia, Scumotorium scorotorium sclerotonia, Scorotorium scumotorium scorotorium scumotorium
- microorganisms belonging to Bacillus methylotrophicus strain XT1 (deposit number CECT8661) deposited on April 23, 2014 in the Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT) by the University of Granada and / or microorganisms with a high degree homology with strain XT1 whose DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene is identical in at least 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% with the DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of strain XT1, based on the identity of all the nucleotides of said DNA sequences; and / or microorganisms belonging to Bacillus methylotrophicus strain XT2 (deposit number CECT8662) deposited on April 23, 2014 in the Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT) by the University of Granada and / or microorganisms with a high degree of homology with the strain XT2 whose DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene is identical in at least 99.6%,
- the object of the present invention is also a culture of bacteria comprising or consisting of microorganisms belonging to Bacillus methylotrophicus strain XT1 and / or microorganisms with a high degree of homology with strain XT1 whose sequence of DNA of the 16S rRNA gene is identical in at least 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% with the DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of strain XT1, based on the identity of all nucleotides of said sequences of DNA; and / or microorganisms belonging to Bacillus methylotrophicus strain XT2 and / or microorganisms with a high degree of homology with strain XT2 whose DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene is identical in at least 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% with the DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of strain XT2, based on the identity of all the nucleotides of said DNA sequences.
- a subject of the present invention is also a composition comprising microorganisms belonging to Bacillus methylotrophicus strain XT1 and / or microorganisms with a high degree of homology with strain XT1 whose DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene is identical in at least 99.6%, 99.7 %, 99.8% or 99.9% with the DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of strain XT1, based on the identity of all the nucleotides of said DNA sequences; and / or microorganisms belonging to Bacillus methylotrophicus strain XT2 and / or microorganisms with a high degree of homology with strain XT2 whose DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene is identical in at least 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% with the DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of strain XT2, based on the identity of all the nucleotides of said DNA sequences.
- the present invention also aims at the use of the bacteria, cultures and / or compositions described above in a process for stimulating plant growth and / or in a process of biological control of phytopathogenic organisms.
- bacteria belonging to strains XT1 or XT2 or those microorganisms that have a high degree of homology with these strains, as described above
- their cultures or compositions that are subject to the present invention they include them, as well as the products that comprise some of them or the products obtainable from them or from their cultivation as stimulants of plant growth and / or for the biological control of plant pathogens, such as bacteria, insects, fungi and / or nematodes
- the use of bacteria belonging to strains XT1 or XT2 or those microorganisms that have a high degree of homology with these strains, as described above
- their cultures or compositions that are subject to the present invention they include them, as well as the products that comprise some of them or the products obtainable from them or from their cultivation as stimulants of plant growth and / or for the biological control of plant pathogens, such as fungi (with the exception of fungi belonging to the species Magnaporthe oryzaé) and / or or
- the bacteria belonging to strains XT1 or XT2 are used as plant growth stimulants and / or for the biological control of plant pathogens, selected from the list that includes or consists of:
- the bacteria belonging to strains XT1 or XT2 (or those microorganisms that have a high degree of homology with these strains, as described above), their cultures or compositions that comprise them, as well as the products that comprise some of them or the products obtainable from them or from their cultivation are used as stimulants of plant growth and / or for the biological control of nematodes, preferably nematodes belonging to one of the following genera: Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Ratylenchus, Xiphinema and / or Trichodorus.
- the bacteria belonging to strains XT1 or XT2 (or those microorganisms that have a high degree of homology with these strains, as described above), their cultures or compositions that comprise them, as well as the products that comprise some of them or the products obtainable from them or from their cultivation are used as plant growth stimulants and / or for the biological control of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris.
- the bacteria belonging to strains XT1 or XT2 (or those microorganisms that have a high degree of homology with these strains, as described above), their cultures or compositions that comprise them, as well as the products that comprise some of them or the products obtainable from them or from their cultivation are used as stimulants of plant growth and / or for the biological control of fungi belonging to the species Alternar ⁇ a alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cynerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Rhizopus oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Thanatephorus cucumeris and Verticillium dahliae, even more preferred for the biological control of Botrytis cinnerea.
- the bacteria belonging to strains XT1 or XT2 (or those microorganisms that have a high degree of homology with these strains, as described above), their cultures or compositions that comprise them, as well as the products that comprise some of them or the products obtainable from them or from their cultivation are used as plant growth stimulants and / or for the biological control of insects belonging to the Aphididae family, as well as insects belonging to the species commonly called "whitefly", in particular , the species Trialeurodes vaporariorum, predominantly in greenhouses.
- the present invention also aims at a process for stimulating plant growth comprising the steps of:
- the present invention also aims at a process for stimulating plant growth comprising the steps of:
- the present invention also aims at a method of biological control of phytopathogenic organisms comprising the steps of:
- step b Contact a plant affected by a phytopathogen with bacteria, bacteria cultures or compositions obtained in step a).
- a subject of the present invention is also a method of biological control of phytopathogenic fungi belonging to the species Alternar ⁇ a alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cynerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora cinnamomi, Rhizopus oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Thanatephorus cumeruscumercumeris
- Verticillium dahliae preferably belonging to the species Botrytis cinnerea, which comprises the stages of:
- step b Contact a plant affected by a phytopathogen with bacteria, bacteria cultures or compositions obtained in step a.
- the present invention also aims at a method of biological control of phytopathogenic bacteria belonging to the species Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris comprising the steps of:
- the present invention aims at a method of biological control of phytopathogenic nematodes (such as, for example, Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Ratylenchus, Xiphinema and / or Trichodorus species) comprising the steps of:
- step b Contact a plant affected by a phytopathogen with bacteria, bacteria cultures or compositions obtained in step a).
- the present invention also aims at a method of biological control of phytopathogenic insects belonging to the family Aphididae, as well as insects belonging to the species commonly called whitefly comprising the steps of:
- the methods described in the present invention may further comprise the use of a distribution system for the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention.
- the methods of the present invention may comprise the use of droppers for the distribution of bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention.
- the methods of the present invention may comprise the use of self-contained droppers for the distribution of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention.
- the methods of the present invention may comprise the use of localized irrigation systems (such as micro sprinklers with rotating elements or diffusers) for the distribution of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention.
- the methods of the present invention may comprise the use of sprinklers for the distribution of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention.
- the aforementioned methods employ bacteria, bacteria cultures or compositions comprising Bacillus methyiotrophicus, strains XT1 and / or XT2, deposited with the Spanish Collection of Type Crops (CECT) with deposit number CECT8661 and CECT8662, respectively.
- CECT Collection of Type Crops
- Figure 4 Average number of nematodes found per plant treated with strains XT1, XT2 and type strain.
- Figure 5. Average number of nematodes per root g found plants treated with strains XT1, XT2 and type strain.
- Figure 7 Growth of pumpkin plants after 50 days of potting at room temperature. Pots B1 and B2 have been inoculated with strain XT1 while B3 and B4 have not been inoculated for control use.
- the present invention relates to the use of microorganisms as stimulants of plant growth and for the biological control of bacteria, insects, fungi and phytopathogenic nematodes. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of microorganisms of the genus Bacillus, specifically of the species Bacillus methyiotmphicus, to their cultures, to compositions comprising these bacteria, to different culture methods and to the products that comprise them, as growth stimulants. plant and for the biological control of bacteria, insects, fungi and phytopathogenic nematodes.
- the present invention relates to to the use of microorganisms of the species Bacillus methy ⁇ otroph ⁇ cus, to their cultures, to compositions comprising these bacteria, to different culture methods and to the products that comprise them for the biological control of bacteria, insects, phytopathogenic nematodes and fungi.
- the present invention relates to the use of microorganisms of the species Bacillus methy ⁇ otrophicus, to their cultures, to compositions comprising these bacteria, to different culture methods and to products that comprise them for the biological control of bacteria, insects, phytopathogenic nematodes. and fungi, with the exception of fungi belonging to the species Magnaporthe oryzae.
- the present invention relates to the use of microorganisms of the species Bacillus methy! Oirophicus, to its cultures, to compositions comprising these bacteria, to different culture methods and to products that comprise them for the biological control of bacteria belonging to the species Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestres; of fungi belonging to the species Alternar ⁇ a alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cynerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora cinnamomi, Rhizopus oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Thanatephorus cucumeris and Verticillium dahliae; of insects belonging to the Aphididae family, as well as insects belonging to the species commonly called whitefly and / or nema
- Biocontrol or biocontrol is defined in the present invention as a method of control of pests, diseases and weeds that consists of using living organisms in order to control the populations of another organism (phytopathogenic organisms).
- the invention relates to bacteria belonging to the strain with deposit number CECT8661, deposited on April 23, 2014 by the University of Granada in the Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT). Throughout this report, reference may be made to this strain with the term "strain XT1". In another particular embodiment, the invention relates to bacteria belonging to the strain with deposit number CECT8662, deposited on April 23, 2014 by the University of Granada in the Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT). Throughout this report, reference may be made to this strain with the term "strain XT2".
- the use of the bacteria belonging to the strains is an object of the present invention.
- XT1 and / or XT2 in a procedure of biological control of phytopathogenic organisms and / or in a procedure of stimulation of plant growth.
- Strains XT1 and XT2 belong to the species Bacillus methyiotrophicus. This species was described by Madhaiyan et al. in 2010. It was isolated from the rhizosphere of a rice plant (Oryza sativa). The species Bacillus methyiotrophicus is closely related phylogenetically with Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. licheniformis and B. amyloliquefaciens microorganisms with various applications in the field of agriculture. The percentage of identity with these species ranges between 98.2 and 99.2%. Strains XT1 and XT2 have 99.5% and 99.3%, respectively, of identity with the type species of B. methyiotrophicus. This conclusion was reached after sequencing the entire 16S RNAr gene (1500 bp).
- strains XT1 and XT2 of the present invention are as follows: Domain: Bacteria I Edge: Firmicutesl Class: Bacillil Order: Bacillalesl Family: Bacillaceae I Genus: Bacillus.
- strains are sporulated Gram positive bacilli. Its size ranges between 1, 5 and 3.5 ⁇ in length by 0.5 ⁇ in width. They originate white-ivory colonies with irregular borders. They are negative oxidase and positive catalase.
- Strains XT1 and XT2 have perimeter flagella that give them great mobility. They originate biofilms or films that allow their adhesion to lively and inanimate substrates and that act as a protection factor against predators in the environment. The formation of biofilms facilitates the adherence of the microorganism; if it is administered by drip irrigation it will adhere to the roots. If it is administered by foliar route, it will remain in the philosophy. In addition biofilm formation both the roots and the leaves and stem protect the plant against the attack of other living beings. Consequently, both the presence of flagella and the formation of biofilm represent an advantage that these bacteria (XT1 and XT2) possess for habitat colonization.
- Strains XT1 and XT2 originate non-deforming ellipsoidal spores. In the 2xSG medium, these bacteria produce between three and five days more than 5 x 10 8 spores / mL. They are halotolerant, grow optimally in a wide range of salt concentrations [between 0 and 12% (w / v)]. They grow optimally between 20-45 ° C and at pH between 5-10. Their nutritional requirements are scarce: they can grow with a wide variety of organic compounds as the sole source of carbon, such as citrate or sucrose. They are capable of growing with ammonium nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen, without the need for the presence of yeast extract or a complex source of nitrogen.
- Strains XT1 and XT2 are facultative anaerobes. They breathe aerobically in the presence of oxygen and, in the absence of oxygen, for example in the roots and in the vicinity of them, perform butanediolic fermentation, producing 2.3 butanediol and acetoin. They use numerous sugars as a source of carbon and energy, producing acids from them. Among the sugars that these strains use are glycerol, glucose, fructose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellobiose, lactose and sucrose. They can also perform nitrogen fixation, that is, in the absence of a nitrogen source, they capture the gaseous nitrogen and transform it into ammonium, which is the source of nitrogen usable by plants. They produce dihydroxyacetone and H 2 S.
- Strains XT1 and XT2 are capable of synthesizing chelating compounds, such as siderophores, that capture Fe 3+ and transform it into Fe 2+ .
- the iron ion Fe 3+ has very little solubility at neutral pH and therefore cannot be used by organisms.
- the siderophores dissolve these ions to Fe 2+ complexes, which can be assimilated by active transport mechanisms.
- Strains XT1 and XT2 are capable of producing numerous extracellular enzymes with high hydrolytic capacity, which facilitates the availability of substrates to plants.
- strains XT1 and XT2 are capable of producing amylases that hydrolyze starch, urease that hydrolyzes urea causing ammonium, proteases that hydrolyze gelatin and casein, lipases that hydrolyze tween 80 and lecithin, DNases that hydrolyze DNA , phosphatases that hydrolyze organic phosphate and inorganic phosphate and ACC deaminase.
- the XT1 and XT2 strains produce in a CAS medium, used for the detection of siderophores, a greater clearance zone (7 and 5 mm respectively) than the Bacillus velezensis strain of Botrybel used to control and produces 3 mm. Both strains grow better than the control strain (a greater amount of bacterial mass is observed on the surface of the solid medium) in solid nitrogen-free media, indicating greater nitrogen-fixing activity. Therefore its activity as a microbial fertilizer is greater.
- Strains XT1 and XT2 are capable of forming biofilm. This activity has not been determined in the previous commercial preparation. This ability allows bacteria to more easily adhere to the roots or leaves of plants to exert their phytoprotective or growth stimulating action.
- the XT1 and / or XT2 strains object of the present invention have an enzymatic activity superior to the Botrybel preparation strain; produce higher hydrolysis halos against starch (amylase activity, see Figure 3), gelatin and casein (protease activity), tween 80 and lecithin (lipase activity), and increased ACC activity deaminase and phosphatase, determined using phenolphthalein phosphate and phosphate calcic.
- Hydrolysis halos are observed as the appearance of a transparent zone in the case of starch, casein and lecithin hydrolysis; for the gelatin the liquefaction of the same one is observed, that is to say the step to solid state to liquid; in the case of tween 80 a more opaque area of precipitation appears; for ACC deaminase activity, growth in media with amino carboxylic propane cycle is studied as the sole source of nitrogen and finally phosphatase activity It is observed with the appearance of a pink color when adding ammonia in the plate with phenolphthalein phosphate and the solubilization of calcium phosphate is analyzed by seeing the transparent area that originates around the bacterial mass grown in a medium with this compound. The activities have been analyzed using as a control the strain of Bacillus velezensis of the preparation Botrybel.
- the inhibition values of the XT1 and XT2 strains and the type strain of B. methylothrophicus against Alternar ⁇ a alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cynerea, Fusar ⁇ um oxysporum have been determined Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora cinnamomi, Rhizopus oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Thanatephorus cucumeris and Verticillium dahliae. Growth inhibition values are very significant in the case of Botrytis cinnerea. The activity was lower compared to Fusar ⁇ um oxysporum. In general, the Bacillus de Botrybel strain exhibits lower activity (and in some cases similar) to the XT1 and XT2 strains and type strain (see table 1 in Example 2, below).
- Strain XT1 and strain type B. methylothrophicus also have activity against phytopathogenic bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris while strain XT2 has activity against P. atrosepticum and X. campestris (see table 2 in example 3, below).
- Strains XT1, XT2 and the type strain of B. methylothrophicus have activity against Rhopalosiphum padi (see table 3) and strain XT1 against whitefly (see example 6, b1, below).
- Strains XT1, XT2 and the type strain of B. methylothrophicus significantly decrease the multiplication factor of Meloidogyne javanica and the number of nematodes per tomato plant and the number of nematodes per root g (see Figures 3, 4 and 5) also the treatment with strain XT1 recovered Dutch cucumber plants grown in greenhouse and highly infected by nematodes, (see example 4b, below)
- Another advantage of strains XT1 and XT2 is their high sensitivity to the antimicrobial agents generally used in therapeutics.
- Strains XT1, XT2 and the type strain of B. methylotrophicus have an additional advantage over fungi used for biological control and as stimulants of plant growth, which is its easy cultivation and therefore its easy to obtain at an industrial level.
- the advantage over other bacterial strains of other genera described for the same purpose is the presence of spores by strains XT1 and XT2, which means total product stability during storage and in the environment when conditions are not those suitable for the multiplication of said microorganisms.
- Strains XT1 and XT2 and the type strain of B. methylotrophicus produce compounds that lower the pH such as 2.3 butanediol and acetoin when they ferment sugars under anaerobic conditions.
- Strains XT1 and XT2 and type strain produce different lipopeptides, surfactants.
- surfactant lipopeptides is surfactin, similar to that produced by Bacillus subtilis.
- the surfactin produced by strain XT1 does not have 12 carbon fatty acids (12C) in its lipid chain.
- the lipopeptide extraction following the method of Cooper et al. 1981, yields of 0.12 g / L and 0.10 g / L of culture were obtained for strains XT1 and XT2 respectively.
- the type strain produced 0.6 g / L.
- the production of lipopeptides has not been described.
- the strain XT1 object of the present invention produces other surfactant lipopeptides of the type fengicine and lichenisin.
- the dry cell weight (PSC) of strains XT1, XT2 and of the type strain is 2.7 g / L, 2.5 g / L and 2.9 g / L respectively.
- the critical micellar concentration (CMC) is 0.0025% (0.025 mg / mL); With this value a surface tension of 29.7mN / m was obtained.
- the surfactin produced by B. subtilis and marketed by Sigma ® values of 26.7 mN / m were obtained at the same CMC. That is, strain XT1 produces very active surfactant lipopeptides and with activity similar to commercially available surfactin.
- lipopeptides produced by Bacillus species have antibiotic activity, acting at the level of the fungal and Gram-negative cell membranes are, for example, fengicins, mycobacillins, iturins, bacillomycins, surfactins, mycosubtilins, fungistatins (Volpon et al., 2000; Yilmaz et al. 2006).
- the lipopeptides produced by strain XT1 are a mixture of fatty acids of 13, 14 and 15 carbon atoms, which bind to a cyclic peptide by leucine or isoleucine.
- the relative proportion of these fatty acids is 1, 6.5 and 5.7 respectively.
- object of the present invention is a method for the biological control of phytopathogenic organisms comprising the steps of:
- step b Contact a plant with bacteria, bacteria cultures or compositions obtained in step a).
- a method for stimulating plant growth and / or for the biological control of phytopathogenic nematodes comprising the stages of:
- a method of stimulating plant growth in plants comprising the steps of:
- step b Contact a plant preferably not affected by a phytopathogen with bacteria, bacteria cultures or compositions obtained in step a.
- the present invention also aims at a process for stimulating plant growth comprising the steps of:
- the present invention aims at a method of biological control of phytopathogenic insects belonging to the family Aphididae, as well as insects belonging to the species commonly called whitefly comprising the steps of:
- the bacteria, cultures and / or composition of the present invention can be contacted with the (affected) plant via foliar, such as by spraying and / or dripping, or by traditional irrigation, or by flooding, etc.
- the methods described in the present invention may further comprise the use of a distribution system for the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention.
- the methods of the present invention may comprise the use of droppers for the distribution of bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention.
- the methods of the present invention may comprise the use of self-contained droppers for the distribution of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention.
- the methods of the present invention may comprise the use of localized irrigation systems (such as micro sprinklers, optionally with rotating elements or diffusers) for the distribution of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention.
- the methods of the present invention may comprise the use of sprinklers for the distribution of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention.
- Localized irrigation systems can be defined as fluid distribution methods (water, fertilizers, or, in the case at hand, bacteria, crops or compositions according to the present invention), which, in order to maintain an adequate level and constant of the fluid distributed in the soil, apply said fluid drop by drop, in a slow, localized and uniform way in the root mass of the plant.
- Localized irrigation systems may include drip, exudation and / or micro spray systems.
- a dropper according to the present invention is defined as an emission point of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention in the proximity of the plants to be treated.
- the person skilled in the art knows how a dripper works and how to make use of it. Therefore, a method for the biological control (prevention) of phytopathogenic organisms, preferably fungi, bacteria and nematodes, comprising the steps of:
- step b Contacting a plant using a distribution system for the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention, with bacteria, cultures or compositions obtained in step a.
- prevention is the provision made in advance to minimize a risk.
- the objective of preventing according to the present invention is to ensure that eventual damage (infection of phytopathogenic organisms) does not occur.
- a method for the biological control (treatment) of phytopathogenic organisms preferably fungi, bacteria, insects and nematodes, comprising the steps of:
- step b Contacting a plant affected by a phytopathogen using a distribution system of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention, with the bacteria, cultures or compositions obtained in step a.
- treatment is understood as the set of means whose purpose is the cure or relief (palliation) of diseases or symptoms.
- a method for the biological control of phytopathogenic organisms preferably fungi (except those belonging to the species Magnaporthe oryzaé), bacteria (preferably Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris, insects) is also object of the present invention.
- nematodes such as the species belonging to the genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Ratylenchus, Xiphinema, Trichodorus, and in general all plant parasitic nematodes), which includes stages of:
- step b Contacting a plant affected by a phytopathogen using a distribution system of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention, with the bacteria, cultures or compositions obtained in step a.
- the object of the present invention is also a method for the biological control of phytopathogenic organisms, preferably fungi belonging to the species Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cynerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora cinnamomi, Rhizopus oryzae, Sclerotmerphorus Thanateotorphoris sclerotiniaphorusphorus Verticillium dahliae, bacteria, preferably belonging to the species Agrobacter ⁇ um tumefaciens, Pectobacter ⁇ um atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestr ⁇ s and / or nematodes, such as, for example, the species of the genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera, Pratylenchus, Paylenipus, Paratylemachus, Paratylemachus, Paraty
- step b Contacting a plant affected by a phytopathogen using a distribution system of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention, with bacteria, cultures or compositions obtained in step a.
- the distribution systems of the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention may comprise localized irrigation systems, drippers, self-compensating drippers, micro sprinklers, and / or sprinklers.
- the bacteria, cultures and / or compositions of the present invention can be contacted with the plant affected at least once, preferably at least twice, preferably at least three times, preferably at least four times, preferably at least five times, preferably at least six times, or more.
- the time interval between an application of the bacteria, culture to / or composition of the present invention and the following (in the case where they contact or apply more than once) is 2 days, or 3 days, or 5 days, or 10 days, or 15 days, or 20 days, or 30 days.
- the bacteria, culture and / or composition of the present invention are contacted with the affected plant once every 10 days, for 60 days, or once every day for 8-12 days.
- the culture and / or composition of the present invention having a concentration of microorganisms of at least 10 8 colony forming units (CFU) per ml_ are used at a dilution between 0.5- 5% (v / v), such as 0.5%, 1%, 1, 5%, 2%, 3% and / or 5% (v / v).
- the culture and / or composition of the present invention have a concentration of microorganisms of 1.5% (v / v) of a preparation containing 5 x 10 8 CFU / mL.
- a method for the biological control of phytopathogenic organisms preferably fungi belonging to the species Alternar ⁇ a alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cynerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora cinnamomi, Rhizopus oryzae, Sclerotinia sciorotinia, Sclerotinia, Sclerotinia Thanatephorus cucumer ⁇ s and Verticillium dahliae; bacteria, preferably belonging to the species Agrobacter ⁇ um tumefaciens, Pectobacter ⁇ um atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris and / or nematodes, such as the species of the genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Ratylenchus, Ratylenchus, and
- a method for the biological control of phytopathogenic organisms preferably fungi belonging to the species Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cynerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora cinnamomi, Rhizopus oryzae, Sclerotinia scleruminia Thanatephorus cucumer ⁇ s and Verticillium dahliae comprising the stages of:
- a method for the biological control of phytopathogenic organisms preferably of bacteria, preferably belonging to the species Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris comprising the steps of:
- v / v 0.5-5%
- bacteria, cultures or compositions obtained in step a preferably once every 10 days, for 60 days, or once every day for 8-12 days.
- a method for the biological control of phytopathogenic organisms preferably of nematodes, such as the species of the genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Ratylenchus, Xiphinema, Trichodorus, and in the subject of the present invention general all plant parasitic nematodes, comprising the stages of: to.
- nematodes such as the species of the genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Ratylenchus, Xiphinema, Trichodorus, and in the subject of the present invention general all plant parasitic nematodes, comprising the stages of: to.
- a method for the biological control of phytopathogenic organisms preferably of insects, such as species belonging to the Aphididae family, as well as insects belonging to species commonly referred to as white fly, is comprised of the present invention. stages of:
- a method of stimulating plant growth comprising the steps of:
- b. Contacting, for example, distribution systems, and / or drippers, and / or localized irrigation systems, and / or sprinklers, at least once, preferably at least twice, preferably at least three times, preferably at least four times , preferably at least five times, preferably at least six times, or more, to a plant (affected or not by a phytopathogen) using a distribution system for the bacteria, cultures or compositions of the present invention, where the cultures or Compositions have a concentration of microorganisms of at least 10 8 colony forming units (CFU) per ml_, used at a dilution between 0.5-5% (v / v), such as 0.5%, 1% , 1, 5%, 2%, 3% and / or 5% (v / v), with bacteria, cultures or compositions obtained in step a, preferably once every 10 days, for 60 days, once every day for 8-12 days, or twice in a 30-day period (once on time 0 days and again at 30 days time).
- strain XT1 deposit number CECT8661
- object of the invention was isolated in 1999 from a sample of the rhizosphere of a soil near the Capacete lagoon, located in Fuente de Piedra, Málaga (Spain).
- the strain XT2 was isolated in 2010 in a soil near the mouth of the Velez River (Malaga, Spain).
- the medium used was the MY medium (Moraine and Rogovin 1966) added with 7.5% of sea salts in the case of strain XT1 and the medium MY with 3% of sea salts in the case of strain XT2 Both strains were selected due to its characteristics among some 5000 colonies (looking for those with the highest surfactant activity by the method of Jain et al. 1991).
- the activity against fungi was carried out by sowing the XT1, XT2 strains, the type and Botrybel strains in a small extension in PDA medium (potato dextrose agar). Next, a piece of agar of approximately 1 cm 2 was placed at the opposite end with mycelium of the fungus to be tested, and after 20 days and after incubation at 25 ° C, the maximum and minimum radius of the mycelium of the fungus was measured to calculate the percentage of fungus growth reduction
- strains XT1 and XT2 and the type strain against Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also determined and the absence of it was observed, that is, the zone of inhibition was zero mm.
- Example 3 Use of strains XT1, XT2 and type strain as antibacterial agents
- the antibacterial activity was determined by incorporating, in a Petri dish with soy tripticase agar (TSA), an overlay with 6 ml of sterile TSA at 45 ° C and 1 mi of a crop of the phytopathogenic strain to be analyzed in exponential phase of growth in a concentration equivalent to scale 1 of Mac Farland. Then, once the medium solidified, it was inoculated in a well 100 of crop supernatant. After 24 hours of incubation, the inhibition zone was measured (Table 2. Figure 2).
- Example 4 Use of strains XT1, XT2 and type strain as agents for biological control of nemaids a) Tests in tomato plants inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica (Fig. 3, 4, and 5)
- strains XT1 and XT2 Greenhouse test with strain XT1 in a Dutch cucumber crop with recurring problems every year due to excess soil moisture, difficulty rooting and high incidence of root rot, as well as nematode infection.
- a sector of 2000 m 2 was used to inject into drip irrigation and another similar sector as a control.
- 7.5 L of culture were applied in 6 separate applications for a period of 10 days (1, 250 I of a crop with at least 10 8 CFU / mL in each application).
- Both the fertilizer and phytosanitary treatments were maintained in both the control and treatment sector.
- the number of plants lost during this treatment in the control sector was 36 while the one treated with strain XT1 was 6.
- the differences in production were also significant, obtaining 30% more production in the treated sector.
- Example 5 The differences in production were also significant, obtaining 30% more production in the treated sector.
- strain XT1, XT2 and type strain as agents for biological control of insects a) Experiments were carried out in the laboratory with barley aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) and Anthocoris nemoralis in order to determine the percentage of mortality , which originate the bacterial cultures of the three strains of B. methylotrophicus and their surfactants, on these insects. Since the first is a sucking insect, the tests are done only topically, while in the second case they are done both topically and ingestion.
- the activity of bacterial cultures of strains XT1 and XT2 was analyzed with 5 x 10 8 CFU / ml, as well as their surfactants at a concentration of 1/1000 in distilled water, in both types of insects, by topical use. For each treatment, 10 individuals were used. In the case of Anthocoris, 5 ⁇ was applied with a pipette over their body and the same amount was impregnated with aphids with a brush. The bacterial culture medium SG was used as control. The results obtained expressed as a percentage of mortality after 48 hours are the following:
- Example 6 Use of strains XT1, XT2 and type strain as phytofortifying agents a) Potted test with pepper plants (genus Capsicum) and squash (genus Cuc ⁇ rbita) with strains XT1, XT2 and type strain
- Foliar treatments were carried out at three different doses of the culture broth containing at least 10 8 CFU / mL (0.5, 1 and 1.5% v / v) by spraying and with two repetitions (at zero time and at 30 days). In each treatment 6 plants were treated. An untreated control was used. During the study period, in the greenhouse, and therefore in the control, there were several pests: whitefly, aphid, oidium and Botrytis. The number of plants that were lost in the areas treated with the culture of strain XT1 was lower than those lost in the control area, the most appropriate dose being 1.5% (v / v). On the other hand, the weight of the tomatoes collected from the treated plants was higher than that of the control plant (see Table 6).
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EP15826994.4A EP3178325A4 (en) | 2014-07-31 | 2015-07-31 | Use of bacillus methylotrophicus as a stimulant of plant growth and biological control means, and isolates of said species |
BR112017001910A BR112017001910A2 (pt) | 2014-07-31 | 2015-07-31 | uso de bacillus methylotrophicus como estimulante do crescimento vegetal e meio de controle biológico e cepas isoladas desta espécie |
US15/500,440 US10856551B2 (en) | 2014-07-31 | 2015-07-31 | Use of Bacillus methylotrophicus as a stimulant of plant growth and biological control means, and isolates of said species |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2991678A1 (en) | 2016-02-04 |
ES2561908B2 (es) | 2016-12-01 |
CN106686983A (zh) | 2017-05-17 |
ES2561908A1 (es) | 2016-03-01 |
EP3178325A4 (en) | 2018-05-23 |
CN106686983B (zh) | 2020-05-12 |
CL2017000236A1 (es) | 2017-08-18 |
US10856551B2 (en) | 2020-12-08 |
BR112017001910A2 (pt) | 2017-11-28 |
EP3178325A1 (en) | 2017-06-14 |
US20170215429A1 (en) | 2017-08-03 |
ES2639375A1 (es) | 2017-10-26 |
ES2639375B1 (es) | 2018-09-06 |
US20210076683A1 (en) | 2021-03-18 |
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