WO2015107907A1 - ダイヤモンド結晶、ダイヤモンド素子、磁気センサー、磁気計測装置、および、センサーアレイの製造方法 - Google Patents
ダイヤモンド結晶、ダイヤモンド素子、磁気センサー、磁気計測装置、および、センサーアレイの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C30B25/00—Single-crystal growth by chemical reaction of reactive gases, e.g. chemical vapour-deposition growth
- C30B25/02—Epitaxial-layer growth
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B25/00—Single-crystal growth by chemical reaction of reactive gases, e.g. chemical vapour-deposition growth
- C30B25/02—Epitaxial-layer growth
- C30B25/18—Epitaxial-layer growth characterised by the substrate
- C30B25/20—Epitaxial-layer growth characterised by the substrate the substrate being of the same materials as the epitaxial layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/02—Elements
- C30B29/04—Diamond
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N24/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects
- G01N24/10—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects by using electron paramagnetic resonance
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/0052—Manufacturing aspects; Manufacturing of single devices, i.e. of semiconductor magnetic sensor chips
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/0094—Sensor arrays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/032—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using magneto-optic devices, e.g. Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/12—Measuring magnetic properties of articles or specimens of solids or fluids
- G01R33/1284—Spin resolved measurements; Influencing spins during measurements, e.g. in spintronics devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/24—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance for measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
- G01R33/32—Excitation or detection systems, e.g. using radio frequency signals
- G01R33/323—Detection of MR without the use of RF or microwaves, e.g. force-detected MR, thermally detected MR, MR detection via electrical conductivity, optically detected MR
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a technique for enabling high-sensitivity magnetic measurement, and more particularly to a diamond crystal capable of high-sensitivity magnetic measurement at room temperature and in the atmosphere, a magnetic sensor using the same, and the like.
- Diamond can be said to be a specific crystal lattice in which the color center in the crystal behaves like “trapped atoms” at room temperature and in the atmosphere.
- nitrogen (N) substituted with carbon is used.
- an atomic vacancy (V) located adjacent to this nitrogen, and has a spin S 1.
- Non-Patent Document 1 by D Le Sage et al.
- Non-Patent Document 2 by JR Maze et al.
- sensors using NV - center at room temperature It has been reported that the magnetic detection limit far exceeds that of Hall elements and impedance sensors, and is comparable to that of SQUID in theoretical calculations (see Non-Patent Document 3 by VM Acosta et al.).
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the principle of magnetic detection using the NV ⁇ center.
- the NV ⁇ center can have three electron spin states of
- ⁇ is the energy difference between the
- ⁇ is the gyromagnetic ratio
- B is the magnetic field strength.
- the NV ⁇ center in the ground state When the NV ⁇ center in the ground state is irradiated with green light, it emits red fluorescence. However, if the ground state has an electron spin of
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for conceptually explaining how the luminance decrease point of red fluorescence during frequency sweep of microwaves changes depending on the magnetic field strength.
- the horizontal axis is the frequency of the microwave (GHz)
- the vertical axis is the red fluorescence luminance (arbitrary scale)
- the split ( ⁇ f) of the microwave frequencies (f1, f2) increases in proportion to the magnetic field strength.
- Non-Patent Document 4 Based on such a principle, the result of measuring a two-dimensional distribution of a weak magnetic field of about 1 mT has also been reported (see Non-Patent Document 4 by S. Hong), and in principle it is possible to measure a magnetic field at the fT level. There is also a report that it is (see Non-Patent Document 3).
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2012-110489
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2012-121747
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2012-121748
- the present invention has been made in view of such problems, and the object thereof is suitable for enabling two-dimensional magnetic measurement with higher sensitivity at room temperature and in the atmosphere. It is an object of the present invention to provide a diamond crystal, and a diamond element, a magnetic sensor, and a magnetic measuring device using the same.
- the diamond crystal of the first aspect according to the present invention is a composite of nitrogen (N) substituted with carbon atoms and vacancies (V) adjacent to the nitrogen on the surface or in the vicinity of the surface. It has an NV region including a body (NV center), and the NV region has a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV center.
- the diamond crystal according to the second aspect of the present invention includes an NV region including a composite (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom and vacancies (V) adjacent to the nitrogen on or near the surface.
- the crystal plane of the NV region is a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane or a plane having an off angle within ⁇ 10 ° with respect to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, and the main axis of the NV center is orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane ⁇ 111 > Axis.
- the donor concentration is in the range of 10 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 to 10 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the NV region is formed in a nitrogen-doped diamond crystal film grown by a CVD method or a high temperature high pressure method (HPHT method).
- the element using the diamond according to the first aspect of the present invention includes a first complex (NV center) including a nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) adjacent to the nitrogen.
- NV center a first complex
- N nitrogen
- V vacancy
- a second region having a donor concentration higher than that of the first region is formed in contact with the region.
- the first regions are two-dimensionally periodically arranged in a plane, and a second region having a donor concentration higher than that of the first region is formed on each side surface or the periphery of the first region. ing.
- the second region is made of n-type diamond, and the first region is made of i-type or p-type diamond.
- the second region is made of n-type diamond, and the first region is a depletion region formed by a pn junction.
- the second region has an n + type conductivity type with a donor level of 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- An element using diamond according to the second aspect of the present invention includes a first complex (NV center) including a nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of the diamond and a vacancy (V) adjacent to the nitrogen.
- NV center a first complex
- N nitrogen
- V vacancy
- An electrode for applying a positive potential is provided on one main surface side of the region through an insulating film.
- the first regions are two-dimensionally periodically arranged in a plane, and an electrode for applying a positive potential is provided on one main surface side of each of the first regions via an insulating film. It has been.
- a second region having an NV center concentration lower than that of the first region is formed in contact with the first region.
- the crystal plane of the first region is a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane or a plane having an off angle within ⁇ 10 ° with respect to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, and the main axis of the NV center is orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane. ⁇ 111> axis.
- the first region has a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV center of the first region.
- the donor concentration is in the range of 10 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 to 10 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the diamond is a diamond film formed on a substrate by a CVD method or a high temperature high pressure method (HPHT method).
- an electric field generation unit having at least two electrodes provided to face each other is further provided on the upper or lower surface side or side surface side of the diamond crystal part including the first region.
- the periodic arrangement of the first region is, for example, a square in which the center of the first region is located at each lattice point of a two-dimensional square lattice when the plane is viewed from above. It is a periodic array.
- the periodic arrangement of the first region may be, for example, six regular hexagonal vertices centered on the center position of the specific first region when the plane is viewed from above. Each is a hexagonal packed arrangement in which the center of the other first region is located.
- the magnetic sensor according to the present invention is an optical signal emitted from the surface of each of the above-described diamond element and the first region of the diamond element, the optical signal generated due to electron spin resonance at the NV center. It has an optical sensor to detect.
- a magnetic measurement apparatus is a magnetic measurement apparatus including the above-described magnetic sensor, a sample stage provided to face the diamond element, and an optical system that irradiates the diamond element with blue-green light; A microwave generation unit for irradiating the diamond element with a variable frequency microwave; and a signal processing unit for processing an optical signal generated due to the electron spin resonance at the NV center detected by the optical sensor. Magnetic measuring device.
- the magnetic measurement device preferably further includes an electric field generation unit having at least two electrodes provided to face each other on the upper and lower surfaces or the side surfaces of the diamond crystal part including the first region. Yes.
- a columnar portion periodically arranged in a two-dimensional manner is formed as a first region on the surface of a plate-like diamond, and the diamond is formed in each of the first regions.
- a second region having a higher donor concentration than the first region is formed.
- an electrode for applying a positive potential may be provided on the back side of the first region via an insulating film.
- the sensor array manufacturing method is a heterogeneous-conductivity-type joint composed of diamond on the main surface of a plate-like diamond, and in the region of the joint, diamond carbon atoms A plurality of junctions of different conductivity types in which a composite (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with nitrogen and vacancies (V) adjacent to the nitrogen is formed.
- NV center composite of nitrogen
- V nitrogen and vacancies
- NV center the complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with carbon atoms and vacancies (V) adjacent to the nitrogen is in a negatively charged state (NV ⁇ ). It becomes possible.
- the NV - center spin state can be aligned in one direction, resulting in sharper peaks in optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signals and improved contrast. To do.
- the NV center generated in the diamond crystal can be maintained in a negatively charged state (NV ⁇ ).
- the magnetic sensor provided with the diamond element according to the present invention can perform two-dimensional magnetic measurement at room temperature and in the atmosphere with higher sensitivity than conventional ones.
- NV center nitrogen-hole composite_body
- FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the magnetic field direction and the main axis of the NV center when they are in different ⁇ 111> directions (FIG. 5B).
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an ODMR signal obtained from a sample in which a NV - center is formed at a high concentration in a diamond thin film having a main surface of (111) formed by a CVD method. It is a band figure for demonstrating the basic concept of the sensor array of the 1st aspect which concerns on this invention. It is a figure for demonstrating an example of the band figure of the sensor array of the 1st aspect which concerns on this invention. It is a band figure for demonstrating the basic concept of the sensor array of the 2nd aspect which concerns on this invention. It is a figure for demonstrating notionally the 1st process example which manufactures the sensor array which concerns on this invention.
- the present invention is directed to a diamond crystal, the same effect is expected in other wide band gap semiconductors such as silicon carbide.
- the diamond element according to the present invention will be described as a sensor array in which the first region including the NV center is two-dimensionally periodically arranged in a plane.
- the present invention is not limited to this. It may not be a thing and it may have a single 1st field, and the use is not limited to a sensor.
- the diamond crystal of the first aspect according to the present invention is preferably a plate-like diamond crystal, and at least on the surface or in the vicinity of the surface, nitrogen (N) substituted with carbon atoms and vacancies adjacent to the nitrogen ( V) has an NV region containing a complex (NV center), and this NV region has a donor concentration higher than the concentration of the NV center.
- NV 0 center that is electrically neutral is formed in an undoped diamond crystal, and the NV 0 center is negatively charged by a method such as heat treatment after generating defects by electron beam irradiation or the like. - If the diamond crystals forming the center, when this irradiated with light, NV - part of the central becomes NV 0 centers, after light irradiation NV - center and the NV 0 centers ratio of approximately 7: about 3 It is known that
- the NV ⁇ center is formed on the n-type diamond crystal formed by the CVD method. It has been clarified that the charged state is maintained, that is, the NV ⁇ center exists stably even after light irradiation.
- NV - around the formed n-type diamond crystals (FIG. 4 (A)) and Ann doped diamond crystals (FIG. 4 (B)), after irradiation with light of wavelength 532 nm
- NV - it is a diagram showing a result of measuring the emission in the light irradiation wavelength 593nm from the center and NV 0 centers.
- the horizontal axis is the number of photons observed during light irradiation at a wavelength of 593 nm
- the vertical axis is the number of events in which each photon number is observed. From this measurement result, it exists in the diamond crystal after light irradiation. to NV - you can know the center and NV 0 centers ratio of.
- the results shown in FIG. 4A show that the concentration of the NV ⁇ center is approximately 1 ⁇ 10 11 cm ⁇ 3 and phosphorus (P) is doped at a concentration of approximately 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 . From n-type diamond crystals.
- the signal from the NV ⁇ center is observed from the undoped diamond crystal (FIG. 4B), and the ratio (NV ⁇ center: NV 0 center) is 0.74: 0.26. That is, the NV ⁇ center in this undoped diamond crystal is 26% NV 0 center by light irradiation.
- the donor concentration in the NV region may be higher than the concentration at the NV center in the region, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- 10 ⁇ It is preferably in the range of 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 to 10 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 .
- P phosphorus
- N nitrogen
- As arsenic
- S sulfur
- a composite of boron (B) and hydrogen (H) may be used.
- Such a diamond crystal may be a natural one or artificially synthesized by a high temperature / high pressure method (HPHT method) or a CVD method (chemical vapor deposition method) using microwave plasma, for example, on a diamond substrate.
- HPHT method high temperature / high pressure method
- CVD method chemical vapor deposition method
- Diamond synthesized by the CVD method can easily introduce a dopant such as phosphorus that becomes n-type during growth, and nitrogen that is an NV center can also be introduced during film formation.
- the diamond crystal is preferably an Ib type diamond crystal, and is preferably a single crystal from the viewpoint of aligning the plane orientation of the NV region and a long phase coherence time of electron spin.
- the plane orientation is preferably a ⁇ 110 ⁇ plane, a ⁇ 100 ⁇ plane, or a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, and particularly preferably a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane for reasons described later.
- the crystal face has a slight off angle from the ⁇ 111 ⁇ face.
- the off-angle is appropriately determined, but generally it is preferably within ⁇ 10 °.
- the diamond crystal of the second aspect according to the present invention is preferably a plate-like diamond crystal, and at least on the surface or in the vicinity of the surface, nitrogen (N) substituted with carbon atoms and vacancies adjacent to the nitrogen ( V) having an NV region containing the composite (NV center), and the crystal plane of this NV region is a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane or a plane having an off angle within ⁇ 10 ° with respect to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane,
- the central principal axis is the ⁇ 111> axis orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- the main axis of the NV center is the [111] axis orthogonal to the (111) plane.
- the donor concentration in the NV region is equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV center in the region, and in order to realize efficient electron supply to the NV 0 center, 10 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 to 10 ⁇ It is preferably in the range of 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the NV region is formed in a nitrogen-doped diamond crystal film grown by, for example, a CVD method or an HPHT method.
- the NV center in the diamond crystal has C 3v symmetry with the ⁇ 111> axis as the main axis, and any of the four carbons (C) adjacent to the vacancy (V) is nitrogen ( N), there are four equivalent orientations, and a dipole is randomly formed with respect to four equivalent ⁇ 111> axes.
- FIG. 5 shows a case where the main axis of the NV center is in the same direction ([111] direction) when the magnetic field is generated in the direction of [111] (FIG. 5A). It is a figure explaining the relationship between the magnetic field direction and the principal axis of NV center when it exists in the ⁇ 111> direction different from [111] (FIG.5 (B)). In the former case, the angle ⁇ formed by the main axis of the NV center (that is, the axial direction of the dipole) and the magnetic field direction is zero, and in the latter case, the angle ⁇ is approximately 109 °.
- the spin states of these NV ⁇ centers should be aligned in one direction, in other words, the axes of the NV centers should be aligned. Is required.
- the plane orientation of the NV region is the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane (or a plane having an off angle within ⁇ 10 ° with the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane)
- the main axis at the NV center is It became clear that it can be aligned with the ⁇ 111> axis orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane is used to include a plane having an off angle within ⁇ 10 ° with respect to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- FIG. 6 shows a result of alignment of an NV - centered principal axis in a diamond thin film whose main surface is formed by the CVD method with the [111] axis, and results in optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR). It is a figure which shows the experimental result which confirmed that the peak position of the (Resonance) signal was also prepared.
- such a diamond crystal does not need to be grown by a CVD method, and may be a nitrogen-doped diamond crystal grown by another method such as an HPHT method. In addition to doping nitrogen during the crystal growth of diamond, it may be doped by ion implantation after crystal growth.
- Table 1 is a table summarizing the results of examining the proportions of the NV central axes for each diamond synthesis method (and nitrogen doping method).
- Samples A, B, and D are all diamond synthesized by a CVD method on a (111) plane diamond substrate.
- the CVD conditions are such that the dilution concentration of methane with respect to hydrogen is 0.25 to 1%, and the gas pressure, power, and substrate temperature are in the range of 130 Torr to 20 kPa, 400 to 3,700 W, and 850 to 1100 ° C., respectively. It is preferable to set to.
- samples A and D formed NV centers by doping nitrogen during the crystal growth of diamond.
- an NV center was formed by growing nitrogen crystals and then doping nitrogen ( 15 N) by ion implantation.
- 15 N doping nitrogen
- the ion implantation it is preferable to implant 15 N ions at an acceleration voltage of about 30 keV while annealing the substrate to a temperature of about 600 ° C.
- the dose is set to 10 9 to 10 16 cm ⁇ 2 and, in order to reduce crystal defects, annealing is preferably performed in an Ar atmosphere at a temperature of about 1000 ° C. for about 2 hours after ion implantation.
- Samples C and E respectively, a diamond synthesized by IIa HPHT method and Ib HPHT method, sample C, as in the sample B, doped with nitrogen (15 N) by an ion implantation method after the crystal growth of diamond As a result, an NV center was formed.
- Sample E was doped with nitrogen during the crystal growth of diamond, and further formed a NV center by electron beam irradiation after crystal growth of diamond. This electron beam irradiation is performed under the conditions of an acceleration voltage of 0.5 MeV and an electron beam concentration of 1.5 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 2. After the electron beam irradiation, 1000 nm in an Ar atmosphere is used to reduce crystal defects. Annealing is performed at a temperature of 2 ° C. for 2 hours.
- FIG. 6 (A) is a confocal laser fluorescence microscope image, and each of the circle marks in this figure is a single NV - center.
- FIG 6 (B) These single NV - a ODMR signal from the center, any single NV - also from the center, the signal having a peak at the same frequency is obtained. Incidentally, such a ODMR measuring 50 single NV - was performed on the center, any of a single NV - center, the same spectrum as that shown in was obtained FIG 6 (B).
- the NV center in the diamond crystal has C 3v symmetry with the ⁇ 111> axis as the main axis, and when a dipole is randomly formed with respect to four equivalent ⁇ 111> axes,
- the ODMR signal also changes depending on the direction of the applied magnetic field. For example, if a magnetic field is applied from four different directions [111], [1-1-1], [-11-1], and [ ⁇ 1-11], the ODMR obtained under each magnetic field application condition The signals are different from each other.
- “ ⁇ 1” means “first bar”.
- the plane orientation of the NV region is the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane and the main axis of the NV center is aligned with the ⁇ 111> axis orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, the above four different types are obtained as shown in FIG. Even if a magnetic field is applied from the direction, the drop frequency (resonance frequency) of the ODMR signal is the same.
- FIG. 7 (A) is obtained from a sample in which an NV ⁇ center is formed at a relatively high concentration (approximately 1 ⁇ 10 14 cm ⁇ 3 ) in a diamond thin film whose main surface is formed by CVD (111).
- the horizontal axis represents the microwave frequency (MHz), and the vertical axis represents the ODMR red fluorescence intensity (arbitrary scale).
- the main axis of the NV ⁇ center formed in this diamond thin film is the ⁇ 111> axis orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane. In other words, all of the NV ⁇ center principal axes are aligned with the ⁇ 111> axis orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- the confocal laser microscope is used to observe light emission from a single NV center while irradiating a high frequency (2.55-2.85 GHz) and applying a magnetic field of [111]. It is the result of irradiating about 16 mT in the direction and measuring at room temperature.
- a sample in which the main axis of the NV center is aligned with a specific ⁇ 111> axis (here, [111] axis) out of four equivalent ⁇ 111> axes is obtained as follows, for example.
- Nitrogen gas, methane gas, and hydrogen gas are introduced into a reaction chamber on a diamond substrate having an Ib type (111) surface (with an off angle of 10 degrees or less) synthesized by a high temperature and high pressure method, and plasma is obtained by microwave CVD.
- the film is formed inside.
- the CVD conditions are, for example, a total gas pressure of 25 Torr, a gas flow rate of 400 sccm, a microwave power of 750 W, and a mixing ratio of methane and hydrogen of about 0.05%.
- the substrate temperature is about 800 ° C.
- the diamond film obtained by such a CVD method is mainly oriented in the (111) plane, and an NV center having [111], which is the ⁇ 111> axis orthogonal to the (111) plane, is generated in the film. Is done. Nitrogen is desirably introduced during film formation.
- Such a diamond crystal may have a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane as a main surface, and may be a natural one, a CVD using a high-temperature high-pressure method (HPHT) or microwave plasma, or an artificially synthesized one. It is preferably an Ib type diamond crystal, and can be obtained, for example, by homoepitaxially growing a diamond thin film by a CVD method on a diamond substrate having a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane as a main surface.
- the diamond thin film is preferably a single crystal, but the same effect can be obtained even if it is polycrystalline or nanodiamond.
- Nitrogen is preferably introduced at the time of CVD film formation, but nitrogen can also be introduced by ion implantation after film formation.
- the NV region preferably has a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV center. Further, the donor concentration in the NV region may be higher than the concentration at the NV center of the region, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- P phosphorus
- N nitrogen
- S sulfur
- a composite of boron (B) and hydrogen (H) may be used.
- the sensor array according to the first aspect of the present invention is an element using diamond, which is a composite (NV center) of nitrogen (N) in which diamond carbon atoms are substituted and vacancies (V) adjacent to the nitrogen. And a second region having a higher donor concentration than the first region.
- the first regions are two-dimensionally periodically arranged in a plane, and a second region having a donor concentration higher than that of the first region is formed on each side surface or around the first region. .
- the energy band of the first region is curved due to the presence of the second region, and electron injection due to diffusion from the second region is likely to occur due to the band curvature.
- the electrons injected into the first region are captured by the NV center (NV 0 center) in an electrically neutral state in the first region, and a negative charge that enables magnetic detection with high spatial resolution and high sensitivity.
- NV center NV 0 center
- FIG. 8 is a band diagram for explaining the basic concept of the sensor array according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- the first region described above is a substantially undoped p ⁇ type diamond
- the second region surrounding the first region is an n + type diamond.
- the energy band of the first region is bent due to the presence of the second region, and this band bending causes electron injection due to diffusion from the second region. That's fine. Therefore, for example, the second region may be made of n-type diamond, and the first region may be made of i-type or p-type diamond.
- the second region may be made of n-type diamond, and the first region may be a depletion region formed by a pn junction.
- NV center of nitrogen (N) substituted with diamond carbon atoms and vacancy (V) adjacent to the nitrogen is formed in the junction region. It is possible to form a depletion region formed in the junction of the different conductivity type formed.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B show band diagrams of n ⁇ type diamond and n + type diamond, respectively, and NV ⁇ centers formed in at least the first region.
- the energy level (NV - level) of is located in the band gap of the diamond crystal.
- the first region (n ⁇ type) having the band diagram shown in FIG. 8A (a) has a higher donor concentration than the first region as shown in FIG. 8A (b).
- the energy band in the first region is curved in the boundary region with the second region.
- the NV ⁇ center formed in the diamond crystal is stable at room temperature, but when subjected to a disturbance such as light irradiation, the trapped electrons are released and become the NV 0 center. Once the NV 0 center is reached, it remains in the crystal with the NV 0 center until the electrons are captured again.
- the energy band in the first region is curved, and electrons are diffused and injected from the second region by this band bending. Electron capture to the NV 0 center is possible.
- the curvature of the energy band occurs only in the boundary region with the second region.
- the first region is reduced in density by reducing the width of the first region.
- the energy band can be bent substantially throughout the first region. In other words, it is possible to realize “depletion” over the entire width of the first region by narrowing the width of the first region.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining an example of a band diagram of the sensor array according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- the first region is i-type (or low-concentration p-type: p ⁇ -type), and this first region is surrounded by the n + -type second region.
- the energy band is curved throughout the first region (FIG. 9A).
- the curvature of the energy band is a central region of an i-type (or low-concentration p ⁇ -type) first region, and the periphery thereof is an n + -type.
- the columnar pillar (FIGS.
- FIGS. 9B and 9A serving as the second region and the central region of the first region are i-type (or low-concentration p ⁇ -type) regions around the n + -type.
- This can be realized by, for example, forming a prismatic pillar (FIGS. 9B and 9B) that is the second region.
- the first region is separated from the boundary between the first region and the second region. On the side, a depletion layer of about 0.5 ⁇ m is formed from both boundaries. Therefore, when the width of the first region is about 1.0 ⁇ m, the above-described effect can be achieved in almost the entire region of the first region.
- the width of the first region is about 0.4 ⁇ m, and when the acceptor concentration in the first region is about 3 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3. If the width of the first region is about 0.7 ⁇ m, the above-described effect can be obtained over almost the entire region of the first region.
- the plane orientation of the first region is the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, and the main axis of the NV center is aligned with the ⁇ 111> axis orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- the first region preferably has a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV center of the first region, and the second region has an n + type conductivity having a donor level of 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more. It is preferable to have a mold.
- P phosphorus
- N nitrogen
- As arsenic
- S sulfur
- a composite of boron (B) and hydrogen (H) may be used.
- the concentration of the NV center in the second region is preferably lower than the concentration of the NV center in the first region.
- the above-mentioned diamond is preferably a nitrogen-doped diamond film formed on a substrate by a CVD method, for example.
- a diamond film is obtained, for example, as follows. Nitrogen gas, methane gas, and hydrogen gas are introduced into a reaction chamber on a diamond substrate having an Ib type (111) surface (with an off angle of 10 degrees or less) synthesized by a high temperature and high pressure method, and plasma is obtained by microwave CVD. The film is formed inside.
- the CVD conditions are, for example, a total gas pressure of 25 Torr, a gas flow rate of 400 sccm, a microwave power of 750 W, and a mixing ratio of methane and hydrogen of about 0.05%.
- the substrate temperature is about 800 ° C.
- the diamond film obtained by such a CVD method is mainly oriented in the (111) plane, and an NV center having [111], which is the ⁇ 111> axis orthogonal to the (111) plane, is generated in the film. Is done. Nitrogen is desirably introduced during film formation.
- each of the first regions may be configured such that an electrode for applying a positive potential is provided on one main surface side (back surface side) via an insulating film.
- columnar portions that are two-dimensionally periodically arranged on the surface of a plate-like diamond are formed as first regions, and diamonds are formed in each of the first regions.
- NV center a complex of nitrogen (N) substituted with carbon atoms and vacancies (V) adjacent to the nitrogen, and surrounding each of the first regions;
- a second region having a higher donor concentration than the region is formed and the energy band of the first region is curved as described above.
- the sensor array according to the second aspect of the present invention is an element using diamond, which is a composite (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with diamond carbon atoms and vacancy (V) adjacent to the nitrogen. ),
- An electrode for applying a positive potential is provided on one main surface side (back surface side) of the first region including an insulating film.
- the first regions are two-dimensionally periodically arranged in a plane, and an electrode for applying a positive potential is provided on one main surface side (back surface side) of each of the first regions via an insulating film.
- a second region having an NV center concentration lower than that of the first region is formed in contact with the first region.
- FIG. 10 is a band diagram for explaining the basic concept of the sensor array according to the second aspect of the present invention. Again, it is assumed that the first region is a substantially undoped n ⁇ -type diamond.
- the NV ⁇ center formed in the diamond crystal tends to become the NV 0 center by releasing the trapped electrons when subjected to a disturbance such as light irradiation.
- the energy band of the first region is curved near the interface with the insulating film, and the NV 0 center captures electrons again. Increases the probability.
- the plane orientation of the first region is the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, and the main axis of the NV center is aligned with the ⁇ 111> axis orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- the first region preferably has a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV center of the first region.
- P phosphorus
- N nitrogen
- As arsenic
- S sulfur
- a composite of boron (B) and hydrogen (H) may be used.
- the concentration of the NV center in the second region is preferably lower than the concentration of the NV center in the first region.
- the above diamond is preferably a diamond thin film formed on a substrate by a CVD method, for example.
- a columnar portion that is two-dimensionally periodically arranged on the surface of a plate-like diamond is formed as a first region, and a diamond is formed in each of the first regions.
- a second region having an NV center concentration lower than that of the region is formed, and an electrode for applying a positive potential is provided on each back surface side of the first region via an insulating film.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram for conceptually explaining a process example for manufacturing the sensor array according to the present invention.
- a diamond substrate 10 having a main surface of (111) is prepared (FIG. 11A), and the first region described above is arranged on the main surface of the diamond substrate 10 in order to periodically arrange the first regions in a plane. 1 mask 12 is formed (FIG. 11B). Then, the periphery of the region covered with the first mask 12 is removed by etching to form the columnar portions 11 periodically arranged in a two-dimensional manner (FIG. 11C).
- the substrate 10 is, for example, a p-type single crystal diamond substrate doped with boron (B). In the case of p-type, the substrate 10 is p ⁇ -type (for example, the boron concentration is 10 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less). (Doping amount) is preferable, and a resistivity (i-type) close to that of an intrinsic semiconductor is more preferable.
- nitrogen (N) is ion-implanted in a state where the substrate surface around the columnar part 11 is protected by the second mask 13 to form an NV center in the columnar part 11 serving as the first region (FIG. 11 ( D)).
- a single NV center can be formed in each of the columnar portions 11. Note that the same effect can be obtained even if nitrogen (N) is introduced to the whole without forming the second mask 13.
- the surface of the columnar portion 11 and a partial region of the surface of the diamond substrate 10 are protected by the third masks 14 a and 14 b (FIG. 11E), and around the columnar portion 11.
- An n + type diamond doped with phosphorus (P) is crystal-grown by a CVD method (FIG. 11F), after which the third masks 14a and 14b are removed, and a first region including the NV center is formed.
- a sensor array that is two-dimensionally periodically arranged in a plane is obtained (FIG. 11G).
- the pillars 16 are separated from each other.
- a partial region on the surface of the diamond substrate 10 is protected by the third mask 14b.
- the width of the columnar portion 11 serving as the first region is about 0.5 ⁇ m
- the interval between the pillars 16 is about 1 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram for conceptually explaining another process example for manufacturing the sensor array according to the present invention.
- a single crystal diamond substrate 10a having a main surface of (111) is prepared (FIG. 12A), and the main surface of the diamond substrate 10a is, for example, p-type (or i-type) by CVD.
- a single crystal diamond thin film 10b is formed (FIG. 12B).
- the single crystal diamond thin film 10b is p - type (for example, doped with a boron concentration of 10 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less) or has a resistivity close to that of an intrinsic semiconductor in the case of p - type. It is preferable.
- the diamond substrate 10a and the diamond thin film 10b correspond to the diamond substrate 10 described above.
- the first mask 12 is formed on the main surface of the diamond substrate 10 in order to periodically arrange the first regions in a plane in a two-dimensional manner.
- FIG. 12C the periphery of the region covered with the first mask 12 is removed by etching to form columnar portions 11 that are two-dimensionally periodically arranged (FIG. 12D).
- the shape of the columnar part is not particularly limited, and the cross section may be a rectangle or a circle, but from the viewpoint of isotropic, the cross section is a circle, that is, a circle.
- the columnar pillar 16 is preferable.
- the above-described periodic arrangement of the first region is, for example, a square periodic arrangement in which the center of the first region is located at each lattice point of the two-dimensional square lattice when the diamond surface is viewed from above.
- the periodic arrangement of the above-described first region has other first hexagonal vertices centered on the center position of the specific first region.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for conceptually explaining another process example for manufacturing the sensor array according to the present invention.
- the single crystal diamond thin film 10b is formed by the CVD method, not by the ion implantation method. During film formation, nitrogen is doped to generate NV centers.
- a single-crystal diamond substrate 10a having a main surface of (111) is prepared (FIG. 13A), and the main surface of the diamond substrate 10a is doped with nitrogen (N) by a CVD method.
- a single crystal diamond thin film 10b is formed (FIG. 13B).
- the diamond substrate 10a and the diamond thin film 10b correspond to the diamond substrate 10 described above.
- a mixed gas of hydrogen, methane, and nitrogen is used as a process gas. Nitrogen is taken in during the CVD reaction, and an NV center has already been generated in the single-crystal diamond thin film 10b after film formation.
- annealing may be performed after irradiation with an electron beam or ion implantation of helium.
- a first mask 12 is formed on the main surface of the diamond film 10b in order to periodically arrange the first regions in a plane in a two-dimensional manner (FIG. 13C), and is covered with the first mask.
- the periphery of the region is removed by etching to form the columnar portions 11 that are two-dimensionally periodically arranged (FIG. 13D).
- the first mask 12 is not removed, and n + type diamond doped with phosphorus (P) is grown around the columnar portion 11 by the CVD method to form the second region 15 (FIG. 13). (E)).
- a sensor array is obtained in which the first region 11 including the NV center is surrounded by the second region 15 and periodically arranged two-dimensionally in a plane ( FIG. 13 (F)).
- the sensor array according to the present invention only needs to bend the energy band of the first region due to the presence of the second region and cause electron injection due to diffusion from the second region by this band bending.
- the second region may be made of n-type diamond
- the first region may be a depletion region formed in a different conductivity type junction including a pn junction.
- the junction of such heterologous conductivity type is described as a so-called pn junction may be a "pn junction” or "in junction”.
- Such a sensor array has a pn junction made of diamond on the main surface of a plate-like diamond, and nitrogen (N) in which carbon atoms of diamond are substituted in a depletion region formed in the pn junction. ) And a vacancy (V) complex (NV center) adjacent to the nitrogen is formed to form a plurality of pn junctions.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram for conceptually explaining a process example for manufacturing such a sensor array.
- a single crystal diamond substrate 10 having a main surface of (100) is prepared (FIG. 14A), and this diamond is prepared.
- a p-type (or i-type) single crystal diamond thin film 17 is formed on the main surface of the substrate 10 by CVD (FIG. 14B).
- the single crystal diamond thin film 10b is p - type (for example, doped with a boron concentration of 10 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less) or has a resistivity close to that of an intrinsic semiconductor in the case of p - type. It is preferable.
- a mixed gas of hydrogen, methane, and nitrogen is used as a process gas.
- nitrogen (N) to form the NV center is introduced into the film during the CVD process.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the NV center can be formed in the film also by nitrogen ion implantation after the CVD film is formed.
- a mask 18 is formed on the main surface of the p-type diamond film 17 (FIG. 14C), and the periphery of the region covered with the mask 18 is removed by etching, and the columnar portions periodically arranged two-dimensionally. 17a is formed (FIG. 14D). Thereafter, the mask 18 is not removed, and n + type diamond 19 doped with phosphorus (P) is grown around the columnar portion 17a by the CVD method to form a second region (FIG. 14E). ). Thereafter, when the mask 18 is removed, a nitrogen (N) in which a carbon atom of the diamond is substituted into a depletion region formed of a diamond on a main surface of the plate-like diamond and formed of the diamond. ) And a hole (V) complex (NV center) adjacent to the nitrogen, a sensor array having a plurality of pn junctions is obtained (FIG. 14F).
- FIG. 15 is also a diagram for conceptually explaining a process example for manufacturing the sensor array.
- a single crystal diamond substrate 10 having a main surface of (111) is prepared (FIG. 15A).
- a p-type (or i-type) single crystal diamond thin film 17 is formed on the main surface 10 by CVD (FIG. 15B).
- the single crystal diamond thin film 10b is p - type (for example, doped with a boron concentration of 10 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less) or has a resistivity close to that of an intrinsic semiconductor in the case of p - type. It is preferable.
- a mixed gas of hydrogen, methane, and nitrogen is used as a process gas.
- nitrogen (N) to form the NV center is introduced into the film during the CVD process.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the NV center can be formed in the film also by nitrogen ion implantation after the CVD film is formed.
- a mask 18 is formed on the main surface of the p-type diamond film 17 (FIG. 15C), and n + -type diamond 19 doped with phosphorus (P) is formed around the region covered with the mask 18.
- a second region is formed by crystal growth using a CVD method (FIG. 15D).
- nitrogen in which a carbon atom of the diamond is substituted into a depletion region formed in the pn junction portion, which is a pn junction portion made of diamond, is formed on the main surface of the plate-like diamond.
- a sensor array having a plurality of pn junctions in which a complex of N) and a hole (V) adjacent to the nitrogen (NV center) is formed is obtained (FIG. 15E).
- FIG. 16 is also a diagram for conceptually explaining a process example for manufacturing the sensor array.
- a single crystal diamond substrate 10 having a main surface of (111) is prepared (FIG. 16A).
- a p-type (or i-type) single crystal diamond thin film 17 is formed on the main surface 10 by CVD (FIG. 16B).
- the single crystal diamond thin film 10b is p - type (for example, doped with a boron concentration of 10 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less) or has a resistivity close to that of an intrinsic semiconductor in the case of p - type. It is preferable.
- a mixed gas of hydrogen, methane, and nitrogen is used as a process gas.
- nitrogen (N) to form the NV center is introduced into the film during the CVD process.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the NV center can be formed in the film also by nitrogen ion implantation after the CVD film is formed.
- an n + -type single crystal diamond thin film 19 doped with phosphorus (P) is formed on the main surface of the p-type diamond film 17 by the CVD method (FIG. 16C), and this n-type single crystal is further formed.
- a mask 18 is formed on the main surface of the diamond thin film 19 (FIG. 16D), and the periphery of the region covered with the mask 18 is removed by etching (FIG. 16E). After that, when the mask 18 is removed, nitrogen (in which a carbon atom of the diamond is substituted into a depletion region formed in the pn junction portion, which is a pn junction portion made of diamond, is formed on the main surface of the plate-like diamond.
- a sensor array having a plurality of pn junctions in which a complex of N) and a hole (V) adjacent to the nitrogen (NV center) is formed is obtained (FIG. 16F).
- the magnetic sensor used in the magnetic measurement apparatus according to the present invention is an optical signal emitted from the surfaces of the sensor array 20 and the first region of the sensor array, and is caused by the electron spin resonance at the NV center.
- the optical sensor 21 which detects the optical signal produced in this way is provided.
- FIG. 17 is a block diagram for explaining an outline of a configuration example of the magnetic measurement apparatus according to the present invention.
- This magnetic measuring device is provided so as to face the sensor array 20, a sample stage 22 for placing a specimen 23, an optical system 24 for irradiating the sensor array 20 with blue-green light, and a frequency to the sensor array 20.
- a microwave generation unit 25 for irradiating a variable microwave and a signal processing unit 26 for processing an optical signal generated due to NV-centered electron spin resonance detected by the optical sensor 21 are provided.
- the optical system 24 includes a light source 24a, an irradiation lens 24b, and a dichroic mirror 24c.
- the light source 24a is connected to a module 27 that serves as a microwave source and a sensor interface.
- green light of 638 nm is emitted, and the green light is irradiated to the sensor array 20 positioned below by the dichroic mirror 24c.
- the frequency-variable microwave receives a signal from the control circuit 28 connected to the module 27 and irradiates the sensor array 20 via the microwave generator 25.
- FIG. 17 Although the aspect which provided the electric field production
- FIG. 17
- Such an electric field generation unit 29 is, for example, an electric field generation unit having at least two electrodes provided opposite to each other on the upper or lower surface side or side surface side of the diamond crystal portion including the first region.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram for explaining how the line width of the ODMR signal becomes sharp when an electric field is applied to the sensor array 20.
- an electric field is applied to the sensor array 20 in the range of +200 V to -200 V, but the line width of the ODMR signal increases as the applied voltage (absolute value) increases regardless of whether the electric field is positive or negative. It can be clearly seen how sharpens.
- the diamond element according to the present invention can be applied not only as a magnetic sensor or a magnetic measurement device, but also as a temperature sensor, an electric field sensor, a current sensor, an acceleration sensor, and a measurement device using the same. It is.
- the diamond crystal according to the first aspect of the present invention includes an NV region including a composite (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom and vacancies (V) adjacent to the nitrogen on or near the surface.
- the NV region has a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV center.
- the donor concentration in the NV region is 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the donor is phosphorus (P).
- the plane orientation of the NV region is a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane or a plane having an off angle within ⁇ 10 ° with respect to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- the NV region is a diamond film formed on a diamond substrate by a CVD method.
- the diamond crystal according to the second aspect of the present invention includes an NV region including a composite (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom and vacancies (V) adjacent to the nitrogen on or near the surface.
- the crystal plane of the NV region is a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane or a plane having an off angle within ⁇ 10 ° with respect to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, and the main axis of the NV center is orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane ⁇ 111 > Axis.
- the NV region has a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration at the NV center.
- the donor concentration in the NV region is 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the donor is phosphorus (P).
- the NV region is a diamond film formed on a diamond substrate by a CVD method.
- the diamond element according to the first aspect of the present invention is in contact with a first region including a composite (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with a carbon atom of diamond and a vacancy (V) adjacent to the nitrogen.
- a second region having a donor concentration higher than that of the first region is formed.
- the first regions are two-dimensionally periodically arranged in a plane, and a second region having a donor concentration higher than that of the first region is formed on each side surface or the periphery of the first region. ing.
- the second region is made of n-type diamond
- the first region is made of i-type or p-type diamond.
- the second region has an n + type conductivity type with a donor level of 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the donor is phosphorus (P).
- the plane orientation of the first region is a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane or a plane having an off angle within ⁇ 10 ° with respect to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, and the main axis of the NV center is orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane ⁇ 111 > Axis.
- the first region has a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV center of the first region.
- each of the first regions is surrounded by a second region having a concentration of the NV center lower than that of the first region.
- the diamond is a diamond film formed on a substrate by a CVD method.
- an electrode for applying a positive potential is provided on one main surface side (back surface side) via an insulating film.
- the diamond element according to the second aspect of the present invention is one main region of a first region including a complex (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with carbon atoms of diamond and vacancy (V) adjacent to the nitrogen.
- An electrode for applying a positive potential is provided on the surface side (back surface side) through an insulating film.
- the first regions are two-dimensionally periodically arranged in a plane, and an electrode for applying a positive potential is an insulating film on one main surface side (back surface side) of each of the first regions. Is provided.
- the plane orientation of the first region is a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane or a plane having an off angle within ⁇ 10 ° with respect to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, and the main axis of the NV center is orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane. ⁇ 111> axis.
- the first region has a donor concentration equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV center of the first region.
- the donor is phosphorus (P).
- each of the first regions is surrounded by a second region having a concentration of the NV center lower than that of the first region.
- the diamond is a diamond film formed on a substrate by a CVD method.
- an electric field generating unit having at least two electrodes provided to face each other on the upper and lower surfaces or the side surfaces of the diamond crystal portion including the first region.
- the periodic array of the first region is, for example, a square periodic array in which the center of the first region is located at each lattice point of a two-dimensional square lattice when the plane is viewed from above. It is.
- the periodic arrangement of the first region may be, for example, other than each of the six vertices of the regular hexagon having the center position of the specific first region as the center point when the plane is viewed from above. This is a hexagonal packing arrangement in which the center of the first region is located.
- the magnetic sensor according to the present invention is an optical signal emitted from the surface of each of the above-described diamond element and the first region of the diamond element, the optical signal generated due to electron spin resonance at the NV center. It has an optical sensor to detect.
- the magnetic measurement device is a magnetic measurement device including the magnetic sensor, and includes a sample stage provided to face the sensor array, and an optical system for irradiating the diamond element with blue-green light.
- a microwave generation unit that irradiates the diamond element with a frequency-variable microwave; a signal processing unit that processes an optical signal generated due to the electron spin resonance at the NV center detected by the optical sensor; It has.
- the magnetic measurement device preferably further includes an electric field generation unit having at least two electrodes provided to face each other on the upper and lower surfaces or the side surfaces of the diamond crystal part including the first region. Yes.
- a columnar portion periodically arranged in a two-dimensional manner is formed as a first region on the surface of a plate-like diamond, and the diamond is formed in each of the first regions.
- a second region having a higher donor concentration than the first region is formed.
- a columnar portion periodically arranged in a two-dimensional manner is formed as a first region on the surface of a plate-like diamond, and the diamond is formed in each of the first regions.
- the second region is formed so as to have a lower NV center concentration than the first region.
- the periodic array of the first region is a square periodic array in which the center of the first region is located at each lattice point of a two-dimensional square lattice when the plane is viewed from above.
- the other first region is added to each of the six vertices of a regular hexagon centered at the center position of the specific first region.
- the crystal plane of the first region is a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane or a plane having an off angle within ⁇ 10 ° with respect to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- the second region is an n-type diamond
- the first region is an i-type or p-type diamond.
- the second region is an n + type diamond having a donor level of 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the donor concentration in the first region is controlled to be equal to or higher than the concentration of the NV center in the first region.
- the diamond is formed as a diamond film formed on the substrate by a CVD method.
- a method for producing a sensor array comprising: a main surface of a plate-like diamond, a heterogeneous conductivity type joint composed of diamond, wherein carbon atoms of the diamond are formed in the joint region; A plurality of junctions of different conductivity types in which a complex (NV center) of substituted nitrogen (N) and vacancy (V) adjacent to the nitrogen is formed is formed.
- NV center complex
- V vacancy
- NV center of nitrogen (N) substituted with carbon atoms and vacancies (V) adjacent to the nitrogen is in a negatively charged state (NV ⁇ ).
- the spin state at the NV ⁇ center can be aligned in one direction, and the peak of the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signal is sharpened, and the contrast is improved.
- ODMR optically detected magnetic resonance
- the NV center generated in the diamond crystal can be maintained in a negatively charged state (NV ⁇ ).
- the magnetic sensor provided with the diamond element according to the present invention can perform two-dimensional magnetic measurement at room temperature and in the atmosphere with higher sensitivity than conventional ones.
- the above-mentioned effect is not only for diamond elements using a composite (NV center) of nitrogen (N) substituted with carbon atoms of diamond and vacancies (V) adjacent to the nitrogen, but also carbon of diamond.
- the same effect can be obtained even in a diamond element using a complex of an element such as Si, P or Ge substituted with an atom and a hole (V) adjacent to the substituted element.
- the diamond element according to the present invention is not limited to application as a magnetic sensor or a magnetic measurement device, but can be applied as various sensors such as a temperature sensor, an electric field sensor, a current sensor, an acceleration sensor, and a measurement device using the same. It is.
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Abstract
Description
本発明に係る第1の態様のダイヤモンド結晶は、好ましくは板状のダイヤモンド結晶であって、少なくともその表面乃至表面近傍に、炭素原子を置換した窒素(N)と該窒素に隣接する空孔(V)の複合体(NV中心)を含むNV領域を有しており、このNV領域はNV中心の濃度以上のドナー濃度を有している。
本発明に係る第2の態様のダイヤモンド結晶は、好ましくは板状のダイヤモンド結晶であって、少なくともその表面乃至表面近傍に、炭素原子を置換した窒素(N)と該窒素に隣接する空孔(V)の複合体(NV中心)を含むNV領域を有しており、このNV領域の結晶面が{111}面若しくは{111}面と±10°以内のオフ角を有する面であり、NV中心の主軸が前記{111}面に直交する<111>軸である。
本発明に係る第1の態様のセンサーアレイは、ダイヤモンドを用いた素子であって、ダイヤモンドの炭素原子を置換した窒素(N)と該窒素に隣接する空孔(V)の複合体(NV中心)を含む第1領域に接して、該第1領域よりも高いドナー濃度を有する第2領域が形成されていることを特徴としている。好ましくは、第1領域が平面内で2次元的に周期配列されており、第1領域のそれぞれの側面若しくは周囲に、該第1領域よりも高いドナー濃度を有する第2領域が形成されている。
本発明に係る第2の態様のセンサーアレイは、ダイヤモンドを用いた素子であって、ダイヤモンドの炭素原子を置換した窒素(N)と該窒素に隣接する空孔(V)の複合体(NV中心)を含む第1領域の一方主面側(裏面側)に、正電位を印加するための電極が絶縁膜を介して設けられていることを特徴としている。好ましくは、第1領域は平面内で2次元的に周期配列されており、第1領域のそれぞれの一方主面側(裏面側)に、正電位を印加するための電極が絶縁膜を介して設けられている。また、好ましくは、第1領域に接して、該第1領域よりも低いNV中心濃度を有する第2領域が形成されている。
図11は、本発明に係るセンサーアレイを製造するプロセス例を概念的に説明するための図である。
図12は、本発明に係るセンサーアレイを製造する他のプロセス例を概念的に説明するための図である。
図13は、本発明に係るセンサーアレイを製造する他のプロセス例を概念的に説明するための図で、このプロセス例では、イオン注入法によらず、CVD法により単結晶ダイヤモンド薄膜10bを成膜する際に窒素をドーピングしてNV中心を生成させる。
上述したように、本発明に係るセンサーアレイは、第1領域のエネルギーバンドを第2領域の存在により湾曲させ、このバンド湾曲により第2領域からの拡散による電子注入を生じさせるものであればよい。従って、第2領域はn型のダイヤモンドからなり、第1領域は、pn接合をはじめとする異種導電型の接合部に形成される空乏領域である態様であってもよい。以降の説明では、このような異種導電型の接合部を、いわゆるpn接合として説明するが、「p-n接合」や「in接合」であってもよい。また、この異種導電型の接合部に電流を注入する手段もしくは電圧を印加する手段を備える態様としてもよい。
本発明に係る磁気計測装置に用いられる磁気センサーは、上述のセンサーアレイ20と、該センサーアレイの第1領域のそれぞれの表面から射出する光信号であって、前記NV中心の電子スピン共鳴に起因して生じる光信号を検知する光センサー21を備えている。
10b ダイヤモンド薄膜
11 第1の領域(柱状部)
12 第1のマスク
13 第2のマスク
14a、14b 第3のマスク
15 第2の領域
16 ピラー
17 p-型乃至i型ダイヤモンド薄膜
17a 柱状部
18 マスク
19 n型ダイヤモンド膜
20 センサーアレイ
21 光センサー
22 試料ステージ
23 検体
24 光学系
24a 光源
24b 照射レンズ
24c ダイクロックミラー
25 マイクロ波生成部
26 信号処理部
27 モジュール
28 制御回路
29 電界生成部
100 磁気計測装置
Claims (26)
- 表面乃至表面近傍に、炭素原子を置換した窒素(N)と該窒素に隣接する空孔(V)の複合体(NV中心)を含むNV領域を有し、該NV領域はNV中心の濃度以上のドナー濃度を有している、ことを特徴とするダイヤモンド結晶。
- 表面乃至表面近傍に、炭素原子を置換した窒素(N)と該窒素に隣接する空孔(V)の複合体(NV中心)を含むNV領域を有し、前記NV領域の結晶面が{111}面若しくは{111}面と±10°以内のオフ角を有する面であり、前記NV中心の主軸が前記{111}面に直交する<111>軸である、ことを特徴とするダイヤモンド結晶。
- 前記ドナー濃度は、10×1015cm-3~10×1019cm-3の範囲にある、請求項1または2に記載のダイヤモンド結晶。
- 前記NV領域は、CVD法若しくは高温高圧法(HPHT法)により成長させた窒素ドープのダイヤモンド結晶膜に形成されている、請求項1~3の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド結晶。
- 請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド結晶を用いたダイヤモンド素子。
- ダイヤモンドを用いた素子であって、前記ダイヤモンドの炭素原子を置換した窒素(N)と該窒素に隣接する空孔(V)の複合体(NV中心)を含む第1領域に接して、該第1領域よりも高いドナー濃度を有する第2領域が形成されている、ことを特徴とするダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第1領域が平面内で2次元的に周期配列されており、前記第1領域のそれぞれの側面若しくは周囲に、該第1領域よりも高いドナー濃度を有する第2領域が形成されている、請求項6に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第2領域はn型のダイヤモンドからなり、前記第1領域はi型乃至はp型のダイヤモンドからなる、請求項6または7に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第2領域はn型のダイヤモンドからなり、前記第1領域は、pn接合により形成される空乏領域である、請求項6に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第2領域はドナーレベルが1×1018cm-3以上のn+型の導電型を有している、請求項6~9の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- ダイヤモンドを用いた素子であって、前記ダイヤモンドの炭素原子を置換した窒素(N)と該窒素に隣接する空孔(V)の複合体(NV中心)を含む第1領域の一方主面側に、正電位を印加するための電極が絶縁膜を介して設けられている、ことを特徴とするダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第1領域が平面内で2次元的に周期配列されており、前記第1領域のそれぞれの一方主面側には、正電位を印加するための電極が絶縁膜を介して設けられている、請求項11に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第1領域に接して、該第1領域よりも低いNV中心濃度を有する第2領域が形成されている、請求項6~12の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第1領域の結晶面が{111}面若しくは{111}面と±10°以内のオフ角を有する面であり、前記NV中心の主軸が前記{111}面に直交する<111>軸である、請求項6~13の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第1領域は、該第1領域のNV中心の濃度以上のドナー濃度を有している、請求項6~14の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記ドナー濃度は、10×1015cm-3~10×1019cm-3の範囲にある、請求項6~15の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド結晶。
- 前記ダイヤモンドは、基板上にCVD法若しくは高温高圧法(HPHT法)で形成されたダイヤモンド膜である、請求項6~16の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第1領域を含むダイヤモンド結晶部の上下面側若しくは側面側に、互いに対向して設けられた少なくとも2つの電極を有する電界生成部を更に備えている、請求項6~17の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第1領域の周期配列は、前記平面を上方から眺めたときに、2次元正方格子の各格子点に前記第1領域の中心が位置している正方周期配列である、請求項7~10または12~18の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 前記第1領域の周期配列は、前記平面を上方から眺めたときに、特定の第1領域の中心位置を中心点とする正六角形の6つの頂点のそれぞれに他の第1領域の中心が位置している六方充填配列である、請求項7~10または12~18の何れか1項に記載のダイヤモンド素子。
- 請求項6~20の何れかに記載のダイヤモンド素子を用いた磁気センサーであって、前記第1領域のそれぞれの表面から射出する光信号であって、前記NV中心の電子スピン共鳴に起因して生じる光信号を検知する光センサーを備えている、磁気センサー。
- 請求項21に記載の磁気センサーを備えた磁気計測装置であって、前記ダイヤモンド素子に対向して設けられた試料ステージと、前記ダイヤモンド素子に青緑色光を照射する光学系と、前記ダイヤモンド素子に周波数可変のマイクロ波を照射するマイクロ波生成部と、前記光センサーで検知した前記NV中心の電子スピン共鳴に起因して生じた光信号を処理する信号処理部と、を備えた磁気計測装置。
- 前記第1領域を含むダイヤモンド結晶部の上下面側若しくは側面側に、互いに対向して設けられた少なくとも2つの電極を有する電界生成部を更に備えている、請求項22に記載の磁気計測装置。
- 板状のダイヤモンドの表面に2次元的に周期配列する柱状部を第1領域として形成し、該第1領域のそれぞれに、前記ダイヤモンドの炭素原子を置換した窒素(N)と該窒素に隣接する空孔(V)の複合体(NV中心)を形成し、前記第1領域のそれぞれの周囲を取り囲む第2領域であって、前記第1領域よりも高いドナー濃度を有する第2領域を形成する、ことを特徴とするセンサーアレイの製造方法。
- 前記第1領域の一方主面側に、正電位を印加するための電極を、絶縁膜を介して設ける、ことを特徴とする請求項24に記載のセンサーアレイの製造方法。
- 板状のダイヤモンドの主面上に、ダイヤモンドからなる異種導電型の接合部であって、該接合部の領域に、ダイヤモンドの炭素原子を置換した窒素(N)と該窒素に隣接する空孔(V)の複合体(NV中心)が形成された異種導電型の接合部を複数形成する、ことを特徴とするセンサーアレイの製造方法。
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JP6604511B2 (ja) | 2019-11-13 |
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EP3098335A4 (en) | 2017-12-13 |
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CN106414818B (zh) | 2019-04-19 |
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