WO2014156015A1 - 無鉛圧電磁器組成物、それを用いた圧電素子、装置、及び、無鉛圧電磁器組成物の製造方法 - Google Patents
無鉛圧電磁器組成物、それを用いた圧電素子、装置、及び、無鉛圧電磁器組成物の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014156015A1 WO2014156015A1 PCT/JP2014/001358 JP2014001358W WO2014156015A1 WO 2014156015 A1 WO2014156015 A1 WO 2014156015A1 JP 2014001358 W JP2014001358 W JP 2014001358W WO 2014156015 A1 WO2014156015 A1 WO 2014156015A1
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- piezoelectric ceramic
- ceramic composition
- lead
- crystal phase
- free piezoelectric
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- G01L23/221—Devices or apparatus for measuring or indicating or recording rapid changes, such as oscillations, in the pressure of steam, gas, or liquid; Indicators for determining work or energy of steam, internal-combustion, or other fluid-pressure engines from the condition of the working fluid for detecting or indicating knocks in internal-combustion engines; Units comprising pressure-sensitive members combined with ignitors for firing internal-combustion engines for detecting or indicating knocks in internal combustion engines
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition used for a piezoelectric element or the like, various devices using the composition, and a manufacturing method thereof.
- piezoelectric ceramics piezoelectric ceramics
- PZT lead zirconate titanate
- lead-free piezoelectric ceramics As a material of such a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic (referred to as “lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition”), for example, a composition formula ANbO 3 (A is an alkali metal) such as potassium sodium niobate ((K, Na) NbO 3 ). The composition represented by these is proposed.
- the ANbO 3 -based lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition itself has a problem that it is poor in sinterability and moisture resistance.
- Patent Document 1 a method for improving the sinterability by adding Cu, Li, Ta or the like to the ANbO 3 -based lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition and thus improving the piezoelectric characteristics. Is disclosed.
- Patent Document 3 disclosed by the applicant of the present application discloses a first crystal phase composed of a niobium / alkali tantalate perovskite oxide, an A—Ti—BO complex oxide (element A is an alkali metal, element B). And a second crystal phase composed of at least one of Nb and Ta, and the contents of element A, element B, and Ti are not zero).
- a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition comprising: Is disclosed. This piezoelectric ceramic composition has excellent piezoelectric characteristics and excellent characteristics such that there is no sudden fluctuation in characteristics between ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C. However, further improvements have been desired regarding the piezoelectric characteristics.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and can be realized as the following aspects.
- a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition includes a main phase formed of a first crystal phase composed of niobium / alkali tantalate perovskite oxide having piezoelectric characteristics, an M-Ti-O spinel compound (element M is 1 to 4). And a sub-phase including a second crystal phase made of a valent element).
- a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition since the second crystal phase composed of the spinel compound stabilizes the structure of the first crystal phase, a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition having excellent piezoelectric characteristics and insulation is provided. be able to.
- the element M is at least one metal element selected from Li, Mg, Al, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, Y, and Zr. May be included. According to this configuration, a spinel compound having a stable structure can be obtained as the second crystal phase, and as a result, a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition having excellent piezoelectric characteristics can be provided.
- the M-Ti-O-based spinel compound is represented by a composition formula MxTiOy (coefficients x and y are relative values when the Ti content is 1), and the coefficient x may satisfy 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 5.0. According to this configuration, a spinel compound having a stable structure can be obtained as the second crystal phase, and as a result, a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition having excellent piezoelectric characteristics can be provided.
- the coefficient y may satisfy 2 ⁇ y ⁇ 8. According to this configuration, a spinel compound having a stable structure can be obtained as the second crystal phase, and as a result, a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition having excellent piezoelectric characteristics can be provided.
- the subphase may be filled with voids formed between the main phases. According to this lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition, since the subphase stabilizes the structure of the main phase (first crystal phase) by filling the vacancies of the main phase, the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition having excellent piezoelectric characteristics Can be provided.
- the content ratio of the second crystal phase in the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition is (i) 0.5 volume% or more and 5.0 volume% or less, (ii) 0. It may be any one of 5 volume% or more and 2.5 volume% or less, and (iii) 1.0 volume% or more and 2.0 volume% or less. According to this configuration, the piezoelectric characteristics and insulation characteristics of the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition can be further improved.
- the M-Ti-O-based spinel compound may include two or more metal elements as the element M. According to this configuration, the characteristics of the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition can be further improved.
- the subphase includes, in addition to the second crystal phase, an A 3 B 5 O 15- based compound (the element A is a monovalent or divalent metal, and the element B is 2 to 5 It is also possible to include a third crystal phase made of a (valent metal). According to this configuration, since the structure of the second crystal phase is stabilized by the third crystal phase, the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition can be stabilized.
- the volume ratio of the second crystal phase may be 50% or more when the total amount of the subphase is 100%. According to this configuration, since the effect of stabilizing the structure of the first crystal phase by the second crystal phase becomes significant, the characteristics of the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition can be further improved.
- the niobium / alkali tantalate perovskite oxide forming the first crystal phase may contain an alkaline earth metal. According to this configuration, a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition having excellent piezoelectric characteristics can be obtained.
- the coefficient e may satisfy 0.88 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.07. According to this configuration, the characteristics of the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition can be further improved.
- the niobium / alkaline tantalate perovskite oxide may be an alkali niobate perovskite oxide. According to this configuration, it is possible to provide a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition having a high Curie temperature (Tc) as compared with the case where the niobium / alkaline tantalate perovskite oxide is an alkali tantalate perovskite oxide.
- Tc Curie temperature
- a piezoelectric element comprising: a piezoelectric ceramic formed of the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition; and an electrode attached to the piezoelectric ceramic.
- an apparatus including a piezoelectric element is provided.
- the device may be any one of a knock sensor, an ultrasonic transducer, a cutting tool, an ultrasonic sensor, and an actuator.
- a method for producing the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition is provided.
- the first crystal phase raw materials are mixed and calcined to produce a first powder
- the second crystal phase raw materials are mixed and calcined to produce a second powder.
- the step of producing the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition by mixing, molding and firing the first and second powders, and the firing comprises forming the molded body in a sealed container. It is characterized in that it is hermetic firing in which it is enclosed and fired.
- the piezoelectric layer has excellent piezoelectric characteristics, including the first crystalline phase composed of niobium / alkali tantalate perovskite oxide having piezoelectric characteristics and the second crystalline phase composed of M-Ti-O spinel compound.
- a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition can be prepared.
- the present invention can be realized in various forms.
- a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition a piezoelectric element using the composition, and various devices including a piezoelectric element (a knock sensor, an ultrasonic vibrator, a cutting tool, Ultrasonic sensors, actuators, etc.) and lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition manufacturing methods.
- a piezoelectric element a knock sensor, an ultrasonic vibrator, a cutting tool, Ultrasonic sensors, actuators, etc.
- lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition manufacturing methods for example, a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition, a piezoelectric element using the composition, and various devices including a piezoelectric element (a knock sensor, an ultrasonic vibrator, a cutting tool, Ultrasonic sensors, actuators, etc.) and lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition manufacturing methods.
- the flowchart which shows the manufacturing method of the piezoelectric element in one Embodiment of this invention.
- the perspective view which shows the knock sensor as one Embodiment of this invention. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing an ultrasonic transducer as one embodiment of the present invention.
- the perspective view which shows the cutting tool as one Embodiment of this invention. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing an ultrasonic sensor as one embodiment of the present invention.
- the figure which shows the experimental result regarding the influence on the piezoelectric characteristic by a subphase ratio is a graph showing the relationship between the subphase ratio and relative dielectric constant ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 of samples S03 to S12. Graph showing the relationship between the sub-phase fraction and the piezoelectric constant d 33 of Samples S03 ⁇ S12. The graph which shows the relationship between the subphase ratio of sample S03-S12, and the electromechanical coupling coefficient kr. The figure which shows the reflected-electron image of sample S01, S06. The figure which shows the experimental result (the 1) regarding the influence on the characteristic of the piezoelectric ceramic composition by the kind of metal element M of a subphase.
- a piezoelectric ceramic composition according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a main phase formed of a first crystal phase composed of a niobium / alkali tantalate perovskite oxide having piezoelectric characteristics, and an M-Ti-O spinel compound.
- a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition comprising: a subphase including a second crystal phase.
- the “spinel compound” includes both a normal spinel compound having a normal spinel type crystal structure and a reverse spinel compound having a reverse spinel type crystal structure.
- the element M of the M—Ti—O-based spinel compound is a monovalent to tetravalent metal element.
- the ratio of the 2nd crystal phase in a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition is 10 volume% or less exceeding 0 volume%, and the remainder is a 1st crystal phase.
- the first crystal phase is also referred to as “main phase”, and the crystal phase other than the main phase is referred to as “sub-phase”.
- the second crystal phase is also referred to as “spinel phase” or “spinel phase”.
- the subphase including the second crystal phase is mixed with the first crystal phase, thereby stabilizing the crystal structure of the first crystal phase and improving the piezoelectric characteristics.
- the second crystal phase also has a function of preventing a sudden change in characteristics due to the occurrence of a phase transition point between ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C.
- the piezoelectric ceramic composition may contain a crystal phase (such as a third crystal phase) other than the second crystal phase as a subphase.
- the perovskite oxide forming the first crystal phase preferably contains at least one of alkali niobate perovskite oxide and alkali tantalate perovskite oxide.
- the term “niobium / alkali tantalate-based perovskite oxide” is a general term for these plural types of perovskite oxides.
- the alkaline component of the niobium / tantalate alkali-based perovskite oxide includes at least an alkali metal (K (potassium), Na (sodium), Li (lithium), etc.), and an alkaline earth metal (Ca (calcium), Sr (strontium), Ba (barium), etc.).
- K potassium
- Na sodium
- Li lithium
- Ba barium
- the element C is one or more of Ca (calcium), Sr (strontium), and Ba (barium), and the element D is Nb (niobium), Ta (tantalum), Ti (titanium), Zr (zirconium), and Hf (hafnium).
- composition formula (1) when the element C can contain one to two kinds of elements and the elements D and E can contain one to three kinds of elements, respectively, the following composition formula (1a) Can be rewritten.
- a + b + c + d1 + d2 1
- e is arbitrary
- f1 + f2 + f3 + g1 + g2 + g3 1
- h is an arbitrary value constituting the perovskite.
- composition formula (1a) is equivalent to the composition formula (1).
- the value of the coefficient d of the element C is represented by the sum of the coefficients d1 and d2 of the two types of elements C1 and C2.
- the value of the coefficient f of the element D is represented by the sum of the coefficients f1, f2, and f3 of the three types of elements D1, D2, and D3. The same applies when the element D contains four or more metal elements.
- K potassium
- Na sodium
- Li lithium
- element C Ca, Sr, Ba
- element D one or more of Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn, Sb, and Si containing at least Nb or Ta
- element E Mg, Al, Sc, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni
- Zn, Ga, Y a so-called B site.
- the coefficients a, b, c, and d of the element at the A site the sum (a + b + c) of the first three coefficients is preferably not 0, but the coefficient d may be zero.
- the coefficient f of the element D is preferably not 0, but the coefficient g of the element E may be zero. That is, the niobium / tantalate alkaline perovskite oxide of this embodiment contains at least one alkali metal (K, Na, Li) at the A site and contains an alkaline earth metal (Ca, Sr, Ba).
- the B site contains at least one of Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn, Sb, and Si containing Nb or Ta and other metals (Mg, Al, A perovskite oxide that can contain one or more of Sc, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, and Y) is preferable.
- Nb Nb
- Ti Ti
- Zr Zr
- Hf Sn
- Sb Si
- Si containing Nb or Ta and other metals
- other metals Mg, Al
- one containing Nb is most preferable.
- An niobate-based perovskite oxide containing Nb is preferred in that it can provide a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition having a higher Curie temperature (Tc) than an alkali tantalate-based perovskite oxide containing no Nb.
- the electrical characteristics of the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition among the combinations of values that form the perovskite structure or A preferable value can be selected from the viewpoint of piezoelectric characteristics (particularly, the piezoelectric constant d 33 ).
- the coefficients a and b of K and Na are typically 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.6 and 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.6.
- the coefficient c of Li may be zero, but 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.2 is preferable, and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.1 is more preferable.
- the coefficient d of the element C (one or more of Ca, Sr, Ba) may be zero, but 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.2 is preferable, and 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.1 is more preferable.
- the coefficient e for the entire A site is arbitrary, but preferably 0.80 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.10, more preferably 0.84 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.08, and most preferably 0.88 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.07. .
- the coefficient h of oxygen can take any value such that the first crystal phase constitutes a perovskite oxide.
- a typical value for the coefficient h is about 3, preferably 3.0 ⁇ h ⁇ 3.1.
- the value of the coefficient h can be calculated from the electrical neutral condition of the composition of the first crystal phase. However, as the composition of the first crystal phase, a composition slightly deviating from the electrical neutral condition is acceptable.
- a typical composition of the first crystal phase is (K, Na, Li, Ca, Ba) e (Nb, Ti, Zr) O h, which contains K, Na, and Nb as main metal components. is there. Since this first crystal phase has K, Na, and Nb as main metal components, the material composed of the first crystal phase is also called “KNN” or “KNN material”, and the first crystal phase is called “KNN”. Also called “phase”. If the first crystal phase is formed of the KNN phase, it has excellent piezoelectric properties, electrical properties, insulation properties, and high-temperature durability, and is free from sudden changes in properties between -50 ° C and + 150 ° C. A piezoelectric ceramic composition can be provided.
- the element M is a monovalent to tetravalent metal element, and Li (lithium), Mg (magnesium), Al (aluminum), Sc (scandium), Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron) ), Co (cobalt), Ni (nickel), Zn (zinc), Ga (gallium), Y (yttrium), Zr (zirconium), Sn (tin), Sb (antimony), Si (silicon), Hf (hafnium) ).
- the coefficients x and y are relative values when the Ti content is 1.
- the coefficient x preferably satisfies 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 5.0.
- the coefficient y is an arbitrary value that forms a spinel compound, but typically satisfies 2 ⁇ y ⁇ 8. Since the second crystal phase composed of the spinel compound stabilizes the structure of the first crystal phase, a piezoelectric ceramic composition having excellent piezoelectric characteristics can be obtained. From the viewpoint of piezoelectric characteristics, it is preferable to employ a second crystal phase represented by a composition formula M 2 TiO 4 containing two divalent metal elements M or (M1, M2) TiO 4 .
- the piezoelectric ceramic composition those containing two or more kinds of metal elements as the element M are particularly preferable.
- a spinel compound containing two or more metal elements as the element M is also referred to as a “composite spinel compound”. By including the composite spinel compound in the second crystal phase, it becomes possible to improve the characteristics of the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic composition.
- the following various spinel compounds can be used.
- composition formulas of the various spinel compounds described above are not strict, and the composition formulas obtained by actual analysis may be slightly different.
- Mg 1.1 Fe 1.55 TiO y is obtained as a composition formula by analysis of MgFeTiO 4 .
- the composition formula obtained by the analysis also satisfies the composition formula (M x TiO y ) represented by the formula (2), and the composition formula showing a titanate compound having a spinel structure. It is common in that it is.
- the spinel compound forming the second crystal phase may be a normal spinel compound or a reverse spinel compound. Whether or not the second crystal phase is a spinel compound can be determined by performing Rietveld ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Analysis using the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffraction results. Analysis of the amount of metal elements other than Li in the spinel compound can be performed using an electron beam microanalyzer (EPMA) or an energy dispersive X-ray analysis method (TEM-EDS). The Li amount can be analyzed using a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS).
- EMA electron beam microanalyzer
- TEM-EDS energy dispersive X-ray analysis method
- TOF-SIMS time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer
- the above-mentioned second crystal phase does not have piezoelectric properties, but when mixed with the first crystal phase, the sinterability of the piezoelectric ceramic composition is improved, its structural stability is improved, and the piezoelectric properties are improved. Improve. Specifically, the second crystal phase fills vacancies formed between the fine crystals of the first crystal phase. As a result, since the fine crystals of the first crystal phase are bonded together by the second crystal phase, it is presumed that the structural stability of the piezoelectric ceramic composition is improved and the piezoelectric characteristics are improved. In addition, it is presumed that the second crystal phase contributes to the function of preventing a phase transition point from being generated between ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C.
- the second crystal phase does not form a spinel compound, but forms a layered structure compound.
- the second crystal phase is a spinel compound, it is possible to provide a piezoelectric ceramic composition superior to Patent Document 3 regarding the structural stability and piezoelectric characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic composition.
- the content ratio of the second crystal phase is preferably (i) 0.5% by volume or more and 5.0% by volume or less, and (ii) 0.5% by volume or more and 2%. More preferably, it is 0.5 volume% or less, (iii) 1.0 volume% or more and 2.0 volume% or less is the most preferable.
- a piezoelectric ceramic composition not containing the second crystal phase (a composition having only the first crystal phase) tends to have a sudden characteristic change between ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C.
- the piezoelectric ceramic composition content of the second crystal phase exceeds piezoelectric ceramic composition and 5% by volume of less than 0.5% by volume is slightly piezoelectric characteristics (particularly piezoelectric constant d 33 and electromechanical coupling factor kr) There is a tendency to be inferior.
- the subphase of the piezoelectric ceramic composition may include a crystal phase (such as a third crystal phase) other than the second crystal phase.
- a crystal phase such as a third crystal phase
- the third crystal phase for example, it is preferable to use a crystal phase of an A 3 B 5 O 15- based compound (the element A is a 1 to 2 valent metal and the element B is a 2 to 5 valent metal).
- the element A (1 to 2 valent metal) is at least one of Ba, Ca, Sr, Na, K, and Li, and the element B (2 to 5 valent metal)
- a compound in which at least one of Nb, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Zn, and Zr is used can be used.
- the volume ratio of the second crystal phase is preferably 50% or more when the total amount of the subphase is 100%, and 70% More preferably, it is more preferably 80% or more. This is because if the proportion of the second crystal phase is excessively reduced, the effect that the second crystal phase stabilizes the structure of the first crystal phase becomes insufficient. Even when the subphase includes a crystal phase other than the second crystal phase (such as a third crystal phase), the subphase fills vacancies formed between fine crystals of the first crystal phase.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing a method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Step T110 as a raw material of the first crystal phase (main phase), K 2 CO 3 powder, Na 2 CO 3 powder, Li 2 CO 3 powder, CaCO 3 powder, SrCO 3 powder, BaCO 3 powder, Nb 2 O 5 Powder, Ta 2 O 5 powder, TiO 2 powder, ZrO 2 powder, MgO powder, Al 2 O 3 powder, Sc 2 O 3 powder, MnO 2 powder, Fe 2 O 3 powder, CoO powder, NiO powder, ZnO powder, Necessary materials are selected from raw materials such as Ga 2 O 3 powder and Y 2 O 3 powder, and weighed according to the values of coefficients a, b, c, d, e, f and g in the composition formula of the main phase.
- step T120 the mixed powder obtained by drying the slurry is calcined, for example, at 600 ° C. to 1100 ° C. for 1 to 10 hours in an air atmosphere to generate a main phase calcined powder.
- step T130 as a raw material for the second crystal phase (subphase), in addition to TiO 2 powder, Li 2 CO 3 powder, MgO powder, Al 2 O 3 powder, Sc 2 O 3 powder, Cr 2 O 3 powder, MnO 2 powder, Fe 2 O 3 powder, CoO powder, NiO powder, ZnO powder, Ga 2 O 3 powder, Y 2 O 3 powder, ZrO 2 powder, etc. Weigh according to the value of the coefficient x. In the case of producing a piezoelectric ceramic composition in which the subphase includes a third crystal phase (for example, an A 3 B 5 O 15- based compound), it becomes a raw material for the third crystal phase in this step T130 or step T145 described later. You may mix a metal oxide powder suitably.
- a third crystal phase for example, an A 3 B 5 O 15- based compound
- step T140 the mixed powder obtained by drying the slurry is calcined, for example, in the air at 600 ° C. to 1100 ° C. for 1 to 10 hours to generate a subphase calcined powder.
- This subphase calcined powder is a powder of a spinel compound or a precursor of a spinel compound.
- the precursor of the spinel compound is a substance that does not become a spinel compound after the calcination in step T140, but becomes a spinel compound by firing in step T160 described later.
- step T145 the main phase calcined powder and the subphase calcined powder are weighed, and a ball mill is used to add a dispersant, a binder and ethanol, and pulverize and mix to obtain a slurry. Further, the mixed powder obtained by drying this slurry is calcined at 600 ° C. to 1100 ° C. for 1 to 10 hours, for example, in an air atmosphere to produce a calcined powder. As will be described later, in the present embodiment, a preferred ratio of the second crystal phase in the piezoelectric ceramic composition is defined by volume%.
- the mixing ratio of the main phase calcined powder and the subphase calcined powder in Step T145 is performed using the weight of the main phase calcined powder and the subphase calcined powder.
- the relationship between the subphase ratio (weight%) at the time of mixing in process T145 and the subphase ratio (volume%) in the piezoelectric ceramic composition finally obtained may be empirically determined beforehand. Is possible.
- step T150 the calcined powder obtained in step T145 is again added with a dispersant, a binder and ethanol, and pulverized and mixed to form a slurry.
- the slurry is dried by a spray dryer and granulated, for example, at a pressure of 20 MPa.
- a uniaxial press is performed to form a desired shape.
- Typical shapes of piezoelectric ceramics suitable for various devices as embodiments of the present invention include a disk shape, a columnar shape, a rectangular flat plate shape, and the like.
- a CIP process cold isostatic pressing process
- Step T155 a degreasing step of degreasing the binder is performed by holding the obtained molded body, for example, in an air atmosphere at 500 ° C. to 800 ° C. for 2 to 10 hours.
- step T160 the molded body obtained after the degreasing step is fired by holding it at a specific temperature (for example, 1150 ° C.) selected from 1000 ° C. to 1300 ° C. for 2 to 50 hours in an air atmosphere, for example. Get a piezoelectric ceramic.
- the firing in step T160 is preferably sealed firing performed in a state where the molded body is sealed in a sealed container.
- step T170 the piezoelectric ceramic is processed according to the dimensional accuracy required for the piezoelectric element.
- step T180 an electrode is attached to the piezoelectric ceramic thus obtained, and polarization is performed in step T190.
- the above-described manufacturing method is an example, and various other processes and processing conditions for manufacturing a piezoelectric element can be used.
- the raw materials are mixed and fired in a quantitative ratio according to the composition of the final piezoelectric ceramic composition. By doing so, you may make it manufacture a piezoelectric ceramic composition.
- the composition of the main phase and the subphase can be more strictly managed, so that the yield of the piezoelectric ceramic composition can be increased.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a piezoelectric element as one embodiment of the present invention.
- the piezoelectric element 200 has a configuration in which electrodes 301 and 302 are attached to the upper and lower surfaces of a disk-shaped piezoelectric ceramic 100.
- piezoelectric elements of various shapes and configurations other than this can be formed.
- FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view showing an example of a knock sensor using a piezoelectric ceramic as one embodiment of the present invention.
- the knock sensor 1 is a so-called non-resonant knock sensor, and includes a metal shell 2, an insulating sleeve 3, insulating plates 4 and 5, a piezoelectric element 6, a characteristic adjusting weight 7, a washer 8, and a nut 9. And a housing 10.
- the metal shell 2 is composed of a cylindrical tube 2b through which a through hole 2a is provided, and a donut-shaped disk-shaped seat surface portion 2c protruding in a flange shape from the periphery of the lower end of the tube 2b. ing.
- a thread 2d is engraved on the upper portion of the cylindrical body 2b, and a groove 2e for enhancing adhesion to the housing 10 surrounds the outer periphery of the upper end portion of the cylindrical body 2b and the peripheral portion of the seat surface portion 2c. It is carved in.
- the portions 2a to 2d of the metal shell 2 are integrally formed using an appropriate manufacturing method (casting, forging, machining, etc.). Further, the surface of the metal shell 2 is subjected to a plating process (such as zinc chromate plating) in order to improve the corrosion resistance.
- the insulating sleeve 3 has a thin cylindrical shape and is formed of an insulating material (various plastic materials such as PET and PBT, rubber materials, etc.).
- Each of the insulating plates 4 and 5 has a thin donut-like disk shape and is formed of an insulating material (various plastic materials such as PET and PBT, rubber materials, etc.).
- the piezoelectric element 6 as the vibration detecting means has a piezoelectric ceramic 6c laminated between two thin plate electrodes 6a and 6b, and has a donut-like disk shape as a whole.
- the characteristic adjusting weight 7 has a donut-like disk shape, and is formed of a material having a predetermined density (various metal materials such as brass).
- An insulating sleeve 3 is fitted to the cylinder 2b of the metal shell 2, and an insulating plate 4, a piezoelectric element 6, an insulating plate 5, and a characteristic adjusting weight 7 are fitted to the insulating sleeve 3 in this order. Further, a nut 9 is screwed into a thread 2 d of the cylindrical body 2 b of the metal shell 2 via a washer 8.
- the insulating plate 4, the piezoelectric element 6, the insulating plate 5, the characteristic adjusting weight 7, and the washer 8 are sandwiched and fixed between the upper surface of the seating surface portion 2c of the metal shell 2 and the nut 9, respectively.
- a housing 10 is formed of an insulating material (various plastic materials such as PA) injection-molded so as to cover 8. Therefore, only the lower surface of the seating surface portion 2 c of the metal shell 2 is exposed from the lower end portion of the housing 10, and only the upper end of the cylindrical body 2 b of the metal shell 2 is exposed from the upper end portion of the housing 10.
- the periphery of the piezoelectric element 6 is surrounded by the insulating sleeve 3, the respective insulating plates 4, 5 and the housing 10, and the metal shell 2, the characteristic adjusting weight 7 and the piezoelectric element 6 are insulated.
- a lead terminal (not shown) is connected to each electrode 6a, 6b of the piezoelectric element 6, and the lead terminal is led out from the housing 10.
- the knock sensor 1 is configured using the piezoelectric element 6 which has excellent piezoelectric characteristics and does not have a sudden characteristic change between ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C., so that the knocking detection accuracy is high, and A knock sensor with excellent thermal durability can be realized.
- FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view showing an ultrasonic transducer as one embodiment of the present invention.
- the ultrasonic transducer 20 is a Langevin type ultrasonic transducer, and includes a piezoelectric element pair 22, and a pair of upper and lower front plates 25 and a backing plate 26 that sandwich the piezoelectric element pair 22.
- the piezoelectric element pair 22 includes two piezoelectric elements 23a and 23b formed in an annular shape, with an electrode plate 24a interposed therebetween, and an electrode plate 24b disposed above the upper annular piezoelectric element 23b. Configured.
- the front plate 25 and the backing plate 26 are made of cylindrical metal blocks formed using iron or aluminum as a material.
- the piezoelectric element pair 22 is disposed between the front plate 25 and the backing plate 26, and these are integrally coupled by a central bolt 27.
- the front plate 25 and the backing plate 26 are both formed larger in diameter than the diameters of the piezoelectric elements 23 a and 23 b, and the contact ends with the piezoelectric elements 23 a and 23 b are reduced in diameter via the conical portions 28 and 29.
- the diameter of each of the piezoelectric elements 23a and 23b is substantially equal.
- the diameter R2 of the backing plate 26 and the diameter R1 of the front plate 25 are provided with substantially the same dimensions, and the outer end surface of the front plate 25 is an ultrasonic radiation surface 30. Further, a blind end hole 31 having a diameter R3 along the axial direction is formed at the center of the outer end surface of the backing plate 26.
- the total length of the ultrasonic transducer 20 having such a configuration is set so as to substantially match the resonance length of 3/2 wavelength of a predetermined resonance frequency.
- this ultrasonic transducer is composed of the piezoelectric elements 23a and 23b which have excellent piezoelectric characteristics and do not have a sudden change in characteristics between ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C., ultrasonic waves can be generated at a stable frequency. It is possible to realize an ultrasonic vibrator that is capable of generating the heat and has excellent thermal durability.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a cutting tool as one embodiment of the present invention.
- This cutting tool 40 is configured by forming a grindstone portion 45 on the outer peripheral portion of a base 46 formed in a circular shape.
- a central portion of the base material 46 is fixed to the spindle 42 by an attachment jig 44.
- An annular piezoelectric element 43 is embedded on both surfaces of the base material 46.
- the vibration direction of the piezoelectric element 43 is a radial direction 47 from the center of the base material 46 toward the outer periphery.
- the workpiece can be cut by pressing the workpiece 42 against the grindstone portion 45 provided on the outer periphery of the base material 46 while the spindle 42 rotates in the rotation direction 48 while the piezoelectric element 43 vibrates. It is.
- This cutting tool is composed of the piezoelectric element 43 which has excellent piezoelectric characteristics and does not change suddenly between -50 ° C and + 150 ° C, thus realizing a cutting tool with excellent thermal durability. it can.
- FIG. 6 is a longitudinal sectional view showing an ultrasonic sensor as one embodiment of the present invention.
- the ultrasonic sensor 400 includes a piezoelectric case 420 in a metal case body 410.
- the case body 410 has a bottomed cylindrical configuration, and is opposite to the side where the cylindrical portion 411, the bottom portion 413 that closes one open end of the cylindrical portion 411, and the bottom portion 413 are formed.
- a flange portion 415 extending in the radial direction of the cylindrical portion 411 formed at the open end of the cylindrical portion 411.
- the piezoelectric element 420 is configured in a disc shape, and one flat surface thereof is fixed to the inner surface of the bottom 413 of the case body 410.
- electrodes are formed on both sides of the piezoelectric element 420, one electrode is connected to the case main body 410, and the other electrode is electrically connected to the first terminal 423 via a stranded wire 421.
- the case body 410 is provided with a base 430 that is a metal plate-like member that closes the opening end of the case body 410 at the opening end on the flange 415 side, and the first terminal 423 is the base 430. Is fixed to the base 430 in an electrically insulated state through a glass material 433 as an insulating material. A second terminal 425 is fixed to the base 430.
- An insulating label 435 that covers the inner surface of the base 430 surrounded by the case body 410 is provided on the inner surface of the base 430 that faces the bottom 413 of the case body 410. Further, a resin cover 437 is wound around the side surface of the case body 410 so as to cover the side surface of the cylindrical portion 411 of the case body 410 on the outer surface of the case body 410. In addition, an acoustic matching member 440 is fixed to the outer surface of the bottom portion 413 of the case body 410 opposite to the inner surface on which the piezoelectric element 420 is provided.
- the ultrasonic sensor 400 is an ultrasonic transmitter / receiver having both a function as a sensor for detecting an ultrasonic wave and a function as an ultrasonic generator for generating an ultrasonic wave.
- This ultrasonic sensor is composed of the piezoelectric element 420 which has excellent piezoelectric characteristics and does not change suddenly between ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C., so that it can detect ultrasonic waves with high sensitivity.
- An ultrasonic sensor excellent in heat durability can be realized.
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing an actuator as one embodiment of the present invention.
- the actuator 500 is a single plate piezoelectric vibrator including a piezoelectric element 520 and a pair of electrode layers 531 and 532 arranged so as to sandwich the piezoelectric element 520.
- a voltage is applied between the electrode layers 531 and 532 of the actuator 500, an electric field is generated in the piezoelectric element 520 sandwiched therebetween, and the piezoelectric element 520 is displaced (expanded / contracted).
- the piezoelectric element 520 is polarized in the vertical direction 540 (thickness direction) in FIG. 7, the direction of the expansion / contraction operation is the horizontal direction 550.
- the driven member is arranged on the upper surface or the lower surface of the actuator 500, the driven member can be driven in accordance with the displacement of the piezoelectric element 520.
- This actuator is composed of the piezoelectric element 520 that has excellent piezoelectric characteristics and does not change suddenly between ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C., so that other members can be driven efficiently. In addition, an actuator with excellent heat durability can be realized.
- the piezoelectric ceramic composition and the piezoelectric element according to the embodiment of the present invention can be widely used for vibration detection applications, pressure detection applications, oscillation applications, piezoelectric device applications, and the like.
- sensors for detecting various vibrations knock sensors, combustion pressure sensors, etc.
- piezoelectric devices such as vibrators, actuators, filters, etc., high voltage generators, micro power supplies, various driving devices, position control devices, vibration suppression devices, It can be used for various devices such as fluid discharge devices (paint discharge, fuel discharge, etc.).
- the piezoelectric ceramic composition and the piezoelectric element according to the embodiment of the present invention are particularly suitable for applications requiring excellent thermal durability (for example, a knock sensor and a combustion pressure sensor).
- FIGS. 8A and 8B are diagrams showing the experimental results regarding the influence of the subphase ratio on the piezoelectric characteristics for a plurality of sample compositions including examples of the present invention. From this experimental result, it is possible to evaluate the influence of the subphase ratio on the characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic composition.
- Samples S01 and S02 in FIGS. 8A and 8B are samples prepared as comparative examples, and are configured only by the first crystal phase.
- each of K 2 CO 3 powder, Na 2 CO 3 powder, Li 2 CO 3 powder, and Nb 2 O 5 powder in the composition formula of the first crystal phase were weighed so that the quantitative ratio shown in FIG. 8A was obtained.
- Ethanol was added to these powders and wet mixed in a ball mill for 15 hours to obtain a slurry. Thereafter, the mixed powder obtained by drying the slurry was calcined at 600 to 1100 ° C. for 1 to 10 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain a calcined product.
- This calcined product was pulverized and mixed with a ball mill by adding a dispersant, a binder and ethanol to obtain a slurry. Thereafter, the slurry was dried, granulated, and uniaxially pressed at a pressure of 20 MPa, and formed into a disk shape (diameter 20 mm, thickness 2 mm). Thereafter, CIP treatment was performed at a pressure of 150 MPa, and the obtained CIP press body was degreased, and then calcined by holding at 1150 ° C. for 7 hours in an air atmosphere.
- Samples S03 to S12 are compositions containing both the first crystal phase and the second crystal phase.
- the composition of the first crystal phase and the composition of the second crystal phase are all the same in the samples S03 to S12, and only the subphase ratio (volume%) is different.
- the first crystal phase includes two types of elements Ca and Ba as the element C, three types of Nb, Ti, and Zr as the element D, and two types of Co and Zn as the element E.
- the subphase includes two types of elements M, Co and Zn.
- the composition of the second crystal phase is CoZnTiO 4 .
- exact composition formula was Co 0.7 Zn 0.73 TiO y.
- the subphase ratio in the samples S03 to S12 ranges from 0.4% by volume to 5.3% by volume.
- These samples S03 to S12 were prepared according to the above-described steps T110 to T160 of FIG.
- the shape after the molding in step T150 was a disc shape (diameter 20 mm, thickness 2 mm). Note that the method of creating such a sample is the same for other samples described later.
- the coefficients f1, f2, and f3 in FIG. 8A indicate the coefficients of one to three kinds of elements shown in the element D column.
- the coefficient f1 is a coefficient of the element Nb.
- the coefficient f1 is the coefficient of the first element Nb in the element D column
- the coefficient f2 is the second.
- the coefficient of the element Ti, the coefficient f3, is the coefficient of the third element Zr. This relationship is the same for the coefficients g1, g2, and g3 of the element E. The same applies to FIG. 11A, FIG. 12A, FIG. 12B, FIG.
- the samples S01 to S12 were processed in steps T170 to T190 in FIG. 1 to produce the piezoelectric elements 200 (FIG. 2), respectively.
- the piezoelectric element 200 of each sample thus obtained the subphase ratio, the electrical characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic 100 (relative permittivity ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 ), and the piezoelectric characteristics (piezoelectric constant d 33 and electromechanical coupling coefficient kr ) And the presence or absence of a room temperature phase transition point, and the result shown in FIG. 8B was obtained.
- the coefficients h of samples S01 and S02 were both 3.0.
- the coefficient h of samples S03 to S12 was in the range of 3.0 to 3.1.
- Samples S01 and S02 composed of only the first crystal phase have no significant difference in electrical characteristics (relative permittivity ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 ) and piezoelectric characteristics (piezoelectric constant d 33 and electromechanical coupling coefficient kr). .
- the piezoelectric constant d 33 is slightly larger than the sample S01 containing no Li.
- Samples S03 to S12 are compositions in which the subphase ratio is changed from 0.4% by volume to 5.3% by volume.
- the compositions of the first crystal phase and the second crystal phase are all the same in the samples S03 to S12.
- the second crystal phase is a spinel compound in all the samples S03 to S12. It was confirmed.
- the reliability factor S indicating whether or not it conforms to the structure of the spinel compound estimated from the composition of the second crystal phase is 1.5 or less, and sufficient reliability is obtained. It was confirmed that it was compatible with the degree.
- FIG. 9A is a graph showing the relationship between the subphase ratio of samples S03 to S12 and the relative dielectric constant ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 .
- the relative dielectric constants ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 of the samples S03 to S12 are all preferable in that they are sufficiently larger than the samples S01 and S02 of the comparative example. Further, as can be understood from the graph of FIG.
- the subphase ratio is preferably in the range of 0.4% by volume to 6.0% by volume, The range of volume% or more and 6.0 volume% or less is more preferable, and the range of 1.3 volume% or more and 2.0 volume% or less is most preferable.
- Figure 9B is a graph showing the relationship between the sub-phase fraction and the piezoelectric constant d 33 of Samples S03 ⁇ S12.
- Sample S03 subphase ratio is 0.4% by volume
- the piezoelectric constant d 33 is substantially equal to the sample S01, S02 of Comparative Example.
- the sample S12 subphase ratio is 5.3% by volume
- the piezoelectric constant d 33 than Samples S01, S02 of the comparative example became larger, it can be said that the relatively small as its increasing effect.
- the sub-phase fraction is preferably in the range of less than 5.0 vol% 0.5 vol%, 0.5 vol% to 2.5 vol % Or less is more preferable, and the range of 1.0% by volume or more and 2.0% by volume or less is most preferable.
- FIG. 9C is a graph showing the relationship between the subphase ratio of samples S03 to S12 and the electromechanical coupling coefficient kr.
- the sample S03 having a subphase ratio of 0.4% by volume and the sample S12 having a subphase ratio of 5.3% by volume have a slightly smaller electromechanical coupling coefficient kr than the samples S01 and S02 of the comparative examples.
- the subphase ratio is preferably in the range of 0.5 volume% or more and 5.0 volume% or less, and 0.5 volume% or more and 2.5 volume% or less. A range of not more than volume% is more preferable, and a range of not less than 1.0 volume% and not more than 2.0 volume% is most preferable.
- the subphase ratio of the piezoelectric ceramic composition used in the piezoelectric element is preferably in the range of 0.5% by volume to 5.0% by volume, and in the range of 0.5% by volume to 2.5% by volume. More preferably, the range is 1.0 volume% or more and 2.0 volume% or less.
- which of the three characteristics of relative permittivity ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 , piezoelectric constant d 33, and electromechanical coupling coefficient kr is important may vary depending on the application of the porcelain composition.
- a composition having a large relative dielectric constant ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 is suitable for a capacitor.
- the compositions piezoelectric constant d 33 is large, is suitable for the actuator or sensor.
- a composition having a large electromechanical coupling coefficient kr is suitable for a piezoelectric transformer or an actuator.
- the piezoelectric ceramic composition suitable for each application is determined according to the characteristics required according to the application.
- FIG. 8B shows the results of an evaluation test on the presence or absence of a room temperature phase transition point for samples S01 to S12.
- the relative dielectric constant ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 was measured while gradually changing the environmental temperature in the range of ⁇ 50 ° C. to + 150 ° C.
- a piezoelectric ceramic composition having a phase transition point within a certain temperature range exhibits a rapid change in which the relative dielectric constant ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 has a clear peak in accordance with the temperature change within the range. .
- the room temperature phase transition point was observed in Comparative Samples S01 and S02. On the other hand, no room temperature phase transition point was observed in any of samples S03 to S12. If there is a room temperature phase transition point, the electrical characteristics and piezoelectric characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic composition largely change before and after that, which is not preferable. From this viewpoint, the samples S03 to S12 including both the first crystal phase and the second crystal phase are preferable to the samples S01 and S02 of the comparative example in that there is no room temperature phase transition point.
- Sample S03 is application but piezoelectric constant d 33 and electromechanical coupling factor kr was almost equal to Sample S01, S02 of the comparative example, in which the there is no room phase transition point, the presence or absence of room temperature phase transition point problem ( For example, for capacitors), it is preferable to samples S01 and S02.
- Sample S12 although the electromechanical coupling factor kr is smaller than the sample S01, S02 of Comparative Example, no RT-phase transition point, the piezoelectric constant d 33 also samples S01, is greater than S02. Therefore, the sample S12 is also preferable to the samples S01 and S02 in applications where the presence or absence of the room temperature phase transition point is a problem.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a comparison of reflected electron images obtained by EPMA (electron beam microanalyzer) of sample S01 and sample S06.
- EPMA electron beam microanalyzer
- the electronic image of the sample S01 in addition to the first crystal phase region (gray region), vacancies (region close to black) are observed. That is, in the sample S01 of the comparative example, there are considerably many vacancies between the first crystal phases. These vacancies are presumed to be gaps formed between a large number of fine crystal grains forming the first crystal phase.
- the electronic image of sample S06 there are very few vacancies, and instead, a region of the second crystal phase (a region having an intermediate concentration between the vacancies and the first crystal phase) is observed. In sample S06, since the vacancies are filled with the second crystal phase, it can be understood that there are almost no vacancies.
- the piezoelectric ceramic composition in which vacancies formed in the first crystal phase are filled with the second crystal phase the crystal grains of the first crystal phase are strongly bonded to each other by the second crystal phase.
- the piezoelectric constant d 33 and the electromechanical coupling coefficient kr become extremely large values.
- the piezoelectric constant d 33 and the electromechanical coupling coefficient kr gradually increase.
- the filling rate of the vacancies does not change so much, and the ratio of the first crystal phase having piezoelectric characteristics decreases.
- the piezoelectric constant d 33 and electromechanical coupling factor kr is assumed that gradually decreases.
- the subphase ratio (volume%) of the samples S03 to S12 was measured using such a backscattered electron image as follows. First, the sintered body of each sample was mirror-polished and subjected to a conductive treatment, and then a 1000-fold reflected electron image was taken with an electron probe / microanalyzer (EPMA). At this time, 10 backscattered electron images were taken for one sample. The backscattered electron image obtained in this way was expressed in 8 gradations, and was separated into three regions of a first crystal phase, a second crystal phase, and vacancies according to the gradation. Thereafter, the area ratio of the second crystal phase was measured using image analysis software.
- EPMA electron probe / microanalyzer
- the average value of the area ratio of the second crystal phase in the eight images excluding the image having the maximum value and the image having the minimum value of the area ratio of the second crystal phase is determined as the area ratio of the second crystal phase in the sample. Adopted as.
- the area ratio of the second crystal phase thus obtained was used as the volume ratio (subphase ratio) of the second crystal phase.
- WinROOF manufactured by Mitani Corporation is used as the image processing software.
- the ratio of the third crystal phase in the case where the subphase includes the third crystal phase can also be measured by the same method.
- the element ratio of each crystal phase was measured with EPMA-WDS (wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer) and EPMA-EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer).
- FIGS. 11A and 11B are diagrams showing experimental results regarding the influence on the characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic composition depending on the type of the metal element M in the subphase.
- the characteristics of the sample S06 of FIGS. 8A and 8B are shown again in the uppermost stage of FIGS. 11A and 11B.
- Samples S13 to S23 have different elements M in the second crystal phase, and the composition of the second crystal phase is as shown in FIG. 11B.
- the second crystal phase was a spinel compound, but the second crystal phase of the sample S23 was not a spinel compound but a perovskite phase.
- exact composition formula was Co 2.03 TiO y.
- Sample S23 of the comparative example shows characteristics inferior to those of samples S06 and S13 to S22 with respect to relative permittivity ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 , dielectric loss tan ⁇ , piezoelectric constant d 33, and electromechanical coupling coefficients kr, kt. It was.
- FIGS. 12A to 12D are diagrams showing experimental results (part 2) regarding the influence of the type of the metal element M in the subphase on the characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic composition.
- FIGS. 12A and 12B show the composition of the main phase (first crystal phase)
- FIGS. 12C and 12D show the compositions of the subphases (second crystal phase and third crystal phase). It shows the characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic composition.
- Samples S100 to S131 can be classified into the following groups according to their compositions. ⁇ Group 1> Samples S100 to S114: A sample group in which the element D of the first crystal phase is Nb, Ti, Zr, and the element M of the second crystal phase is two to three kinds of metal elements.
- Sample S107 contains Hf instead of Zr as the element D of the first crystal phase.
- Samples S114 to S117 Sample group in which the element E of the first crystal phase is Co and Fe, and the element M of the second crystal phase is also Co and Fe. Sample S114 is included in both group 1 and group 2. Sample S114 and sample S115 have different values of the composition coefficients a to d of the first crystal phase. Sample S116 differs from other samples S114, S115, and S117 in that element D of the first crystal phase contains Ta. Sample S117 is different from other samples S114, S115, and S116 in that element C of the first crystal phase contains Sr.
- Samples S118 to S120 Element D in the first crystal phase includes any one of Sn, Sb, Si in addition to Nb, Ti, Zr, and element M in the second crystal phase in addition to Zn A group of samples including any one of Sn, Sb, and Si.
- Samples S127 to S131 Samples in which the element D of the first crystal phase is Nb, Ti, Zr, the element E is Fe, Zn, Co, and the element M of the second crystal phase is also Fe, Zn, Co group.
- exact composition formula was Mg 1.1 Fe 1.55 TiO y.
- a plurality of samples among the samples S100 to S131 include a third crystal phase (samples S100, S106, S107, S109, S112, S121, S122, S124, S125, S127). To S131). These third crystal phases are deposited as a result of creating a piezoelectric ceramic composition according to the process of FIG. 1 according to the composition of the first crystal phase and the second crystal phase in FIGS. 12A and 12B. As shown in FIGS. 12C and 12D, the volume ratio of the third crystal phase is as small as 0.3% or less of the entire piezoelectric ceramic composition. The change in the composition of the two crystal phases is such that there is no practical problem.
- the mechanical quality factor Qm can be increased while obtaining equivalent piezoelectric characteristics.
- the sample S107 using Hf as the element D of the first crystal phase also has good piezoelectric characteristics substantially equivalent to the samples S100 to S106 and S108 to S114 using Zr instead of Hf.
- Sample S116 using Ta as element D of the first crystal phase also has good piezoelectric characteristics, but samples S114 and S115 using Zr instead of Ta are more preferable in terms of piezoelectric characteristics.
- the sample S117 using Sr as the element C of the first crystal phase also has good piezoelectric characteristics almost equal to the samples S114 and S115 using Ba instead of Sr.
- Samples S118 to S120 including any one of Sn, Sb, and Si as the element D of the first crystal phase also have relatively good piezoelectric characteristics.
- Samples S100, S106, S107, S109, S112, S121, S122, S124, S125, and SS127 to S131 in which the subphase includes a third crystal phase made of an A 3 B 5 O 15- based compound are also good piezoelectrics. Has characteristics. As described above, these third crystal phases were precipitated as a result of preparing the piezoelectric ceramic composition according to the process of FIG. 1 according to the composition of the first crystal phase and the second crystal phase in FIGS. 12A and 12B. Is. However, when preparing a piezoelectric ceramic composition in which the subphase includes the third crystal phase, the raw material of the third crystal phase may be intentionally mixed with the raw material of the subphase.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing experimental results regarding the influence of the subphase ratio on the insulating properties of the piezoelectric ceramic composition.
- the piezoelectric constant d 33 is the same as the value shown in FIG. 8B.
- the “polarization condition” includes an environmental temperature and a DC electric field.
- the DC electric field values of 7 KV / mm (25 ° C. and 40 ° C.) and 9 kV / mm (80 ° C.) were used.
- the electric field application time is 30 minutes in all cases.
- the letters “NG” were indicated for the broken piezoelectric elements, and the letters “OK” were marked for those that were not damaged.
- the applied DC electric field shows the insulating property of the piezoelectric ceramic composition.
- the piezoelectric element was damaged under any of the three polarization conditions.
- Sample S03 containing 0.4% by volume of the second crystal phase did not break under the polarization condition of 7 KV / mm (25 ° C. and 40 ° C.), but breakage under the polarization condition of 9 kV / mm (80 ° C.). It was seen.
- sample S06 containing 1.3% by volume of the second crystal phase and sample S08 containing 1.9% by volume no damage was observed under any polarization condition. From this experimental result, it can be understood that the piezoelectric ceramic composition including the second crystal phase which is a spinel compound has a good insulating property. From the viewpoint of insulation, the subphase ratio is preferably 0.5% by volume or more, and more preferably 1.3% by volume or more.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing the experimental results of high temperature durability.
- the change in the piezoelectric constant d 33 after the thermal aging process is shown for the sample S01 of the comparative example described in FIGS. 8A and 8B and the sample S22 described in FIGS. 11A and 11B.
- the heat aging treatment was performed at 200 ° C. for 10 hours.
- Sample S01 of Comparative Example the piezoelectric constant d 33 was reduced 33.3% by thermal aging process.
- the piezoelectric constant d 33 was reduced by 3.6% by the thermal aging treatment, the reduction rate is very small.
- the piezoelectric ceramic composition containing the second crystal phase of the spinel compound is excellent in terms of durability at high temperatures.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the results of a thermal cycle test.
- changes in the piezoelectric constant d 33 after the thermal cycle test are shown for the sample S02 of the comparative example described in FIGS. 8A and 8B and the samples S129 to S131 described in FIGS. 12A to 12D.
- the thermal cycle test was performed according to the following procedure.
- (I) The piezoelectric element is placed in a thermostatic chamber, and the piezoelectric characteristics at room temperature are evaluated (initial value).
- a thermal cycle in which the temperature is changed between ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C. at a temperature change rate of 2 ° C./min is repeated 1000 times (the holding time at ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C. is 1 hour) .
- the piezoelectric characteristics are evaluated again at room temperature (characteristic values after thermal cycling).
- the piezoelectric constant d 33 by the thermal cycle test was reduced 66%.
- the piezoelectric constant d 33 was only reduced by 1 to 4% by the thermal cycle test, and the reduction rate was extremely small.
- the piezoelectric ceramic composition including the second crystal phase of the spinel compound is excellent in terms of durability in the thermal cycle.
- FIGS. 16A and 16B are diagrams showing experimental results regarding the influence of the coefficient e of the composition formula of the first crystal phase on the characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic composition.
- Sample S01 is the same as that shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.
- Samples S24 to S31 differ from each other only in the coefficient e (the number of alkaline elements at the A site) among the coefficients a to h in the composition formula of the first crystal phase, and all other coefficients are constant throughout the samples S24 to S31. It is.
- Sample S28 is the same as sample S13 in FIG.
- the alkaline earth metal (element C of the composition formula) contained in the first crystal phase is of two types, Ca and Ba.
- the element D is Nb, Ti and Zr, and the element E is Co, which is the same throughout the samples S24 to S31.
- the composition of the second crystal phase is all Co 2 TiO 4 and the subphase ratio is constant at 1.4% by volume.
- the relative dielectric constants ⁇ 33 T / ⁇ 0 of the samples S24 to S31 are all preferable in that they are sufficiently larger than the sample S01 of the comparative example.
- the value of the coefficient e in the composition formula of the first crystal phase is preferably in the range of 0.80 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.10, and 0.88 ⁇ e ⁇ 1. A range of 10 is more preferred.
- FIG. 17 is a graph showing the value of the piezoelectric constant d 33 for samples S24 to S31.
- the horizontal axis represents the value of the coefficient e in the composition formula of the first crystal phase.
- the value of the coefficient e in the composition formula of the first crystal phase is preferably in the range of 0.84 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.08, and more preferably in the range of 0.88 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.07. The range of 0.98 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.03 is most preferable.
- the samples S25 to S30 are preferable in that they are sufficiently larger than the sample S01 of the comparative example.
- the value of the coefficient e of the composition formula of the first crystal phase is preferably in the range of 0.84 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.08, and in the range of 0.88 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.07. More preferably, the range of 0.98 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.01 is most preferable.
- the values of the piezoelectric constant d 33 and the electromechanical coupling coefficient kr are particularly important. Therefore, regarding the use as a piezoelectric element, the value of the coefficient e is preferably in the range of 0.88 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.07, more preferably in the range of 0.98 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.03, and 0.98 ⁇ The range of e ⁇ 1.01 is most preferred.
- this invention is not restricted to said Example and embodiment, In the range which does not deviate from the summary, it is possible to implement in various aspects.
- the piezoelectric ceramic composition of the above-described example has a property that does not affect the piezoelectric characteristics and has a property that there is no sudden characteristic variation between ⁇ 50 ° C. and + 150 ° C.
- Subphases other than the crystal phase may be included.
- A-Ti-BO complex oxide (element A is an alkali metal, element B is at least one of Nb and Ta, and the contents of element A, element B, and Ti are all A crystal phase composed of (not zero), more specifically, a crystal phase represented by K 1-x TiNb 1 + x O 5 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.15) can be exemplified.
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Abstract
Description
この無鉛圧電磁器組成物によれば、スピネル化合物で構成される第2結晶相が、第1結晶相の構造を安定化するので、圧電特性及び絶縁性に優れた無鉛圧電磁器組成物を提供することができる。
この構成によれば、第2結晶相として、安定した構造のスピネル化合物を得ることができ、この結果、圧電特性に優れた無鉛圧電磁器組成物を提供することができる。
この構成によれば、第2結晶相として、安定した構造のスピネル化合物を得ることができ、この結果、圧電特性に優れた無鉛圧電磁器組成物を提供することができる。
この構成によれば、第2結晶相として、安定した構造のスピネル化合物を得ることができ、この結果、圧電特性に優れた無鉛圧電磁器組成物を提供することができる。
この無鉛圧電磁器組成物によれば、副相が、主相の空孔を充填することによって主相(第1結晶相)の構造を安定化するので、圧電特性に優れた無鉛圧電磁器組成物を提供することができる。
この構成によれば、無鉛圧電磁器組成物の圧電特性及び絶縁特性を更に向上することができる。
この構成によれば、無鉛圧電磁器組成物の特性を更に向上できる。
この構成によれば、第3結晶相によって第2結晶相の構造が安定化するので、無鉛圧電磁器組成物を安定化できる。
この構成によれば、第2結晶相による第1結晶相の構造を安定化の効果が顕著となるので、無鉛圧電磁器組成物の特性を更に向上できる。
この構成によれば、圧電特性に優れた無鉛圧電磁器組成物を得ることができる。
この構成によれば、無鉛圧電磁器組成物の特性を向上させることができる。
この構成によれば、無鉛圧電磁器組成物の特性をさらに向上させることができる。
この構成によれば、前記ニオブ/タンタル酸アルカリ系ペロブスカイト酸化物がタンタル酸アルカリ系ペロブスカイト酸化物である場合と比べて、キュリー温度(Tc)が高い無鉛圧電磁器組成物を提供することができる。
この方法によれば、圧電特性を有するニオブ/タンタル酸アルカリ系ペロブスカイト酸化物からなる第1結晶相と、M-Ti-O系スピネル化合物からなる第2結晶相と、を含む、圧電特性に優れた無鉛圧電磁器組成物を作成することができる。
(KaNabLicCd)e(DfEg)Oh …(1)
ここで、元素CはCa(カルシウム),Sr(ストロンチウム),Ba(バリウム)の一種以上、元素DはNb(ニオブ),Ta(タンタル),Ti(チタン),Zr(ジルコニウム),Hf(ハフニウム),Sn(スズ),Sb(アンチモン),Si(ケイ素)のうちの少なくともNb又はTaを含む一種以上、元素EはMg(マグネシウム),Al(アルミニウム),Sc(スカンジウム),Mn(マンガン),Fe(鉄),Co(コバルト),Ni(ニッケル),Zn(亜鉛),Ga(ガリウム),Y(イットリウム)の一種以上であり、a+b+c+d=1、eは任意、f+g=1、hはペロブスカイトを構成する任意の値である。
(KaNabLicC1d1C2d2)e(D1f1D2f2D3f3E1g1E2g2E3g3)Oh …(1a)
ここで、a+b+c+d1+d2=1、eは任意、f1+f2+f3+g1+g2+g3=1、hはペロブスカイトを構成する任意の値である。この組成式(1a)は、上記組成式(1)と等価である。この例から理解できるように、元素Cが2種類の金属元素を含む場合には、元素Cの係数dの値は、2種類の元素C1,C2の係数d1,d2の和で表される。また、元素Dが3種類の金属元素を含む場合には、元素Dの係数fの値は、3種類の元素D1,D2,D3の係数f1,f2,f3の和で表される。元素Dが4種以上の金属元素を含む場合も同様である。
<好ましい第2結晶相の組成式>
MxTiOy …(2)
ここで、元素Mは、1~4価の金属元素であり、Li(リチウム),Mg(マグネシウム),Al(アルミニウム),Sc(スカンジウム),Cr(クロム),Mn(マンガン),Fe(鉄),Co(コバルト),Ni(ニッケル),Zn(亜鉛),Ga(ガリウム),Y(イットリウム),Zr(ジルコニウム),Sn(スズ),Sb(アンチモン),Si(ケイ素),Hf(ハフニウム)のうちの少なくとも1種である。なお、元素MとしてLiを含む場合には、第2結晶相がスピネル化合物を形成するために、上記金属元素のうちのLi以外の他の1種以上の金属元素がLiとともに含まれることが好ましい。係数x,yは、Tiの含有量を1としたときの相対値である。第2結晶相がスピネル化合物を形成するために、係数xは、0.5≦x≦5.0を満たすことが好ましい。また、係数yは、スピネル化合物を形成する任意の値であるが、典型的には2≦y≦8を満たすことが好ましい。スピネル化合物で構成される第2結晶相は、第1結晶相の構造を安定化するので、圧電特性に優れた圧電磁器組成物を得ることができる。なお、圧電特性の観点からは、2価の金属元素Mを2個含む組成式M2TiO4 、又は、(M1,M2)TiO4 で表される第2結晶相を採用することが好ましい。
(1)Liを含むスピネル化合物の例
LiAlTiO4,LiCrTiO4,LiFeTiO4,LiGaTiO4,LiMnTiO4,LiYTiO4,LiScTiO4,LiCo0.5Ti1.5O4,LiMg0.5Ti1.5O4,LiMn0.5Ti1.5O4,LiZn0.5Ti1.5O4,Li1.33(Zr,Ti)1.67O4
(2)Coを含むスピネル化合物の例
Co2TiO4,CoZnTiO4,CoMgTiO4,CoNiTiO4,CoFeTiO4,CoMnTiO4
(3)Znを含むスピネル化合物の例
Zn2TiO4,ZnMgTiO4,ZnNiTiO4,ZnFeTiO4,ZnMnTiO4
(4)Mgを含むスピネル化合物の例
Mg2TiO4,MgNiTiO4,MgFeTiO4,MgMnTiO4
(5)Niを含むスピネル化合物の例
Ni2TiO4,NiFeTiO4,NiMnTiO4,Ni1.5FeTi0.5O4,Ni2(Ti,Zr)O4
(6)Feを含むスピネル化合物の例
Fe2TiO4,FeMnTiO4,Mn1.5FeTi0.5O4
(7)Mnを含むスピネル化合物の例
Mn2TiO4
(8)好ましいスピネル化合物の例
第2結晶相のM-Ti-O系スピネル化合物は、NiFeTiO4,MgFeTiO4,Ni2(Ti,Zr)O4,Ni1.5FeTi0.5O4,CoMgTiO4,CoFeTiO4,(Fe,Zn,Co)TiO4の中から選ばれた一種以上を含むことが特に好ましい。
<グループ1>サンプルS100~S114:第1結晶相の元素DがNb,Ti,Zrであり、第2結晶相の元素Mが2~3種類の金属元素であるサンプル群。但し、サンプルS107は、第1結晶相の元素Dとして、Zrの代わりにHfを含んでいる。
<グループ2>サンプルS114~S117:第1結晶相の元素EがCo,Feであり、第2結晶相の元素MもCo,Feであるサンプル群。なお、サンプルS114は、グループ1とグループ2の両方に含まれている。サンプルS114とサンプルS115は、第1結晶相の組成の係数a~dの値が互いに異なる。サンプルS116は第1結晶相の元素DがTaを含む点で他のサンプルS114,S115,S117と異なる。サンプルS117は、第1結晶相の元素CがSrを含む点で他のサンプルS114,S115,S116と異なる。
<グループ3>サンプルS118~S120:第1結晶相の元素DがNb,Ti,Zrに加えてSn,Sb,Siのいずれか一種類を含み、第2結晶相の元素MがZnに加えてSn,Sb,Siのいずれか一種類を含むサンプル群。
<グループ4>サンプルS121~S126:第1結晶相の元素DがNb,Ti,Zr、元素EがFe,Ni,Mg,Zn,Mn,Coのいずれか1種類であり、第2結晶相の元素MもFe,Ni,Mg,Zn,Mn,Coのいずれか1種類であるサンプル群。
<グループ5>サンプルS127~S131:第1結晶相の元素DがNb,Ti,Zr、元素EがFe,Zn,Coであり、第2結晶相の元素MもFe,Zn,Coであるサンプル群。なお、サンプルS131の第2結晶相の組成を詳細に分析したところ、正確な組成式はMg1.1Fe1.55TiOyであった。
(1)第2結晶相の元素Mが1種類の金属元素であるサンプルS121~S126に比べて、元素Mが2種類以上の金属元素であるサンプルS100~S102,S105~S120,S127~S131の方が圧電特性(特に圧電定数d33及び電気機械結合係数kr)の点で好ましい。特に、第2結晶相の元素Mが2種類以上の金属元素であり、且つ、元素MとしてMn(マンガン)を使用したサンプルS103,S104では、元素Mが1種類の金属元素であるサンプルS121~S126に比べて、同等の圧電特性を得つつ、機械的品質係数Qmを大きくできる点で好ましい。
(2)第1結晶相の元素DとしてHfを使用したサンプルS107も、HfでなくZrを使用したサンプルS100~S106,S108~S114とほぼ同等の良好な圧電特性を有する。
(3)第1結晶相の元素DとしてTaを使用したサンプルS116も良好な圧電特性を有するが、TaでなくZrを使用したサンプルS114,S115の方が圧電特性の点でより好ましい。
(4)第1結晶相の元素CとしてSrを使用したサンプルS117も、SrでなくBaを使用したサンプルS114,S115とほぼ同等の良好な圧電特性を有する。
(5)第1結晶相の元素DとしてSn,Sb,Siのいずれか一種類を含むサンプルS118~S120についても、比較的良好な圧電特性を有する。
(6)副相が、A3B5O15系化合物からなる第3結晶相を含むサンプルS100,S106,S107,S109,S112,S121,S122,S124,S125,SS127~S131も、良好な圧電特性を有する。なお、上述したように、これらの第3結晶相は、図12A,12Bにおける第1結晶相と第2結晶相の組成に応じて図1の工程に従って圧電磁器組成物を作成した結果、析出したものである。但し、副相が第3結晶相を含む圧電磁器組成物を作成する場合に、意図的に第3結晶相の原料を副相の原料に混合するようにしても良い。
(i)圧電素子を恒温槽にいれ、室温での圧電特性を評価する(初期値)。
(ii)次に、2℃/分の温度変化率で-50℃から+150℃の間で温度を変化させる熱サイクルを、1000回繰り返す(-50℃と+150℃での保持時間は1時間)。
(iii)その後、室温にて圧電特性を再度、評価する(熱サイクル後の特性値)。
なお、この発明は上記の実施例や実施形態に限られるものではなく、その要旨を逸脱しない範囲において種々の態様において実施することが可能である。例えば、圧電特性に影響を与えず、かつ、-50℃~+150℃の間において急激な特性の変動が無いという性状を有する範囲であれば、上記した実施例の圧電磁器組成物に、第2結晶相以外の副相が含まれていてもよい。その副相としては、A-Ti-B-O系複合酸化物(元素Aはアルカリ金属、元素BはNbとTaのうちの少なくとも1種、元素Aと元素BとTiの含有量はいずれもゼロで無い)で構成される結晶相、より具体的には、K1-xTiNb1+xO5 (0≦x≦0.15)で表される結晶相を例示することができる。
2…主体金具
2a…透孔
2b…筒体
2c…座面部分
2d…ネジ山
2e…溝
3…絶縁スリーブ
4…絶縁板
5…絶縁板
6…圧電素子
6a,6b…薄板電極
6c…圧電磁器
7…特性調整用ウェイト
8…ワッシャ
9…ナット
10…ハウジング
20…超音波振動子
22…圧電素子対
23a,23b…圧電素子
24a,24b…電極板
25…前面板
26…裏打板
27…中心ボルト
28,29…円錐部
30…超音波放射面
31…盲端孔
40…切削工具
42…スピンドル
43…圧電素子
44…取り付け治具
45…砥石部
46…基材
47…放射方向
48…回転方向
100…圧電磁器
200…圧電素子
301…電極
400…超音波センサ
410…ケース本体
411…筒部
413…底部
415…鍔部
420…圧電素子
421…撚り線
423…第一端子
425…第二端子
430…ベース
433…ガラス材
435…絶縁ラベル
437…樹脂製カバー
440…音響整合材
500…アクチュエータ
520…圧電素子
531…電極層
540…上下方向
550…左右方向
Claims (17)
- 無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
圧電特性を有するニオブ/タンタル酸アルカリ系ペロブスカイト酸化物からなる第1結晶相で形成された主相と、
M-Ti-O系スピネル化合物(元素Mは1~4価の元素)からなる第2結晶相を含む副相と、
を含むことを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記元素Mは、Li,Mg,Al,Sc,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Zn,Ga,Y,Zrのうちの少なくとも1種の金属元素を含むことを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記M-Ti-O系スピネル化合物は、組成式MxTiOy(係数x,yはTiの含有量を1としたときの相対値)で表され、
前記係数xが、0.5≦x≦5.0を満たすことを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項3に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記係数yが2≦y≦8を満たすことを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記副相は、前記主相の間に形成される空孔を充填するものであることを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記無鉛圧電磁器組成物における前記第2結晶相の含有割合は、
(i)0.5体積%以上で5.0体積%以下、
(ii)0.5体積%以上で2.5体積%以下、
(iii)1.0体積%以上で2.0体積%以下、
のいずれかであることを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記M-Ti-O系スピネル化合物は、前記元素Mとして2種類以上の金属元素を含む、ことを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記副相は、前記第2結晶相の他に、A3B5O15系化合物(元素Aは1~2価の金属、元素Bは2~5価の金属)からなる第3結晶相を含む、ことを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記副相の全体を100%としたときの前記第2結晶相の体積割合が50%以上である、ことを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記第1結晶相を形成するニオブ/タンタル酸アルカリ系ペロブスカイト酸化物は、アルカリ土類金属を含むことを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項10に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記第1結晶相を形成するニオブ/タンタル酸アルカリ系ペロブスカイト酸化物は、組成式(KaNabLicCd)e(DfEg)Oh (元素CはCa,Sr,Baの一種以上、元素DはNb,Ta,Ti,Zr,Hf,Sn,Sb,Siのうちの少なくともNb又はTaを含む一種以上、元素EはMg,Al,Sc,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Zn,Ga,Yの一種以上、a+b+c+d=1、eは任意、f+g=1、hはペロブスカイトを構成する任意の値)で表されることを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項11に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記係数eが、0.88≦e≦1.07を満たすことを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物であって、
前記ニオブ/タンタル酸アルカリ系ペロブスカイト酸化物は、ニオブ酸アルカリ系ペロブスカイト酸化物であることを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物。 - 請求項1~13のいずれか一項に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物で形成された圧電磁器と、
前記圧電磁器に取り付けられた電極と、
を備えることを特徴とする圧電素子。 - 請求項14に記載の圧電素子を備えることを特徴とする装置。
- 請求項15に記載の装置であって、
前記装置は、ノックセンサと、超音波振動子と、切削工具と、超音波センサと、アクチュエータと、のうちのいずれかであることを特徴とする装置。 - 請求項1~13のいずれか一項に記載の無鉛圧電磁器組成物の製造方法であって、
前記第1結晶相の原料を混合し、仮焼して第1の粉末を作成する工程と、
前記第2結晶相の原料を混合し、仮焼して第2の粉末を作成する工程と、
前記第1と第2の粉末を混合し、成形し、焼成することによって、前記無鉛圧電磁器組成物を生成する工程と、
を備え、
前記焼成は、密閉容器内に成形体を封入して焼成を行う密閉焼成であることを特徴とする無鉛圧電磁器組成物の製造方法。
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US20160052826A1 (en) | 2016-02-25 |
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US9938197B2 (en) | 2018-04-10 |
MY173808A (en) | 2020-02-24 |
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