WO2014168253A1 - 白血球の細胞外トラップ形成の阻害剤 - Google Patents
白血球の細胞外トラップ形成の阻害剤 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014168253A1 WO2014168253A1 PCT/JP2014/060561 JP2014060561W WO2014168253A1 WO 2014168253 A1 WO2014168253 A1 WO 2014168253A1 JP 2014060561 W JP2014060561 W JP 2014060561W WO 2014168253 A1 WO2014168253 A1 WO 2014168253A1
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- lactoferrin
- formation
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- amino acid
- acid sequence
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- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a leukocyte extracellular trap formation inhibitor containing lactoferrin as an active ingredient and a composition for treating diseases related to leukocyte extracellular trap formation.
- the present invention also relates to a method for treating a disease associated with the formation of an extracellular trap of blood cells using the inhibitor or composition.
- NETs neutrophil extracellular traps
- neutrophils are activated by bacterial infection, the morphology of the lobular nucleus and the distribution of chromatin become unknown, and then the nuclear membrane disappears, resulting in a chromatin structure
- NETs center on DNA, and histone 3 (H3) and elastase play an important role in its action. NETs formation will locally collect antimicrobial molecules that effectively kill microorganisms.
- Non-patent document 2 proteins from neutrophils, in particular antibacterial proteins contained in azurophilic granules and second granules, are secreted by degranulation, and proteins related to cell structures are also secreted. These proteins are also called NETs constituent proteins, and are neutrophil elastase, histone, myeloperoxidase, F-actin, lactoferrin, matrix metalloprotease 9, LL37, cathepsin G, BPI, proteinase 3, calprotectin, azulocidin, lysozyme C, Defensins, catalases and the like have been reported (Non-patent Document 3).
- Lactoferrin is contained in the second granule of neutrophils, and neutrophils form NETs, eventually degranulate and released to the surroundings (Non-patent Reference 1). Lactoferrin is well conserved in mammals, and there are few species differences in its function. At present, its physiological activity has attracted attention as a protein of milk components and is commercially available. However, it has been reported that milk does not show an inhibitory effect on NET formation of bovine neutrophils (Non-patent Document 4).
- NETs are also involved in thrombus growth / growth.
- histones contained therein condense platelets, and platelet thrombi are formed based on NETs.
- neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G contained in NETs degrade the tissue factor pathway inhibitory factor and promote blood coagulation reaction. The role which keeps microorganisms etc. locally by the effect
- SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Non-patent Documents 6 and 7 It is known that antibacterial peptide LL37 and DNA in NETs exist in the serum of SLE patients (Non-patent Documents 6 and 7). These are recognized as autoantigens by B cells and autoantibodies are produced. In addition, neutrophils of SLE patients are more likely to cause NETosis than neutrophils of healthy individuals (Non-patent Document 6). These factors are believed to induce chronic inflammation. Also in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) -related vasculitis as a disease caused by autoantibodies, the IgG fraction in the patient's serum has about twice the ability of neutrophils to form NETs than the IgG fraction of healthy individuals Have been reported (Non-Patent Documents 8 and 9).
- ANCA anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
- Non-Patent Document 1 The relationship between NETs formation and diseases has been noticed recently since the report by Brinkman et al. (Non-Patent Document 1) in 2004, and new diseases caused by NETs formation in the future. Will be revealed. As described above, NETs formation plays an important role in defense against infection in living organisms, but depending on the pathological condition, it may be necessary to inhibit NETs formation to improve the pathological condition.
- Non-Patent Document 10 myeloperoxidase activity affects netosis (Non-patent Document 11), and the phenomenon that neutrophils form NETs and die, that is, netosis, is a process different from apoptosis and necrosis ( Non-Patent Document 10) is known.
- Patent Document 1 There is a prior art of preventing autoimmune diseases of type I diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis using a basic protein fraction derived from milk as an active ingredient (Patent Document 1), but regulation of immune cells and inflammatory properties centering on lymphocytes This content is specialized for cytokine suppression and is not related to NETs formation inhibitory action. So far, no drug has been reported to treat diseases caused by NETs formation.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a fundamental therapeutic agent for diseases caused by the formation of extracellular traps of leukocytes, in particular, a safe and effective therapeutic agent and a therapeutic method suitable for long-term remission maintenance (relapse suppression). That is.
- lactoferrin exhibits a remarkable effect of suppressing the formation of NETs and can fundamentally treat NETs-related diseases. It was also found that the survival rate was significantly improved in ANCA-related vasculitis model animals, local Schwarzman reaction model animals, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) model animals with NETs-forming diseases.
- DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation
- a leukocyte extracellular trap formation inhibitor comprising lactoferrin.
- the inhibitor according to [1], wherein the lactoferrin is prepared so as to have an amount of 0.001 to 10 g / kg / day.
- the inhibitor according to [1], wherein the lactoferrin is derived from a human.
- the inhibitor according to [1], wherein the lactoferrin is a protein according to any one selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c).
- A a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5;
- B The amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5 comprises an amino acid sequence in which 1 to 66 amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted and / or added, and forms an extracellular trap of leukocytes.
- a protein having an inhibitory activity (C) a protein having an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of 90% or more with respect to any one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5 and having an activity of inhibiting formation of an extracellular trap of leukocytes [5 Any one of the above [1] to [5], wherein the white blood cell is any one selected from the group consisting of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages and mast cells. The inhibitor according to one. [6] The inhibitor according to [5], wherein the leukocytes are neutrophils. [7] A composition for treating a disease associated with extracellular trap formation of leukocytes, comprising lactoferrin.
- composition according to [7], wherein the lactoferrin is prepared so as to have an amount of 0.001 to 10 g / kg / day.
- the composition according to [7], wherein the lactoferrin is derived from a human.
- the composition according to [7], wherein the lactoferrin is the protein according to any one selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c).
- A a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5;
- B The amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5 comprises an amino acid sequence in which 1 to 66 amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted and / or added, and forms an extracellular trap of leukocytes.
- a protein having an inhibitory activity (C) a protein having an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of 90% or more with respect to any one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5 and having an activity of inhibiting extracellular trap formation of leukocytes [11 Any one of the above [7] to [10], wherein the leukocyte is any one selected from the group consisting of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages and mast cells.
- the leukocyte is any one selected from the group consisting of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages and mast cells.
- the disease is any one selected from the group consisting of ANCA-related vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, local Schwarzmann reaction, acute kidney injury with ischemia-reperfusion injury (AKI), and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
- the composition according to any one of [7] to [11], wherein [13] The composition according to any one of [7] to [12], which is in the form of food.
- the composition according to any one of [7] to [12] which is in the form of an injection.
- the composition according to any one of [7] to [13] which is administered orally.
- a method for inhibiting extracellular trap formation of leukocytes comprising administering lactoferrin to a patient.
- a method for treating a disease associated with formation of an extracellular trap of leukocytes comprising administering lactoferrin to a patient.
- the present invention can provide a treatment method with few side effects for diseases caused by the formation of extracellular traps of leukocytes. Moreover, since there are few side effects, it has the advantage that it can be used safely in a wide range of patients and patient reserves.
- the inhibitor and composition of the present invention can be widely used in a wide range of subjects such as elderly people, subjects with reduced immunity such as cancer-bearing patients, cases of complications of infectious diseases, subjects with a history of tuberculosis and the like.
- a therapeutic agent and a therapeutic method for diseases associated with the formation of leukocyte extracellular traps that have few side effects even when used for a long period of time.
- it is useful as a relapse inhibitor for a subject after acute phase symptoms have been ameliorated, and as a therapeutic agent when the disease becomes chronic.
- the present invention provides, as a first aspect, a leukocyte extracellular trap formation inhibitor (hereinafter referred to as “inhibitor of the present invention”) containing lactoferrin.
- Extracellular traps have been reported to be formed by various leukocytes, such as neutrophils (Brinkmann, V., et al., Science 2004; 303: 1532-1535.), Basophils (Yosefi).
- the inhibitor of the present invention can condense and / or condense the fiber component, thereby suppressing the release of the fiber component (see FIG. 1-E). Therefore, when the inhibitor of the present invention is used, it is released not only from the neutrophils used in the Examples but also from other leukocytes (for example, basophils, mast cells, monocytes (for example, macrophages) during extracellular trap formation. It can be seen that the fiber components also condense and / or condense, thereby inhibiting the extracellular trap formation of these leukocytes.
- leukocytes for example, basophils, mast cells, monocytes (for example, macrophages)
- lactoferrin which is an active ingredient of the inhibitor of the present invention, is not particularly limited as long as it is derived from mammalian milk. More preferably, it is derived from human milk. Alternatively, lactoferrin may be derived from the neutrophil of the mammal. The amino acid sequences of lactoferrin derived from various mammals are known (see Table 1 below).
- the lactoferrin used for the inhibitor of the present invention is the protein according to any one selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c).
- A a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5;
- B The amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5 comprises an amino acid sequence in which 1 to 66 amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted and / or added, and forms an extracellular trap of leukocytes.
- the protein described in the above (b) or (c) is typically a naturally occurring variant of any one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5.
- any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 5, consisting of an amino acid sequence in which 1 to 66 amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted and / or added examples of the protein having an activity to inhibit trap formation include, for example, 1 to 66, 1 to 65, 1 to 60, 1 to 55 in the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5.
- Examples thereof include a protein having an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of 7% or more, 99.8% or more, or 99.9% or more and having an activity of inhibiting extracellular trap formation of leukocytes. In general, the larger the sequence identity value, the better.
- leukocytes are derived from organisms forming leukocyte extracellular traps, preferably derived from vertebrates, more preferably It is derived from a mammal. Examples of mammals include humans, cows, horses, goats, sheep, dogs and cats, and more preferably humans.
- the leukocyte is derived from the above, and is preferably any one selected from the group consisting of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages and mast cells. More preferably, it is any one selected from the group consisting of neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages and mast cells, and more preferably neutrophils.
- the leukocytes are preferably treated with an extracellular trap formation promoter (paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), etc.) before adding lactoferrin.
- PMA paramethoxyamphetamine
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- the activity of inhibiting leukocyte extracellular trap formation can be confirmed by collecting the culture supernatant of the above culture system and measuring the DNA concentration in the supernatant.
- a DNA concentration is mainly due to the DNA released into the culture supernatant when the extracellular trap is formed.
- the DNA concentration in the supernatant is reduced as compared with the condition in the absence of lactoferrin.
- the leukocytes are preferably treated with an extracellular trap formation promoter (paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, etc.) before the addition of lactoferrin.
- the concentration of DNA can be easily measured using a commercially available kit (Picogreen dsDNA assay reagent (P11896 Invitrogen)).
- Basophils Yosefi, S., et al., Nat Med 2008; 14: 949-953.
- Mast cells von Kockritz-Brickweed M, et al., Blood 2008; 111: 3070-3080.
- Monocytes Webster SJ, et al., J Immunol 2010; 185: 2968-2979: for example, macrophages (Chow, OA, et al., Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 8, Issue 5, 445). 454, 18 November 2010)).
- amino acid sequence of the protein of the present invention one or more (for example, 2 to 9) amino acid residues are deleted, substituted, inserted and / or added are any and one or more amino acids in the same sequence.
- amino acid residues contained in the same group can be substituted for each other.
- Group A leucine, isoleucine, norleucine, valine, norvaline, alanine, 2-aminobutanoic acid, methionine, o-methylserine, t-butylglycine, t-butylalanine, cyclohexylalanine;
- Group B aspartic acid, glutamic acid, isoaspartic acid , Isoglutamic acid, 2-aminoadipic acid, 2-aminosuberic acid;
- group C asparagine, glutamine;
- group D lysine, arginine, ornithine, 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid;
- group E Proline, 3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline;
- Group F serine, threonine, homoserine
- lactoferrin used in the present invention may be modified with a compound.
- lactoferrin may be modified protein (Patent No. 4195486, Patent No. 4261531, International Publication No. WO2009 / 113743), another protein or a fragment thereof (for example, blood stable protein IgG, albumin or It may be a fusion protein (Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-98085) in which a fragment thereof is fused.
- treatment method of the present invention it is possible to effectively inhibit formation of leukocyte extracellular traps. That is, by using the inhibitor of the present invention, a disease associated with the formation of leukocyte extracellular trap can be treated (hereinafter referred to as “the treatment method of the present invention”).
- treatment generally means ameliorating the symptoms of humans and non-human mammals.
- improvement refers to, for example, a case where the degree of the disease is reduced or not worsened compared to the case where lactoferrin is not administered, and also includes the meaning of prevention.
- the treatment target is an organism suffering from or at risk of suffering from a disease associated with extracellular trap formation of leukocytes, preferably a vertebrate, and more preferably a mammal.
- mammals include mammals selected from the group consisting of humans, cows, horses, goats, sheep, dogs and cats, more preferably humans.
- the “disease related to the formation of leukocyte extracellular trap” is not particularly limited as long as an increase in leukocyte extracellular trap formation is observed in the patient.
- Such diseases include, for example, ANCA-related vasculitis (Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, allergic granulomatous vasculitis, etc.), acute kidney injury (AKI) with ischemia-reperfusion injury, systemic Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), appendicitis, aspergillus infection, pneumonia, pneumococcal infection, necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal infection, sepsis, preeclampsia, Crohn's disease, schistosomiasis, periodontitis, tuberculosis, breast Inflammation, malaria, cystic fibrosis, and deep vein thrombosis (von Bruhl, ML, et al., J Exp Med.
- ANCA-related vasculitis Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, allergic granulomatous vasculitis, etc.
- Vasculitis syndrome is classified into large vasculitis, medium vasculitis, and small vasculitis depending on the size of the developing blood vessel.
- NETs-related diseases such as the above-mentioned ANCA-related vasculitis and SLE are classified as small vasculitis, but the severity of nodular polyarteritis, which is medium-sized vasculitis (Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease (2006-2006) The 2007 Joint Research Group report)), septicemia, and solid cancers are frequently combined with DIC.
- cytotoxicity due to the formation of extracellular traps (eg NETs) of leukocytes results in vascular endothelial damage, thus resulting in organ dysfunction.
- extracellular traps for example, NETs
- Lactoferrin prevents vascular endothelial damage by inhibiting the formation and release / diffusion of leukocyte extracellular traps (for example, NETs), and further shows an organ protective effect by inhibiting the cascade of thrombus formation. It is thought that there is a therapeutic effect.
- leukocyte extracellular traps for example, NETs
- the disease targeted by the treatment method of the present invention is ANCA-related vasculitis (Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, allergic granulomatous vasculitis, etc.) systemic lupus erythematosus, local Schwartzman reaction and false Acute kidney injury (AKI) with blood reperfusion injury, more preferably, microscopic polyangiitis with an increase in blood MPO-ANCA (myeloperoxidase specific anti-neutrophic cytoplasmic antibody) antibody titer, allergic granulomatous Vasculitis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
- ANCA-related vasculitis Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, allergic granulomatous vasculitis, etc.
- ANCA-related vasculitis Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, allergic granulomatous vasculitis, etc
- lactoferrin is used to treat autoimmune diseases of type I diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis (Patent Document 1).
- autoimmune diseases such as type I diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis
- extracellular traps of leukocytes are reported. Since the formation of is not considered as the main etiology, it can be said that in the treatment according to the report, lactoferrin is likely to act without the formation of extracellular traps. That is, in the present invention, lactoferrin exhibits a therapeutic action against the above-mentioned diseases by a completely new mechanism, that is, a mechanism that inhibits the formation of leukocyte extracellular traps.
- Steroids and immunosuppressants are used for treatment of SLE treatment and diseases caused by ANCA, but these treatment methods involve physical burden on the patient (side effects, etc.) and cause pain and other diseases. There is a problem that the risk of inducing (infection) is high. On the other hand, in the present invention, since lactoferrin contained in food is used as an active ingredient, there are advantages that there are few side effects, no pain is imposed on the patient, and there is less risk of inducing other diseases.
- composition of the present invention provides a composition for treating a disease associated with the formation of leukocyte extracellular trap (hereinafter, “composition of the present invention”), which contains lactoferrin.
- composition means one containing an additive such as a carrier used in the preparation of an active ingredient (such as lactoferrin) useful in the present invention.
- lactoferrin and “disease associated with extracellular trap formation of leukocytes” are as described above.
- the administration route of the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a generally adopted route. Specific examples include oral, sublingual, nasal, transpulmonary, transdigestive tract, and transdermal. , Ophthalmic injection, intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection, local injection, and surgical implantation, preferably oral administration and intravenous administration.
- the composition of the present invention may be a solid agent such as a capsule, a tablet or a powder, or a liquid agent such as a solution, suspension or emulsion, or a semi-liquid preparation such as an ointment, cream or paste.
- the composition is preferably a solid preparation.
- it is a solid or liquid including a freeze-drying method.
- the composition of the present invention is prepared as an enteric preparation for oral administration.
- Oral ingested lactoferrin is known to be susceptible to pepsin digestion in the stomach, and can be increased in the body transfer rate by using an enteric preparation (Takeuchi et al., Exp Physiol. 2006). Nov; 91 (6): 1033-40.).
- lactoferrin is unstable to heat when moisture is present, it is desirable to compress the lactoferrin powder in a dry state and coat it with an enteric coating material (NRL formulation patent document: granule patent No. 4050784). , Tablet Patent No. 4592041).
- Lactoferrin can be added to foods and feeds and consumed by humans or non-human target animals as foods or feeds. Such food or feed production methods are also known to those skilled in the art. In addition, it can be formulated as an injection as a solution formulation. Furthermore, these lactoferrin and lactoferrin degradation products may be added as they are or after they are formulated into nutrients, foods and drinks, and the like.
- Lactoferrin may be used alone or formulated with other pharmacologically acceptable ingredients.
- a composition for oral administration such as powder, granule, tablet, capsule, etc.
- it is formulated by a conventional method using starch, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, carboxymethylcellulose, corn starch, inorganic salts, etc.
- a coating agent, a binder, a disintegrant, a surfactant, a lubricant, a fluidity promoter, a colorant, a fragrance, and the like can be appropriately used for this type of composition. .
- the composition of the present invention may contain a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredient lactoferrin.
- the “therapeutically effective amount” means that the amount of the active ingredient is administered to the subject, thereby reducing the symptoms of the disease associated with the formation of leukocyte extracellular traps compared to when lactoferrin is not administered. It refers to an amount that does not worsen and includes the meaning of an effective amount in prevention.
- the therapeutically effective amount is 0.001-10 g / kg / day, 0.005-10 g / kg / day, 0.01-10 g / kg / day, 0.01-5 g / kg. / Day.
- the therapeutically effective amount is generally 10 mg to 15,000 mg, 10 mg to 12,000 mg, 10 mg to 10,000 mg, 20 mg to 10,000 mg, 20 mg to 8,000 mg per day, The amounts are 30 mg to 8,000 mg and 30 mg to 6,000 mg.
- Such daily doses can be administered once or in portions to patients in need of treatment for diseases associated with extracellular trap formation of leukocytes.
- the dose and frequency of administration of the composition of the present invention vary depending on various factors such as the subject's species, body weight, sex, age, tumor disease progression, and administration route, but doctors, veterinarians, A person skilled in the art such as a dentist or a pharmacist can determine the dose in consideration of each factor.
- the above-mentioned therapeutically effective amount, dosage and administration frequency list typical numerical values, and it is fully conceivable that even if a numerical value exceeding or below this value is effective for treatment. Therefore, numerical values exceeding or below the therapeutically effective amount, dosage and administration frequency are also included as the therapeutically effective amount, dosage and administration frequency of the composition of the present invention.
- Example 1 Inhibitory effect of stimulation of NETs formation on peripheral blood neutrophils of healthy subjects by pretreatment with lactoferrin 1.
- Isolation method of human neutrophils 15 to 20 ml of peripheral blood was collected from a healthy person for one experiment with an EDTA-containing syringe (needle 18 to 22G). After blood collection, in a 15 ml conical tube containing 3 ml of Mono-Poly Resolving Medium (CatNo. DSBN100, DS Pharma Biochemical Co., Ltd.), gently lay down the lower Mono-Poly Resolving Medium and 3.5 ml of whole blood. Layer.
- Mono-Poly Resolving Medium CatNo. DSBN100, DS Pharma Biochemical Co., Ltd.
- a 15 ml conical tube is centrifuged at 400 ⁇ g for 20 minutes in a swinging centrifuge at room temperature (15 to 30 ° C.), and the conical tube is gently taken out. Remove the uppermost brown plasma layer and the lymphocyte / monocyte layer immediately below it with an aspirator. Also, remove the transparent layer below the lymphocyte / monocyte layer as much as possible.
- a thin pink layer under the clear layer is removed with a Pasteur pipette and phosphate buffered saline (PBS (-); sodium chloride 137 mM, potassium chloride 2.7 mM, hydrogen phosphate to wash neutrophils) Transfer to a test tube containing disodium dodecahydrate 8.1 mM, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.47 mM).
- the test tube containing the neutrophil is centrifuged at 200 ⁇ g for 10 minutes at room temperature (15 to 30 ° C.). Remove the test tube and discard the supernatant. Add 4 ° C sterilized water to the neutrophil in the test tube and leave it on ice for 30 seconds to hemolyze the mixed red blood cells.
- neutrophil pretreatment method NETs formation inhibition
- Netosis Netosis induction method [Example 1] described in “1.
- neutrophils were pretreated. Neutrophils on 8 well- ⁇ slides (Cat. No. ib 80826 Ibidi®) in approximately 400 ⁇ l medium DMEM + 2% human serum Alb (Serum human albumin; Product No. A9080 Sigma + 4 mM L-glutamine)
- the cells were seeded at 10 5 cells / well, each drug (i) to (v) was added, and a pretreatment was performed at room temperature for 30 minutes.
- Bovine lactoferrin (bovine lactoferrin, Product No 1233-04124 Lot; KWG6332 WAKO (registered trademark)) (stock; 100 mg / ml) diluted 1/500, 1/5000, 1 / 50,000 times to a final concentration of 200 ⁇ g / ml 20 ⁇ g / ml, 2 ⁇ g / ml, (ii) human lactoferrin (stock; 100 mg / ml, 200 ⁇ l; Cat. No.
- SIGL6793, SIGMA diluted 1/500, 1/5000, 1 / 50,000 times to a final concentration of 200 ⁇ g / ml ml, 20 ⁇ g / ml, 2 ⁇ g / ml,
- DPI stock 25 mM, Product No. D2926 Sigma; package insert solvent is DMSO) 1/2500 diluted to a final concentration of 10 ⁇ M
- Defero Amine Product No.
- the lifetime of neutrophils in blood is 10 to 12 hours, so the observation of NETs also reaches a peak in 4 to 5 hours, and reaches a plateau after 6 hours.
- unstimulated NETs formation is 1/8 to 1/7 less than PMA stimulation. Prior to PMA stimulation, when each treatment of “ 2.
- Neutrophil pretreatment (NETs formation inhibition) and Netosis (NETs formation) induction method ” was performed, bovine lactoferrin and human neutrophils compared to those stimulated with PMA alone
- NETs formation inhibition a concentration of 2 ⁇ g / ml and 20 ⁇ g / ml
- SIGMA model number SIGL6793 sphere-derived lactoferrin
- the ratio of NETs when the plateau was reached was halved
- the formation of NETs was suppressed to 1/4 for 200 ⁇ g / ml [Fig. 1-A, B].
- NETs formation was suppressed to 1/3 for DPI, but NETs formation was not suppressed for Deferoxamine and Trientine.
- Scanning electron microscope observation method is as follows: 1 ⁇ 10 6 eosinophils were added to cell culture cover glass or glass bottom dish, 200 ⁇ g / ml human lactoferrin was added, and NETs were stimulated after pretreatment without addition, and 3 hours later.
- a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) containing 2% glutaraldehyde was prefixed at 4 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the sample is washed with 60%, 70%, 80%, and 95% ethanol while gently shaking for 5 to 10 minutes, and immersed in 100% ethanol for 5 to 10 minutes twice to perform dehydration. Substitute with isoamyl acetate for 10-15 minutes and perform critical point drying.
- the sample was coated with a sublimated osmium tetroxide layer using an osmium plasma coating machine (OPC80N, Philgen Corporation) and observed with a scanning electron microscope (JSM-6320F, JEOL Ltd.). Unstimulated neutrophils were spherical and no extracellular fibers were observed, but cells collapsed and many fiber components were formed by PMA stimulation. On the other hand, in the neutrophils to which lactoferrin was administered, this fiber component was seen in a bundle, and lactoferrin condensed NETs fibers [FIG. 1-D].
- Method for measuring DNA concentration in culture supernatant The culture supernatant is recovered, centrifuged at 200 ⁇ g for 10 minutes, and the supernatant is transferred to a new microcentrifuge tube. The amount of DNA was measured using a Picogreen dsDNA assay reagent (P11896 Invitrogen) according to the accompanying protocol. When human lactoferrin was pretreated, the DNA concentration in the culture supernatant decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, and the release of DNA by NETs was suppressed [FIG. 1-D].
- Example 2 Inhibitory effect by lactoferrin after stimulation of NETs formation in peripheral blood neutrophils of healthy volunteers 1.
- Isolation method of human neutrophils 15 to 20 ml of peripheral blood was collected from a healthy person for one experiment with an EDTA-containing syringe (needle 18 to 22G). After blood collection, in a 15 ml conical tube containing 3 ml of Mono-Poly Resolving Medium (CatNo. DSBN100, DS Pharma Biochemical Co., Ltd.), gently lay down the lower Mono-Poly Resolving Medium and 3.5 ml of whole blood. Layer.
- Mono-Poly Resolving Medium CatNo. DSBN100, DS Pharma Biochemical Co., Ltd.
- a 15 ml conical tube is centrifuged at 400 ⁇ g for 20 minutes in a swinging centrifuge at room temperature (15 to 30 ° C.), and the conical tube is gently taken out. Remove the uppermost brown plasma layer and the lymphocyte / monocyte layer immediately below it with an aspirator. Also, remove the transparent layer below the lymphocyte / monocyte layer as much as possible.
- a thin pink layer under the clear layer is removed with a Pasteur pipette and phosphate buffered saline (PBS (-); sodium chloride 137 mM, potassium chloride 2.7 mM, hydrogen phosphate to wash neutrophils) Transfer to a test tube containing disodium dodecahydrate 8.1 mM, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.47 mM).
- the test tube containing the neutrophil is centrifuged at 200 ⁇ g for 10 minutes at room temperature (15-30 ° C.). Remove the test tube and discard the supernatant. Add 4 ° C sterilized water to the neutrophil in the test tube and leave it on ice for 30 seconds to hemolyze the mixed red blood cells.
- Method for measuring DNA concentration in culture supernatant The culture supernatant is recovered, centrifuged at 200 ⁇ g for 10 minutes, and the supernatant is transferred to a new microcentrifuge tube. The amount of DNA was measured using a Picogreen dsDNA assay reagent (P11896 Invitrogen) according to the accompanying protocol. Similarly to the pretreatment with human lactoferrin, the DNA concentration in the culture supernatant decreased for 1 to 2 hours after stimulation, and the release of DNA by NETs was suppressed [FIG. 2].
- Example 3 Improving survival rate and survival prolongation of ANCA-related vasculitis model SCG / Kj mice by oral administration of lactoferrin (autoimmune disease model animal) 1.
- lactoferrin autoimmune disease model animal 1.
- Production and feeding method of LF-containing mouse breeding feed Standard yeast and lactoferrin-containing breeding feed were commissioned to Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.
- Standard feed was standard purified AIN-93M (casein 14.0%, L-cystine 0.18 for nutritional studies for mice and rats published in 1993 by the American Institute of Nutrition.
- SCG / Kj (Spontaneous Cresogenic Glomerulonephritis-forming mouse / Kinjoh) Improvement of Survival Rate and Survival Prolonged
- Example 4 Effect of lactoferrin administration on blood MPO-ANCA (myeloperoxidase specific anti-neutrophic cytoplasmic antibody) antibody titer and blood DNA of ANCA-related vasculitis model SCG / Kj mice (autoimmune disease model animal) 1.
- Production and feeding method of LF-containing mouse breeding feed Standard yeast and lactoferrin-containing breeding feed were commissioned to Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. Standard feed was standard purified AIN-93M (casein 14.0%, L-cystine 0.18 for nutritional studies for mice and rats published in 1993 by the American Institute of Nutrition.
- MPO-ANCA antibody titer 3. Method for measuring MPO-ANCA antibody titer in plasma The measurement of MPO-ANCA antibody titer was performed by ELISA (Ishida-Okawara, A., et al, Chiba University School of Medicine). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1708-1715). The recombinant mouse MPO is plated on a 96-well ELISA plate (TOYOSHIIMA) at a constant concentration and left at 4 ° C. for 16 hours. After standing, the supernatant is discarded, and 300 to 400 ⁇ l of PBS ( ⁇ ) is added to each well and washed (operate 2 to 3 times).
- TOYOSHIIMA 96-well ELISA plate
- Tissue Evaluation Method SCG / Kj mice are euthanized by cervical dislocation, kidney samples are collected by laparotomy, 40% paraffin blocks are prepared, tissue sections are made, Masson Trichrome is stained, and subcutaneous bleeding is tissue Was evaluated scientifically. Infiltrate in 10% formalin solution for 24 hours or longer and fix. Wash formalin with tap water for 1 hour or more, 60% ethanol 1 hour, 70% ethanol 1 hour, 80% ethanol 1 hour, 95% ethanol 1 hour, 100% ethanol 1 hour 3 times, xylene 1 hour 2 times Soak in paraffin (kept at 65 ° C.) for 1 hour three times, and then make a tissue block with embedded Zara.
- the tissue block is cut at a thickness of 20 to 50 nm using a microtome to obtain a tissue section.
- the section is attached to a glass slide and deparaffinized. Deparaffinization was performed by gently washing glass slides with completely dried tissue sections 3 times for 5 minutes in xylene, 2 times for 100% ethanol for 1 minute, and 95% ethanol for 80%, 70%, 60% ethanol. In the order of tap water, lightly wash in the same manner, soak in ion exchange water, and then perform Masson Trichrome staining.
- solution I 90% of 1% Beerich Scarlet, 10 ml of 1% acidic fuchsin, 1 ml of acetic acid
- solution II 5 g phosphomolybdic acid, 5 g phosphotungstic acid, 200 ml distilled water
- solution III 2.5 g aniline blue, 2 ml acetic acid, distilled water 100 ml
- LSR local Shwartzman Reaction
- the mouse prepared in “1. Production and evaluation of LSR model 1” of the tissue evaluation method [Example 5] was euthanized by cervical dislocation, a skin sample was collected, a 40% paraffin block was prepared, and a tissue section was prepared. Masson Trichrome staining was performed and subcutaneous bleeding was evaluated histologically. Infiltrate in 10% formalin solution for 24 hours or longer and fix. Wash formalin with tap water for 1 hour or more, 60% ethanol 1 hour, 70% ethanol 1 hour, 80% ethanol 1 hour, 95% ethanol 1 hour, 100% ethanol 1 hour 3 times, xylene 1 hour 2 times Soak in paraffin (kept at 65 ° C.) for 1 hour three times, and then make a tissue block with embedded Zara.
- the tissue block is cut at a thickness of 20 to 50 nm using a microtome to obtain a tissue section.
- the section is attached to a glass slide and deparaffinized. Deparaffinization was performed by gently washing xylene for 5 minutes 3 times, 100% ethanol for 1 minute twice, and 95% ethanol on a glass slide with a completely dry tissue section, 80%, 70%, 60% ethanol, In the order of tap water, lightly wash in the same manner, soak in ion-exchanged water, and then perform Masson Trichrome staining.
- solution I 90% of 1% Biebrich Scarlet, 10 ml of 1% acidic fuchsin, 1 ml of acetic acid
- solution II 5 g phosphomolybdic acid, 5 g phosphotungstic acid, 200 ml distilled water
- solution III 2.5 g aniline blue, 2 ml acetic acid, distilled water 100 ml
- Xylene is soaked 3 times for 5 minutes, and the tissue is covered with a cover glass using an encapsulated liquid.
- the slide glass was dried and observed with a microscope. Similar tissue sections were also stained with hematoxylin and eosin. After deparaffinization, running water was washed with tap water for 3 to 5 minutes and immersed in Mayer's hematoxylin solution for 5 minutes. Washing was carried out with running water at 25 to 37 ° C. for 3 to 5 minutes and immersed in eosin solution for 5 minutes. Lightly wash with 60%, 70%, 80%, and 95% ethanol, and immerse in 100% ethanol 5 minutes 3 times. Immerse xylene for 5 minutes three times and cover the tissue with a cover glass using the encapsulated liquid. The slide glass was dried and observed with a microscope.
- Example 6 Effect of Improving Survival and Survival Prolongation of Histone Thrombus (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)) Model Mice by Lactoferrin Tail Vein Administration
- DIC Different Intravascular Coagulation
- 100 ⁇ l of physiological saline (n 8) not containing bovine lactoferrin as an untreated symmetric group was administered into the tail vein 30 minutes before histone administration.
- the Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate the survival rate and survival extension after administration of histones.
- Example 7 Hemostatic effect (bleeding time) on histone thrombus model mice by lactoferrin tail vein administration
- the hemostatic effect of DIC model mice was examined by administering H9250) into the tail vein at 60 mg / kg (Tobias A, et al., Blood, 2011; 118: p. 3708-3714) (used for survival rate and survival extension). 75% of histones are used).
- Example 9 Confirmation experiment that inhibition of NETs formation is activity specific to lactoferrin Lactoferrin binds to a negatively charged DNA molecule because its N-terminal part is positively charged. (He J, and Pharmaceutical P. Sequence specificity and transcriptional activation in the binding of lactoferrin to DNA. Nature. 1995; 373: 6516). Therefore, an experiment was conducted to examine whether another type of protein having a molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point (pI) close to lactoferrin can inhibit NETs formation. The following proteins were used in the experiment.
- MW molecular weight
- pI isoelectric point
- Angiogenin is known as a tumor angiogenesis factor (Strydom DJ, Fett JW, Lobb RR, Alderman EM, Bethune JL, Riod JF, and Vallee BL. Amino acid sequence. 94.)
- Lactoperoxidase like lactoferrin, is a heme peroxidase that is contained in mammalian milk at a high concentration (Sharma S, Singh AK, Kausik S, Sinha M, Singh RP, Sharma P, Shirohi H, Kaur P, and Singh TP. Lactoperoxidase structural insights into the function, ligand binding and inhibition.Int J Biochem Mol Biol.2013; 4: 108-28)..
- FIG. 1 A test result of NETs formation inhibitory effect is shown by adding lactoferrin to healthy human peripheral blood neutrophils 30 minutes before stimulation of NETs formation.
- bLF bovine lactoferrin
- bovine lactoferrin 20 ⁇ g A statistically significant difference was obtained with p / 0.01 in the pretreatment of / ml, p ⁇ 0.01, and p ⁇ 0.001 in the pretreatment with 200 ⁇ g / ml of NETs formation stimulus versus bovine lactoferrin. 10 ⁇ M DPI is used as a positive control.
- hLF human lactoferrin
- (C) shows a pre-processed image of human lactoferrin 200 ⁇ g / ml. Extracellular DNA was stained with 500 nM SYTOX green. It can be observed that the release of DNA is inhibited extracellularly by pretreatment with human lactoferrin.
- (D) Pretreatment was performed with human lactoferrin, and the DNA concentration in the culture supernatant after 3 hours of NETs stimulation was measured. The concentration of DNA secreted extracellularly by NETs stimulation is suppressed in a bovine lactoferrin concentration-dependent manner, and p ⁇ 0.05 in NETs formation stimulation versus human lactoferrin 20 ⁇ g / ml, NETs formation stimulation vs.
- FIG. 2 The test result of the NETs formation inhibitory effect is shown by adding lactoferrin to peripheral blood neutrophils of healthy persons after stimulation of NETs formation. 200 ⁇ g / ml human lactoferrin pretreated for 30 minutes was used as a control. When 200 ⁇ g / ml human lactoferrin was added 1 hour and 2 hours after NETs stimulation, inhibition of NETs formation was observed (the measurement used the DNA concentration in the culture supernatant). A statistically significant difference of p ⁇ 0.001 was obtained for each of NETs formation stimulus vs. lactoferrin added 1 hour after stimulation, and NETs formation stimulus vs. lactoferrin added 2 hours after stimulation.
- FIG. 3 shows the test results of the effect of lactoferrin on the survival rate of ANCA model SCG / kj mice that are autoimmune disease models.
- the survival rate was remarkably improved, and a statistically significant difference was obtained with p ⁇ 0.05.
- FIG. 4 shows the test results of the effect of lactoferrin administration on SCG / kj mice on blood MPO-ANCA (myeloperoxidase specific anti-neutrophic cytoplasmic antibody) antibody titer, blood DNA, and kidney tissue.
- MPO-ANCA myeloperoxidase specific anti-neutrophic cytoplasmic antibody
- FIG. 5 shows test results on the effect of lactoferrin administration on subcutaneous tissues for LSR model 1 mice, which are non-autoimmune disease models.
- B It is the graph quantified using the evaluation score of subcutaneous bleeding shown in Table 2.
- the bovine lactoferrin-containing fed group had a lower subcutaneous bleeding score than the non-containing group, and a statistically significant difference was obtained with p ⁇ 0.001.
- C Evaluation of mouse skin tissue inducing LSR by Masson trichrome staining and estrase staining. Subcutaneous hemorrhage and thrombus formation are suppressed in the bovine lactoferrin-containing fed group. Esterase staining suppresses neutrophil infiltration in the bovine lactoferrin-containing fed group.
- FIG. 6 shows the test results on the influence of bovine lactoferrin administration on the dorsal subcutaneous air pouch for LSR model 2 mice, which are non-autoimmune disease models.
- the bovine lactoferrin-containing breeding group showed a decrease in DNA concentration in the washing solution to near the non-stimulated group, and a statistically significant difference was obtained with p ⁇ 0.01.
- B The figure which dye
- the release of DNA is hardly seen and the formation of NETs is inhibited as compared with the non-containing breeding feed.
- FIG. 7 shows the results of evaluation of survival rate and survival extension after administration of histone.
- the untreated subject group gradually began to die about 20 minutes after histone administration, and became 2 animals after 2 days and 1 animal after 4 days, but all 8 animals survived even after 4 days in the bovine lactoferrin administration group.
- FIG. 8 shows the hemostatic effect on histone thrombus model mice by lactoferrin tail vein administration.
- FIG. 9 shows the effect of lactoferrin on the suppression of pulmonary tissue bleeding against a histone thrombus model Compared to the untreated symmetric group, the bovine lactoferrin-administered group showed almost no tissue bleeding, and the lung tissue had the same color as the control group. In the untreated symmetric group, redness of the lung tissue color increased and tissue bleeding was observed.
- the present invention can provide a treatment method with few side effects for diseases caused by the formation of extracellular traps of leukocytes.
- it because of its low side effects, it has the advantage that it can be used with peace of mind by a wide range of patients and patient reserves.
- lactoferrin is different from the mechanism of action reported in the past (Patent Document 1). It can be said that the therapeutic action is shown by a completely new mechanism of action.
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Abstract
Description
ラクトフェリンは哺乳動物において良く保存され、その機能に種差はあまりみられない。また、現在は牛乳成分のタンパク質としてその生理活性が注目され、市販されている。ただし、牛乳は、ウシの好中球のNETs形成に対し阻害効果を示さないことが報告されている(非特許文献4)。
NETs形成と疾患との関連が注目されるようになったのは、2004年のBrinkmanらによる報告(非特許文献1)以来、最近のことであり、今後、NETs形成が原因となる新たな疾患が明らかにされるであろう。このように、NETs形成は、生体の感染防御において重要な役割を果たすものであるが、病態によっては、NETs形成を阻害することが病態の改善に必要な場合も考えられる。
その他、ミエロペルオキシダーゼ(MPO)活性がネトーシスに影響すること(非特許文献11)、好中球がNETsを形成して細胞死する現象、すなわちネトーシス、はアポトーシスやネクローシスとは異なるプロセスであること(非特許文献10)などが知られている。
これまでのところ、NETs形成に起因する疾患を治療する薬剤は報告されていない。
[1] ラクトフェリンを含む、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成阻害剤。
[2] ラクトフェリンが0.001~10g/kg/日の量になるように調製された、前記[1]に記載の阻害剤。
[3] 前記ラクトフェリンはヒト由来のものである、前記[1]に記載の阻害剤。
[4] 前記ラクトフェリンが以下の(a)~(c)よりなる群より選ばれるいずれかに記載のタンパク質である、前記[1]に記載の阻害剤。
(a)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質;
(b)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列において、1~66個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換、挿入、及び/又は付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつ白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害する活性を有するタンパク質;
(c)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列に対して、90%以上の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列を有し、かつ白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害する活性を有するタンパク質
[5] 前記白血球は、好中球、好酸球、好塩基球、単球、マクロファージ及び肥満細胞からなる群から選択されるいずれか1つのものである、前記[1]~[5]のいずれか1つに記載の阻害剤。
[6] 前記白血球が好中球である、前記[5]に記載の阻害剤。
[7] ラクトフェリンを含む、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成に関連する疾患を治療するための組成物。
[8] ラクトフェリンが0.001~10g/kg/日の量になるように調製された、前記[7]に記載の組成物。
[9] 前記ラクトフェリンはヒト由来のものである、前記[7]に記載の組成物。
[10] 前記ラクトフェリンが以下の(a)~(c)よりなる群より選ばれるいずれか1つに記載のタンパク質である、前記[7]に記載の組成物。
(a)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質;
(b)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列において、1~66個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換、挿入、及び/又は付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつ白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害する活性を有するタンパク質;
(c)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列に対して、90%以上の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列を有し、かつ白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害する活性を有するタンパク質
[11] 前記白血球は、好中球、好酸球、好塩基球、単球、マクロファージ及び肥満細胞からなる群から選択されるいずれか1つのものである、前記[7]~[10]のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
[12] 前記疾患は、ANCA関連血管炎、全身性エリテマトーデス、局所シュワルツマン反応、虚血再灌流障害を伴う急性腎障害(AKI)及び播種性血管内凝固からなる群より選択されるいずれか1つである、前記[7]~[11]のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
[13] 食品の形態にある、前記[7]~[12]のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
[14] 注射剤の形態にある、前記[7]~[12]のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
[15] 経口投与されるものである、前記[7]~[13]のいずれか1つに記載の組成物。
[16] ラクトフェリンを患者に投与することを含む、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成の阻害方法。
[17] ラクトフェリンを患者に投与することを含む、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成に関連する疾患の治療方法。
本発明の阻害剤及び組成物は、高齢者、担癌患者など免疫の低下した被験者、感染症合併症例、結核既往のある被験者など幅広い被験者層に広く使用できる。また、長期間使用しても副作用の少ない、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成に関連する疾患の治療薬及び治療方法が提供される。特に、前記疾患に治療において長期的な薬剤の使用が必要な場合、急性期症状が寛解した後の被験者の再発抑制剤として、また、前記疾患が慢性化した場合の治療薬として有用である。
なお、本明細書において引用した全ての文献、および公開公報、特許公報その他の特許文献は、参照として本明細書に組み込むものとする。また、本明細書は、2013年4月9日に出願された本願優先権主張の基礎となる日本国特許出願(特願2013−081243号)の明細書及び図面に記載の内容を包含する。
本発明は、第1の態様として、ラクトフェリンを含む、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成阻害剤(以下、「本発明の阻害剤」という)を提供する。
細胞外トラップは、様々な白血球で形成されることが報告されており、例えば、好中球(Brinkmann,V.,et al.,Science 2004;303:1532−1535.)、好塩基球(Yousefi,S.,et al.,Nat Med 2008;14:949−953.)、肥満細胞(von Koeckritz−Blickwede M,et al.,Blood 2008;111:3070−3080.)、単球(Webster SJ,et al.,J Immunol 2010;185:2968−2979):例えば、マクロファージ(Chow,O.A.,et al.,Cell Host & Microbe,Volume 8,Issue 5,445−454,18 November 2010))などで生じることが報告されている。
これら白血球が形成する細胞外トラップは、DNAと顆粒タンパク質(granule protein)を主成分とする線維成分が放出されるという共通の特徴を有していることが報告されている(Simon,D.,et al,Allergy 68(2013)409−416)。
これに対し、本発明の阻害剤は、前記線維成分を凝縮及び/又は縮合させ、これによって同線維成分の放出を抑制することができる(図1−E参照)。従って、本発明の阻害剤を用いれば、実施例で用いた好中球だけではなく、他の白血球(例えば、好塩基球、肥満細胞、単球(例えば、マクロファージ)から細胞外トラップ形成時に放出される線維成分も凝縮及び/又は縮合させ、それによって、これらの白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害できることが分かる。
本発明の阻害剤の有効成分であるラクトフェリンは、哺乳動物乳由来のものである限り特に限定されないが、好ましくは、ヒトが摂取可能な哺乳動物乳(例えば、ウシ、ヤギ、ヒツジ、ヒトの乳)であり、より好ましくは、ヒトの乳由来である。あるいは、ラクトフェリンは、前記哺乳動物の好中球に由来するものであってもよい。
種々の哺乳動物に由来するラクトフェリンのアミノ酸配列が公知である(下記表1参照)。
(a)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質;
(b)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列において、1~66個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換、挿入、及び/又は付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつ白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害する活性を有するタンパク質;及び
(c)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列に対して、90%以上の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列を有し、かつ白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害する活性を有するタンパク質
また、白血球は、上記由来のものであると同時に、好ましくは、好中球、好酸球、好塩基球、単球、マクロファージ及び肥満細胞からなる群から選択されるいずれか1つのものであり、より好ましくは、好中球、好塩基球、単球、マクロファージ及び肥満細胞からなる群から選択されるいずれか1つのものであり、さらに好ましくは、好中球である。
上記白血球は、ラクトフェリン添加前に、細胞外トラップ形成促進剤(パラメトキシアンフェタミン(PMA)、リポポリサッカライド(LPS)等)で処理されていることが好ましい。
ラクトフェリンによって細胞外トラップの形成が阻害された場合、上清中のDNA濃度は、ラクトフェリン非存在下の条件と比べて低下する。
この場合も、上記白血球は、ラクトフェリン添加前に、細胞外トラップ形成促進剤(パラメトキシアンフェタミン(PMA)、リポポリサッカライド(LPS等)で処理されていることが好ましい。
DNAの濃度は、市販のキット(Picogreen dsDNA assay reagent(P11496 Invitrogen))を用いて簡便に測定することができる。
本発明の阻害剤を用いることにより、効果的に、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害することが可能である。つまり、本発明の阻害剤を用いることにより、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成に関連する疾患を治療することができる(以下、「本発明の治療方法」という)。
本明細書において用いる「治療」なる用語は、一般的には、ヒト及びヒト以外の哺乳動物の症状を改善させることを意味する。また「改善」なる用語は、例えば、ラクトフェリンを投与しない場合と比較して、疾患の程度が軽減する場合及び悪化しない場合を指し、予防という意味をも包含する。
この場合、治療対象(患者)は、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成に関連する疾患を患う生物又は患うリスクのある生物であり、好ましくは脊椎動物であり、さらに好ましくは哺乳動物である。哺乳動物の例としては、ヒト、ウシ、ウマ、ヤギ、ヒツジ、イヌ及びネコからなる群より選択される哺乳動物が挙げられ、さらに好ましくは、ヒトである。
本発明の治療方法において、「白血球の細胞外トラップ形成に関連する疾患」とは、患者体内で白血球の細胞外トラップ形成の増加が観察される疾患であれば特に限定されない。
このような疾患としては、例えば、ANCA関連血管炎(ウェゲナー肉芽腫症、顕微鏡的多発血管炎、アレルギー性肉芽腫性血管炎等)、虚血再灌流障害を伴う急性腎障害(AKI)、全身性エリテマトーデス(SLE)、虫垂炎、アスペルギルス感染症、肺炎、肺炎双球菌感染症、壊死性筋膜炎、連鎖球菌感染、敗血症、子癇前症、クローン病、住血吸虫症、歯周炎、結核、乳房炎、マラリア、嚢胞性線維症、並びに深部静脈血栓症(von Bruhl,M.L.,et al.,J Exp Med.2012 Apr 9;209(4):819−35)、心筋梗塞(de Boer,O.J.,Thromb Haemost.2013 Feb;109(2):290−7)、腫瘍関連血栓症塞(Demers,M.,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2012 Aug 7;109(32):13076−81)及び播種性血管内凝固(disseminated intravascular coagulation:DIC)(Tobias A.et al.,blood,29 September 2011,vol.118,no.13,p.3708−3714)などの血栓性疾患等が挙げられる(非特許文献2及び12)。血管炎症候群はその発症血管のサイズにより、大型血管炎、中型血管炎、小型血管炎と分類されている。上述したANCA関連血管炎、SLEなどのNETs関連疾患は、小型血管炎に分類されるが、中型血管炎である結節性多発動脈炎の重症化(循環器病の診断と治療に関するガイドライン(2006−2007年度合同研究班報告))や敗血症や固形癌においてもDICを合併することが頻繁にある。これらの疾患は、白血球の細胞外トラップ(例えばNETs)形成による細胞毒性が血管内皮障害をもたらし、このため臓器の機能不全が生じる。また上記の血栓性疾患においては白血球の細胞外トラップ(例えばNETs)形成が引き金となって、血栓形成のカスケードが促進される。ラクトフェリンは白血球の細胞外トラップ(例えばNETs)の形成および放出・拡散を抑制することにより血管内皮障害を予防し、さらには血栓形成のカスケードを抑制することにより臓器保護的作用を示し、上記疾患に治療効果を奏するものと考えられる。
好ましくは、本発明の治療方法の対象となる疾患は、ANCA関連血管炎(ウェゲナー肉芽腫症、顕微鏡的多発血管炎、アレルギー性肉芽腫性血管炎等)全身性エリテマトーデス、局所シュワルツマン反応及び虚血再灌流障害を伴う急性腎障害(AKI)であり、さらに好ましくは、血中MPO−ANCA(myeloperoxidase specific anti−neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody)抗体価の増加を伴う顕微鏡的多発血管炎、アレルギー性肉芽腫性血管炎又は播種性血管内凝固(DIC)である。
なお、ラクトフェリンを用いてI型糖尿病や関節リウマチの自己免疫疾患を治療することも報告されているが(特許文献1)、I型糖尿病や関節リウマチなどの自己免疫疾患では、白血球の細胞外トラップの形成が主たる病因としては考えられていないことから、前記報告に係る治療において、ラクトフェリンは、細胞外トラップ形成を介さずに作用している可能性が高いといえる。
すなわち、本発明において、ラクトフェリンは、全く新規なメカニズム、つまり、白血球の細胞外トラップの形成を阻害するメカニズムにより上記疾患に対する治療作用を示すものといえる。
SLE治療やANCAに起因する疾患の治療はステロイドや免疫抑制剤等が使用されているが、これらの治療方法には患者の肉体的負担を伴い(副作用等)、苦痛を強いるほか、他の疾患(感染症)を誘発するリスクが高いという問題がある。
これに対し、本発明では、食品に含まれるラクトフェリンを有効成分として用いるため、副作用も少なく、患者に苦痛を強いることもなく、他の疾患を誘発するリスクも少ないという利点を有する。
本発明は別の態様として、ラクトフェリンを含む、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成に関連する疾患を治療するための組成物(以下、「本発明の組成物」)を提供する。
ここで、「組成物」なる用語は、本発明において有用な活性成分(ラクトフェリン等)の調製において用いられる担体等の添加物を含有するものを意味する。
本発明の組成物において、「ラクトフェリン」及び「白血球の細胞外トラップ形成に関連する疾患」は、上述の通りである。
本発明の経口投与の場合、組成物は、好ましくは固形剤である。また、注射剤の場合は凍結乾燥手法等を含めた固形剤、もしくは液剤である。
ラクトフェリンは、食品や飼料中に添加して、食品または飼料としてヒトまたはヒト以外の対象動物に摂取させることもできる。このような食品または飼料の製造方法も当業者には公知である。また、溶液製剤として注射剤として製剤化も可能である。
さらには、これらのラクトフェリンやラクトフェリン分解物をそのまま、あるいは製剤化した後、これを栄養剤や飲食品等に添加してもよい。
例えば、粉末剤、顆粒剤、錠剤、カプセル剤等の経口投与用組成物として調製する場合、澱粉、乳糖、白糖、マンニット、カルボキシメチルセルロース、コーンスターチ、無機塩類等を用いて常法によって製剤化される。この種の組成物には、前記賦形剤の他に、コーティング剤、結合剤、崩壊剤、界面活性剤、滑沢剤、流動性促進剤、着色料、香料等を適宜使用することができる。
例えば、経口投与の場合、治療上有効量は、0.001~10g/kg/日、0.005~10g/kg/日、0.01~10g/kg/日、0.01~5g/kg/日とすることができる。ヒトに投与する場合、一般的には、治療上有効量として、一日あたり10mg~15,000mg、10mg~12,000mg、10mg~10,000mg、20mg~10,000mg、20mg~8,000mg、30mg~8,000mg、30mg~6,000mgの量である。このような一日あたりの用量を一度にまたは分割して、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成に関連する疾患の治療を必要とする患者に投与することができる。
なお、本発明の組成物の投与量及び投与頻度は、対象の種、体重、性別、年齢、腫瘍疾患の進行度、投与経路といった種々の要因に依存して変化するが、医師、獣医師、歯科医師又は薬剤師等の当業者であれば、それぞれの要因を考慮して投与量を決定することができる。
上記の治療上有効量、投与量及び投与頻度は、典型的な数値を列挙したものであり、これを超える数値又は下回る数値であっても治療効果を奏する場合も十分に考えられる。従って、上記の治療上有効量、投与量及び投与頻度を超える数値又は下回る数値であっても、本発明の組成物の治療上有効量、投与量及び投与頻度として包含される。
1.ヒト好中球の単離方法
健常人からEDTA含有注射器(針18~22G)で1回の実験用に15ml~20mlの末梢血を採血した。採血後、3mlのMono−Poly Resolving Medium(CatNo.DSBN100,DSファーマバイオケミカル株式会社)を入れている15mlのコニカルチューブの中に、下層のMono−Poly Resolving Mediumと全血3.5mlを静かに重層する。15mlのコニカルチューブを室温(15~30℃)でスイング式の遠心分離機で400×g、20分間遠心し、コニカルチューブを静かに取り出す。アスピレータ等で最上部の褐色のプラズマ層とその直ぐ下層のリンパ球・単球層を除去する。また、リンパ球・単球層の下層の透明層を可能な限り除く。透明層の下層にある薄いピンク色層をパスツールピペットで取り、好中球を洗浄するためにリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS(−);塩化ナトリウム137mM、塩化カリウム2.7mM、リン酸水素2ナトリウム12水和物8.1mM、リン酸2水素カリウム1.47mM)の入った試験管に移す。好中球の入った試験管を室温(15~30℃)で200×g、10分間遠心する。試験管を取り出し、上清を捨てる。試験管に4℃の滅菌水を好中球に加え、30秒間氷上に静置して、混ざっている赤血球を溶血させる。溶血後、45mlのPBS(−)を加えて200×g、10分間遠心する。試験管を取り出し、上清を捨て、沈殿物を培地DMEM+2%ヒト血清Alb(Serum human albumin;Product No.A9080 Sigma+4mM L−glutamine)に懸濁させ、使用する直前まで8℃で保存した。分離できた好中球数は1×106個/ml~1×107個/mlであり、純度に関してはcytospin後の検体をGiemsa染色処置し目視でカウントし、95~98%であった。
[実施例1]の「1.ヒト好中球の単離方法」に記載の好中球単離後から約1時間後に好中球の前処置を行った。8well−μスライド(Cat.No.ib 80826 Ibidi(登録商標))に好中球を400μlの培地DMEM+2%ヒト血清Alb(Serum human albumin;Product No.A9080 Sigma+4mM L−glutamine)に約1.0×105cells/wellで撒き、(i)~(v)の各薬剤を添加し30分間室温で前処置を行った。(i)ウシラクトフェリン(bovine lactoferrin,Product No 123−04124 Lot;KWG6332 WAKO(登録商標))(stock;100mg/ml)を1/500、1/5000、1/50000倍希釈し最終濃度200μg/ml、20μg/ml、2μg/ml、(ii)ヒトラクトフェリン(stock;100mg/ml,200μl;Cat.No.SIGL6793,SIGMA)を1/500、1/5000、1/50000倍希釈し最終濃度200μg/ml、20μg/ml、2μg/ml、(iii)DPI(stock 25mM,Product No.D2926 Sigma;添付文書溶媒はDMSO)を1/2500希釈し、最終濃度は10μM、(iv)Deferoxamine(Product No.D9533 Sigma)(stock;200mM)を1/100倍に希釈し最終濃度2mM、(v)Trientine;Triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride(Sigma Product No;T5033 Lot;1354380V,stock 100mM;100μl)最終濃度は125μM、12.5μM、1.25μMを各試薬、濃度毎に前処置を行った。前処置した後にPMA(最終濃度25nM,stock:10mM in DMSO,Sigma Prod No.P8139)による好中球刺激をした。
NETs形成の観察には共焦点顕微鏡(Leica DMI 6000B,Leica(登録商標))を使用した。顕微鏡下に好中球細胞数を目視でカウント(すべての実験でHySOx(最終濃度500nM stock;10mM,東京大学大学院医学系研究科 生体物理医学専攻 医用生体工学講座生体情報学 浦野泰照教授より提供)のプローブ(Kenmoku,S.,et al.,2007.J Am Chem Soc 129:7313−7318:Setsukinai,K.,et al.,2003.J Biol Chem278:3170−3175)を使用しており、これによる赤色蛍光細胞をカウント)した。NETsの定量はA.K Gupta.FEBS letters 2010;584:3193−3197,D J Novo.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2000;44(4):827−34.を参考にSytoxgreen(最終濃度500nM,stock:5mM,5μl Product No;S7020)、TO−PRO−3(最終濃度1μM,stock;1mM,Cat No;T3605 Invitrogen(登録商標))に染色される好中球外へ放出された網状構造物を目視でカウントした[図1−C]。試薬を注入後、乾燥対策として酸素を通すことで長時間生細胞を37℃で観察させるため、シリコンオイル(silicone oil AR200 Lot;BCBF0602V ALDRICH Chemistry(登録商標)85419)を100μl注入し油層を作成した。観察時間1~8時間(時間経過をNETs形成平衡状態まで追わない場合は4時間)とし、観察中の検体は顕微鏡設置の保温箱により37℃に一定に保った。NETs形成率はNETsの放出がみられた細胞数を1視野中の全細胞数で除したもので表した。PMA単独で刺激を行うと、NETs形成は2~3時間でピークに達し、4時間以降はプラトーに達する。無刺激の場合は血液中の好中球の寿命が10~12時間なのでNETsの観測も4~5時間でピークに達し、6時間以降はプラトーに達する。また、無刺激はPMA刺激と比べてもNETs形成が1/8~1/7と少ない。PMA刺激前に前項「2.好中球の前処置方(NETs形成阻害)とNetosis(NETs形成)誘導方法」の各処置を行うと、PMA単独刺激のものと比べ、ウシラクトフェリンとヒト好中球由来ラクトフェリン(SIGMA 型番 SIGL6793)は2μg/ml、20μg/mlの濃度ではプラトーに達した時のNETsの割合は半減し、200μg/mlに関しては1/4までNETs形成が抑制されていた[図1−A、B]。DPIは1/3までNETs形成が抑制されたが、DeferoxamineとTrientineについてはNETs形成が抑制されなかった。
走査型電子顕微鏡の観察方法は、細胞培養用カバーガラスかガラスボトムディッシュに好酸球を1×106個で200μg/mlヒトラクトフェリン添加、無添加の前処理後にNETs刺激を行い、3時間後に、2%グルタルアルデヒドを含む0.1Mのリン酸緩衝液(pH=7.4)を4℃で1時間、前固定した。次に、1% 4酸化オスミウムを含む0.1Mのリン酸緩衝液(pH=7.4)を4℃で1時間、後固定した。固定終了後、60%、70%、80%、95%エタノールと5~10分間軽く揺すりながら洗浄し、100%エタノール5~10分間、2回浸し、脱水処理を行う。酢酸イソアミルに10~15分置換し、臨界点乾燥を行う。オスミウム・プラズマコーティング機(OPC80N、フィルジェン株式会社)を用いてサンプルを昇華させた4酸化オスミウム層で被膜し、走査型電子顕微鏡(JSM−6320F、日本電子株式会社)によって観察した。無刺激の好中球は球形が保たれ細胞外線維は認められないが、PMA刺激により細胞は崩れ線維成分が多数形成された。一方でラクトフェリン投与を行った好中球ではこの線維成分が束状にみられ、ラクトフェリンがNETsの線維を縮合させていた[図1−D]。
培養上清中を回収し、200×g、10分間遠心し、上精を新しい微小遠心チューブに移す。DNA量の測定はPicogreen dsDNA assay reagent(P11496 Invitrogen)を用い、付随のプロトコルに沿って行った。ヒトラクトフェリンを前処理すると、濃度依存的に培養上清中のDNA濃度が減少し、NETsによるDNAの放出を抑制された[図1−D]。
1.ヒト好中球の単離方法
健常人からEDTA含有注射器(針18~22G)で1回の実験用に15ml~20mlの末梢血を採血した。採血後、3mlのMono−Poly Resolving Medium(CatNo.DSBN100,DSファーマバイオケミカル株式会社)を入れている15mlのコニカルチューブの中に、下層のMono−Poly Resolving Mediumと全血3.5mlを静かに重層する。15mlのコニカルチューブを室温(15~30℃)でスイング式の遠心分離機で400×g、20分間遠心し、コニカルチューブを静かに取り出す。アスピレータ等で最上部の褐色のプラズマ層とその直ぐ下層のリンパ球・単球層を除去する。また、リンパ球・単球層の下層の透明層を可能な限り除く。透明層の下層にある薄いピンク色層をパスツールピペットで取り、好中球を洗浄するためにリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS(−);塩化ナトリウム137mM、塩化カリウム2.7mM、リン酸水素2ナトリウム12水和物8.1mM、リン酸2水素カリウム1.47mM)の入った試験管に移す。好中球の入った試験管を室温(15~30℃)で200×g,10分間遠心する。試験管を取り出し、上清を捨てる。試験管に4℃の滅菌水を好中球に加え、30秒間氷上に静置して、混ざっている赤血球を溶血させる。溶血後、45mlのPBS(−)を加えて200×g、10分間遠心する。試験管を取り出し、上清を捨て、沈殿物を培地DMEM+2%ヒト血清Alb(Serum human albumin;Product No.A9080 Sigma+4mM L−glutamine)に懸濁させ、使用する直前まで8℃で保存した。分離できた好中球数は1×106個/ml~1×107個/mlであり、純度に関してはcytospin後の検体をGiemsa染色処置し目視でカウントし、95~98%であった。
[実施例2]の「1.ヒト好中球の単離方法」に記載の好中球単離後から約1時間後には、好中球の前処置を行った。8well−マイクロスライド(Cat.No.ib 80826Ibidi(登録商標))に好中球を400μlの培地DMEM+2%ヒト血清Alb(Serum human albumin;Product No.A9080 Sigma+4mM L−glutamine)約1.0×105cells/wellで撒き、PMA(最終濃度25nM,stock:10mM in DMSO,Sigma Prod No.P8139)による刺激を行った。刺激30分前処理と刺激後1、2時間ごとにヒトラクトフェリン(stock;100mg/ml,200μl;Cat.No.SIGL6793,SIGMA)を200μg/ml添加し、阻害を行った。
培養上清中を回収し、200×g、10分間遠心し、上精を新しい微小遠心チューブに移す。DNA量の測定はPicogreen dsDNA assay reagent(P11496 Invitrogen)を用い、付随のプロトコルにそって行った。ヒトラクトフェリンを前処理と同様に刺激後1、2時間共に培養上清中のDNA濃度が減少し、NETsによるDNAの放出を抑制された[図2]。
1.LF含有マウス飼育餌の製造と摂取方法
標準飼育餌とラクトフェリン含有飼育餌の製造はオリエンタル酵母株式会社に依頼した。
標準飼育餌は米国国立栄養研究所(American Institute of Nutrition)から1993年に発表されたマウス・ラット用の栄養研究のための標準精製AIN−93M(カゼイン14.0%,L−シスチン0.18%、コーンスターチ46.5692%、α−コーンスターチ15.5%、シュークロース10.0%、大豆油4.0%、セルロースパウダー 5.0%、AIN−93Mミネラル混合3.%5、AIN−93ビタミン混合1.0%酒石酸コリン0.25%、第三ブチルヒドロキノン0.0008%)をペレッターで固形にし、自由摂取させた。ラクトフェリン含有飼育餌はAIN−93Mにウシラクトフェリンを最終濃度2%になるように混ぜ、ペレッターで固形にし、自由摂取させた。
半月体形成性糸球体腎炎及びANCA関連血管炎を発症する6~7週齢の雌SCG/Kjマウスを独立行政法人 理化学研究所・筑波研究所・バイオリソースセンターから購入し、1~2週間慣らした後に使用した。8週齢目からラクトフェリン含有飼育餌群(n=16)、標準飼育餌群(n=16)で飼育を行った。生存率・生存延長の評価はカプラン・マイヤー法を用いて評価した。標準飼育餌群では、9週齢から徐々に死に始め、18週齢には2匹が生存していた。ラクトフェリン含有飼育餌群では14週齢から死に始め、18週齢には11匹生存しており、生存率と生存延長の効果が顕著に見られた(統計的有意差p=0.0111)[図3]。
1.LF含有マウス飼育餌の製造と摂取方法
標準飼育餌とラクトフェリン含有飼育餌の製造はオリエンタル酵母株式会社に依頼した。
標準飼育餌は米国国立栄養研究所(American Institute of Nutrition)から1993年に発表されたマウス・ラット用の栄養研究のための標準精製AIN−93M(カゼイン14.0%,L−シスチン0.18%、コーンスターチ46.5692%、α−コーンスターチ15.5%、シュークロース10.0%、大豆油4.0%、セルロースパウダー 5.0%、AIN−93Mミネラル混合3.%5、AIN−93ビタミン混合1.0%酒石酸コリン0.25%、第三ブチルヒドロキノン0.0008%)をペレッターで固形にし、自由摂取させた。ラクトフェリン含有飼育餌はAIN−93Mにウシラクトフェリンを最終濃度2%になるように混ぜ、ペレッターで固形にし、自由摂取させた。
6週齢以降の雌SCG/Kjマウスを独立行政法人 理化学研究所・筑波研究所・バイオリソースセンターから購入し、8週齢から使用した。ラクトフェリン含有飼育餌群(n=8)、標準飼育餌群(n=8)で飼育を行った。8~17週齢までのSCG/Kjにジエチルエーテルによる吸入麻酔を行い、ヘパリン採血を行った。採血した血液は1.5mlの微小遠心チューブに移し、4℃で1000g、10分間遠心を行い、上精を回収し、血漿とした。
MPO−ANCA抗体価の測定は、旧千葉大学 医学研究院 免疫発生・炎症制御学 鈴木和男教授から分与されたELISA(Ishida−Okawara,A.,et al,Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:1708−1715)を用いて行った。遺伝子組換え型マウスMPOを一定濃度で96well ELISAプレート(TOYOSHIMA)に撒き、4℃に16時間放置する。放置後、上清を捨て、各ウェルに300~400μlのPBS(−)を入れ、洗浄する(2~3回操作する)。洗浄後、各ウェルに1%ウシ血清アルブミンPBS(−)溶液を300~400μl入れ、室温に2時間放置し、300~400μlのPBS(−)を入れ、洗浄する(3~4回操作する)。放置後、PBS(−)で50倍に希釈したマウス血清をウェルに入れ、室温に90分間反応させる。反応後、各ウェルに300~400μlのPBS(−)を入れ、洗浄する(3~4回操作する)。
洗浄後、PBS(−)で1000倍に希釈したアルカリファオスファターゼ標識した抗マウスIgG抗体を各ウェルに入れ、室温で2時間反応をさせる。反応後、各ウェルに300~400μlのPBS(−)を入れ、洗浄する(3~4回操作する)。PBS(−)で希釈した1mg/mlのパラ−ニトロフェニルリン酸を150μl各ウェルに入れ、15~30分間反応させ、0.75M水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を等量入れ反応を停止させ、405nm波長で測定を行う。吸光度計にて測定した結果、標準飼育餌群は平均0.283875で、ラクトフェリン含有飼育餌群の平均値は0.15625であり、MPO−ANCA抗体価の減少が認められ、治療効果が認められた(統計的有意差p=0.0221)[図4−A]。
血漿中のDNA量の測定はPicogreen dsDNA assay reagent(P11496 Invitrogen)を用い、測定方法は付随のプロトコルに沿って行った。ラクトフェリン含有飼育餌群が非含有餌群と比べ血中DNA量が低く、NETsによるDNAの放出が顕著に抑制されていた(p=0.046)[図4−B]。
SCG/Kjマウスを頚椎脱臼により安楽死させ、開腹により腎臓検体を採取し40%パラフィンブロックを作製し、組織切片をつくり、マッソントリクローム(Masson Trichrome)染色を行い、皮下出血を組織学的に評価した。10%ホルマリン液に24時間以上浸透させ固定させる。水道水で1時間以上ホルマリンを洗浄し、60%エタノール1時間、70%エタノール1時間、80%エタノール1時間、95%エタノール1時間、100%エタノール1時間を3回、キシレン1時間を2回、パラフィン(65℃に保温)1時間を3回浸し、その後包埋ザラで組織ブロックを作製する。組織ブロックを、ミクロトームを用いて厚さ20~50nmで切り、組織切片とする。切片はスライドガラスに張り付け、脱パラフィン処理を行う。脱パラフィン処理は完全に乾いた組織切片の載ったスライドガラスにキシレンに5分間を3回、100%エタノール1分間を2回、95%エタノールに軽く洗浄し、80%、70%、60%エタノール、水道水という順で同様に軽く洗浄し、イオン交換水に浸し、次にマッソントリクローム(Masson Trichrome)染色を行う。媒染液(10%トリクロル酢酸水溶液、10%重クロム酸カリウム水溶液)に10~15分浸し、水道水で5分間洗浄、鉄ヘマトキシリン液(2gヘマトキシリン100%エタノール100ml溶液、0.5g硝酸第二鉄(III)・9H2O、25%塩酸100ml溶液)に5分浸し、軽く水洗いをする。1%塩酸70%エタノール溶液で分別を行う。水洗いを10分間行い色出しし、イオン交換水に浸す、I液(1%ビーブリッヒスカーレット90ml、1%酸性フクシン10ml、酢酸1ml)に2~5分浸し、軽く水洗いを行う。II液(5gリンモリブデン酸、5gリンタングステン酸 蒸留水200ml)30分以上浸し、軽く水洗いを行い、III液(2.5gアニリン青、2ml酢酸、蒸留水100ml)5分浸し、軽く水洗いを行う。1%酢酸水に5分浸し、素早く水洗いをする。60%、70%、80%、95%エタノールと軽く洗浄し、100%エタノール5分3回浸す。キシレン5分を3回浸し、封入液を用いてカバーガラスで組織を覆う。スライドガラスを乾燥させた後に顕微鏡で観察した。また、同様の組織切片をヘマトキシリン・エオジン染色も行った。脱パラ処理後、水道水で流水洗浄を3~5分間行い、マイヤーヘマトキシリン液に5分間浸した。25~37℃の流水で洗浄を3~5分間行い、エオシン液に5分間浸した。60%、70%、80%、95%エタノールと軽く洗浄し、100%エタノール5分3回浸す。キシレン5分を3回浸し、封入液を用いてカバーガラスで組織を覆う。スライドガラスを乾燥させた後に顕微鏡で観察した。どちらの染色方法においても、ラクトフェリン含有飼育餌群の腎臓は非含有餌群と比べ組織の間質線維化、炎症細胞浸潤(upper)、半月体形成(lower)が非投与群よりも軽度であった[図4−C]。
1.LSRモデル1の作製と評価1
6週齢のC57BL/6jを2週間慣らし、8週齢からラクトフェリン含有食餌または対照餌を2週間与えた。10週齢目に大腸菌由来のリポポリサッカライド(LPS;Sigma)mg/mlになるようにPBS(−)に溶解し、マウス1匹当たり100μgを30G針により皮下注射し、1日目とした。マウス組換え体TNF−α(R&D Systems,Inc.品番410−MT)を100μg/mlになるようにPBS(−)に溶解し、マウス1匹当たり0.3μgを同部位に皮下注射し、2日目とした。3日目に、同部位の出血を肉眼的に評価した。ラクトフェリン含有食餌群は対照群と比べ皮下出血の範囲を顕著に抑制した。皮下出血の重症度を出血範囲と壊死所見から肉眼的に0,なし;1,軽症;2,中等症;3,重症;4,中心壊死に分類し点数化したところ[表2]、対照群に比較しラクトフェリン含有食餌群では有意に重症度が低下した(p<0.0001)[図5−A、B]。
[実施例5]の「1.LSRモデル1の作製と評価」で作製したマウスを頚椎脱臼により安楽死させ、皮膚検体を採取し40%パラフィンブロックを作製し、組織切片をつくり、マッソントリクローム(Masson Trichrome)染色を行い、皮下出血を組織学的に評価した。10%ホルマリン液に24時間以上浸透させ固定させる。水道水で1時間以上ホルマリンを洗浄し、60%エタノール1時間、70%エタノール1時間、80%エタノール1時間、95%エタノール1時間、100%エタノール1時間を3回、キシレン1時間を2回、パラフィン(65℃に保温)1時間を3回浸し、その後包埋ザラで組織ブロックを作製する。組織ブロックを、ミクロトームを用いて厚さ20~50nmで切り、組織切片とする。切片はスライドガラスに張り付け、脱パラフィン処理を行う。脱パラフィン処理は完全に乾いた組織切片の載ったスライドガラスにキシレン5分間を3回、100%エタノール1分間を2回、95%エタノールに軽く洗浄し、80%、70%、60%エタノール、水道水という順で同様に軽く洗浄し、イオン交換水に浸し、次にマッソントリクローム(Masson Trichrome)染色を行う。媒染液(10%トリクロル酢酸水溶液、10%重クロム酸カリウム水溶液)に10~15分浸し、水道水で5分間洗浄、鉄ヘマトキシリン液(2gヘマトキシリン100%エタノール100ml溶液、0.5g硝酸第二鉄(III)・9H2O、25%塩酸100ml溶液)に5分浸し、軽く水洗いをする。1%塩酸70%エタノール溶液で分別を行う。水洗いを10分間行い色出しし、イオン交換水に浸す、I液(1%ビーブリッヒスカーレット90ml、1%酸性フクシン10ml、酢酸1ml)に2分~5分浸し、軽く水洗いを行う。II液(5gリンモリブデン酸、5gリンタングステン酸 蒸留水200ml)30分以上浸し、軽く水洗いを行い、III液(2.5gアニリン青、2ml酢酸、蒸留水100ml)5分浸し、軽く水洗いを行う。1%酢酸水に5分浸し、素早く水洗いをする。60%、70%、80%、95%エタノールと軽く洗浄し、100%エタノールに5分間、3回浸す。キシレン5分間、3回浸し、封入液を用いてカバーガラスで組織を覆う。スライドガラスを乾燥させた後に顕微鏡で観察した。また、同様の組織切片をヘマトキシリン・エオジン染色も行った。脱パラ処理後、水道水で流水洗浄を3~5分間行い、マイヤーヘマトキシリン液に5分間浸した。25~37℃の流水で洗浄を3~5分間行い、エオシン液に5分間浸した。60%、70%、80%、95%エタノールと軽く洗浄し、100%エタノール5分3回浸す。キシレン5分を3回浸し、封入液を用いてカバーガラスで組織を覆う。スライドガラスを乾燥させた後に顕微鏡で観察した。
背部皮下にエアパウチを作製しLSRを惹起させ、エアパウチ内のDNA濃度測定および好中球の観察を行った。まずに背部皮下に5ml用の注射器に30G針で勢いよく5mlの空気を皮下に注射し、3日後に一匹あたりLPS 100μgをエアパウチ内に注入した。その24時間後0.3μgのTNF−αをエアパウチ内へ注入しさらに6時間後に2mlの滅菌PBS(−)で洗浄し、回収した。
採取した洗浄液を1.5ml微小遠心チューブに移し、室温、6000gで5分間遠心し、上澄み中のDNA濃度をPicogreen dsDNA assay reagentを用い、測定方法は付随のプロトコルに沿って行った。ラクトフェリン含有色餌群が非含有色餌群と比べ血中DNA量が低く、NETsによるDNAの放出が顕著に抑制されていた(p=0.0015)[図6−A]。
洗浄液中の好中球はサイトスピン2(Shandon)を用いてスライドグラス上に固定し、5μM DRAQ5で染色し、蛍光顕微鏡で観察した。対照群と比較し、ラクトフェリン含有食餌群においてNETs形成が見られる好中球が減少した[図6−B]。
11週齢の雄C57BL/6マウスに、生理食塩水に溶解し37℃に保温したヒストン(sigma,H9250)を80mg/kg尾静脈内投与することによりDICモデルマウスを作製した(Tobias A.et al.,blood,29 September 2011,vol.118,no.13,p.3708−3714)。前処理としてウシラクトフェリン(n=8)を20mg/kg尾静脈内投与し、その30分後に、ヒストンを尾静脈内投与し、ラクトフェリン治療群とした。無治療対称群としてウシラクトフェリンが含まれていない生理食塩水(n=8)100μlをヒストン投与30分前に尾静脈内投与した。ヒストン投与後からの生存率・生存延長の評価はカプラン・マイヤー法を用いて評価した。無治療対象群は、ヒストン投与の約20分後から徐々に死に始め、、2日後には2匹、4日後に1匹となったが、ウシラクトフェリン投与群は4日たっても、8匹全て生存し、生存率と生存延長の効果が顕著に見られた(図7:統計的有意差p=0.0005)。
11週齢の雄C57BL/6マウスに前処理としてウシラクトフェリン(n=5)を20mg/kg尾静脈内投与し、その30分後、生理食塩水に溶解し37℃に保温したヒストン(sigma,H9250)を60mg/kg尾静脈内投与することによりDICモデルマウスの止血効果を調べた(Tobias A,et al.,Blood,2011;118:p.3708−3714)(生存率・生存延長に使用したヒストンの75%量を採用)。無治療対称群としてウシラクトフェリンが含まれていない生理食塩水(n=5)100μlをヒストン投与30分前に尾静脈内投与した。健常コントロール群(n=5)としてウシラクトフェリンの前処理とヒストン処理の代わりに、各々、生理食塩水を用いた。ヒストン投与20分後に尾静脈を末端から3mmで切断して37℃の生理食塩水に浸し、30秒毎に濾紙で血液を拭い出血時間を測定した(出血時間が15分以上掛る場合は15分として止血処置を行った)(Fuchs TA,et al.,Blood,2011;118:3708−3714)。無治療対称群では著しい出血時間延長が見られたが(図8:無治療対称群対健常コントロール:P<0.0001)、ウシラクトフェリン投与群は有意に出血時間を短縮した(図8:ウシラクトフェリン投与群対無治療対称群:P<0.0001)。
11週齢の雄C57BL/6マウスに前処理としてウシラクトフェリン(n=4)を20mg/kg尾静脈内投与し、その30分後、生理食塩水に溶解し37℃に保温したヒストン(sigma,H9250)を80mg/kg尾静脈内投与することによりDICモデルマウスを作製したTobias A.,et al.,Blood,29 September 2011,;vol.118:no.13,p.3708−3714)。無治療対称群としてウシラクトフェリンが含まれていない生理食塩水(n=4)100μlをヒストン投与30分前に尾静脈内投与した。健常コントロール(n=4)としてウシラクトフェリンの前処理とヒストン処理の代わりに、各々、生理食塩水を用いた。ヒストン(2回目の生理食塩水)投与10分後にマウスを安楽死させ、肺組織を摘出し、4%パラホルムアルデヒドを用いて肺組織を固定した。無治療対称群と比べ、ウシラクトフェリン投与群は組織出血が殆ど見られず、肺組織はコントロール群と同じような色彩であった(図9)。無治療対称群は、肺組織色の赤みが増加し、組織出血が見られた(図9)。
ラクトフェリンは、そのN末端部分が正に帯電していることから、負の電荷を持つDNA分子と結合することができると報告されている(He J,and Furmanski P.Sequence specificity and transcriptional activation in the binding of lactoferrin to DNA.Nature.1995;373(6516):721−4.)。そこで、ラクトフェリンに近い分子量(MW)及び等電点(pI)を有する別の種類のタンパク質により、NETs形成を阻害することができるかどうかを検討する実験を行った。実験には以下のタンパク質を用いた。
ウシの乳から単離した粗タンパク質を10mMのリン酸ナトリウムバッファー(pH7.0)に溶解し、得られた溶液を同バッファーで平衡化したSP−セファロースカラム(GE Healthcare Life Sciences)にローディングした(流速毎分3.0ml)。カラムに結合したタンパク質を前記バッファーで洗浄し、同バッファー中の塩化ナトリウム直線濃度勾配(0.3~1.0M)によってラクトペロキシダーゼ、アンジオジェニン及びラクトフェリンを溶出した。
NETs形成阻害は、[実施例2]と同様の手法で培養上清中のDNA濃度を測定することにより行った。実験は、3つの独立した系で重複して行った(n=3)。
ラクトペロキシダーゼ及びアンジオジェニンはNETs形成を阻害することはできなかった(図10:p<0.01)。これは、ラクトフェリンによるNETs形成阻害が、単にラクトフェリン分子の正電荷のみにより生じているものではなく、ラクトフェリンに固有の活性によるものであることを示している。
[図1]健常人末梢血好中球をNETs形成刺激の30分前にラクトフェリンを添加し、NETs形成阻害効果の試験結果を示す。(A)ウシラクトフェリン(今後全図面中「bLF」と表記)を2、20、200μg/mlで前処理を行うと、濃度依存的にNETs形成阻害効果が見られ、NETs形成刺激 対 ウシラクトフェリン20μg/mlの前処理ではp<0.01、NETs形成刺激 対 ウシラクトフェリン200μg/mlの前処理ではp<0.001と統計的有意差が得られた。10μM DPIはポジティブコントロールとして使用。(B)ヒトラクトフェリン(今後前図面中「hLF」と表記)を2、20、200μg/mlで前処理を行うと、ウシラクトフェリンと同様にNETs形成阻害効果が見られ、p<0.001と統計的有意差が得られた。(C)ヒトラクトフェリン200μg/mlの前処理画像を示す。細胞外のDNAは500nM SYTOX greenで染色した。ヒトラクトフェリン前処理により細胞外にDNAの放出が阻害されていることが観察できる。(D)ヒトラクトフェリンで前処理を行い、NETs刺激3時間後の培養上清中のDNA濃度を測定した。NETs刺激により細胞外に分泌されたDNA濃度がウシラクトフェリンの濃度依存的に抑制され、NETs形成刺激対ヒトラクトフェリン20μg/mlの前処理ではp<0.05、NETs形成刺激対ヒトラクトフェリン200μg/mlの前処理ではp<0.001と統計的有意差が得られた。(E)ヒトラクトフェリン200μg/mlで前処理を行い、NETs刺激3時間後の好中球を電子顕微鏡により分析した走査型電子顕微鏡の画像を示す。無刺激の好中球は球形が保たれDNAの放出がみられないが、PMA刺激により細胞は崩れ線維成分が形成された。一方でヒトラクトフェリン前処理を行った好中球ではこの線維成分が束状になり、NETsの線維を縮合させている。
(A)マウスの背部皮下にエアパウチを作製し、炎症刺激なし群(n=12:100μg/匹のLPS:0.3μg/匹のTNF−α)、非含有飼育餌群(n=12:100μg/匹のLPS:0.3μg/匹のTNF−α)、及びラクトフェリン含有飼育餌群(n=12)に分け、エアパウチ内を洗浄し、洗浄液中のDNA濃度を測定した。非含有飼育餌群と比べウシラクトフェリン含有飼育餌群は無刺激群近くまで洗浄液中のDNA濃度が減少し、p<0.01と統計的有意差が得られた。(B)エアパウチ洗浄液中の好中球のDNAをDRAQ5により染色した図。ウシラクトフェリン含有飼育餌群は非含有飼育餌と比べ、DNAの放出が殆ど見られず、NETs形成が阻害されている。
また、非自己免疫疾患モデルにおいて本発明による白血球の細胞外トラップ形成阻害能が確認されたことから、本発明において、ラクトフェリンは、過去に報告された作用機序(特許文献1)とは異なる、全く新規な作用機序により治療作用を示すといえる。
Claims (15)
- ラクトフェリンを含む、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成阻害剤。
- ラクトフェリンが0.001~10g/kg/日の量になるように調製された、請求項1に記載の阻害剤。
- 前記ラクトフェリンはヒト由来のものである、請求項1に記載の阻害剤。
- 前記ラクトフェリンが以下の(a)~(c)よりなる群より選ばれるいずれかに記載のタンパク質である、請求項1に記載の阻害剤。
(a)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質;
(b)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列において、1~66個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換、挿入、及び/又は付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつ白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害する活性を有するタンパク質;
(c)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列に対して、90%以上の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列を有し、かつ白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害する活性を有するタンパク質 - 前記白血球は、好中球、好酸球、好塩基球、単球、マクロファージ及び肥満細胞からなる群から選択されるいずれか1つのものである、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の阻害剤。
- 前記白血球が好中球である、請求項5に記載の阻害剤。
- ラクトフェリンを含む、白血球の細胞外トラップ形成に関連する疾患を治療するための組成物。
- ラクトフェリンが0.001~10g/kg/日の量になるように調製された、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 前記ラクトフェリンはヒト由来のものである、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 前記ラクトフェリンが以下の(a)~(c)よりなる群より選ばれるいずれか1つに記載のタンパク質である、請求項7に記載の組成物。
(a)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質;
(b)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列において、1~66個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換、挿入、及び/又は付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつ白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害する活性を有するタンパク質;
(c)配列番号1~5のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列に対して、90%以上の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列を有し、かつ白血球の細胞外トラップ形成を阻害する活性を有するタンパク質 - 前記白血球は、好中球、好酸球、好塩基球、単球、マクロファージ及び肥満細胞からなる群から選択されるいずれか1つのものである、請求項7~10のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患は、ANCA関連血管炎、全身性エリテマトーデス、局所シュワルツマン反応、虚血再灌流障害を伴う急性腎障害(AKI)及び播種性血管内凝固からなる群より選択されるいずれか1つである、請求項7~11のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 食品の形態にある、請求項7~12のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 注射剤の形態にある、請求項7~12のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 経口投与されるものである、請求項7~13のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
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WO2016056665A1 (ja) * | 2014-10-08 | 2016-04-14 | 学校法人慶應義塾 | 白血球の細胞外トラップ形成の阻害剤 |
JP2017108660A (ja) * | 2015-12-15 | 2017-06-22 | 有限会社ハヌマット | 末梢血好中球アポトーシス測定方法 |
JP2018503685A (ja) * | 2015-01-20 | 2018-02-08 | ザ・チルドレンズ・メディカル・センター・コーポレーション | 線維化を処置および予防するためのならびに創傷治癒を促進するための抗net化合物 |
KR20190095372A (ko) | 2017-01-13 | 2019-08-14 | 토비시 파마슈티칼 컴패니 리미티드 | 호중구 활성화 조절제 |
JP2021050160A (ja) * | 2019-09-25 | 2021-04-01 | 学校法人慶應義塾 | 自己免疫疾患治療剤 |
WO2023085402A1 (ja) * | 2021-11-12 | 2023-05-19 | 淳一 平橋 | 白血球の細胞外トラップ形成阻害活性を有するペプチド |
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WO2016127255A1 (en) * | 2015-02-10 | 2016-08-18 | Palaniyar Nadesalingam | Mediation of inflammatory response using inhibitors of netosis |
CN108362871A (zh) * | 2018-02-07 | 2018-08-03 | 远见生物科技(上海)有限公司 | 用于中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网检测的试剂盒及检测方法 |
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JP2018503685A (ja) * | 2015-01-20 | 2018-02-08 | ザ・チルドレンズ・メディカル・センター・コーポレーション | 線維化を処置および予防するためのならびに創傷治癒を促進するための抗net化合物 |
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ES2738287T3 (es) | 2020-01-21 |
CA2911483A1 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
EP3017824A4 (en) | 2016-10-05 |
EP3017824A1 (en) | 2016-05-11 |
EP3017824B1 (en) | 2019-06-05 |
CN105101989A (zh) | 2015-11-25 |
JP6327626B2 (ja) | 2018-05-23 |
JPWO2014168253A1 (ja) | 2017-02-16 |
CN105101989B (zh) | 2019-10-18 |
US20220031813A1 (en) | 2022-02-03 |
CA2911483C (en) | 2022-10-04 |
US20160067315A1 (en) | 2016-03-10 |
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