WO2015083421A1 - 導電性材料およびそれを用いたトランスデューサ - Google Patents
導電性材料およびそれを用いたトランスデューサ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015083421A1 WO2015083421A1 PCT/JP2014/075851 JP2014075851W WO2015083421A1 WO 2015083421 A1 WO2015083421 A1 WO 2015083421A1 JP 2014075851 W JP2014075851 W JP 2014075851W WO 2015083421 A1 WO2015083421 A1 WO 2015083421A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
- H01B1/22—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising metals or alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L101/00—Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds
- C08L101/12—Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds characterised by physical features, e.g. anisotropy, viscosity or electrical conductivity
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
- G06F3/0447—Position sensing using the local deformation of sensor cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
- G06F2203/041—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/041 - G06F3/045
- G06F2203/04103—Manufacturing, i.e. details related to manufacturing processes specially suited for touch sensitive devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
- G06F3/0445—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means using two or more layers of sensing electrodes, e.g. using two layers of electrodes separated by a dielectric layer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
- H03K17/94—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the way in which the control signals are generated
- H03K17/96—Touch switches
- H03K17/962—Capacitive touch switches
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
- H03K17/94—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the way in which the control signals are generated
- H03K17/96—Touch switches
- H03K2017/9602—Touch switches characterised by the type or shape of the sensing electrodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a flexible conductive material including metal nanowires and a transducer using the same as a material such as wiring.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a conductive film in which a metal filler such as flakes or fibers is dispersed in an elastomer.
- Patent Documents 3 to 5 transparent conductive films containing metal nanowires are used as transparent electrodes for displays, touch panels, and the like. Metal nanowires are suitable as a conductive material because of their high conductivity.
- electrodes and wirings used in electronic components that involve deformation are required to have a small change in electrical resistance when stretched.
- conventional flaky metal fillers are likely to come into contact with each other. For this reason, when the deformation is relatively small, the desired conductivity can be ensured even if it is stretched.
- the conductive path by the metal filler is cut off due to stretching, and the desired conductivity cannot be ensured at present.
- it is conceivable to increase the contact ratio between fillers by increasing the aspect ratio of the metal filler, at present there is a limit to reducing the thickness of the metal filler. It's difficult to make it bigger.
- the metal nanowires disclosed in Patent Documents 3 to 5 have a relatively large aspect ratio.
- metal nanowires tend to aggregate.
- hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) are used as a growth control agent for silver nanowires.
- PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
- the growth direction controlling agent adheres to the surface of the silver particles and grows the silver particles in one direction.
- the polyvinyl pyrrolidone has adhered to the surface of the manufactured silver nanowire. Since polyvinylpyrrolidone is hydrophilic, it has low compatibility with hydrophobic polymers.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a conductive material that includes metal nanowires, has excellent extensibility, and does not easily increase in electrical resistance when stretched. It is another object of the present invention to provide a transducer that is less likely to deteriorate in performance and has excellent durability by using such a conductive material as an electrode or wiring material.
- the conductive material of the present invention has a polymer having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 25 ° C. or less and a metal filler containing metal nanowires. It is characterized by having a structure in which wire bundle portions formed by collecting the metal nanowires are dispersed.
- Tg glass transition temperature
- each of the metal nanowires is not dispersed individually, but a wire bundle portion in which a plurality of metal nanowires are aggregated is dispersed. For this reason, the contact point between metal nanowires increases compared with the case of single dispersion. Therefore, even if it expand
- the size of the wire bundle is relatively small, and a large number of wire bundles exist in the polymer relatively close to each other. Yes.
- the conductive material of the present invention metal nanowires are dispersed while being appropriately aggregated. As a result, it is possible to develop an unprecedented characteristic that the electrical resistance is hardly increased even if the film is greatly stretched.
- a polymer having a Tg of 25 ° C. or lower is a base material. For this reason, the conductive material of the present invention is flexible.
- the electroconductive material of this invention may have the metal nanowire which exists independently, without forming a wire bundle. Moreover, you may have metal fillers other than a metal nanowire.
- a transducer includes an elastomeric dielectric layer, a plurality of electrodes arranged via the dielectric layer, and a wiring connected to each of the plurality of electrodes. At least one of the wirings is made of the conductive material of the present invention.
- Transducers include actuators, sensors, power generation elements, etc. that convert mechanical energy and electrical energy, or speakers, microphones, etc. that convert acoustic energy and electrical energy.
- the transducer of the present invention at least one of the electrode and the wiring is made of the conductive material of the present invention. For this reason, when the dielectric layer is deformed, the electrode and the wiring expand and contract following the deformation. Therefore, according to the transducer of the present invention, the movement of the dielectric layer is not easily restricted by the electrodes and the wiring.
- the electrodes and wirings made of the conductive material of the present invention have high conductivity, and electrical resistance is unlikely to increase even when stretched. For this reason, in the transducer of this invention, the fall of the performance resulting from an electrode and wiring does not arise easily. Therefore, the transducer of the present invention is excellent in durability.
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line II-II in FIG. It is a SEM photograph of the section of the conductive film of Example 1 (magnification 20,000 times). It is a SEM photograph of the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 2 (magnification 20,000 times). It is a SEM photograph of the section of the conductive film of comparative example 1 (magnification 20,000 times). It is a SEM photograph of the section of the conductive film of comparative example 2 (magnification 8,000 times).
- Capacitance type sensor (transducer)
- 20 dielectric layer
- 21a, 21b electrode
- 22a, 22b wiring
- 23a, 23b cover film
- conductive material and the transducer of the present invention are not limited to the following forms, and can be variously modified and improved by those skilled in the art without departing from the gist of the present invention. Can be implemented.
- the conductive material of the present invention includes a polymer having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 25 ° C. or less and a metal filler containing metal nanowires, and the plurality of metal nanowires are formed in the polymer.
- the wire bundle portion has a dispersed structure.
- polymer As the polymer of the conductive material of the present invention, a polymer having a Tg of 25 ° C. or lower is used in consideration of flexibility. When Tg is lowered, the crystallinity is lowered, so that the flexibility of the polymer is improved. For this reason, it is more preferable to use a Tg of 5 ° C. or less. In the present specification, a midpoint glass transition temperature measured according to JIS K7121 (1987) is adopted as Tg.
- acrylic rubber urethane rubber, silicone rubber, butyl rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene oxide-epichlorohydrin copolymer, nitrile rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, chloroprene rubber, natural rubber, isoprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, ethylene- Examples include propylene-diene copolymer (EPDM), silicone rubber, polyester resin, and polyester urethane resin.
- EPDM propylene-diene copolymer
- acrylic rubber has low crystallinity and weak intermolecular force
- Tg is lower than other rubbers. For this reason, it is flexible and has good elongation.
- the transducer when configured, it has excellent adhesiveness with a dielectric layer made of nitrile rubber and has few ionic impurities. Therefore, acrylic rubber is suitable for using the conductive material of the present invention as a transducer electrode and wiring material. Further, among polyester resins and polyester urethane resins, those having a low Tg have a high elongation at break for a high breaking strength. For this reason, a polyester resin and a polyester urethane resin are also suitable.
- the metal filler blended with the polymer includes metal nanowires.
- the material of the metal nanowire is not particularly limited. Examples of the metal include silver, gold, copper, platinum, and nickel.
- the metal constituting the nanowire may be one type or two or more types. Among these, silver nanowires containing silver are preferable because they have high conductivity and are relatively inexpensive.
- the metal nanowires contained in the conductive material may be one type or two or more types.
- the size of the metal nanowire is not particularly limited.
- the average length of the metal nanowires in the short direction is desirably 200 nm or less. More preferably, it is 150 nm or less.
- the length of the metal nanowires in the longitudinal direction is small, that is, when the metal nanowires are short, the metal nanowires are difficult to contact each other. Therefore, it is difficult to form a conductive path.
- the average length of the metal nanowires in the longitudinal direction is desirably 1 ⁇ m or more. It is more preferable that it is 2 ⁇ m or more.
- the size of the metal nanowire is determined by observing the cross section of the conductive material with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), etc., measuring the length of each metal nanowire, and measuring a predetermined number. What is necessary is just to obtain
- the number of metal nanowires to be measured is preferably at least 20 or more.
- a plurality of metal nanowires gather to form a wire bundle portion.
- the presence or absence of the wire bundle portion may be confirmed by observing the cross section of the conductive material with SEM, TEM, or the like. For example, a portion where metal nanowires are gathered adjacent to or in contact with each other at a distance of less than 200 nm can be identified as a wire bundle portion.
- the number of metal nanowires constituting one wire bundle is not particularly limited.
- the number of metal nanowires is preferably 2 or more and 400 or less. If the wire bundle portion is too large, there is a risk that it will become a starting point of material destruction during deformation. For this reason, the average number of metal nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion is more preferably 100 or less, and even more preferably 50 or less.
- the wire bundle part is dispersed in the polymer.
- the distance between adjacent wire bundle portions is preferably less than 3 ⁇ m.
- the hydrophilic polymer used during the production adheres to the surface of the metal nanowire that has not been purified.
- a metal nanowire with a hydrophilic polymer attached thereto not a wire bundle but an aggregate in which many metal nanowires are aggregated is likely to be formed. Therefore, it is desirable to remove the hydrophilic polymer adhering to the surface by washing the metal nanowires before blending with the polymer.
- the hydrophilic polymer is completely removed, the cohesive force is reduced and the wire bundle portion is hardly formed. For this reason, it is desirable to perform the cleaning treatment so that the metal content of the metal nanowire is 85 mass% or more and 99.5 mass% or less.
- the metal nanowires may be washed by adding a solvent to the synthesized metal nanowires and stirring under heating.
- the degree of removal of the hydrophilic polymer may be adjusted by the temperature of the heat stirring treatment, the stirring time, the number of repetitions, the amount of solvent, and the like.
- the metal content of the metal nanowire can be determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Specifically, about 5 mg of the metal nanowire is heated from room temperature to 1000 ° C. at a rate of 20 ° C./min, and the mass ratio after heating to the mass before heating may be calculated.
- TG thermogravimetric analysis
- metal nanowires from which hydrophilic polymers have been removed it is desirable to use metal nanowires from which hydrophilic polymers have been removed to some extent. It is considered that a moderately dispersed state can be realized while utilizing the cohesive force of the metal nanowires by leaving some hydrophilic polymer on the surface of the metal nanowires.
- the metal filler may contain other metal particles in addition to the metal nanowires. By mixing other metal particles, the volume resistivity of the conductive material can be further reduced. Moreover, since the metal nanowire is filled in the portion not occupied by the metal particles, the number of metal nanowires constituting the wire bundle portion is increased, and the conductivity is improved.
- metal particles include particles of silver, gold, copper, nickel, rhodium, palladium, chromium, titanium, platinum, iron, and alloys thereof. From the viewpoint of increasing the contact points between the fillers, metal particles such as flakes and fibers are preferred.
- the average particle diameter of a metal particle is not specifically limited, For example, it is desirable to set it as 2.5 micrometers or more and 15 micrometers or less. In the present specification, a value measured by “Microtrac particle size distribution measuring device MT3300EXII” manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd. is adopted as the average particle size of the metal particles.
- the metal particle powder having an average aspect ratio of 10 or more.
- the average aspect ratio is “average value of flake width / average value of flake thickness” in the case of flake-shaped metal particle powder, and “average value of fiber length / fiber diameter” in the case of fiber-shaped metal particle powder. It is a value calculated by “average value of”.
- the average value such as the flake width may be obtained from the arithmetic average of the measured values of a predetermined number of particles by measuring the length of each particle by observing the metal particle powder with SEM, TEM or the like.
- the number of particles to be measured is preferably 20 or more.
- the content of the metal filler in the conductive material of the present invention may be appropriately determined in consideration of conductivity and flexibility.
- the blending amount of the metal filler is desirably 350 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymer. In this case, it is desirable to include at least 50 parts by mass of metal nanowires.
- the conductive material of the present invention can be produced by, for example, preparing a conductive paint by adding a metal filler to a solution in which a polymer is dissolved in a solvent, applying the prepared conductive paint to a substrate, and drying by heating. it can.
- the polymer is a crosslinked rubber
- the crosslinking reaction may be allowed to proceed during heating.
- additives such as a plasticizer, a processing aid, a cross-linking agent, a vulcanization accelerator, a vulcanization aid, an anti-aging agent, a softening agent, and a colorant may be blended in the conductive paint.
- the selection of the solvent for the conductive paint that is, the selection of the solvent for dissolving the polymer and dispersing the metal filler is important for realizing a structure in which the wire bundle portion is dispersed in the polymer.
- a solvent that can dissolve both the polymer and the hydrophilic polymer attached to the metal nanowire For example, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and dimethylformamide can dissolve the polymer.
- metal nanowires can be dispersed.
- metal nanowires are dispersed in a solution in which a polymer is dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or dimethylformamide, the solid and the solution are separated, and the liquid stability may be deteriorated.
- the base material examples include a dielectric film made of elastomer, a film or sheet having flexibility or stretchability made of polyurethane, polyimide, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) or the like.
- Various known methods can be adopted as the method for applying the conductive paint. For example, in addition to printing methods such as inkjet printing, flexographic printing, gravure printing, screen printing, pad printing, and lithography, dipping, spraying, bar coating, and the like can be given.
- the conductive material of the present invention when used as an electrode or wiring material of an electronic component such as a transducer, the conductive material is selected from the viewpoint of miniaturization, thinning, and minimizing the influence on deformation of the dielectric layer, etc. It is desirable to form a thin film.
- the thickness of the conductive material is desirably 4 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the method for producing metal nanowires is not particularly limited.
- the metal nanowire may be manufactured by a known liquid phase method, gas phase method, gas atomization method, aqueous solution electrolysis method or the like.
- a metal compound solution in which a metal compound is dissolved in a solvent, a growth direction controlling agent solution in which a growth direction controlling agent is dissolved in a solvent, and a wire generating agent solution in which a wire generating agent is dissolved in a solvent are mixed, and a mixed solution
- Metal nanowires can be grown in the longitudinal direction by reacting metal compounds therein.
- the metal compound may be appropriately selected according to the type of metal nanowire.
- the metal compound include inorganic acid salts such as nitrates, chlorides, sulfates, carbonates, chlorates and perchlorates that can supply metal ions, and organic acid salts such as acetates and lactates. Of these, nitrate is preferred.
- a hydrophilic polymer such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, poly (meth) acrylate, or the like is used.
- the wire generator inorganic chloride or organic chloride capable of generating chloride ions is used. Among these, sodium chloride is preferable because metal nanoparticles that are cores are easily formed and residual salts are easily removed.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can reduce metal ions. Examples thereof include polyols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, alcohols, ethers and the like.
- the reaction may be performed by appropriately selecting conditions such as heating, pressurization, and microwave irradiation.
- the reaction temperature is preferably about 30 to 290 ° C.
- the reaction proceeds, the mixture becomes cloudy. Thereby, the production
- the reaction when the reaction is carried out by heating, the mixed solution is cooled, and the metal nanowires generated in the mixed solution are recovered.
- the metal nanowires may be collected using a method such as filtration, centrifugation, or reprecipitation.
- the generated metal nanowire is desirably subjected to a cleaning process for removing the growth direction controlling agent attached to the surface.
- the transducer of the present invention includes a dielectric layer made of elastomer, a plurality of electrodes arranged via the dielectric layer, and a wiring connected to each of the plurality of electrodes.
- the dielectric layer may be a single layer or two or more layers.
- “made of elastomer” means that the base material of the dielectric layer is an elastomer. Therefore, the dielectric layer may contain other components in addition to the elastomer component.
- the dielectric layer examples include an elastomer layer composed only of an elastomer, a high resistance layer including an elastomer and insulating inorganic particles, an ionic component-containing layer including an elastomer and an ionic component, and a semiconductor-containing layer including an elastomer and a semiconductor. And various layers.
- the transducer according to the present invention may have a laminated structure in which dielectric layers and electrodes are alternately laminated.
- the elastomer has a relative dielectric constant (100 Hz) of 2 or more, more preferably 5 or more at room temperature.
- silicone rubber nitrile rubber (NBR), hydrogenated nitrile rubber (H-NBR), ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer (EPDM), acrylic rubber, urethane rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, chlorine Polyethylene etc. are suitable.
- the electrode and the wiring is made of the conductive material of the present invention.
- the configuration of the conductive material of the present invention and the manufacturing method are as described above. Therefore, the description is omitted here.
- an embodiment of a capacitive sensor will be described as an example of the transducer of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a top view of the capacitive sensor.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II in FIG.
- the capacitive sensor 2 includes a dielectric layer 20, a pair of electrodes 21a and 21b, wirings 22a and 22b, and cover films 23a and 23b.
- the dielectric layer 20 is made of H-NBR and has a strip shape extending in the left-right direction.
- the thickness of the dielectric layer 20 is about 300 ⁇ m.
- the electrode 21a has a rectangular shape. Three electrodes 21a are formed on the upper surface of the dielectric layer 20 by screen printing. Similarly, the electrode 21b has a rectangular shape. Three electrodes 21b are formed on the lower surface of the dielectric layer 20 so as to face the electrode 21a with the dielectric layer 20 in between. The electrode 21 b is screen-printed on the lower surface of the dielectric layer 20. Thus, three pairs of electrodes 21a and 21b are arranged with the dielectric layer 20 in between.
- the electrodes 21a and 21b have an acrylic rubber and silver nanowires, and are made of the conductive material of the present invention having a structure in which the wire bundle portions of silver nanowires are dispersed in the acrylic rubber (the conductive film of Example 1 described later). Equivalent).
- the wiring 22a is connected to each of the electrodes 21a formed on the upper surface of the dielectric layer 20.
- the electrode 21a and the connector 24 are connected by the wiring 22a.
- the wiring 22a is formed on the upper surface of the dielectric layer 20 by screen printing.
- the wiring 22b is connected to each of the electrodes 21b formed on the lower surface of the dielectric layer 20 (indicated by a dotted line in FIG. 2).
- the electrode 21b and the connector (not shown) are connected by the wiring 22b.
- the wiring 22b is formed on the lower surface of the dielectric layer 20 by screen printing.
- the wirings 22a and 22b include acrylic rubber, silver nanowires, and flaky silver powder, and are made of the conductive material of the present invention having a structure in which the bundles of silver nanowires are dispersed in acrylic rubber (an implementation described later). Corresponding to the conductive film of Example 2).
- the cover film 23a is made of acrylic rubber and has a strip shape extending in the left-right direction.
- the cover film 23a covers the top surfaces of the dielectric layer 20, the electrode 21a, and the wiring 22a.
- the cover film 23b is made of acrylic rubber and has a strip shape extending in the left-right direction.
- the cover film 23b covers the lower surface of the dielectric layer 20, the electrode 21b, and the wiring 22b.
- the movement of the capacitive sensor 2 will be described.
- the capacitive sensor 2 when the capacitive sensor 2 is pressed from above, the dielectric layer 20, the electrode 21a, and the cover film 23a are united and curved downward. Due to the compression, the thickness of the dielectric layer 20 is reduced. As a result, the capacitance between the electrodes 21a and 21b increases. By this capacitance change, deformation due to compression is detected.
- the electrodes 21a and 21b and the wirings 22a and 22b are flexible. For this reason, the movement of the dielectric layer 20 is not easily regulated by the electrodes 21a and 21b and the wirings 22a and 22b. Therefore, the response of the capacitive sensor 2 is good.
- the electrodes 21a and 21b and the wirings 22a and 22b have high conductivity. In addition, the electrical resistance is unlikely to increase even when stretched. For this reason, in the capacitance type sensor 2, the performance degradation due to the electrodes 21a and 21b and the wirings 22a and 22b is unlikely to occur. Therefore, the capacitive sensor 2 is excellent in durability.
- the AgNO 3 solution was added to the polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, and another 100.5 g of NaCl solution was added with stirring. After stirring for 40 minutes at room temperature, a mixture of AgNO 3 solution, polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, and NaCl solution was added to 826.4 g of ethylene glycol heated to 130 ° C. with stirring at a rate of 300 mL / min. It was. And it was made to react for 2.5 hours, stirring at 130 degreeC. Then, the temperature was raised to 175 ° C., and the reaction was finished 2.5 hours after the start of the temperature raising, and the cloudiness of the mixed liquid was confirmed. After the reaction mixture was cooled with water, acetone was added to the mixture and allowed to stand. The supernatant was removed and the precipitated solid (silver nanowires) was collected.
- the obtained silver nanowires were washed.
- isopropyl alcohol was added to the collected silver nanowires to prepare a silver nanowire dispersion.
- the dispersion was heated to 80 ° C. and stirred for 20 minutes (heating and stirring treatment).
- acetone was added and allowed to stand.
- the supernatant was removed and the precipitated silver nanowires were collected.
- the recovered silver nanowire was subjected to the same heating and stirring treatment as described above twice to obtain a purified silver nanowire.
- a thermogravimetric analysis of the silver nanowire after the cleaning treatment (hereinafter referred to as “purified silver nanowire”) revealed that the metal content was 98.4% by mass.
- thermogravimetric analysis of the silver nanowire (hereinafter referred to as “unrefined silver nanowire”) before the cleaning treatment, the metal content was 74.8% by mass.
- thermogravimetric analysis about 5 mg of silver nanowires was heated from room temperature to 1000 ° C. at a rate of 20 ° C./min, and mass change before and after heating was measured.
- Example 1 A conductive material was produced in which the polymer was acrylic rubber.
- a hydroxyl group-containing acrylic rubber polymer (Tg: ⁇ 35 ° C., weight average molecular weight of about 900,000), which is a copolymer of n-butyl acrylate (98% by mass) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2% by mass) 100 Part by mass and 0.1 part by mass of ethylenediamine as a crosslinking agent were mixed with a roll kneader to prepare an acrylic rubber composition.
- the prepared acrylic rubber composition was dissolved in 2300 parts by mass of butyl cellosolve acetate (manufactured by Daishin Chemical Co., Ltd.) to prepare an acrylic rubber solution.
- an acrylic rubber solution 300 parts by mass of purified silver nanowires were added and stirred to prepare a conductive paint.
- the prepared conductive paint was applied to the surface of the polyurethane sheet as a base material by a bar coating method and dried at 150 ° C. for 2 hours to produce a conductive film.
- the obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 1.
- the conductive film of Example 1 is included in the conductive material of the present invention.
- the cross section of the conductive film of Example 1 was observed with an SEM.
- FIG. 3 the SEM photograph of the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 1 is shown.
- FIG. 3 as shown by being surrounded by a solid line, a large number of wire bundle portions in which a plurality of silver nanowires are gathered exist in the acrylic rubber.
- the silver nanowires constituting the wire bundle portion are adjacent or in contact with each other at a distance of less than 200 nm.
- the wire bundle portions are dispersed in the acrylic rubber at intervals of less than 3 ⁇ m.
- the maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 40.7.
- the average length in the longitudinal direction of the silver nanowires was 1364 nm, and the average length in the short direction was 39 nm. Each average length is an arithmetic average value of 20 silver nanowires (the same applies hereinafter).
- Example 2 In the production of the conductive film of Example 1, the blending amount of the purified silver nanowires was reduced to 200 parts by mass, and accordingly, flaky silver powder (“Ag-XF301” manufactured by Fukuda Metal Foil Powder Co., Ltd.), average particle diameter A conductive coating material was prepared by blending 100 parts by mass of 5.5 ⁇ m and an average aspect ratio of 25). The mass ratio of purified silver nanowires to flaky silver powder is 2. The obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 2. The conductive film of Example 2 is included in the conductive material of the present invention.
- flaky silver powder (“Ag-XF301” manufactured by Fukuda Metal Foil Powder Co., Ltd.)
- a conductive coating material was prepared by blending 100 parts by mass of 5.5 ⁇ m and an average aspect ratio of 25).
- the mass ratio of purified silver nanowires to flaky silver powder is 2.
- the obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 2.
- the cross section of the conductive film of Example 2 was observed with an SEM.
- FIG. 4 the SEM photograph of the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 2 is shown.
- the acrylic rubber there are a wire bundle portion (indicated by a solid line) in which a plurality of silver nanowires are gathered, and flaky silver particles.
- the silver nanowires constituting the wire bundle portion are adjacent or in contact with each other at a distance of less than 200 nm.
- the wire bundle portions are dispersed in the acrylic rubber at intervals of less than 3 ⁇ m. According to the SEM photograph, the maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 44.7.
- Example 3 In manufacture of the electrically conductive film of Example 1, the compounding quantity of refined silver nanowire was reduced to 100 mass parts, and 200 mass parts of flaky silver powder (same as the above) was mix
- Example 3 When the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 3 was observed with SEM, the dispersed structure of the wire bundle part was confirmed.
- the maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 1.2 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 70.3.
- Example 4 In the production of the conductive film of Example 1, the blending amount of purified silver nanowires was reduced to 200 parts by mass, and 50 parts by mass of flaky silver powder (same as above) was blended to prepare a conductive paint. The mass ratio of the purified silver nanowires to the flaky silver powder is 4. The obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 4. The conductive film of Example 4 is included in the conductive material of the present invention. When the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 4 was observed with SEM, the dispersion structure of the wire bundle part was confirmed. The maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 0.5 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 50.6.
- Example 5 In the production of the conductive film of Example 1, the blending amount of the purified silver nanowire was reduced to 100 parts by mass, and 250 parts by mass of flaky silver powder (same as above) was blended to prepare a conductive paint. The mass ratio of the purified silver nanowire to the flaky silver powder is 0.4. The obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 5.
- the conductive film of Example 5 is included in the conductive material of the present invention. When the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 5 was observed with SEM, the dispersed structure of the wire bundle part was confirmed. The maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 1.7 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 74.6.
- Example 6 In the production of the conductive film of Example 1, the blending amount of the purified silver nanowire was reduced to 50 parts by mass, and 250 parts by mass of flaky silver powder (same as above) was blended to prepare a conductive paint. The mass ratio of the purified silver nanowires to the flaky silver powder is 0.2. The obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 6. The conductive film of Example 6 is included in the conductive material of the present invention. When the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 6 was observed with SEM, the dispersed structure of the wire bundle part was confirmed. The maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 2.8 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 80.3.
- Example 7 A conductive film in which the polymer was a polyester resin was produced. First, 100 parts by mass of a polyester resin (Elitel (registered trademark) EU3220 manufactured by Unitika Ltd., Tg: 5 ° C.) is dissolved in 2300 parts by mass of isophorone (Daishin Chemical Co., Ltd.) to obtain a polyester resin solution. was prepared. To this polyester resin solution, 200 parts by mass of purified silver nanowires were added and stirred to prepare a conductive paint. Next, the prepared conductive paint was applied to the surface of the polyurethane sheet as a base material by a bar coating method and dried at 150 ° C. for 2 hours to produce a conductive film.
- a polyester resin Elitel (registered trademark) EU3220 manufactured by Unitika Ltd., Tg: 5 ° C.
- isophorone Disishin Chemical Co., Ltd.
- the obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 7.
- the conductive film of Example 7 is included in the conductive material of the present invention.
- SEM the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 7 was observed with SEM, the dispersed structure of the wire bundle part was confirmed.
- the maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 0.6 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 46.2.
- Example 8 In the production of the conductive film of Example 7, in addition to the purified silver nanowire, 100 parts by mass of flaky silver powder (same as above) was blended to prepare a conductive paint. The mass ratio of purified silver nanowires to flaky silver powder is 2. In this example, the solvent of the polyester resin solution was changed to butyl cellosolve acetate (same as above). The obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 8. The conductive film of Example 8 is included in the conductive material of the present invention. When the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 8 was observed with SEM, the dispersed structure of the wire bundle part was confirmed. The maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 0.7 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 47.8.
- Example 9 A conductive film was produced in the same manner as the conductive film of Example 2 except that the crosslinking agent was changed and the method for preparing the conductive paint was changed. First, 100 parts by mass of a hydroxyl group-containing acrylic rubber polymer (same as above), which is a copolymer of n-butyl acrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, is dissolved in 2300 parts by mass of butyl cellosolve acetate (same as above) to prepare an acrylic rubber solution. Prepared.
- a hexamethylene diisocyanate as a crosslinking agent 200 parts by mass of purified silver nanowires, and 100 parts by mass of flaky silver powder (same as above) are added to the prepared acrylic rubber solution, and the conductive paint is stirred.
- the mass ratio of purified silver nanowires to flaky silver powder is 2.
- the obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 9.
- the conductive film of Example 9 is included in the conductive material of the present invention.
- Example 9 When a cross section of the conductive film of Example 9 was observed with an SEM, a dispersed structure of the wire bundle portion was confirmed.
- the maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 0.7 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 41.6.
- Example 10 A conductive film in which the polymer was silicone rubber (Tg: ⁇ 120 ° C.) was produced. First, 100 parts by mass of a silicone rubber polymer (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., two-part liquid silicone “KE1935”) is dissolved in 1000 parts by mass of isoparaffin hydrocarbon (“IP Solvent 2028” manufactured by Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.). To prepare a silicone solution. In the same manner as in the conductive film of Example 2, 200 parts by mass of purified silver nanowires and 100 parts by mass of flaky silver powder (same as above) were added to this silicone solution and stirred to prepare a conductive paint.
- a silicone rubber polymer manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., two-part liquid silicone “KE1935”
- IP Solvent 2028 isoparaffin hydrocarbon
- the mass ratio of purified silver nanowires to flaky silver powder is 2.
- the prepared conductive paint was applied to the surface of the polyurethane sheet as a base material by a bar coating method and dried at 150 ° C. for 2 hours to produce a conductive film.
- the obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 10.
- the conductive film of Example 10 is included in the conductive material of the present invention.
- the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 10 was observed by SEM, the dispersed structure of the wire bundle part was confirmed.
- the maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 1.2 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 65.0.
- Example 11 In the production of the conductive film of Example 1, the amount of purified silver nanowires was reduced to 100 parts by mass, and the amount of butyl cellosolve acetate, which is a solvent for the acrylic rubber solution, was 1500 parts by mass to prepare a conductive paint.
- the obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 11.
- the conductive film of Example 11 is included in the conductive material of the present invention.
- the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 11 was observed with SEM, the dispersed structure of the wire bundle part was confirmed.
- the maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 2.1 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 49.0.
- Example 12 In the production of the conductive film of Example 1, in place of the purified silver nanowire, using “purified silver nanowire grown in the longitudinal direction” manufactured by the method described later, and also flaky silver powder, A conductive paint was prepared. That is, to the prepared acrylic rubber solution, 66 parts by mass of purified silver nanowires further grown in the longitudinal direction and 33 parts by mass of flaky silver powder (same as above) were added and stirred to prepare a conductive paint. The mass ratio of refined silver nanowires grown further in the longitudinal direction to the flaky silver powder is 2. In addition, in the present Example, the compounding quantity of the butyl cellosolve acetate which is a solvent of an acrylic rubber solution was 1500 mass parts.
- the obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 12.
- the conductive film of Example 12 is included in the conductive material of the present invention.
- the maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 2.5 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 55.0.
- the average length of the silver nanowires in the longitudinal direction was 8320 nm, and the average length in the short direction was 52 nm.
- an AgNO 3 solution in which 12.99 g of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) is dissolved in 497.7 g of ethylene glycol, a NaCl solution in which sodium chloride (NaCl) as a wire generating agent is dissolved in ethylene glycol (NaCl concentration: 0.1 mol / L)
- a polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution prepared by dissolving 22.5 g of a growth direction controlling agent poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (weight average molecular weight 55,000) in 449.7 g of ethylene glycol was prepared.
- a polyvinylpyrrolidone solution dissolved in 174.4 g was added with stirring at a rate of 1 mL / min each. Then, after stirring for 4 hours, the reaction was terminated, and the mixture was confirmed to be cloudy. After the reaction mixture was cooled with water, acetone was added to the mixture and allowed to stand. The supernatant was removed and the precipitated solid (silver nanowires) was collected.
- the obtained silver nanowires were washed.
- isopropyl alcohol was added to the collected silver nanowires to prepare a silver nanowire dispersion.
- the dispersion was heated to 80 ° C. and stirred for 20 minutes (heating and stirring treatment).
- acetone was added and allowed to stand.
- the supernatant was removed and the precipitated silver nanowires were collected.
- the recovered silver nanowire was subjected to the same heating and stirring treatment as described above twice to obtain a purified silver nanowire.
- the thermogravimetric analysis of the silver nanowire after the cleaning treatment (purified silver nanowire further grown in the longitudinal direction) by the same method as described above revealed that the metal content was 88.4% by mass.
- Example 13 In the production of the conductive film of Example 12, a conductive paint was prepared without blending flaky silver powder. The obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Example 13. The conductive film of Example 13 is included in the conductive material of the present invention. When the cross section of the electrically conductive film of Example 13 was observed with SEM, the dispersed structure of the wire bundle part was confirmed. The maximum distance between adjacent wire bundle portions was 2.0 ⁇ m, and the average number of silver nanowires constituting one wire bundle portion was 39.0.
- Comparative Example 1 In the production of the conductive film of Example 1, instead of the purified silver nanowire, 300 parts by mass of flaky silver powder (same as above) was blended to prepare a conductive paint. In addition, in this comparative example, the compounding quantity of the butyl cellosolve acetate which is a solvent of an acrylic rubber solution was 300 mass parts. The obtained conductive film is referred to as the conductive film of Comparative Example 1.
- the cross section of the conductive film of Comparative Example 1 was observed with an SEM.
- FIG. 5 the SEM photograph of the cross section of the electrically conductive film of the comparative example 1 is shown.
- flaky silver particles are dispersed in the acrylic rubber.
- the cross section of the conductive film of Comparative Example 2 was observed with an SEM.
- FIG. 6 the SEM photograph of the cross section of the electrically conductive film of the comparative example 2 is shown.
- an agglomerate formed by aggregation of a large number of silver nanowires occupies the left half of the SEM photograph.
- the wire bundle part of silver nanowire is hardly seen.
- volume resistivity The volume resistivity of each electrically conductive film of an Example and a comparative example was measured using the resistivity meter ("Loresta (trademark) GP" by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co., Ltd.).
- both end portions in the length direction of the test piece were held together with the base material with a holding tool, and the other end portion was reciprocated in the horizontal direction in a state where one end portion was fixed, thereby expanding and contracting the test piece.
- the elongation percentage of the test piece during expansion was 40%, and the number of expansions / contractions was 5500.
- the elongation percentage of the test piece is a value calculated by the following equation (1).
- Elongation rate (%) ( ⁇ L 0 / L 0 ) ⁇ 100 (1) [L 0 : Distance between marked lines of test piece, ⁇ L 0 : Increase due to extension of distance between marked lines of test piece] Each time the test piece was extended, the electrical resistance between both ends in the length direction of the test piece was measured by a measurement system (same as above), and the maximum resistance value during expansion and contraction was obtained. Then, the rate of increase in electrical resistance was calculated by dividing the maximum resistance value by the resistance value in the unstretched state.
- Tables 1 and 2 show the evaluation results of the conductive films of the examples.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the conductive film of the comparative example.
- each of the conductive films of Examples 1 to 13 having the wire bundle dispersed structure has a small volume resistivity, and an increase rate of the electric resistance when the expansion and contraction is repeated is 100. It was within double.
- the expansion and contraction is repeated. The rate of increase in electrical resistance has decreased.
- the volume resistivity was smaller than that of the conductive film containing the same polymer and containing only silver nanowires.
- the volume resistivity was the smallest, but the increase rate of the electrical resistance when the expansion and contraction was repeated exceeded 500 times. That is, the electrical resistance increased greatly when stretched.
- the electrically conductive film of Comparative Example 2 including unpurified silver nanowires the silver nanowires aggregated, and a dispersion structure of wire bundle portions could not be realized. For this reason, the increase rate of the electrical resistance when the expansion and contraction was repeated exceeded 100 times.
- the electrically conductive film of the comparative example 3 although the refinement
- an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon having low compatibility with polyvinylpyrrolidone was used as a solvent for the acrylic rubber solution. Since some polyvinylpyrrolidone remains on the surface of the purified silver nanowires, it is considered that the silver nanowires easily aggregated in the conductive paint using isoparaffin hydrocarbon as a solvent.
- the conductive material of the present invention is excellent in conductivity and does not easily increase in electrical resistance even after repeated expansion and contraction.
- the conductive material of the present invention is suitable for flexible transducer electrodes and wiring materials. Further, it is suitable as a wiring material for flexible wiring boards used for control of movable parts of robots and industrial machines, wearable devices, bendable displays and the like. Furthermore, it is also suitable as an electromagnetic wave shield and a conductive adhesive disposed at a site with deformation.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の導電性材料は、ガラス転移温度(Tg)が25℃以下のポリマーと、金属ナノワイヤを含む金属フィラーと、を有し、該ポリマー中に、複数の該金属ナノワイヤが集まって形成されるワイヤ束部が分散した構造を有する。
本発明の導電性材料のポリマーとしては、柔軟性を考慮して、Tgが25℃以下のものを用いる。Tgが低くなると結晶性が低下するため、ポリマーの柔軟性が向上する。このため、Tgが5℃以下のものを用いるとより好適である。本明細書においては、Tgとして、JIS K7121(1987)に準じて測定した中間点ガラス転移温度を採用する。
ポリマーに配合される金属フィラーは、金属ナノワイヤを含む。金属ナノワイヤの材質は、特に限定されない。金属としては、例えば、銀、金、銅、白金、ニッケル等が挙げられる。ナノワイヤを構成する金属は、一種でも二種以上でもよい。なかでも銀を含む銀ナノワイヤは、導電性が高く、比較的安価なため好適である。導電性材料に含有される金属ナノワイヤは、一種でも二種以上でもよい。
本発明の導電性材料は、例えば、ポリマーを溶剤に溶解した溶液に金属フィラーを添加して導電塗料を調製し、調製した導電塗料を基材に塗布し、加熱により乾燥させて製造することができる。ポリマーが架橋ゴムの場合には、加熱時に架橋反応を進行させればよい。導電塗料には、必要に応じて可塑剤、加工助剤、架橋剤、加硫促進剤、加硫助剤、老化防止剤、軟化剤、着色剤等の添加剤を配合してもよい。ここで、導電塗料の溶媒の選択、すなわち、ポリマーを溶解し金属フィラーを分散させる溶剤の選択は、ポリマー中にワイヤ束部が分散した構造を実現するために重要である。具体的には、ポリマーと、金属ナノワイヤに付着した親水性高分子と、の両方を溶解可能な溶剤を選択することが望ましい。例えば、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンやジメチルホルムアミドは、ポリマーを溶解することができる。また、これらの溶剤を各々単独で使用した場合は、金属ナノワイヤを分散させることができる。しかし、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンまたはジメチルホルムアミドにポリマーを溶解した溶液に金属ナノワイヤを分散させると、固形物と溶液とが分離して、液安定性が悪化するおそれがある。
本発明のトランスデューサは、エラストマー製の誘電層と、該誘電層を介して配置されている複数の電極と、複数の該電極と各々接続されている配線と、を備える。本発明のトランスデューサにおいて、誘電層は一層でも二層以上でもよい。ここで、「エラストマー製」とは、誘電層のベース材料が、エラストマーであることを意味する。よって、誘電層は、エラストマー成分の他に、他の成分を含んでいても構わない。誘電層としては、例えば、エラストマーのみからなるエラストマー層、エラストマーと絶縁性の無機粒子とを含む高抵抗層、エラストマーとイオン成分とを含むイオン成分含有層、エラストマーと半導体とを含む半導体含有層等、種々の層が挙げられる。また、本発明のトランスデューサは、誘電層と電極とを交互に積層させた積層構造を有していてもよい。
まず、硝酸銀(AgNO3)12.99gをエチレングリコール497.7gに溶解したAgNO3溶液、ワイヤ発生剤の塩化ナトリウム(NaCl)をエチレングリコールに溶解したNaCl溶液(NaCl濃度:0.1mol/L)、および成長方向制御剤のポリ(N-ビニル-2-ピロリドン)(重量平均分子量55,000)22.5gをエチレングリコール449.7gに溶解したポリビニルピロリドン溶液を、各々調製した。次に、AgNO3溶液をポリビニルピロリドン溶液に加え、撹拌しながらさらにNaCl溶液を100.5g加えた。そのまま室温下で40分間撹拌を続けた後、AgNO3溶液、ポリビニルピロリドン溶液、およびNaCl溶液の混合液を、130℃に加熱したエチレングリコール826.4gに、300mL/分の速度で撹拌しながら加えた。そして、130℃下で撹拌しながら2.5時間反応させた。それから、175℃まで昇温し、昇温開始から2.5時間後に反応を終了して、混合液の白濁を確認した。反応後の混合液を水冷した後、混合液にアセトンを加えて静置した。上澄み液を除去して、沈殿した固形物(銀ナノワイヤ)を回収した。
[実施例1]
ポリマーがアクリルゴムである導電性材料を製造した。まず、n-ブチルアクリレート(98質量%)と2-ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート(2質量%)との共重合体であるヒドロキシル基含有アクリルゴムポリマー(Tg:-35℃、重量平均分子量90万程度)100質量部と、架橋剤のエチレンジアミン0.1質量部と、をロール練り機にて混合し、アクリルゴム組成物を調製した。続いて、調製したアクリルゴム組成物を、ブチルセロソルブアセテート(大伸化学(株)製)2300質量部に溶解させて、アクリルゴム溶液を調製した。このアクリルゴム溶液に、精製銀ナノワイヤ300質量部を添加、攪拌して導電塗料を調製した。次に、調製した導電塗料を基材のポリウレタンシート表面にバーコート法により塗布し、150℃で2時間乾燥させて、導電膜を製造した。得られた導電膜を実施例1の導電膜と称す。実施例1の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。
実施例1の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤの配合量を200質量部に減らし、その分、フレーク状の銀粉末(福田金属箔粉工業(株)製「Ag-XF301」、平均粒子径5.5μm、平均アスペクト比25)を100質量部配合して、導電塗料を調製した。フレーク状の銀粉末に対する精製銀ナノワイヤの質量比は2である。得られた導電膜を実施例2の導電膜と称す。実施例2の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。
実施例1の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤの配合量を100質量部に減らし、その分、フレーク状の銀粉末(同上)を200質量部配合して、導電塗料を調製した。フレーク状の銀粉末に対する精製銀ナノワイヤの質量比は0.5である。なお、本実施例においては、アクリルゴム溶液の溶媒であるブチルセロソルブアセテートの配合量を、1800質量部とした。得られた導電膜を実施例3の導電膜と称す。実施例3の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。実施例3の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、ワイヤ束部の分散構造が確認された。隣接するワイヤ束部の最大距離は1.2μmであり、一つのワイヤ束部を構成する銀ナノワイヤの平均個数は70.3個であった。
実施例1の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤの配合量を200質量部に減らし、フレーク状の銀粉末(同上)を50質量部配合して、導電塗料を調製した。フレーク状の銀粉末に対する精製銀ナノワイヤの質量比は4である。得られた導電膜を実施例4の導電膜と称す。実施例4の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。実施例4の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、ワイヤ束部の分散構造が確認された。隣接するワイヤ束部の最大距離は0.5μmであり、一つのワイヤ束部を構成する銀ナノワイヤの平均個数は50.6個であった。
実施例1の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤの配合量を100質量部に減らし、フレーク状の銀粉末(同上)を250質量部配合して、導電塗料を調製した。フレーク状の銀粉末に対する精製銀ナノワイヤの質量比は0.4である。得られた導電膜を実施例5の導電膜と称す。実施例5の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。実施例5の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、ワイヤ束部の分散構造が確認された。隣接するワイヤ束部の最大距離は1.7μmであり、一つのワイヤ束部を構成する銀ナノワイヤの平均個数は74.6個であった。
実施例1の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤの配合量を50質量部に減らし、フレーク状の銀粉末(同上)を250質量部配合して、導電塗料を調製した。フレーク状の銀粉末に対する精製銀ナノワイヤの質量比は0.2である。得られた導電膜を実施例6の導電膜と称す。実施例6の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。実施例6の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、ワイヤ束部の分散構造が確認された。隣接するワイヤ束部の最大距離は2.8μmであり、一つのワイヤ束部を構成する銀ナノワイヤの平均個数は80.3個であった。
ポリマーがポリエステル樹脂である導電膜を製造した。まず、ポリエステル樹脂(ユニチカ(株)製「エリーテル(登録商標)EU3220」、Tg:5℃)100質量部を、イソホロン(大伸化学(株)製)2300質量部に溶解させて、ポリエステル樹脂溶液を調製した。このポリエステル樹脂溶液に、精製銀ナノワイヤ200質量部を添加、攪拌して導電塗料を調製した。次に、調製した導電塗料を基材のポリウレタンシート表面にバーコート法により塗布し、150℃で2時間乾燥させて、導電膜を製造した。得られた導電膜を実施例7の導電膜と称す。実施例7の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。実施例7の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、ワイヤ束部の分散構造が確認された。隣接するワイヤ束部の最大距離は0.6μmであり、一つのワイヤ束部を構成する銀ナノワイヤの平均個数は46.2個であった。
実施例7の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤに加えて、フレーク状の銀粉末(同上)を100質量部配合して、導電塗料を調製した。フレーク状の銀粉末に対する精製銀ナノワイヤの質量比は2である。なお、本実施例においては、ポリエステル樹脂溶液の溶媒を、ブチルセロソルブアセテート(同上)に変更した。得られた導電膜を実施例8の導電膜と称す。実施例8の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。実施例8の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、ワイヤ束部の分散構造が確認された。隣接するワイヤ束部の最大距離は0.7μmであり、一つのワイヤ束部を構成する銀ナノワイヤの平均個数は47.8個であった。
架橋剤を変更し、導電塗料の調製方法を変更した以外は、実施例2の導電膜と同様にして、導電膜を製造した。まず、n-ブチルアクリレートと2-ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレートとの共重合体であるヒドロキシル基含有アクリルゴムポリマー(同上)100質量部を、ブチルセロソルブアセテート(同上)2300質量部に溶解させて、アクリルゴム溶液を調製した。次に、調製したアクリルゴム溶液に、架橋剤のヘキサメチレンジイソシアネート3質量部と、精製銀ナノワイヤ200質量部と、フレーク状の銀粉末(同上)100質量部と、を添加、攪拌して導電塗料を調製した。フレーク状の銀粉末に対する精製銀ナノワイヤの質量比は2である。得られた導電膜を実施例9の導電膜と称す。実施例9の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。
ポリマーがシリコーンゴム(Tg:-120℃)である導電膜を製造した。まず、シリコーンゴムポリマー(信越化学工業(株)製、二液型液状シリコーン「KE1935」)100質量部を、イソパラフィン系炭化水素(出光興産(株)製「IPソルベント2028」)1000質量部に溶解させて、シリコーン溶液を調製した。このシリコーン溶液に、実施例2の導電膜と同様に精製銀ナノワイヤ200質量部と、フレーク状の銀粉末(同上)100質量部と、を添加、攪拌して導電塗料を調製した。フレーク状の銀粉末に対する精製銀ナノワイヤの質量比は2である。次に、調製した導電塗料を基材のポリウレタンシート表面にバーコート法により塗布し、150℃で2時間乾燥させて、導電膜を製造した。得られた導電膜を実施例10の導電膜と称す。実施例10の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。実施例10の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、ワイヤ束部の分散構造が確認された。隣接するワイヤ束部の最大距離は1.2μmであり、一つのワイヤ束部を構成する銀ナノワイヤの平均個数は65.0個であった。
実施例1の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤの配合量を100質量部に減らし、アクリルゴム溶液の溶媒であるブチルセロソルブアセテートの配合量を1500質量部にして、導電塗料を調製した。得られた導電膜を実施例11の導電膜と称す。実施例11の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。実施例11の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、ワイヤ束部の分散構造が確認された。隣接するワイヤ束部の最大距離は2.1μmであり、一つのワイヤ束部を構成する銀ナノワイヤの平均個数は49.0個であった。
実施例1の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤに代えて、後述する方法により製造された「さらに長手方向に成長させた精製銀ナノワイヤ」を使用すると共にフレーク状の銀粉末も配合して、導電塗料を調製した。すなわち、調製したアクリルゴム溶液に、さらに長手方向に成長させた精製銀ナノワイヤ66質量部と、フレーク状の銀粉末(同上)33質量部と、を添加、攪拌して導電塗料を調製した。フレーク状の銀粉末に対する、さらに長手方向に成長させた精製銀ナノワイヤの質量比は2である。なお、本実施例においては、アクリルゴム溶液の溶媒であるブチルセロソルブアセテートの配合量を1500質量部とした。得られた導電膜を実施例12の導電膜と称す。実施例12の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。実施例12の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、ワイヤ束部の分散構造が確認された。隣接するワイヤ束部の最大距離は2.5μmであり、一つのワイヤ束部を構成する銀ナノワイヤの平均個数は55.0個であった。また、銀ナノワイヤの長手方向の平均長さは8320nm、短手方向の平均長さは52nmであった。
実施例12の導電膜の製造において、フレーク状の銀粉末を配合しないで、導電塗料を調製した。得られた導電膜を実施例13の導電膜と称す。実施例13の導電膜は、本発明の導電性材料に含まれる。実施例13の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、ワイヤ束部の分散構造が確認された。隣接するワイヤ束部の最大距離は2.0μmであり、一つのワイヤ束部を構成する銀ナノワイヤの平均個数は39.0個であった。
実施例1の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤに代えて、フレーク状の銀粉末(同上)を300質量部配合して、導電塗料を調製した。なお、本比較例においては、アクリルゴム溶液の溶媒であるブチルセロソルブアセテートの配合量を、300質量部とした。得られた導電膜を比較例1の導電膜と称す。
実施例1の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤに代えて、未精製銀ナノワイヤを300質量部配合して、導電塗料を調製した。得られた導電膜を比較例2の導電膜と称す。
実施例1の導電膜の製造において、精製銀ナノワイヤの配合量を200質量部に減らすと共に、アクリルゴム溶液の溶媒を、ブチルセロソルブアセテートからイソパラフィン系炭化水素(同上)に変更して、導電塗料を調製した。得られた導電膜を比較例3の導電膜と称す。比較例3の導電膜の断面をSEMにて観察したところ、銀ナノワイヤが多数凝集して形成された凝集塊が観察された。
実施例および比較例の各導電膜について、導電特性を評価した。
(1)体積抵抗率
実施例および比較例の各導電膜の体積抵抗率を、抵抗率計((株)三菱化学アナリテック製「ロレスタ(登録商標)GP」を用いて測定した。
まず、実施例および比較例の各導電膜から、JIS K6251(2010)に規定されているダンベル状2号形の試験片を作製した。試験片(導電膜)は、基材のポリウレタンシート上に配置されている。次に、未伸張状態(自然状態)における試験片の長さ方向両端部間の電気抵抗を、計測システム(日本ナショナルインスツルメンツ(株)製「PXIe-1071/PXI-2530B」)を用いて測定した。続いて、試験片の長さ方向両端部を基材と共に把持具で把持し、一方の端部を固定した状態で他方の端部を水平方向に往復動して、試験片を伸縮させた。伸張時の試験片の伸び率は40%、伸縮回数は5500回とした。試験片の伸び率は、次式(1)により算出した値である。
伸び率(%)=(ΔL0/L0)×100・・・(1)
[L0:試験片の標線間距離、ΔL0:試験片の標線間距離の伸張による増加分]
試験片を伸張するごとに、試験片の長さ方向両端部間の電気抵抗を計測システム(同上)により測定し、伸縮時における最大抵抗値を求めた。そして、最大抵抗値を未伸張状態の抵抗値で除することにより、電気抵抗の増加率を算出した。
Claims (8)
- ガラス転移温度(Tg)が25℃以下のポリマーと、金属ナノワイヤを含む金属フィラーと、を有し、
該ポリマー中に、複数の該金属ナノワイヤが集まって形成されるワイヤ束部が分散した構造を有することを特徴とする導電性材料。 - 前記金属ナノワイヤの金属分は、85質量%以上99.5質量%以下である請求項1に記載の導電性材料。
- 一つの前記ワイヤ束部を構成する前記金属ナノワイヤの個数は、2個以上400個以下である請求項1または請求項2に記載の導電性材料。
- 前記金属ナノワイヤの短手方向の平均長さは、200nm以下である請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれかに記載の導電性材料。
- 前記金属フィラーは、さらにフレーク状の金属粒子を含む請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれかに記載の導電性材料。
- 前記金属ナノワイヤは銀を含む請求項1ないし請求項5のいずれかに記載の導電性材料。
- 前記金属フィラーの配合量は、前記ポリマーの100質量部に対して350質量部以下である請求項1ないし請求項6のいずれかに記載の導電性材料。
- エラストマー製の誘電層と、該誘電層を介して配置されている複数の電極と、複数の該電極と各々接続されている配線と、を備え、
該電極および該配線の少なくとも一方は、請求項1ないし請求項7のいずれかに記載の導電性材料からなることを特徴とするトランスデューサ。
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JP2020094170A (ja) * | 2018-12-06 | 2020-06-18 | 東洋インキScホールディングス株式会社 | 成形フィルム用導電性組成物、成形フィルムおよびその製造方法、成形体およびその製造方法 |
JP7279510B2 (ja) | 2018-12-06 | 2023-05-23 | 東洋インキScホールディングス株式会社 | 成形フィルム用導電性組成物、成形フィルムおよびその製造方法、成形体およびその製造方法 |
WO2023095671A1 (ja) * | 2021-11-25 | 2023-06-01 | ライオン・スペシャリティ・ケミカルズ株式会社 | 導電性インク組成物及び導電膜 |
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