WO2015037649A1 - 磁気光学材料及びその製造方法、並びに磁気光学デバイス - Google Patents
磁気光学材料及びその製造方法、並びに磁気光学デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015037649A1 WO2015037649A1 PCT/JP2014/074040 JP2014074040W WO2015037649A1 WO 2015037649 A1 WO2015037649 A1 WO 2015037649A1 JP 2014074040 W JP2014074040 W JP 2014074040W WO 2015037649 A1 WO2015037649 A1 WO 2015037649A1
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/80—Phases present in the sintered or melt-cast ceramic products other than the main phase
- C04B2235/81—Materials characterised by the absence of phases other than the main phase, i.e. single phase materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/96—Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
- C04B2235/9646—Optical properties
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/96—Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
- C04B2235/9646—Optical properties
- C04B2235/9653—Translucent or transparent ceramics other than alumina
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a magneto-optical material and a magneto-optical device, and more particularly, a magneto-optical material made of a transparent ceramic or a single crystal containing a complex oxide suitable for constituting a magneto-optical device such as an optical isolator, and its manufacture.
- the present invention relates to a method and a magneto-optical device using the magneto-optical material.
- the optical isolator includes a Faraday rotator, a polarizer disposed on the light incident side of the Faraday rotator, and an analyzer disposed on the light emitting side of the Faraday rotator.
- the Faraday rotator is used by applying a magnetic field parallel to the traveling direction of light. At this time, the polarization line of light rotates only in a fixed direction regardless of whether it travels forward or backward in the Faraday rotator. Further, the Faraday rotator is adjusted to such a length that the polarization segment of light is rotated exactly 45 degrees.
- the forward polarization of the light is transmitted because it coincides at the polarizer position and the analyzer position.
- the polarization of the backward light is rotated 45 degrees in the opposite direction to the deviation angle direction of the polarization plane of the polarizer which is shifted 45 degrees from the analyzer position.
- the light traveling in this way functions as an optical isolator that transmits and emits light and blocks the returning light traveling backward.
- TGG crystal Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12
- TSAG crystal Tb (3-x) Sc 2 Al 3 O 12
- the Verde constant of a TGG crystal is relatively large, 40 rad / (T ⁇ m), and is currently widely used for standard fiber laser devices.
- the TSAG crystal has a Verde constant of about 1.3 times that of the TGG crystal, which is also a material mounted on the fiber laser device.
- JP-A 2010-285299 (Patent Document 3) describes (Tb x R 1-x ) 2 O 3 (x is 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.0), and R is scandium.
- a single crystal or ceramics mainly composed of an oxide selected from the group consisting of yttrium, lanthanum, europium, gadolinium, ytterbium, holmium, and lutetium is disclosed.
- the oxide composed of the above components has a Verde constant of 0.18 min / (Oe ⁇ cm) or more, and in the examples, there is a description up to a maximum of 0.33 min / (Oe ⁇ cm). Further, in the text of the same document, the TGG Verde constant is also described as 0.13 min / (Oe ⁇ cm). The difference between the two Verde constants has actually reached 2.5 times.
- Patent Document 4 discloses an oxide composed of substantially the same component, and describes that it has a larger Verde constant than a TGG single crystal.
- the (Tb x R 1-x ) 2 O 3 oxide disclosed in Patent Documents 3 and 4 is certainly a TGG crystal disclosed in Patent Document 1 or referred to in the text of Patent Document 3.
- the Verde constant is very large, 1.4 to 2.5 times, but the oxide is a fiber laser beam with a wavelength band of 0.9 to 1.1 ⁇ m that is expected to be used. Absorbs a little.
- fiber laser devices have become more powerful in output, and even if they are slightly absorbing optical isolators, they can cause beam quality degradation due to the thermal lens effect. .
- a fiber laser beam having a Verde constant larger than that of TGG crystal (Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12 ) or TSAG crystal (Tb (3-x) Sc 2 Al 3 O 12 ) and having a wavelength band of 0.9 to 1.1 ⁇ m.
- TGG crystal Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12
- TSAG crystal Tb (3-x) Sc 2 Al 3 O 12
- a candidate for such a material is an oxide having a pyrochlore type crystal structure.
- the pyrochlore type crystal has a crystal structure of A 2 B 2 O 7 and is known to have a cubic structure when the radius ratio of A ions to B ions is within a certain range. If a material having a cubic crystal structure can be selected, not only single crystals but also ceramic bodies can be produced with high transparency, and application as various optical materials is expected.
- Patent Document 6 discloses that among the cubic titanium oxide pyrochlore having a rare earth element RE at the A site, the element RE at the A site is Lu, Yb. , Tm, Er, Ho, Y, Sc, Dy, Tb, Gd, Eu, Sm, and Ce are complex oxides RE 2-x Ti 2 O 7- ⁇ composed of one or more of each element And the non-stoichiometric amount x of the A-site element RE is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5 depending on the A-site element RE.
- a cubic titanium oxide pyrochlore sintered body characterized in that it is formed by sintering an electronically conductive ceramic powder within the above range, followed by reduction treatment. Since the use is an electronic conductive ceramic, the transparency of the sintered body is not mentioned, and it is known among those skilled in the art that an ordinary sintered body can be formed only by ordinary sintering.
- the material described in Document 6 is also estimated to be unusable as an optical material application, but the information that titanium oxide pyrochlore containing Tb can be cubic is disclosed in Patent Document 6.
- Patent Document 7 at least 95% by weight, preferably at least 98% by weight of each crystal has a cubic chlorophyllite or fluorite structure, and is a stoichiometric compound.
- B is at least one tetravalent cation
- D is at least one pentavalent cation
- E is at least one divalent anion.
- a polycrystal, transparent optical ceramic containing A wherein A is selected from Y, Gd, Yb, Lu, Sc and La, and B is an optical ceramic selected from Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn and Ge
- Tb is not included at all, cubic oxides containing 98% by weight or more of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, tin oxide, and germanium oxide containing several kinds of rare earths (pyrochlore) It has been confirmed that it can take a structure.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and does not absorb fiber laser light in the wavelength band of 0.9 to 1.1 ⁇ m, and therefore suppresses the generation of thermal lenses, and the Verde constant is larger than that of a TGG crystal. It is an object of the present invention to provide a transparent magneto-optical material suitable for constituting a magneto-optical device such as an optical isolator, a manufacturing method thereof, and a magneto-optical device.
- the present inventor has a Verde constant larger than that of TGG crystal (Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12 ) or TSAG crystal (Tb (3-x) Sc 2 Al 3 O 12 ) based on the knowledge of the above prior art, and As a completely new material candidate that does not absorb fiber laser light in the wavelength band of 0.9 to 1.1 ⁇ m, we will study various pyrochlore type materials including Tb and configure magneto-optical devices such as optical isolators. A magneto-optical material and a magneto-optical device suitable for the above were completed.
- this invention is the following magneto-optical material, its manufacturing method, and a magneto-optical device.
- R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, tin, hafnium, and zirconium (provided that silicon, germanium, and tantalum are the elements alone) ).
- Terbium oxide powder and at least one oxide powder selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, tin, hafnium, zirconium (however, for silicon, germanium, and tantalum, the element oxide alone is used) Is fired in a crucible to produce a fired raw material mainly composed of a cubic pyrochlore type oxide, and the fired raw material is pulverized into a raw material powder.
- the raw material powder is used to form a predetermined shape.
- a method for producing a magneto-optical material which is sintered after press molding and further subjected to a hot isostatic pressing process to obtain a sintered body of a transparent ceramic containing a composite oxide represented by the following formula (1) as a main component.
- Tb 2 R 2 O 7 (1)
- R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, tin, hafnium, and zirconium (provided that silicon, germanium, and tantalum are the elements alone) ).
- [7] The method for producing a magneto-optical material according to [6], wherein the firing temperature is 1200 ° C. or higher and lower than a sintering temperature performed thereafter.
- a magneto-optical device comprising the magneto-optical material according to any one of [1] to [5].
- An optical isolator comprising the magneto-optical material as a Faraday rotator and having a polarizing material before and after the optical axis of the Faraday rotator and usable in a wavelength band of 0.9 ⁇ m to 1.1 ⁇ m.
- an optical isolator with a Verde's constant larger than that of a TGG crystal can be miniaturized without degrading the beam quality even when mounted on a fiber laser device having a wavelength band of 0.9 to 1.1 ⁇ m.
- a transparent magneto-optical material suitable for constructing a magneto-optical device such as the above can be provided.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of an X-ray diffraction pattern near the (622) plane of FIG. 2.
- 4 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of a sintered body (Tb 2 Zr 2 O 7 ) of Example 1-4.
- the magneto-optical material according to the present invention is made of a transparent ceramic containing a complex oxide represented by the following formula (1) as a main component or a single crystal of the complex oxide represented by the following formula (1), and has a verde at a wavelength of 1064 nm.
- the constant is 0.14 min / (Oe ⁇ cm) or more.
- Tb 2 R 2 O 7 (1) In the formula, R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, tin, hafnium, and zirconium (provided that silicon, germanium, and tantalum are the elements alone) ).
- Terbium is a material having the largest Verde constant among paramagnetic elements other than iron (Fe), and is transparent at a wavelength of 1.06 ⁇ m (linear transmittance of light at an optical path length of 1 mm is 80% or more). It is the most suitable element for use in an optical isolator in this wavelength range. However, in order to make use of this transparency, terbium must not be in a metal-bonded state but must be finished in a stable compound state.
- an oxide is mentioned as the most typical form for forming a stable compound.
- certain materials (composite oxides) having a pyrochlore structure have a cubic structure (this is called a cubic crystal having a pyrochlore lattice (pyrochlore type cubic crystal)), so that there is no high degree of anisotropic scattering. A transparent compound is obtained.
- terbium enters the A site
- a pyrochlore type oxide having a cubic structure terbium-containing cubic pyrochlore type oxide
- silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, tin, hafnium, and zirconium can be suitably used as a B site element for taking a cubic crystal structure.
- silicon and germanium have an ionic radius that is too small, filling the B site with only these elements is not preferable because it becomes orthorhombic and obstructs transparency. Therefore, when silicon or germanium is selected, it is used in combination with zirconium which is another element having a larger ionic radius.
- the magneto-optical material of the present invention is preferably a cubic crystal having a pyrochlore lattice (pyrochlore cubic crystal) as the main phase, and more preferably a pyrochlore cubic crystal.
- the phrase “become the main phase” means that the pyrochlore type cubic crystal accounts for 90% by volume or more, preferably 95% by volume or more of the entire crystal structure.
- the pyrochlorination rate calculated from the powder X-ray diffraction result of the magneto-optical material means that when R in the above formula (1) is zirconium alone, it is 51.5% or more.
- R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, tin, hafnium, zirconium (provided that silicon, germanium, tantalum and zirconium are the elements alone) Ex.)) Is 97.3% or more, preferably 99% or more.
- the pyrochlorination rate is the terbium oxide (622) plane based on the Vegard law from the peak position (2 ⁇ value P (622) ) corresponding to the cubic (622) plane in the powder X-ray diffraction of the target material.
- 2 ⁇ value (P Tb ) and the ideal pyrochlore type occupying the target material obtained using the 2622 value (P TbR ) of the (622) plane when the target material is an ideal pyrochlore cubic crystal
- the (622) plane is the diffractive surface on the widest angle side among the four main diffraction surfaces in the X-ray diffraction pattern of the pyrochlore cubic crystal.
- the magneto-optical material of the present invention preferably has an average sintered particle size of 2.5 ⁇ m or less, preferably 2.1 ⁇ m or less, in the transparent ceramic. If the average sintered particle diameter exceeds 2.5 ⁇ m, transparency may not be ensured.
- the lower limit of the average sintered particle diameter is not particularly limited, but is 1 ⁇ m or more in production.
- terbium and R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, tin, hafnium, and zirconium (however, for silicon, germanium, and tantalum, the element alone) Except that there are other elements), but may further contain other elements.
- other elements include rare earth elements such as lanthanum, gadolinium, thulium, cerium, praseodymium, ytterbium, dysprosium, and various impurity groups typically include calcium, aluminum, phosphorus, tungsten, molybdenum, and the like. Can be illustrated.
- the content of other elements is preferably 10 or less, more preferably 1 or less, even more preferably 0.1 or less, and 0.001 or less when the total amount of terbium is 100. It is particularly preferred that it is substantially zero).
- the magneto-optical material of the present invention contains a composite oxide represented by the above formula (1) as a main component. That is, the magneto-optical material of the present invention may contain the composite oxide represented by the above formula (1) as a main component, and may intentionally contain other components as subcomponents.
- containing as a main component means containing 50 mass% or more of complex oxide represented by the said Formula (1).
- the content of the composite oxide represented by the formula (1) is preferably 80% by mass or more, preferably 90% by mass or more, more preferably 99% by mass or more, and 99.9% by mass. The above is particularly preferable.
- Other subcomponents (components other than the main component) that are generally exemplified include dopants that are doped during single crystal growth, flux, and sintering aids that are added during ceramic production.
- the magneto-optical material of the present invention there are a single crystal manufacturing method such as a floating zone method and a micro pull-down method, and a ceramic manufacturing method, and any manufacturing method may be used.
- the single crystal manufacturing method has a certain degree of restriction in the design of the concentration ratio of the solid solution, and the ceramic manufacturing method is more preferable in the present invention.
- the ceramic production method will be described in more detail as an example of the production method of the magneto-optical material of the present invention, but the single crystal production method that follows the technical idea of the present invention is not excluded.
- terbium and element R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, tin, hafnium, and zirconium (however, regarding silicon, germanium, and tantalum).
- R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, tin, hafnium, and zirconium (however, regarding silicon, germanium, and tantalum).
- the firing temperature at this time is preferably 1200 ° C. or higher and lower than the sintering temperature performed thereafter, more preferably 1400 ° C. or higher and lower than the sintering temperature performed thereafter.
- the “main component” as used herein means that the pyrochlorination rate calculated from the powder X-ray diffraction result of the fired raw material is 41.5% when R in the formula (1) is zirconium alone.
- R is other than that (that is, R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, tin, hafnium, zirconium (provided that silicon, germanium, tantalum) And Zirconium (except for the element alone) is 50% or more, preferably 55% or more.
- the purity of the raw material is preferably 99.9% by mass or more.
- ceramics are manufactured using pyrochlore-type oxide powder having a desired configuration, but the powder shape at that time is not particularly limited, and for example, square, spherical, and plate-like powders are used. It can be suitably used. Moreover, it can use suitably even if it is the powder which carried out secondary aggregation, and it can use suitably also if it is the granular powder granulated by granulation processes, such as a spray-dry process. Furthermore, the preparation process of these raw material powders is not particularly limited.
- a raw material powder produced by a coprecipitation method, a pulverization method, a spray pyrolysis method, a sol-gel method, an alkoxide hydrolysis method, or any other synthesis method can be suitably used. Further, the obtained raw material powder may be appropriately treated by a wet ball mill, a bead mill, a jet mill, a dry jet mill, a hammer mill or the like.
- a sintering inhibitor may be added as appropriate.
- a sintering suppression aid corresponding to the terbium-containing pyrochlore oxide.
- the purity is preferably 99.9% by mass or more.
- a sintering inhibitor when not added, it is preferable to select a raw material powder that has a primary particle size of nano-size and extremely high sintering activity. Such a selection may be made as appropriate.
- organic additives may be added for the purpose of improving the quality stability and yield in the manufacturing process.
- these are not particularly limited. That is, various dispersants, binders, lubricants, plasticizers, and the like can be suitably used.
- the above raw material powder is pressed into a predetermined shape, degreased, and then sintered to produce a sintered body with a relative density of at least 92% or more. It is preferable to perform a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process as a subsequent process.
- HIP hot isostatic pressing
- a normal press molding process can be suitably used. That is, it is possible to use a very general pressing process in which a mold is filled and pressurized from a certain direction, or a CIP (Cold Isostatic Pressing) process in which the mold is hermetically stored in a deformable waterproof container and pressurized with hydrostatic pressure.
- the applied pressure may be appropriately adjusted while confirming the relative density of the obtained molded body, and is not particularly limited. For example, if the pressure is controlled within a pressure range of about 300 MPa or less that can be handled by a commercially available CIP device, the manufacturing cost can be suppressed. It's okay.
- Alternatively, not only a molding process but also a hot press process, a discharge plasma sintering process, a microwave heating process, and the like that can be performed all at once at the time of molding can be suitably used.
- a normal degreasing step can be suitably used. That is, it is possible to go through a temperature rising degreasing process by a heating furnace. Also, the type of atmospheric gas at this time is not particularly limited, and air, oxygen, hydrogen, and the like can be suitably used.
- the degreasing temperature is not particularly limited, but when a raw material mixed with an organic additive is used, it is preferable to raise the temperature to a temperature at which the organic component can be decomposed and eliminated.
- a general sintering process can be suitably used. That is, a heating and sintering process such as a resistance heating method or an induction heating method can be suitably used.
- the atmosphere at this time is not particularly limited, but inert gas, oxygen gas, hydrogen gas and the like can be suitably used. Moreover, you may sinter under reduced pressure (in a vacuum).
- the sintering temperature in the sintering process of the present invention is appropriately adjusted depending on the starting material selected. In general, using a selected starting material, a temperature that is several tens of degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius or 200 degrees Celsius lower than the melting point of the terbium-containing pyrochlore oxide sintered body to be produced is suitably selected.
- a temperature that is several tens of degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius or 200 degrees Celsius lower than the melting point of the terbium-containing pyrochlore oxide sintered body to be produced is suitably selected.
- the conditions must be strictly excluded from the temperature zone.
- the sintering holding time in the sintering process of the present invention is appropriately adjusted depending on the starting material selected. In general, a few hours is often sufficient. However, the relative density of the terbium-containing pyrochlore oxide sintered body must be densified to at least 92%.
- HIP Hot isostatic pressing
- the pressurized gas medium at this time is preferably an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen, or Ar—O 2 .
- the pressure applied by the pressurized gas medium is preferably 50 to 300 MPa, more preferably 100 to 300 MPa. If the pressure is less than 50 MPa, the transparency improvement effect may not be obtained. If the pressure exceeds 300 MPa, further improvement in transparency cannot be obtained even if the pressure is increased, and the load on the device may be excessive and may damage the device. .
- the applied pressure is preferably 196 MPa or less, which can be processed with a commercially available HIP device, for convenience and convenience.
- the treatment temperature (predetermined holding temperature) at that time may be appropriately set depending on the type of material and / or the sintering state, and is set in the range of, for example, 1000 to 2000 ° C., preferably 1300 to 1800 ° C. At this time, it is essential that the temperature be below the melting point and / or below the phase transition point of the terbium-containing pyrochlore oxide constituting the sintered body as in the case of the sintering step.
- the terbium-containing pyrochlore-type oxide sintered body assumed in (1) exceeds the melting point or exceeds the phase transition point, making it difficult to perform an appropriate HIP treatment.
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 1000 ° C., the effect of improving the transparency of the sintered body cannot be obtained.
- the holding time of the heat treatment temperature is not particularly limited, but may be appropriately adjusted while ascertaining the characteristics of the terbium-containing pyrochlore oxide constituting the sintered body.
- the heater material, the heat insulating material, and the processing container for HIP processing are not particularly limited, but graphite or molybdenum (Mo) can be suitably used.
- oxygen deficiency may occur in the obtained terbium-containing pyrochlore-type oxide sintered body after the HIP treatment, resulting in a light gray appearance.
- the manufacturing process may be simplified if the fine oxidation annealing process is performed using the same equipment as the HIP processing equipment. By this annealing treatment, all of the terbium-containing pyrochlore oxide sintered body having a light gray appearance can be prepared into a colorless and transparent ceramic body.
- both end faces on the optically utilized axis of the terbium-containing pyrochlore oxide sintered body (that is, transparent ceramics) that have undergone the above series of production steps can be optically polished.
- the optical surface accuracy is preferably ⁇ / 8 or less, particularly preferably ⁇ / 10 or less, when the measurement wavelength ⁇ is 633 nm. Note that it is possible to further reduce the optical loss by appropriately forming an antireflection film on the optically polished surface.
- a magneto-optical material having a Verde constant at a wavelength of 1064 nm of 0.14 min / (Oe ⁇ cm) or more can be obtained.
- the magneto-optical material of the present invention preferably has a linear transmittance of 90% or more for light transmission at a wavelength of 1064 nm per optical path length of 10 mm.
- the “linear transmittance” means the linear transmittance when a transmission spectrum measured in a blank (space) state without placing a sample in the measurement optical path is 100%.
- the maximum value of the incident power of laser light that does not generate a thermal lens is 30 W or more. Is preferable, and 80 W or more is more preferable. If the maximum value of the incident power of laser light that is not generated by the thermal lens is less than 30 W, it may be difficult to use in a high-power fiber laser device.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of an optical isolator which is an optical device having a Faraday rotator made of the magneto-optical material of the present invention as an optical element.
- an optical isolator 100 includes a Faraday rotator 110 made of a magneto-optical material of the present invention, and a polarizer 120 and an analyzer 130 that are polarizing materials are provided before and after the Faraday rotator 110. .
- the optical isolator 100 is preferably arranged in the order of the polarizer 120, the Faraday rotator 110, and the analyzer 130, and the magnet 140 is preferably placed on at least one of these side surfaces.
- the optical isolator 100 can be suitably used for an industrial fiber laser device. That is, it is suitable for preventing the reflected light of the laser light emitted from the laser light source from returning to the light source and causing oscillation to become unstable.
- Example 1 An example in which hafnium, tin, titanium, or zirconium is selected as an example in which a single element is filled in the B site position (R in the above formula (1)) in the above formula (1) will be described.
- Terbium oxide powder manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. Hafnium oxide powder manufactured by American Elements, and stannic oxide powder, titanium oxide powder manufactured by High Purity Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd., and Nissan Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Zirconia powder was obtained. All the purity was 99.9 mass% or more.
- the mixture was dispersed and mixed in a zirconia ball mill apparatus while being careful to prevent each other from mixing.
- the treatment time was 24 hours.
- spray drying treatment was performed to produce a granular raw material having an average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m.
- these powders are put in an iridium crucible and fired at a temperature of 1000 ° C., 1100 ° C., 1200 ° C., 1400 ° C., and 1600 ° C. for 3 hours in a high-temperature muffle furnace, and fired at each composition.
- the raw material was obtained.
- Each obtained firing raw material was subjected to diffraction pattern analysis by a powder X-ray diffractometer manufactured by Panalytical.
- the cubic crystal is obtained from these peaks.
- the orthorhombic crystal was identified. For example, when there is no orthorhombic subpeak in these peaks, and a cubic crystal structure model is fitted by Rietveld analysis, it is determined to be cubic.
- a cubic bixbite type oxide phase was mixed in addition to the cubic pyrochlore type oxide.
- a cubic mixed crystal similar to the case of treatment at 1200 ° C. or higher was also confirmed in Tb 2 Zr 2 O 7 treated at 1100 ° C.
- a clear diffraction pattern of the pyrochlore-type oxide crystal phase was not detected from the raw material treated at 1000 ° C., but a bixbite-type oxide crystal phase and a monoclinic diffraction pattern of zirconium oxide were detected instead. It was done.
- the pyrochlorination rate of each firing raw material was determined by the following method.
- R in the composition formula (1) is hafnium (Hf)
- terbium oxide (Tb 4 O 7 ) and the pyrochlore type oxide to be prepared that is, ideal cubic pyrochlore type oxide (Tb 2 Hf 2 O 7 ), all of the four main diffraction planes,
- the 2 ⁇ angles (P Tb , P TbHf ) of the (622) plane, which is the diffractive surface on the widest angle side, are obtained from literature values.
- Tb of terbium oxide (Tb 4 O 7 ) is described in J. Org . Am. Chem. Soc. Vol. 76 p 5242-5244 (1954), P TbHf of Tb 2 Hf 2 O 7 is obtained from Solid State Sciences. Vol. 14 p1405-1411 (2012). Subsequently, using a powder X-ray diffractometer manufactured by Panalytical, each firing temperature (1400 ° C. (Example 1-1), 1200 ° C. (Example 1) by the out-of-plane method (2 ⁇ / ⁇ scan method). -5) The X-ray diffraction pattern of the calcined raw material powder produced at 1100 ° C.
- FIG. 2 shows an ideal X-ray diffraction pattern and terbium oxide (Tb 4 O 7 ) of the firing raw material powders (Examples 1-1 and 1-5, Comparative Examples 1-1 and 1-5) at different firing temperatures.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the literature value of a cubic pyrochlore type oxide (Tb 2 Hf 2 O 7 ) is shown.
- the raw material powder obtained by firing consists of a pyrochlorinated cubic component and a cubic component equivalent to terbium oxide that has not yet been pyrochlorinated, and the respective molar fractions are represented by N P , ( 1 ⁇ N P ), and using the following equation (i) based on the Vegard's rule (an empirical rule that an approximate proportional relationship holds between the lattice constant of the solid solution and the molar fraction)
- the fraction N P was calculated and defined as the pyrochlorination rate of the calcined raw material powder.
- P (622) N P ⁇ P TbHf + (1 ⁇ N P ) ⁇ P Tb (i) ( Wherein P (622) is the value of 2 ⁇ angle of the (622) plane of the raw material powder (°), P TbHf is the value of 2 ⁇ angle of the (622) plane of pyrochlore type Tb 2 Hf 2 O 7 (° ), P Tb is the value (°) of the 2 ⁇ angle of the (622) plane of terbium oxide.) The results are shown in Table 1. From Table 1, it was confirmed that the pyrochlorination ratio was 50% or more at a firing temperature of 1200 ° C. or higher, and the cubic pyrochlore type oxide was the main raw material for firing.
- R in the compositional formula (1) is tin (Sn)
- the pyrochlorination rate of the firing raw material was determined for each firing temperature in the same manner as the above hafnium, and the pyrochlorination rate was 50 at a firing temperature of 1200 ° C. or higher. It was confirmed that the cubic pyrochlore-type oxide was the main firing material (Table 2).
- the 2 ⁇ angle (P TbSn ) of the (622) plane of Tb 2 Sn 2 O 7 was set to 58.706 °.
- R in the composition formula (1) is titanium (Ti)
- the pyrochlorination rate of the firing raw material was determined for each firing temperature in the same manner as in the case of hafnium, and the pyrochlorination rate was 50 at a firing temperature of 1200 ° C. or higher. It was confirmed that the cubic pyrochlore type oxide was the main firing material (Table 3).
- the 2 ⁇ angle (P TbTi ) of the (622) plane of Tb 2 Ti 2 O 7 was 60.561 °.
- R in the composition formula (1) is zirconium (Zr)
- the pyrochlorination rate calculation method described above can be applied to the firing raw material powder.
- This is a distinct mixed crystal peak that can be seen separately from the double peak on the wide-angle side of the Cu-K ⁇ 1 line and the K ⁇ 2 line, and is probably a Tb (Zr) 4 with a slightly small lattice constant in which Zr ions are solid-solved at the Tb site. It was thought to be O 7- ⁇ cubic.
- the Tb (Zr) 4 O 7- ⁇ cubic crystal component was not lost even in the sintered body, and remained.
- An example is shown in FIG.
- a temporary pyrochlorination rate is obtained using the above formula (i), and then a pyrochlore cubic crystal at an angle of 2 ⁇ of the (622) plane.
- the correction coefficient K (622) is calculated by the following equation (ii)
- the temporary pyrochlorination rate was multiplied to obtain the pyrochlorination rate.
- the 2 ⁇ angle (P TbZr ) of the (622) plane of Tb 2 Zr 2 O 7 was set to 58.383 °.
- the first three raw materials fired at 1200 ° C. or higher were all oxide raw materials mainly composed of cubic pyrochlore oxides.
- a cubic bichlorite type oxide phase was mixed in addition to a cubic pyrochlore type oxide phase. It was confirmed that it was an oxide raw material containing as a main component.
- the raw materials prepared in the above-described confirmation test are again in ethanol.
- the mixture was dispersed and mixed in a zirconia ball mill.
- the processing time was 40 hours. Thereafter, spray drying treatment was performed again to produce granular pyrochlore type oxide raw materials having an average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m.
- the raw materials thus obtained were each subjected to uniaxial press molding and isostatic pressing at a pressure of 198 MPa to obtain CIP compacts.
- the obtained molded body was degreased in a muffle furnace at 1000 ° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, the dried molded body was charged in a vacuum heating furnace and treated at 1700 ° C. ⁇ 20 ° C. for 3 hours under a reduced pressure of 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less for a total of 16 types (4 types ⁇ 4 levels) of sintering. Got the body. At this time, the sintering temperature was finely adjusted so that the sintered relative density of all the samples was 92%.
- each obtained sintered body was charged into a HIP furnace made of carbon heater and subjected to HIP treatment in Ar at 200 MPa, 1650 ° C. for 3 hours. About all obtained each sintered compact, it grind
- a cubic bichlorite type oxide phase was mixed in addition to the cubic pyrochlore type oxide for those treated at a firing temperature of 1200 ° C. or higher.
- the diffraction pattern of the cubic pyrochlore type oxide and the cubic bixbite type oxide was also confirmed from Tb 2 Zr 2 O 7 treated at a firing temperature of 1100 ° C.
- the peak angle of the (622) plane was shifted to a lower angle side.
- pyrochlorination rates were determined for the sintered bodies having four types of compositions by the same method as in the case of firing materials (Table 5).
- the first three kinds of sintered bodies (Tb 2 Hf 2 O 7 , Tb 2 Sn 2 O 7 , Tb 2 Ti 2 O 7 ) were all treated at a firing temperature of 1200 ° C. or higher with a pyrochlorination rate of 97. 0.8% or more, particularly 100% at a firing temperature of 1400 ° C.
- the sintered body of Tb 2 Zr 2 O 7, all those treated at the firing temperature 1200 ° C. or higher becomes pyrochlore of 51.5% or more.
- D ( ⁇ m) 1.56 ⁇ L AVE (In the formula, D is the average sintered particle size ( ⁇ m), L AVE is the average length of particles crossing an arbitrary straight line ( ⁇ m), and the number of L AVE samples used for the calculation is at least 100 or more. The average value of the obtained reading lengths was taken as the value of L AVE .)
- an antireflection film designed to have a center wavelength of 1064 nm was coated on the optically polished sample.
- the optical appearance of the sample obtained here was also checked.
- a polarizing element was set before and after each obtained ceramic sample, and then covered with a magnet, and both end surfaces were used using a high power laser (beam diameter 1.6 mm) manufactured by IPG Photonics Japan. Then, a high power laser beam having a wavelength of 1064 nm was incident, and the linear transmittance, the Verde constant, and the maximum value of the incident power not generated by the thermal lens were measured.
- a high power laser beam diameter 1.6 mm
- the linear transmittance is measured by transmitting light with a wavelength of 1064 nm with a beam diameter of 1 to 3 mm ⁇ using an optical system manufactured in-house using a light source manufactured by NKT Photonics, a power meter manufactured by Gentec, and a Ge photodetector. It was measured by the intensity of light at the time, and was obtained according to JIS K7361 and JIS K7136 based on the following formula.
- Linear transmittance (% / cm) I / Io ⁇ 100 (In the formula, I represents transmitted light intensity (intensity of light that has been linearly transmitted through a sample having a length of 10 mm (1 cm)), and Io represents incident light intensity.)
- V V ⁇ H ⁇ L (Where, ⁇ is the Faraday rotation angle (min), V is the Verde constant, H is the magnitude of the magnetic field (Oe), and L is the length of the Faraday rotator (in this case, 1 cm).)
- the maximum value of the incident power that is not generated by the thermal lens is that the change in focal length is 0.1 m or less when the light of each incident power is emitted as a spatial light of 1.6 mm and the Faraday rotator is inserted there. It was determined by reading the maximum incident power when The high power laser used had a maximum output of up to 100 W, so no further thermal lens evaluation was possible. The above results are summarized in Table 5.
- Example 2 Comparative Example 2
- the B site position is filled with at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, titanium, tantalum, and tin to have a composition other than the composition of Example 1
- Terbium oxide powder manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. and silica powder, germanium dioxide powder, titanium oxide powder, stannic oxide powder manufactured by High Purity Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd., and pentoxide manufactured by Showa Chemical Co., Ltd. Tantalum was obtained. All the purity was 99.9 mass% or more.
- Various composite oxide raw materials were produced using the above raw materials.
- the mixture was dispersed and mixed in a zirconia ball mill apparatus while being careful to prevent each other from mixing.
- the treatment time was 24 hours.
- spray drying treatment was performed to produce a granular raw material having an average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m.
- these powders were placed in an iridium crucible and fired at 1400 ° C. for 3 hours in a high-temperature muffle furnace.
- Each of the obtained fired raw materials was subjected to diffraction pattern analysis using a powder X-ray diffractometer manufactured by Panalical, and the pyrochlorination rate was determined in the same manner as when R in Formula (1) of Example 1 was Hf.
- the obtained various raw materials were again dispersed and mixed in ethanol using a zirconia ball mill.
- the processing time was 40 hours.
- spray drying treatment was performed again to produce a granular composite oxide raw material having an average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m.
- the raw materials thus obtained were each subjected to uniaxial press molding and isostatic pressing at a pressure of 198 MPa to obtain CIP compacts.
- the obtained molded body was degreased in a muffle furnace at 1000 ° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, the dried molded body was placed in a vacuum heating furnace and treated at 1700 ° C. ⁇ 20 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain various sintered bodies.
- each obtained sintered body was charged into a HIP furnace made of carbon heater and subjected to HIP treatment in Ar at 200 MPa, 1650 ° C. for 3 hours. A part of each of the obtained sintered bodies was pulverized in a zirconia mortar to form a powder. Subsequently, each powder sample obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 was subjected to diffraction pattern analysis using a powder X-ray diffractometer manufactured by Panalical (Table 6).
- the composition confirmed to be a cubic pyrochlore type oxide was Tb 2 Si 1 Zr 1 O 7 , Tb 2 Ge 1 Zr 1 O 7 , Tb 2 Ti 1 Ta 1 O 7 , Tb 2 Sn 1 Ta 1 O.
- Tb 2 Si 2 O 7 was a pyrochlore type
- Tb 2 Ge 2 Zr 1 O 7 was a group of Tb 2 Si 2 O 7 and Tb 2 Ge 2 O 7 .
- Tb 2 Ta 2 O 7 a clear pyrochlore type diffraction pattern was not obtained, and a result that seemed to be a mixed pattern of about three different phases was obtained. However, it could not be accurately identified. Therefore, it is written as Tb 2 Ta 2 O 7 + ⁇ .
- the pyrochlorination rate was determined.
- a polarizing element was set before and after each obtained ceramic sample, and then covered with a magnet, and both end surfaces were used using a high power laser (beam diameter 1.6 mm) manufactured by IPG Photonics Japan. Then, a high power laser beam having a wavelength of 1064 nm was made incident, and the linear transmittance and the Verde constant as well as the maximum value of the incident power not generated by the thermal lens were measured in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the high power laser used had a maximum output of up to 100 W, so no further thermal lens evaluation was possible.
- Example 3 Another embodiment in which hafnium and zirconium are selected at the B site position in the above formula (1) will be described.
- Two types of pyrochlore type oxide materials of Tb 2 Hf 2 O 7 and Tb 2 Zr 2 O 7 were produced using the above materials.
- two types of powders are prepared: terbium oxide and hafnium oxide mixed with terbium and hafnium in an equimolar molar ratio, and terbium oxide and zirconium oxide mixed with terbium and zirconium in an equimolar molar ratio. did. Subsequently, the mixture was dispersed and mixed in a zirconia ball mill apparatus while being careful to prevent each other from mixing. The treatment time was 24 hours. Thereafter, spray drying treatment was performed to produce a granular raw material having an average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m. Subsequently, these powders were placed in an iridium crucible and fired at 1400 ° C.
- the obtained molded body was degreased in a muffle furnace at 1000 ° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, the dried compact is charged into an oxygen atmosphere furnace or a hydrogen atmosphere furnace, and each is treated at 1700 ° C. ⁇ 20 ° C. for 3 hours while flowing oxygen gas or hydrogen gas at a flow rate of 2 L / min at normal pressure. A sintered body was obtained. At this time, the sintering temperature was finely adjusted so that the sintered relative density of all the samples was 92%. Each obtained sintered body was charged into a HIP furnace made of carbon heater and subjected to HIP treatment in Ar at 200 MPa, 1650 ° C. for 3 hours.
- each powder sample obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 was subjected to diffraction pattern analysis using a powder X-ray diffractometer manufactured by Panalical (Table 7). As a result, it was confirmed that any sample was a cubic pyrochlore oxide. At the same time, the pyrochlorination rate was determined.
- the average sintered particle diameter D was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. Further, an antireflection film designed to have a center wavelength of 1064 nm was coated. The optical appearance of the sample obtained here was also checked. As shown in FIG. 1, a polarizing element was set before and after each obtained ceramic sample, and then covered with a magnet, and both end surfaces were used using a high power laser (beam diameter 1.6 mm) manufactured by IPG Photonics Japan. Then, a high power laser beam having a wavelength of 1064 nm was made incident, and the linear transmittance and the Verde constant as well as the maximum value of the incident power not generated by the thermal lens were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The high power laser used had a maximum output of up to 100 W, so no further thermal lens evaluation was possible. These results are summarized in Table 7.
- the material has a pyrochlore cubic crystal as a main phase, and the average sintered particle size is 2.1 ⁇ m or less.
- a magneto-optical material having a maximum incident power that does not generate a thermal lens is 30 W or more and a Verde constant is 0.16 min / (Oe ⁇ cm) or more and excellent in transparency can be manufactured. It was done.
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Abstract
Description
0<x<0.5
の範囲内とされる電子導電性セラミックス粉体が焼結され、その後還元処理されることによって形成されていることを特徴とする立方晶系チタン酸化物パイロクロア焼結体が開示されている。用途が電子導電性セラミックスのため、当該焼結体の透明度は言及されておらず、普通に焼結しただけでは、通常不透明焼結体ができあがることが当業者の間では知られており、特許文献6記載の材料も光学材料用途としては利用不可であると推定されるが、Tbを含むチタン酸化物パイロクロアが立方晶になり得るという情報は該特許文献6により開示されている。
また同じ頃、Tbは全く含まれないものの、ある種の希土類ハフニウム酸化物が立方晶パイロクロア構造を取り、透光性を有する事実が開示されている("Fabrication of transparent La2Hf2O7 ceramics from combustion synthesized powders", Mat. Res. Bull. 40 (3) 553-559 (2005)(非特許文献2))。
A2+xByDzE7
ここで、-1.15≦x≦0および0≦y≦3および0≦x≦1.6ならびに3x+4y+5z=8、かつAは希土類金属酸化物の群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの3価カチオンであり、Bは少なくとも1つの4価カチオンであり、Dは少なくとも1つの5価カチオンであり、およびEは少なくとも1つの2価アニオンである、
を含む多結晶、透明光学セラミックスであって、AはY、Gd、Yb、Lu、ScおよびLaから選択され、BはTi、Zr、Hf、SnおよびGeから選択される光学セラミックスが開示されており、Tbは全く含まれないものの、数種類の希土類を含んだチタン酸化物、ジルコニウム酸化物、ハフニウム酸化物、スズ酸化物、ゲルマニウム酸化物が、98重量%以上の立方晶黄緑石(パイロクロア)構造を取り得ることが確認されている。
〔1〕 下記式(1)で表わされる複合酸化物を主成分として含む透明セラミックス又は下記式(1)で表わされる複合酸化物の単結晶からなり、波長1064nmでのベルデ定数が0.14min/(Oe・cm)以上であることを特徴とする磁気光学材料。
Tb2R2O7 (1)
(式中、Rはシリコン、ゲルマニウム、チタン、タンタル、スズ、ハフニウム、ジルコニウムよりなる群から選択された少なくとも1つの元素である(ただし、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルについては当該元素単独であることを除く)。)
〔2〕 光路長10mmとして波長1064nmのレーザー光をビーム径1.6mmで入射させた場合、熱レンズが発生しないレーザー光の入射パワーの最大値が30W以上であることを特徴とする〔1〕記載の磁気光学材料。
〔3〕 光路長10mm当たりの波長1064nmの光の直線透過率が90%以上である〔1〕又は〔2〕記載の磁気光学材料。
〔4〕 パイロクロア格子を有する立方晶が主相となった〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれかに記載の磁気光学材料。
〔5〕 上記透明セラミックスにおける平均焼結粒子径が2.5μm以下である〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれかに記載の磁気光学材料。
〔6〕 酸化テルビウム粉末と、シリコン、ゲルマニウム、チタン、タンタル、スズ、ハフニウム、ジルコニウムよりなる群から選択された少なくとも1つの酸化物粉末(ただし、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルについては当該元素酸化物単独であることを除く)とをるつぼ内で焼成して立方晶パイロクロア型酸化物を主成分とする焼成原料を作製し、該焼成原料を粉砕して原料粉末とし、この原料粉末を用いて所定形状にプレス成形した後に焼結し、更に熱間等方圧プレス処理して下記式(1)で表わされる複合酸化物を主成分として含む透明セラミックスの焼結体を得る磁気光学材料の製造方法。
Tb2R2O7 (1)
(式中、Rはシリコン、ゲルマニウム、チタン、タンタル、スズ、ハフニウム、ジルコニウムよりなる群から選択された少なくとも1つの元素である(ただし、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルについては当該元素単独であることを除く)。)
〔7〕 上記焼成温度が1200℃以上、かつこれ以降に行われる焼結温度よりも低い温度であることを特徴とする〔6〕記載の磁気光学材料の製造方法。
〔8〕 〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれかに記載の磁気光学材料を用いて構成されることを特徴とする磁気光学デバイス。
〔9〕 上記磁気光学材料をファラデー回転子として備え、該ファラデー回転子の光学軸上の前後に偏光材料を備えた波長帯0.9μm以上1.1μm以下で利用可能な光アイソレータである〔8〕記載の磁気光学デバイス。
〔10〕 上記ファラデー回転子は、その光学面に反射防止膜を有することを特徴とする〔9〕記載の磁気光学デバイス。
以下、本発明に係る磁気光学材料について説明する。
本発明に係る磁気光学材料は、下記式(1)で表わされる複合酸化物を主成分として含む透明セラミックス又は下記式(1)で表わされる複合酸化物の単結晶からなり、波長1064nmでのベルデ定数が0.14min/(Oe・cm)以上であることを特徴とする。
Tb2R2O7 (1)
(式中、Rはシリコン、ゲルマニウム、チタン、タンタル、スズ、ハフニウム、ジルコニウムよりなる群から選択された少なくとも1つの元素である(ただし、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルについては当該元素単独であることを除く)。)
ただし、シリコンやゲルマニウムはイオン半径が小さすぎるため、これらの元素だけでBサイトを充填してしまうと、斜方晶になって透明性が阻害されてしまうため好ましくない。そこで、シリコンやゲルマニウムを選択する場合には、よりイオン半径の大きな他の元素であるジルコニウムと組み合わせて利用する。
一般的に例示される、その他の副成分(主成分以外の成分)としては、単結晶育成の際にドープされるドーパント、フラックス、セラミックス製造の際に添加される焼結助剤等がある。
[原料]
本発明で用いる原料としては、テルビウム及び元素R(Rはシリコン、ゲルマニウム、チタン、タンタル、スズ、ハフニウム、ジルコニウムよりなる群から選択された少なくとも1つの元素である(ただし、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルについては当該元素単独であることを除く)。)からなる本発明の磁気光学材料の構成元素からなる金属粉末、ないしは硝酸、硫酸、尿酸等の水溶液、あるいは上記元素の酸化物粉末等が好適に利用できる。
また、上記原料の純度は99.9質量%以上が好ましい。次いで、得られた焼成原料を粉砕して原料粉末とする。
本発明では、上記原料粉末を用いて、所定形状にプレス成形した後に脱脂を行い、次いで焼結して、相対密度が最低でも92%以上に緻密化した焼結体を作製する。その後工程として熱間等方圧プレス(HIP)処理を行うことが好ましい。
本発明の製造方法においては、通常のプレス成形工程を好適に利用できる。即ち、ごく一般的な、型に充填して一定方向から加圧するプレス工程や変形可能な防水容器に密閉収納して静水圧で加圧するCIP(Cold Isostatic Pressing)工程が利用できる。なお、印加圧力は得られる成形体の相対密度を確認しながら適宜調整すればよく、特に制限されないが、例えば市販のCIP装置で対応可能な300MPa以下程度の圧力範囲で管理すると製造コストが抑えられてよい。あるいはまた、成形時に成形工程のみでなく一気に焼結まで実施してしまうホットプレス工程や放電プラズマ焼結工程、マイクロ波加熱工程なども好適に利用できる。
本発明の製造方法においては、通常の脱脂工程を好適に利用できる。即ち、加熱炉による昇温脱脂工程を経ることが可能である。また、この時の雰囲気ガスの種類も特に制限はなく、空気、酸素、水素等が好適に利用できる。脱脂温度も特に制限はないが、もしも有機添加剤が混合されている原料を用いる場合には、その有機成分が分解消去できる温度まで昇温することが好ましい。
本発明の製造方法においては、一般的な焼結工程を好適に利用できる。即ち、抵抗加熱方式、誘導加熱方式等の加熱焼結工程を好適に利用できる。この時の雰囲気は特に制限されないが、不活性ガス、酸素ガス、水素ガス等が好適に利用できる。また、減圧下(真空中)で焼結してもよい。
本発明の製造方法においては、焼結工程を経た後に更に追加で熱間等方圧プレス(HIP(Hot Isostatic Pressing))処理を行う工程を設けることができる。
本発明の製造方法においては、HIP処理を終えた後に、得られたテルビウム含有パイロクロア型酸化物焼結体中に酸素欠損が生じてしまい、薄灰色の外観を呈する場合がある。その場合には、前記HIP処理温度以下(例えば、1100~1500℃)、且つ前記HIP処理圧力と同等の条件にて微酸化アニール処理を施すことが好ましい。この場合、前記HIP処理設備と同じ設備を利用して微酸化アニール処理をおこなうと、製造プロセスが簡便となって良い。このアニール処理により、薄灰色の外観を呈してしまったテルビウム含有パイロクロア型酸化物焼結体も、すべて無色透明なセラミックス体に整えることができる。
本発明の製造方法においては、上記一連の製造工程を経たテルビウム含有パイロクロア型酸化物焼結体(即ち、透明セラミックス)について、その光学的に利用する軸上にある両端面を光学研磨することが好ましい。このときの光学面精度は測定波長λ=633nmの場合、λ/8以下が好ましく、λ/10以下が特に好ましい。なお、光学研磨された面に適宜反射防止膜を成膜することで光学損失を更に低減させることも可能である。
本発明の磁気光学材料は、磁気光学デバイス用途に好適であり、特に波長0.9~1.1μmの光アイソレータのファラデー回転子として好適に使用される。
図1は、本発明の磁気光学材料からなるファラデー回転子を光学素子として有する光学デバイスである光アイソレータの一例を示す断面模式図である。図1において、光アイソレータ100は、本発明の磁気光学材料からなるファラデー回転子110を備え、該ファラデー回転子110の前後には、偏光材料である偏光子120及び検光子130が備えられている。また、光アイソレータ100は、偏光子120、ファラデー回転子110、検光子130の順序で配置され、それらの側面のうちの少なくとも1面に磁石140が載置されていることが好ましい。
また、上記光アイソレータ100は産業用ファイバーレーザー装置に好適に利用できる。即ち、レーザー光源から発したレーザー光の反射光が光源に戻り、発振が不安定になるのを防止するのに好適である。
上記式(1)において、Bサイト位置(上記式(1)におけるR)に単一元素を充填した例としてハフニウム、スズ、チタン、ジルコニウムを選定した例について説明する。
信越化学工業(株)製の酸化テルビウム粉末、及びAmerican Elements社製の酸化ハフニウム粉末、並びに(株)高純度化学研究所製の酸化第2スズ粉末、酸化チタン粉末及び日産化学工業(株)製のジルコニア粉末を入手した。純度はいずれも99.9質量%以上であった。
上記原料を用いて、Tb2Hf2O7、Tb2Sn2O7、Tb2Ti2O7、Tb2Zr2O7の4種のパイロクロア型酸化物原料を作製した。即ち、酸化テルビウムと酸化ハフニウムをテルビウムとハフニウムが等量モル比率となるよう秤量した混合粉末、酸化テルビウムと酸化第2スズをテルビウムとスズが等量モル比率となるよう秤量した混合粉末、酸化テルビウムと酸化チタンをテルビウムとチタンが等量モル比率となるよう秤量した混合粉末、酸化テルビウムと酸化ジルコニウムをテルビウムとジルコニウムが等量モル比率となるよう秤量した混合粉末の4種を用意した。続いて、それぞれ互いの混入を防止するよう注意しながらエタノール中でジルコニア製ボールミル装置にて分散・混合処理した。処理時間は24時間であった。その後スプレードライ処理を行って、いずれも平均粒子径が20μmの顆粒状原料を作製した。
(パイロクロア化率の測定)
ここでは、上記組成式(1)におけるRがハフニウム(Hf)である場合を例に説明する。
まず、酸化テルビウム(Tb4O7)と作製しようとするパイロクロア型酸化物、即ち理想的な立方晶パイロクロア型酸化物(Tb2Hf2O7)の、いずれも4つの主回折面のうち、最も広角側の回折面である(622)面の2θの角度(PTb、PTbHf)を文献値より入手する。例えば、酸化テルビウム(Tb4O7)のPTbは、J.Am.Chem.Soc.Vol.76 p5242-5244(1954)より入手し、Tb2Hf2O7のPTbHfは、Solid State Sciences. Vol.14 p1405-1411(2012)より入手する。
続いて、パナリティカル社製粉末X線回折装置を用いて、Out-of-plane法(2θ/ωスキャン法)で各焼成温度(1400℃(実施例1-1)、1200℃(実施例1-5)、1100℃(比較例1-1)、1000℃(比較例1-5))で作製した焼成原料粉末のX線回折パターンを測定する。XRD条件は、Cu-Kα1,2(管球電圧45kV-電流200mA)で、1mm×2mmのスリットコリメーションで、走査範囲10~110°、ステップ幅0.02°とした。図2に、焼成温度ごとの焼成原料粉末(実施例1-1,1-5、比較例1-1,1-5)のX線回折パターン及び酸化テルビウム(Tb4O7)と理想的な立方晶パイロクロア型酸化物(Tb2Hf2O7)の文献値のX線回折パターンを示す。また、図3に、その(622)面近傍のX線回折パターンを示す。
得られた回折パターンのうち、4つの主回折面のうち、最も広角側の回折面である(622)面の2θの角度データを読み取る。その結果を表1に示す。
すると、すべての原料粉末の(622)面の2θの角度の値は、酸化テルビウムのPTbとTb2Hf2O7のPTbHfとの間に入ってくることが確認できる。ここで、焼成して得られた原料粉末が、パイロクロア化した立方晶成分と、未だパイロクロア化していない酸化テルビウムと同等の立方晶成分とからなると仮定し、それぞれのモル分率をNP、(1-NP)と定義して、ベガード則(Vegard's rule、固溶体の格子定数とモル分率との間におおよその比例関係が成り立つという経験則)に基づく以下の式(i)を用いてモル分率NPを計算し、これを焼成原料粉末のパイロクロア化率と定義した。
P(622)=NP×PTbHf+(1-NP)×PTb (i)
(式中、P(622)は原料粉末の(622)面の2θの角度の値(°)、PTbHfはパイロクロア型Tb2Hf2O7の(622)面の2θの角度の値(°)、PTbは酸化テルビウムの(622)面の2θの角度の値(°)である。)
以上の結果を表1に示す。
表1より、焼成温度1200℃以上でパイロクロア化率が50%以上となり、立方晶パイロクロア型酸化物が主成分の焼成原料となっていることが確認された。
K(622)=ITbZr/(ITbZr+ITbZr’) (ii)
(式中、ITbZrは焼成原料のパイロクロア型立方晶成分の(622)面でのピーク強度(Counts)、ITbZr’は焼成原料のTb(Zr)4O7-α立方晶成分の(622)面でのピーク強度(Counts)である。)
その結果を表4に示す。
得られた各焼結体をカーボンヒーター製HIP炉に仕込み、Ar中、200MPa、1650℃、3時間の条件でHIP処理した。得られた各焼結体すべてについて、その一部につき、ジルコニア製乳鉢で粉砕処理して粉末形状にした。続いて得られた各粉末サンプルをパナリティカル社製粉末X線回折装置で回折パターン解析した。即ち、焼成原料の場合と同様に、焼結体ごとに得られたX線回折パターンにおいてその組成のパイロクロア型酸化物の結晶相(立方晶及び斜方晶)の回折ピークに該当するピークを取り出した後、これらのピークから立方晶、斜方晶のいずれであるかを特定した。例えば、これらのピークにおいて斜方晶由来のサブピークが存在せず、かつリートベルト解析により立方晶の結晶構造モデルにフィットした場合に、立方晶であると判断した。
その結果、最初の3種の焼結体(Tb2Hf2O7、Tb2Sn2O7、Tb2Ti2O7)については焼成温度1200℃以上で処理したものすべてがパイロクロア化率97.8%以上となっており、特に焼成温度1400℃のものでは100%となった。
日本電子(株)製のSEM装置(JSM-7000F)を用いて、加速電圧10kVで反射電子像モードで、試料傾斜角0°で、光学研磨サンプルの表面反射電子像を撮影する。この際、各々の焼結粒の粒界コントラストが得られるように明るさ、コントラストを調整する。続いて、J.Am.Ceram.Soc.、52[8]443-6(1969)に記載されている方法に従い、以下の式を使ってSEM像から平均焼結粒子径を算出した。
D(μm)=1.56×LAVE
(式中、Dは平均焼結粒子径(μm)、LAVEは任意の直線を横切る粒子の平均長さ(μm)、なお、算出に使用したLAVEのサンプル数は最低でも100本以上とし、得られた読取り長さの平均値をLAVEの値とした。)
直線透過率は、NKT Photonics社製の光源とGentec社製のパワーメータ並びにGeフォトディテクタを用いて内製した光学系を用い、波長1064nmの光をビーム径を1~3mmφでの大きさで透過させたときの光の強度により測定され、以下の式に基づき、JIS K7361及びJIS K7136に準拠して求めた。
直線透過率(%/cm)=I/Io×100
(式中、Iは透過光強度(長さ10mm(1cm)の試料を直線透過した光の強度)、Ioは入射光強度を示す。)
ベルデ定数Vは、以下の式に基づいて求めた。
θ=V×H×L
(式中、θはファラデー回転角(min)、Vはベルデ定数、Hは磁界の大きさ(Oe)、Lはファラデー回転子の長さ(この場合、1cm)である。)
熱レンズの発生しない入射パワーの最大値は、それぞれの入射パワーの光を1.6mmの空間光にして出射させ、そこへファラデー回転子を挿入した際の焦点距離の変化が0.1m以下となるときの最大入射パワーを読み取ることにより求めた。
なお、使用したハイパワーレーザーは最大出力が100Wまでのため、これ以上の熱レンズ評価はできなかった。
以上の結果を表5にまとめて示す。
上記式(1)において、Bサイト位置にシリコン、ゲルマニウム、チタン、タンタル、スズよりなる群から選択した少なくとも1つの元素を充填し、実施例1の組成以外の組成となるようにした例について説明する。
信越化学工業(株)製の酸化テルビウム粉末、及び(株)高純度化学研究所製のシリカ粉末、二酸化ゲルマニウム粉末、酸化チタン粉末、酸化第2スズ粉末、並びに昭和化学(株)製の五酸化タンタルを入手した。純度はいずれも99.9質量%以上であった。
上記原料を用いて、種々の複合酸化物原料を作製した。即ち、酸化テルビウムとシリカとジルコニアをテルビウムとシリコンとジルコニウムのモル比が2:1:1となるよう秤量した混合粉末、酸化テルビウムと二酸化ゲルマニウムとジルコニアをテルビウムとゲルマニウムとジルコニウムのモル比が2:1:1となるよう秤量した混合粉末、酸化テルビウムと酸化チタンと五酸化タンタルをテルビウムとチタンとタンタルのモル比が2:1:1となるよう秤量した混合粉末、酸化テルビウムと酸化第2スズと五酸化タンタルをテルビウムとスズとタンタルのモル比が2:1:1となるよう秤量した混合粉末、酸化テルビウムとシリカをテルビウムとシリコンが等量モル比率となるよう秤量した混合粉末、酸化テルビウムと二酸化ゲルマニウムをテルビウムとゲルマニウムが等量モル比率となるよう秤量した混合粉末、酸化テルビウムと五酸化タンタルをテルビウムとタンタルが等量モル比率となるよう秤量した混合粉末を用意した。続いて、それぞれ互いの混入を防止するよう注意しながらエタノール中でジルコニア製ボールミル装置にて分散・混合処理した。処理時間は24時間であった。その後スプレードライ処理を行って、いずれも平均粒子径が20μmの顆粒状原料を作製した。続いて、これらの粉末をイリジウムるつぼに入れ高温マッフル炉にて1400℃、3時間で焼成処理した。得られた各焼成原料をパナリティカル社製粉末X線回折装置で回折パターン解析し、実施例1の上記式(1)におけるRがHfである場合と同様にしてパイロクロア化率を求めた。
次に、得られた各種原料を再度エタノール中でジルコニア製ボールミル装置にて分散・混合処理した。処理時間は40時間であった。その後再びスプレードライ処理を行って、いずれも平均粒子径が20μmの顆粒状複合酸化物原料を作製した。
こうして得られた原料につき、それぞれ一軸プレス成形、198MPaの圧力での静水圧プレス処理を施してCIP成形体を得た。得られた成形体をマッフル炉中で1000℃、2時間の条件にて脱脂処理した。続いて当該乾燥成形体を真空加熱炉に仕込み、1700℃±20℃で3時間処理して種々の焼結体を得た。このとき、すべてのサンプルの焼結相対密度が92%になるように焼結温度を微調整した。
得られた各焼結体をカーボンヒーター製HIP炉に仕込み、Ar中、200MPa、1650℃、3時間の条件でHIP処理した。得られた各焼結体のうちの一部につき、ジルコニア製乳鉢で粉砕処理して粉末形状にした。続いて、実施例1と同様にして得られた各粉末サンプルをパナリティカル社製粉末X線回折装置で回折パターン解析した(表6)。その結果、立方晶パイロクロア型酸化物と確認できた組成が、Tb2Si1Zr1O7、Tb2Ge1Zr1O7、Tb2Ti1Ta1O7、Tb2Sn1Ta1O7の群であった。またパイロクロア型ではあったものの、結晶系が斜方晶になっていた組成が、Tb2Si2O7、Tb2Ge2O7の群であった。最後にTb2Ta2O7については明確なパイロクロア型の回折パターンは得られず、3つほどの異なる相の混合パターンらしき結果が得られた。ただし正確に同定することはできなかった。そのため、Tb2Ta2O7+αと表記している。また、同時にパイロクロア化率を求めた。
なお、使用したハイパワーレーザーは最大出力が100Wまでのため、これ以上の熱レンズ評価はできなかった。
これらの結果を表6にまとめて示す。
上記式(1)において、Bサイト位置にハフニウム、ジルコニウムを選定した他の実施例について説明する。
信越化学工業(株)製の酸化テルビウム粉末、及びAmerican Elements社製の酸化ハフニウム粉末並びに日産化学工業(株)製のジルコニア粉末を入手した。純度はいずれも99.9質量%以上であった。
上記原料を用いて、Tb2Hf2O7、Tb2Zr2O7の2種のパイロクロア型酸化物原料を作製した。即ち、酸化テルビウムと酸化ハフニウムをテルビウムとハフニウムが等量モル比率となるよう秤量した混合粉末、酸化テルビウムと酸化ジルコニウムをテルビウムとジルコニウムが等量モル比率となるよう秤量した混合粉末の2種を用意した。続いて、それぞれ互いの混入を防止するよう注意しながらエタノール中でジルコニア製ボールミル装置にて分散・混合処理した。処理時間は24時間であった。その後スプレードライ処理を行って、いずれも平均粒子径が20μmの顆粒状原料を作製した。続いて、これらの粉末をイリジウムるつぼに入れ高温マッフル炉にて1400℃、3時間で焼成処理した。得られた各焼成原料をパナリティカル社製粉末X線回折装置で回折パターン解析し、実施例1の上記式(1)におけるRがHfである場合と同様にしてパイロクロア化率を求めた。
次に、得られた各種原料を再度エタノール中でジルコニア製ボールミル装置にて分散・混合処理した。処理時間は40時間であった。その後再びスプレードライ処理を行って、いずれも平均粒子径が20μmの顆粒状複合酸化物原料を作製した。
こうして得られた原料につき、それぞれ一軸プレス成形、198MPaの圧力での静水圧プレス処理を施してCIP成形体を得た。得られた成形体をマッフル炉中で1000℃、2時間の条件にて脱脂処理した。続いて当該乾燥成形体を酸素雰囲気炉、又は水素雰囲気炉に仕込み、おのおの常圧で毎分2Lの流量で酸素ガス又は水素ガスを流しながら、それぞれ1700℃±20℃で3時間処理して種々の焼結体を得た。このとき、すべてのサンプルの焼結相対密度が92%になるように焼結温度を微調整した。
得られた各焼結体をカーボンヒーター製HIP炉に仕込み、Ar中、200MPa、1650℃、3時間の条件でHIP処理した。得られた各焼結体のうちの一部につき、ジルコニア製乳鉢で粉砕処理して粉末形状にした。続いて、実施例1と同様にして得られた各粉末サンプルをパナリティカル社製粉末X線回折装置で回折パターン解析した(表7)。その結果、いずれのサンプルについても立方晶パイロクロア型酸化物と確認できた。また、同時にパイロクロア化率を求めた。
こうして得られた各セラミックス焼結体を、長さ10mmになるように研削及び研磨処理し、次いでそれぞれのサンプルの光学両端面を光学面精度λ/8(測定波長λ=633nmの場合)で最終光学研磨し、実施例1と同様に平均焼結粒子径Dを測定した。更に中心波長が1064nmとなるように設計された反射防止膜をコートした。ここで得られたサンプルの光学外観もチェックした。
図1に示すように、得られた各セラミックスサンプルの前後に偏光素子をセットしてから磁石を被せ、IPGフォトニクスジャパン(株)製ハイパワーレーザー(ビーム径1.6mm)を用いて、両端面から、波長1064nmのハイパワーレーザー光線を入射して、実施例1と同様にして直線透過率とベルデ定数、並びに熱レンズの発生しない入射パワーの最大値を測定した。
なお、使用したハイパワーレーザーは最大出力が100Wまでのため、これ以上の熱レンズ評価はできなかった。
これらの結果を表7にまとめて示す。
110 ファラデー回転子
120 偏光子
130 検光子
140 磁石
Claims (10)
- 下記式(1)で表わされる複合酸化物を主成分として含む透明セラミックス又は下記式(1)で表わされる複合酸化物の単結晶からなり、波長1064nmでのベルデ定数が0.14min/(Oe・cm)以上であることを特徴とする磁気光学材料。
Tb2R2O7 (1)
(式中、Rはシリコン、ゲルマニウム、チタン、タンタル、スズ、ハフニウム、ジルコニウムよりなる群から選択された少なくとも1つの元素である(ただし、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルについては当該元素単独であることを除く)。) - 光路長10mmとして波長1064nmのレーザー光をビーム径1.6mmで入射させた場合、熱レンズが発生しないレーザー光の入射パワーの最大値が30W以上であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の磁気光学材料。
- 光路長10mm当たりの波長1064nmの光の直線透過率が90%以上である請求項1又は2記載の磁気光学材料。
- パイロクロア格子を有する立方晶が主相となった請求項1~3のいずれか1項記載の磁気光学材料。
- 上記透明セラミックスにおける平均焼結粒子径が2.5μm以下である請求項1~4のいずれか1項記載の磁気光学材料。
- 酸化テルビウム粉末と、シリコン、ゲルマニウム、チタン、タンタル、スズ、ハフニウム、ジルコニウムよりなる群から選択された少なくとも1つの酸化物粉末(ただし、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルについては当該元素酸化物単独であることを除く)とをるつぼ内で焼成して立方晶パイロクロア型酸化物を主成分とする焼成原料を作製し、該焼成原料を粉砕して原料粉末とし、この原料粉末を用いて所定形状にプレス成形した後に焼結し、更に熱間等方圧プレス処理して下記式(1)で表わされる複合酸化物を主成分として含む透明セラミックスの焼結体を得る磁気光学材料の製造方法。
Tb2R2O7 (1)
(式中、Rはシリコン、ゲルマニウム、チタン、タンタル、スズ、ハフニウム、ジルコニウムよりなる群から選択された少なくとも1つの元素である(ただし、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルについては当該元素単独であることを除く)。) - 上記焼成温度が1200℃以上、かつこれ以降に行われる焼結温度よりも低い温度であることを特徴とする請求項6記載の磁気光学材料の製造方法。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項記載の磁気光学材料を用いて構成されることを特徴とする磁気光学デバイス。
- 上記磁気光学材料をファラデー回転子として備え、該ファラデー回転子の光学軸上の前後に偏光材料を備えた波長帯0.9μm以上1.1μm以下で利用可能な光アイソレータである請求項8記載の磁気光学デバイス。
- 上記ファラデー回転子は、その光学面に反射防止膜を有することを特徴とする請求項9記載の磁気光学デバイス。
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