Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
  • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
  • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
  • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
  • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
  • C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
  • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
  • C02F1/4618—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing for producing "ionised" acidic or basic water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
  • C25B1/01—Products
  • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
  • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
  • C25B1/01—Products
  • C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
  • C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
  • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
  • C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
  • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
  • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
  • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
  • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
  • C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
  • C25B11/057—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of a single element or compound
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
  • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
  • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
  • C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
  • C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
  • C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
  • C25B13/02—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by shape or form
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
  • C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
  • C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
  • C25B13/08—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
  • C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
  • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
  • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
  • C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
  • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
  • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
  • C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
  • C02F2001/46138—Electrodes comprising a substrate and a coating
  • C02F2001/46142—Catalytic coating
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
  • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
  • C02F1/4618—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing for producing "ionised" acidic or basic water
  • C02F2001/46185—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing for producing "ionised" acidic or basic water only anodic or acidic water, e.g. for oxidizing or sterilizing
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
  • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
  • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
  • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
  • C02F2201/46115—Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
  • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
  • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
  • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
  • C02F2201/4612—Controlling or monitoring
  • C02F2201/46125—Electrical variables
  • C02F2201/4614—Current
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
  • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
  • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
  • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
  • C02F2201/4612—Controlling or monitoring
  • C02F2201/46145—Fluid flow
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
  • C02F2209/06—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment pH
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

• the invention relates to a three compartment electrolytic cell for the production of oxidising solutions with disinfecting power containing active chlorine.
• anodic product of superior quality can be obtained with an electrolytic cell equipped with three compartments, with a circulation of concentrated brine in an intermediate compartment, separated from the cathodic compartment by a cation-exchange membrane and from the anodic compartment by an anion-exchange membrane.
• the invention relates to an electrolytic cell for the production of oxidising solutions with disinfectant properties
• an electrolytic cell for the production of oxidising solutions with disinfectant properties
• the cathodic separator which separates the cathodic compartment from the intermediate compartment, consists of a cation-exchange membrane
• the anodic separator which separates the anodic compartment from the intermediate compartment, comprises a diaphragm consisting of a network of fibres of organic polymer mechanically bound to particles of ceramic material.
• the diaphragm used as the anodic separator is applied to or otherwise arranged in intimate contact with an anion-exchange membrane.
• the diaphragm consists of a composite tape of perfluorinated polymer and zirconium oxide with a thickness ranging between 0.1 and 1 mm, for example similarly to the product commercialised by Industrie De Nora as Polyramix ® Tape.
• This type of material has the advantage of being suitable for being arranged in multiple superposed layers until the desired thickness is obtained; additionally, it can act directly as the separator or it may be directly applied either to both sides of an anion- exchange membrane or to a single side thereof, which in one embodiment is the one facing the anodic compartment.
• Diaphragms of this kind may be obtained by deposition into thin sheets of suspended polymeric fibres whereupon ceramic particles are previously impacted by mechanical means, with subsequent sintering and hydration.
• the deposition can take place according to procedures typical of the paper industry (for instance, by filtration on a suitable porous matrix). These diaphragms have proven surprisingly suitable for imparting high chemical resistance characteristics to the commonest anion-exchange membranes, meanwhile enhancing their selectivity.
• the anodic compartment is provided with means for feeding softened water, for example water of hardness not exceeding 7°f, and with means for extracting the mildly acidic oxidising solution, for example at a pH between 4 and 6.9, containing free active chlorine;
• the cathodic compartment is provided with means for feeding softened water similarly to the anodic compartment and with means for extracting an alkaline catholyte, for example a caustic soda solution at a pH between 9 and 1 1 ;
• the intermediate compartment is provided with means for recycling an alkali chloride brine, for example a saturated sodium chloride brine.
• the invention relates to a method for the production of an active chlorine-containing oxidising solution with disinfectant power in a cell as hereinbefore described, comprising feeding water, optionally softened water of hardness not exceeding 7°f, to the anodic compartment and optionally to the cathodic compartment, recycling alkali chloride brine, optionally a saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution, through the intermediate compartment, feeding direct electric current between the anodic compartment - connected to the positive pole of a power supply unit - and the cathodic compartment, connected to the negative pole and extracting the product oxidising solution from the anodic compartment.
• the recycling of alkali chloride brine through the intermediate compartment is carried out through an external reservoir containing a decomposition catalyst, for example based on RuO2 or C03O
• a decomposition catalyst for example based on RuO2 or C03O
• This can have the advantage of reducing the content of free chlorine in the intermediate compartment, contributing to the protection of the anionic membrane especially in the case where the polymer diaphragm is applied only to the side of the membrane facing the anodic compartment.
• the RUO2 or Co3O 4 catalyst is particularly fit for this purpose because it can be introduced into the tank in form of a catalytic coating applied to appropriate components thereof, for instance to plates made of titanium or other suitable material inserted into the tank.
• Other decomposition catalysts capable of reducing the levels of free chlorine in the recycled brine can be used without departing from the scope of the invention.
• Figure 1 shows a diagram of the electrolytic cell according to one embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
• Figure 1 shows a side view of an electrolytic cell 100 according to one embodiment of the invention, subdivided into three compartments respectively consisting of an anodic compartment 200 and a cathodic compartment 400 with an intermediate compartment 300 interposed therebetween.
• the anodic compartment 200 contains an anode 250 and is separated from intermediate compartment 300 by means of a polymer diaphragm 321 applied to a anion-exchange membrane 320 on the side facing anodic compartment 200.
• Cathodic compartment 400 contains a cathode 450 and is separated from intermediate compartment 300 by means of a cation-exchange membrane 340. The sealing between the various compartments is ensured by means of a gasketing system 600.
• a saturated solution of sodium chloride or other type of alkali chloride brine 510 is recycled with the aid of tank 500.
• a decomposition catalyst is optionally contained, for example, ruthenium dioxide applied as coating of a metallic component (not shown).
• Anodic compartment 200 is supplied with softened water 210 through appropriate supply means (not shown); from the same compartment, product oxidising solution 220 containing free active chlorine at slightly acidic pH is extracted.
• Cathodic compartment 400 is also fed with softened water 410; in one embodiment, softened water feed 210 and 410 to anodic compartment 200 (anolyte in the following) and to cathodic compartment 400 (catholyte in the following), respectively, are unified. In another embodiment, only anodic compartment 200 is supplied with softened water 210.
• a dilute alkali solution with negligible salinity 420 is extracted from cathodic compartment 400, suitable for use as a cleaning agent in many industrial applications.
• An electrolytic cell according to the scheme shown in the figure was assembled using an anode 250 consisting of a 0.5 mm thick titanium mesh with an area of 1 13 mm x 53 mm, activated with a catalytic coating based on oxides of Ru, Ir and Ti; a cathode 450 consisting of a 0.5 mm thick titanium mesh with an area of 1 13 mm x 53 mm, activated with a catalytic coating based on Pt; a cation-exchange membrane 340 of Nafion ® N1 15 type, produced by DuPont; an anodic separator comprising an anion-exchange membrane 320 of FAP-0 type, produced by Fumatec, with two layers of 0.5 mm thick polymer diaphragm tape 321 of the Polyramix ® Tape type by Industrie De Nora superimposed thereto on the side facing anodic compartment 200, consisting of a network of PTFE fibres modified with Zr particles obtained by deposition of a thin sheet from an
• Anodic compartment 200 and cathodic compartment 400 were fed respectively with anolyte and catholyte consisting of softened water at 4°f.
• Intermediate compartment 300 was fed with a saturated brine 510 obtained out of 99% pure NaCI, coming from reservoir 500 containing a few titanium plates coated with a paint based on RUO2; brine 510 at the outlet was recycled to tank 500, as shown in the figure.
• Catholyte 410 was fed at a fixed flow rate of 1 l/min, while the flow rates of anolyte 210 and brine 510 were changed in the course of the various tests, all carried out upon feeding a 6 A direct current (corresponding to a current density of 1 kA m 2 ) after connecting the positive pole of a rectifier to anode 250 and the negative pole to cathode 450.
• the best results in terms of efficiency of production of active chlorine were obtained with a flow-rate of anolyte 210 of 0.6 l/min and a flow rate of brine 510 of 0.7 l/min.
• COUNTEREXAMPLE An electrolytic cell was assembled similarly to the previous example except for the anodic separator, consisting in this case of anion-exchange membrane 320 of the FAP- 0 type only, without any polymer diaphragm 321 interposed. The test was carried out at the same current density, with flow rates of 0.6 l/min of anolyte 210, 1 l/min of catholyte and 0.7 I/ min of brine 510. In such conditions, it was possible to generate an oxidising solution 220 in continuous containing 80 ppm of free active chlorine at a pH of about 6. During the test, a build-up of active chlorine of about 2 ppm/h was observed within recycling brine 510.
• the test was forcibly stopped after about 50 hours due to the sudden decay of the anionic membrane, detected through contamination by sodium ions of product solution 220.
• the test was repeated with a different anionic membrane (Selemion ® , manufactured by Asahi Glass) with substantially similar results.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
• Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)

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