WO2014136607A1 - 2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザ - Google Patents
2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014136607A1 WO2014136607A1 PCT/JP2014/054429 JP2014054429W WO2014136607A1 WO 2014136607 A1 WO2014136607 A1 WO 2014136607A1 JP 2014054429 W JP2014054429 W JP 2014054429W WO 2014136607 A1 WO2014136607 A1 WO 2014136607A1
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/005—Optical devices external to the laser cavity, specially adapted for lasers, e.g. for homogenisation of the beam or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/04—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping, e.g. by electron beams
- H01S5/042—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor
- H01S5/0425—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure
- H01S5/04256—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the configuration
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/11—Comprising a photonic bandgap structure
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/12—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region the resonator having a periodic structure, e.g. in distributed feedback [DFB] lasers
- H01S5/1206—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region the resonator having a periodic structure, e.g. in distributed feedback [DFB] lasers having a non constant or multiplicity of periods
- H01S5/1215—Multiplicity of periods
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/185—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only horizontal cavities, e.g. horizontal cavity surface-emitting lasers [HCSEL]
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- H01S2301/00—Functional characteristics
- H01S2301/18—Semiconductor lasers with special structural design for influencing the near- or far-field
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/04—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping, e.g. by electron beams
- H01S5/042—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor
- H01S5/0425—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure
- H01S5/04252—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the material
- H01S5/04253—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the material having specific optical properties, e.g. transparent electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/04—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping, e.g. by electron beams
- H01S5/042—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor
- H01S5/0425—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure
- H01S5/04254—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the shape
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a two-dimensional photonic crystal surface-emitting laser, and more particularly to a two-dimensional photonic crystal surface-emitting laser that emits a laser beam in a direction inclined from a normal to the crystal plane.
- Semiconductor lasers have many advantages such as small size, low cost, low power consumption, and long life, and are used in a wide range of fields such as optical recording light sources, communication light sources, laser displays, laser printers, and laser pointers.
- Laser displays and laser printers generally use a system that scans the beam to form letters and figures.
- the laser beam of a semiconductor laser that is used is a polygonal reflector (polygon mirror) or MEMS (Micro- Electro-Mechanical System) Scanning is realized by controlling the emission direction of the laser beam by an additional element provided outside such as a micro mirror or an acousto-optic device.
- a scanning mechanism is added to the semiconductor laser in this way, there is a problem that it is difficult to reduce the size and improve the operation speed and durability.
- Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 1 two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting lasers in which the emission direction of the laser beam is made variable (hereinafter referred to as “emission direction variable two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser”). Is described.
- a general two-dimensional photonic crystal surface (in itself, the light emission direction is the normal direction of the crystal plane and is not variable).
- the light emitting laser will be described.
- an active layer and a region in the plate-like member having a refractive index different from that of the member referred to as a “different refractive index region”, typically a hole).
- a different refractive index region typically a hole.
- this two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser light in a wavelength region determined by the material of the active layer is generated by injecting an electric charge into the active layer, and the predetermined wavelength determined by the period of the different refractive index region of the light. Is amplified by forming a standing wave.
- the amplified light is scattered in various directions by the different refractive index regions in the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer.
- two different adjacent light beams can be scattered.
- the optical path difference between the two lights scattered in the normal direction of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer by the refractive index region matches the wavelength, and the phases of the scattered lights are aligned. When this condition is satisfied, a laser beam is emitted in a direction perpendicular to the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer.
- the emission direction variable two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser described in Patent Document 1 has an active layer and two two-dimensional photonic crystal layers having different periods of different refractive index regions.
- light having different wavelengths corresponding to the period of the different refractive index region is amplified by forming a standing wave.
- a beat is generated spatially due to the frequency difference between the standing waves, so that the emitted laser beam is directed in a direction inclined with respect to the normal line of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer.
- the laser beam emitted in such a direction is referred to as a “tilted beam”.
- the angle (tilt angle) of the tilted beam with respect to the normal line of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer increases as the frequency difference increases. Then, by forming the period of the different refractive index region in at least one of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layers so as to vary depending on the position in the plane, it depends on the position where charges are injected into the active layer (the position in the plane where laser oscillation is performed) It becomes possible to emit inclined beams having different inclination angles.
- the emission direction variable two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser described in Non-Patent Document 1 is a single layer in which a different refractive index region is disposed at a lattice point where a square lattice and an orthorhombic lattice are superimposed. It has a two-dimensional photonic crystal layer.
- the square lattice has a role of forming the resonance state of the light generated in the active layer in the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer, and the oblique lattice tilts the light in the resonance state from the normal line of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer. It is said that it has a role of emitting light in the selected direction.
- the emission direction variable two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser described in Patent Document 1 is a combination of two two-dimensional photonic crystals having a characteristic that a laser beam is emitted in a direction perpendicular to the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer. Therefore, it is difficult to increase the tilt angle.
- Non-Patent Document 1 In the emission direction variable two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser described in Non-Patent Document 1, light in a resonance state formed by a square lattice is scattered in various directions by the oblique lattice. Thereby, in addition to the tilted beam having the target tilt angle, light is scattered in a direction different from the tilt angle, so that light loss occurs.
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser that emits a tilted beam that can increase the tilt angle and reduce the loss of light as compared with the prior art. It is.
- the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser according to the present invention which has been made to solve the above problems, includes an active layer that generates light having a wavelength ⁇ L when a current is injected, and a plate-like base material.
- the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer in which a refractive index distribution is formed by two-dimensionally arranging different refractive index regions having different refractive indexes from the base material is laminated.
- Respective refractive index regions in the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer form a two-dimensional standing wave to form a resonance state of the light having the wavelength ⁇ L and prevent the light having the wavelength ⁇ L from being emitted to the outside.
- the active layer includes one that generates light in a wavelength range including the wavelength ⁇ L.
- the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser according to the present invention may have a cladding layer, a spacer layer, and the like in addition to the active layer and the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer.
- the wavelength ⁇ L is defined as a wavelength in a vacuum.
- n eff is an effective refractive index in consideration of the ratio of the electric field intensity of light distributed in the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer in the structure in which the respective layers are stacked and the filling rate of the different refractive index region with respect to the base material.
- Basic two-dimensional grating A basic two-dimensional grating, that is, a two-dimensional grating that forms a resonance state of light having a wavelength ⁇ L and does not emit light having the wavelength ⁇ L to the outside is known. .
- a rectangular lattice (including face-centered rectangular lattice) that satisfies the relational expression of, and a lattice constant a is a (2/3) ⁇ PC
- the triangular lattice which is is also an example of the basic two-dimensional lattice.
- the light with the wavelength ⁇ PC in the crystal layer is scattered in various directions.
- light L1 scattered (180 ° scattered) in a direction different by 180 ° from the traveling direction before scattering at one lattice point 911 is the four lattices closest to the lattice point. Since the optical path difference from the light L2 scattered at 180 ° at each point 912 matches the wavelength ⁇ PC in the crystal layer, it is amplified by interference (FIG. 1A).
- the light with the wavelength ⁇ PC in the crystal layer propagating in the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer is also scattered at a lattice point 91 in a direction having an angle with respect to the layer.
- such scattered light has an optical path difference of ⁇ PC / 2 between the light scattered at the lattice point 911 and the light scattered at the lattice point 912 (light L5 and light L6 in FIG. 1B), Since the phase of both is shifted by ⁇ , they cancel each other. Therefore, light is not emitted outside the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer.
- the basic two-dimensional lattice is a square lattice
- the basic two-dimensional lattice is a triangular lattice (hexagonal lattice)
- the light amplified by the interference is scattered (120 ° scattered) in a direction different from the traveling direction before scattering in the lattice plane by 120 °. Except for certain points, this is the same as the case of the square lattice.
- modulation refers to a spatial period (modulation) that is different from the period of the basic two-dimensional grating with respect to a state in which different refractive index regions having the same form are arranged at each lattice point of the basic two-dimensional grating.
- Period means that a periodic change is given. This periodic change is formed, for example, by disposing a different refractive index region at a position shifted from the lattice point at each lattice point and periodically changing the direction or / and the magnitude of the shift with the modulation period. Can do. Alternatively, this periodic change can also be formed by periodically changing the area of the different refractive index region with the modulation period.
- the modulation at each lattice point of the basic two-dimensional lattice can be expressed by a phase ⁇ (modulation phase).
- the modulation phase ⁇ of each lattice point is determined by the position vector r ⁇ and reciprocal lattice vector G ′ ⁇ of each lattice point of the basic two-dimensional lattice.
- This reciprocal lattice vector G ′ ⁇ corresponds to the reciprocal lattice vector of the orthorhombic lattice in Non-Patent Document 1.
- the different refractive index regions are arranged in a modulated manner at each lattice point of the basic two-dimensional lattice.
- the modulation of the different refractive index region at each lattice point includes both the position of the different refractive index region (deviation from each lattice point) and the area of the different refractive index region. Specifically, it is as follows.
- the modulation phase ⁇ of each lattice point is obtained as follows.
- the grid point position vector r ⁇ is an integer m x in the orthogonal coordinate system
- the reciprocal lattice vector G ' (g' x , g ' y ) is ... (3),
- the reciprocal lattice vector is ...(Five) Or ... (6) Any combination of these can be used.
- the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser As described above, a plurality of grating structures are not stacked, but a different refractive index region is arranged at a position shifted from a lattice point of one basic two-dimensional grating. Therefore, unlike the laser described in Patent Document 1, there is no restriction of combining two two-dimensional photonic crystals having characteristics of being emitted in a direction perpendicular to the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer.
- the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser is arranged at each lattice point so that the different refractive index regions are shifted from the lattice point by the same distance and represents the direction of the shift. It can be configured that the angle formed with a predetermined reference line of the grating is modulated by the modulation phase ⁇ . By giving modulation in the direction of deviation in this way, outgoing light having circularly polarized light can be obtained.
- the different refractive index region is shifted from the lattice point in the same direction, and the absolute value of the distance d of the shift is A configuration in which modulation is performed with a modulation phase ⁇ between zero and a maximum value d max can also be adopted.
- Current injection position control means for controlling the position of injecting current into the active layer (current injection position); Since the modulation phase ⁇ of each lattice point is different for each modulation region in the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer, which is a region where light emission from the current injection position is amplified, the emission direction variable 2 A two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser is obtained. That is, in this emission direction variable two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser, light generated by injecting current into a part of the active layer (different from the different refractive index region) by the current injection position control means is generated. , Introduced into a part of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer corresponding to the region. Then, an inclined beam is emitted at an inclination angle ⁇ and an azimuth angle ⁇ determined by the modulation phase ⁇ at the position of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer into which light is introduced.
- the current injection position control means includes a pair of electrodes sandwiching the active layer and the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer, the pair of electrodes One or both of a plurality of one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally arranged electrodes parallel to the active layer and the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer, and an electrode for injecting current into the active layer among the plurality of electrodes
- a switch provided with switching means for switching can be used.
- a plurality of electrodes arranged two-dimensionally it is possible to provide more modulation regions than in the case of a one-dimensional shape, and to set a larger number of combinations of inclination angles ⁇ and azimuth angles ⁇ . Can do.
- the present invention it is possible to obtain a two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser capable of increasing the tilt angle and emitting a tilt beam with less light loss than before.
- the basic two-dimensional grating amplifies the light of wavelength ⁇ L and (b) illustrates the reason why the light of wavelength ⁇ L is not emitted to the outside.
- 1 is a perspective view showing a first embodiment of a two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser according to the present invention.
- the top view (a) which shows the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer in the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser of 1st Example,
- the partial enlarged view which shows the square lattice which is a basic two-dimensional lattice, and the gravity center of a hole (b) .
- a micrograph (a) showing the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer in the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser of the first example having a wavelength ⁇ L 987.4 nm and a design value of the tilt angle ⁇ of 36.2 °, and obtained.
- Micrograph (a-1) showing a two-dimensional photonic crystal layer in the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser of the first embodiment having a wavelength ⁇ L 987.4 nm and design values of the tilt angle ⁇ of 30 ° and 40 ° And (a-2), and far-field images (b-1) and (b-2) of the obtained tilted beam.
- An oscillation spectrum obtained by the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser of the first embodiment having a wavelength ⁇ L 987.4 nm and a design value of the inclination angle ⁇ of 30 °.
- the tilted beam obtained from the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser of the first embodiment in which the wavelength ⁇ L 987.4 nm, the tilt angle ⁇ is 30 °, and the azimuth angle is 60 °.
- the graph which shows the result of having measured the polarization characteristic.
- the longitudinal cross-sectional view (a) which shows the emission direction variable two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser which is 2nd Example, and the top view (b) of a two-dimensional photonic crystal layer.
- the top view (a) which shows the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer in the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser of 3rd Example,
- the partial enlarged view which shows the square lattice which is a basic two-dimensional lattice, and the gravity center of a hole (b) .
- 14 is a graph showing the result of measuring the polarization characteristics of the tilted beam shown in FIGS. 13 (b-1) to (b-3).
- Three tilted beams obtained from the two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser of the third embodiment having a wavelength ⁇ L 987.4 nm, a tilt angle ⁇ of 30 °, and different azimuth angle design values.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser (hereinafter referred to as “photonic crystal laser”) 10 of the first embodiment.
- the photonic crystal laser 10 includes a lower electrode 151, a lower substrate 141, a first cladding layer 131, a two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 11, an active layer 12, a second cladding layer 132, an upper substrate 142, The upper electrode 152 is laminated in this order.
- the laser beam is inclined by the emission angle ⁇ from the normal line of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 11 through a window (cavity) 1521 provided in the center of the upper electrode 152. It is emitted in the direction.
- a transparent electrode made of ITO (indium tin oxide) or the like may be used instead of the one having the window 1521.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- the order of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 11 and the active layer 12 may be reversed.
- the terms “upper” and “lower” are used in the present application, but these terms do not define the direction (up and down) when the photonic crystal laser is actually used.
- a member such as a spacer may be inserted between the active layer and the two-dimensional photonic crystal.
- the lower substrate 141 is made of p-type semiconductor gallium arsenide (GaAs)
- the upper substrate 142 is made of n-type GaAs
- the first cladding layer 131 is made of p-type semiconductor aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs).
- the second cladding layer 132 is made of n-type AlGaAs.
- the active layer 12 has a multiple-quantum well (MQW) made of indium gallium arsenide / gallium arsenide (InGaAs / GaAs). Gold was used as the material of the lower electrode 151 and the upper electrode 152.
- the material of each layer is not limited to the above, and the material of each layer used in a conventional photonic crystal surface emitting laser can be used as it is.
- other layers such as a spacer layer, may be interposed between the above layers.
- the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 11 is a plate-shaped base material (slab) 114 in which holes (different refractive index regions) 111 are arranged as described later.
- p-type GaAs is used as the material of the base material 114.
- the shape of the air holes 111 is an equilateral triangle in this embodiment (FIG. 3), but other shapes such as a circle may be used.
- the material of the base material 114 is not limited to that described above, and a material used in a conventional photonic crystal laser can be used.
- a member having a refractive index different from that of the base material 114 may be used.
- the holes are excellent in that they can be easily processed, whereas the different refractive index member is advantageous when the base material may be deformed by heating during processing.
- FIG. 3A is a top view of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 11.
- holes 111 actually provided in the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 11 are shown by solid lines, and square lattices that are basic two-dimensional lattices are shown by alternate long and short dash lines, and virtual lattice points of the square lattices are virtually displayed.
- a state where the center of gravity of the hole 111V is arranged is indicated by a broken line.
- FIG. 3B shows only the square lattice (dotted line) and the center of gravity (black circle) of the hole 111 after enlarging (a).
- the distance between the lattice point and the center of gravity of the hole 111V (the distance d of the positional deviation) is the same for all the lattice points, and the direction of the deviation is modulated as follows.
- the difference in displacement azimuth angle ⁇ between two lattice points adjacent in the x direction (hereinafter referred to as “ ⁇ x ”) is (3/4) ⁇ , that is, 135 °.
- the difference in the deviation azimuth angle ⁇ (hereinafter referred to as “ ⁇ y ”) between two lattice points adjacent in the y direction is ⁇ , that is, 180 °.
- a photonic crystal laser having a two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 11 as a basic two-dimensional lattice was actually fabricated. The distance d of the positional deviation from the lattice point was 0.1a.
- An electron micrograph of the prepared two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 11 is shown in FIG. When current was injected into this photonic crystal laser, a laser beam with a wavelength of 987.4 nm was observed.
- This laser beam is a tilted beam 19 having a measured angle of 36.1 ° with respect to the normal of the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 11 as shown in a far-field image in FIG.
- Two beams 19 (two inclined beam spots 19S) were observed.
- the difference between the measured value of the tilt angle ⁇ and the design value was 0.01 °, and a tilted beam almost as designed was obtained.
- FIG. 5 shows the far-field images of the tilted beam obtained by injecting current into the photonic crystal laser.
- an inclined beam having an inclination angle ⁇ close to the design value was obtained.
- the measured values of the inclination angle ⁇ were 29.5 ° in (i) and (ii) 39.2 °.
- FIG. 6 shows the oscillation spectrum of the laser beam obtained with the photonic crystal laser (i). It can be confirmed that the oscillation wavelength ⁇ L is 987.4 nm.
- FIGS. 7 (a-1) and (ii) FIG. 7 (a-2) show far-field images of tilted beams obtained by injecting current into the photonic crystal laser.
- (b-1) and (ii) are shown in FIG. 7 (b-2), respectively. In either case, a tilted beam was obtained in which the measured value of the tilt angle ⁇ was 29.5 ° and the measured value of the azimuth angle ⁇ was as designed.
- One laser beam has clockwise circularly polarized light and the other laser beam is counterclockwise. It means having circularly polarized light. Utilizing the fact that one of the laser beams is shielded in this manner, only one inclined beam is emitted using the photonic crystal laser of the present invention and a combination of a quarter-wave plate and a polarizing plate. A laser light source is obtained.
- FIG. 10A is a longitudinal sectional view of the emitting direction variable photonic crystal laser 20 of the second embodiment.
- the emission direction variable photonic crystal laser 20 includes a lower electrode, a lower substrate 141, a first cladding layer 131, a two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 21, an active layer 12, a second cladding layer 132, and an upper substrate 142.
- the upper electrode 252 are laminated in this order.
- the upper electrode 252 is a transparent electrode that covers the entire upper substrate 142.
- the emission direction variable photonic crystal laser 20 is divided into a plurality of regions (called “modulation regions”, which are different from the different refractive index regions) A, B, C.
- modulation regions which are different from the different refractive index regions
- lower electrodes 251A, 251B, 251C,... are provided independently of each other (FIG. 10A)
- the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 21 has a different structure for each modulation region. (FIG. 10 (b)).
- the emission direction variable photonic crystal laser 20 is provided with a current injection position control unit 29 for switching the lower electrodes 251A, 251B, and 251C for injecting current.
- the other components have the same configuration in all modulation regions. Both the lower electrode and the modulation region are arranged one-dimensionally.
- [delta] [Psi] x is a two-dimensional photonic different values [delta] [Psi] xA for each crystal structure, [delta] [Psi] xB, a [delta] [Psi] xC In this way, ⁇ y is ⁇ in all two-dimensional photonic crystal structures.
- a current is passed between one of the lower electrodes 251A, 251B, 251C.
- the emission direction of the laser beam can be changed as follows.
- the lower electrode through which the current flows is switched from the lower electrode 251A to the lower electrode 251B, this time it is amplified in the two-dimensional photonic crystal structure 21B and corresponds to the shift azimuth angle ⁇ B in the two-dimensional photonic crystal structure 21B.
- An inclined beam is emitted at an inclination angle ⁇ B different from the inclination angle ⁇ A.
- the inclination angle ⁇ changes in the same manner even when switching to another lower electrode such as the lower electrode 251C. In this way, by switching the lower electrode through which the current flows, the tilted beam can be emitted at different tilt angles.
- FIG. 11 shows a modification of the emission direction variable photonic crystal laser.
- the lower electrodes 251XY (X: A, B, C..., Y: A, B, C...) are two-dimensionally arranged.
- the two-dimensional photonic crystal layer 21 has a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure XY (X: A, B, C..., Y: A, as shown in FIG. 11B).
- B, C ...) are arranged two-dimensionally.
- ⁇ x is set to have different values ⁇ xXY (X: A, B, C..., Y: A, B, C).
- an inclined beam can be emitted at different inclination angles by switching the lower electrode 251XY through which a current flows. Since the lower electrode 251XY and the two-dimensional photonic crystal structure XY are two-dimensionally arranged, a larger number of combinations of inclination angles ⁇ and azimuth angles ⁇ can be set than in the case of the one-dimensional arrangement.
- one upper electrode and many lower electrodes are arranged one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally.
- one lower electrode and many upper electrodes are arranged one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally.
- both the lower electrode and the upper electrode may be arranged in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional manner.
- the third embodiment shows an example in which, at each lattice point of the basic two-dimensional lattice of the photonic crystal layer, holes (different refractive index regions) are displaced in the same direction from the lattice points, and the distance of the displacement is modulated. .
- holes different refractive index regions
- the basic two-dimensional lattice in the present embodiment is a square lattice similar to that in the first embodiment.
- the holes 111 which are different refractive index regions are arranged at positions shifted from the lattice points of the basic two-dimensional lattice.
- the direction of deviation is the x direction which is the reference direction in any of the holes 111 as shown in FIG.
- the modulation phase ⁇ is set so that the difference ⁇ y between lattice points adjacent in the x direction is 3 ⁇ / 4.
- the observed polarization direction of the tilted beam for these three photonic crystal lasers is shown in the graph of FIG. From these graphs, (1) linearly polarized light in the y direction when the hole displacement is in the x direction, (2) linearly polarized light in the x direction when the void displacement is in the y direction, and (3) the void displacement is x. It can be seen that when the direction is 135 ° from the direction, linearly polarized light in the direction of 45 ° from the x direction can be obtained. In other words, it can be said that linearly polarized light in a direction different from the direction of hole displacement by 90 ° is obtained.
- the direction of hole displacement is the x direction
- the design value of the azimuth angle ⁇ from the x direction is (1) 0 °
- the value of ⁇ x is 0.792 ⁇ in (1), 0.853 ⁇ in (2), and ⁇ in (3).
- the value of ⁇ y is 0 ° in any example.
- FIGS. 15 (1) to 15 (3) show far-field images of tilted beams obtained by these photonic crystal lasers. In any of the examples, the tilted beam was obtained with the designed tilt angle ⁇ and azimuth angle ⁇ .
- Example 4 In the fourth embodiment, an example is shown in which holes (different refractive index regions) are arranged at each lattice point so that the center of gravity and the lattice point coincide with each other, and the area of each hole is modulated. Also in this example, since the configuration other than the photonic crystal layer is the same as that of the first embodiment, the description is omitted, and the configuration of the photonic crystal layer will be described.
- the basic two-dimensional lattice in the present embodiment is a square lattice similar to that in the first embodiment.
- the modulation phase ⁇ is set so that the difference ⁇ x between lattice points adjacent in the x direction becomes 3 ⁇ / 4, as in the third embodiment.
- Two-dimensional photonic crystal structure 29 ...
- Current injection position control unit 90 ...
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Abstract
Description
該2次元フォトニック結晶層において各異屈折率領域が、2次元定在波を形成することによって前記波長λLの光の共振状態を形成し且つ該波長λLの光を外部に出射させないように定められる周期性を持つ基本2次元格子の各格子点において変調して配置されており、
前記各格子点における変調位相Ψが、前記2次元フォトニック結晶層内における前記波長λLの光の波数ベクトルk↑=(kx, ky)、前記2次元フォトニック結晶層の有効屈折率neff、及び前記基本2次元格子の所定の基準線からの方位角φを用いて表される逆格子ベクトルG'↑=(g'x, g'y)=(kx±|k↑|(sinθcosφ)/neff, ky±|k↑|(sinθsinφ)/neff)と、前記各格子点の位置ベクトルr↑とを用いて、Ψ=r↑・G'↑で表されることを特徴とする。
また、本発明に係る2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザは、上記活性層及び上記2次元フォトニック結晶層の他に、クラッド層やスペーサ層等を有していてもよい。
前記波長λLは、真空中における波長で定義する。波長λLの光は、2次元フォトニック結晶層内では波長(以下、「結晶層内波長λPC」とする)がλPC=λL/neffとなる。ここで、neffは、上記各層が積層した構造において2次元フォトニック結晶層に分布する光の電界強度の割合、及び母材に対する異屈折率領域の充填率を考慮した有効屈折率である。
基本2次元格子、すなわち波長λLの光の共振状態を形成し且つ該波長λLの光を外部に出射させない2次元格子は、従来より知られているものである。基本2次元格子の例の1つとして、格子定数aが
a=2-1/2λL/neff=2-1/2λPC
である正方格子が挙げられる。また、格子定数a1及びa2が
(1/2)×(a1 -2+a2 -2)1/2=1/λPC
の関係式を満たす長方格子(面心長方格子を含む)や、格子定数aが
a=(2/3)λPC
である三角格子も、前記基本2次元格子の例として挙げられる。
上記のように、異屈折率領域は各格子点において変調して配置されている。本発明において「変調」とは、基本2次元格子の各格子点に同じ形態の異屈折率領域が配置された状態に対して、基本2次元格子の周期とは別個の空間的な周期(変調周期)で周期的変化が与えられていることをいう。この周期的変化は、例えば各格子点において異屈折率領域を該格子点から位置をずらして配置し、そのずれの方向又は/及び大きさを変調周期で周期的に変化させることにより形成することができる。あるいは、この周期的変化は、異屈折率領域の面積を変調周期で周期的に変化させることにより形成することもできる。
(ii)各格子点において、異屈折率領域が該格子点から同一方向にずれて配置されており、該ずれの距離dの絶対値がゼロと最大値dmaxの間で、変調位相Ψで変調されているもの。具体的には、d=dmaxsinΨと表される。
(iii)異屈折率領域は各格子点に配置されており、各異屈折率領域の面積Sが最小値(S0-S')と最大値(S0+S')の間で、変調位相Ψで変調されているもの。具体的には、S=S0+S'sinΨと表される。
…(1)
である。従って、この場合の各格子点の変調位相Ψ=r↑・G'↑は
…(2)
である。
…(3)、
各格子点の変調位相Ψ=r↑・G'↑は
…(4)
となる。
…(5)
または
…(6)
のいずれかの組み合わせを用いることができる。各格子点の変調位相Ψ=r↑・G'↑は、G↑が前者の場合には
…(7)、
後者の場合には
…(8)
となる。
本発明に係る2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザの動作を説明する。活性層に電流が注入されると、波長λLの光が生じ、該光が2次元フォトニック結晶層において基本2次元格子の周期性によって定在波が形成される。それにより、位相が揃った波長λLの光が増幅される。このように増幅された光は、変調位相Ψで変調された屈折率分布により、逆格子ベクトルG'↑を回折ベクトルとする光の回折が生じ、光が2次元フォトニック結晶層の法線に対して傾斜して出射される。この出射光は、波長及び位相が揃ったレーザビームとなる。
また、本発明に係る2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザは、各格子点において、前記異屈折率領域が該格子点から同一方向にずれて配置されており、該ずれの距離dの絶対値がゼロと最大値dmaxの間で、変調位相Ψで変調されている、という構成を取ることもできる。このように異屈折率領域を同一方向にずらすことにより、当該ずれの方向に垂直な方向の直線偏光を有する出射光が得られる。
前記活性層中に電流を注入する位置(電流注入位置)を制御する電流注入位置制御手段を有し、
前記電流注入位置からの発光が増幅される領域である、前記2次元フォトニック結晶層における変調領域毎に、各格子点の変調位相Ψが異なるように形成されている
ことにより、出射方向可変2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザが得られる。すなわち、この出射方向可変2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザでは、電流注入位置制御手段により活性層中の一部の領域(異屈折率領域とは異なる)に電流を注入することにより発生する光が、その領域に対応した2次元フォトニック結晶層の一部分に導入される。そして、光が導入された2次元フォトニック結晶層の位置における変調位相Ψにより定まる傾斜角θ、及び方位角φに傾斜ビームが出射される。
図2は、第1実施例の2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザ(以下、「フォトニック結晶レーザ」とする)10の斜視図である。このフォトニック結晶レーザ10は、下部電極151と、下部基板141と、第1クラッド層131と、2次元フォトニック結晶層11と、活性層12と、第2クラッド層132と、上部基板142と、上部電極152とを、この順に積層したものである。本実施例のフォトニック結晶レーザ10では、レーザビームは、上部電極152の中央部に設けられた窓(空洞)1521を通って、2次元フォトニック結晶層11の法線から出射角θだけ傾斜した方向に出射される。上部電極152には、窓1521を有するものの代わりに、ITO(インジウム錫酸化物)等から成る透明電極を用いてもよい。なお、2次元フォトニック結晶層11と、活性層12の順番は上記のものとは逆であってもよい。また、本願では便宜上、「上」及び「下」という語を用いるが、これらの語は実際にフォトニック結晶レーザを使用する際の向き(上下)を規定するものではない。また、活性層と2次元フォトニック結晶の間には、スペーサ等の部材が挿入されていてもよい。
x方向を基準線の方向とし、傾斜ビームの設計値を傾斜角θ=36.2°、方位角φ=0°とした。変調位相、すなわちずれの方向と前記基準線との成す角度(以下、「ずれ方位角」とする)Ψは、(2)式に復号(「±」)があるため4つの値が得られるが、そのうちここでは
Ψ≡Ψθ=36.2°=(3/4)πmx+πmy
を用いた。この場合、x方向に隣接する2個の格子点同士でのずれ方位角Ψの差(以下、"δΨx"とする)は、(3/4)π、すなわち135°である。また、y方向に隣接する2個の格子点同士でのずれ方位角Ψの差(以下、"δΨy"とする)はπ、すなわち180°である。また、有効屈折率はneff=3.4とした。
次に、第2実施例として、出射方向可変2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザ(以下、「出射方向可変フォトニック結晶レーザ」とする)20の実施例を説明する。図10(a)は、第2実施例の出射方向可変フォトニック結晶レーザ20の縦断面図である。ここでは、第1実施例のフォトニック結晶レーザ10と同様の構成要素には、第1実施例と同じ符号を付し、詳細な説明を省略する。出射方向可変フォトニック結晶レーザ20は、下部電極と、下部基板141と、第1クラッド層131と、2次元フォトニック結晶層21と、活性層12と、第2クラッド層132と、上部基板142と、上部電極252とを、この順に積層したものである。上部電極252は、本実施例では上部基板142の全体を覆う透明電極を用いている。
第3実施例では、フォトニック結晶層の基本2次元格子の各格子点において、空孔(異屈折率領域)が格子点から同一方向にずれ、そのずれの距離が変調されている例を示す。以下では、フォトニック結晶層以外の構成は第1実施例と同様であるため説明を省略し、フォトニック結晶層の構成について説明する。
第4実施例では、空孔(異屈折率領域)は重心と格子点が一致するように各格子点に配置され、各空孔の面積が変調されている例を示す。この例においても、フォトニック結晶層以外の構成は第1実施例と同様であるため説明を省略し、フォトニック結晶層の構成について説明する。
11、21…2次元フォトニック結晶層
111…空孔
111V…仮想的な空孔
114…母材
12…活性層
131…第1クラッド層
132…第2クラッド層
141…下部基板
142…上部基板
151、251A、251B、251C、251XY(X=A、B、C…、Y=A、B、C…)…下部電極
152、252…上部電極
1521…上部電極の窓
19…傾斜ビーム
19S…傾斜ビームのスポット
20…出射方向可変フォトニック結晶レーザ
21A、21B、21C、21XY(X=A、B、C…、Y=A、B、C…)…2次元フォトニック結晶構造
29…電流注入位置制御部
90…基本2次元格子
91、911、912…基本2次元格子の格子点
Claims (6)
- 電流が注入されることにより波長λLの光を生じさせる活性層と、板状の母材に、該母材とは屈折率が異なる異屈折率領域が2次元的に配置されることにより屈折率分布が形成されて成る2次元フォトニック結晶層とが積層された構成を有し、該2次元フォトニック結晶層の法線から傾斜角θの方向にレーザビームを発振するレーザであって、
該2次元フォトニック結晶層において各異屈折率領域が、2次元定在波を形成することによって前記波長λLの光の共振状態を形成し且つ該波長λLの光を外部に出射させないように定められる周期性を持つ基本2次元格子の各格子点において変調して配置されており、
前記各格子点における変調位相Ψが、前記2次元フォトニック結晶層内における前記波長λLの光の波数ベクトルk↑=(kx, ky)、前記2次元フォトニック結晶層の有効屈折率neff、及び前記基本2次元格子の所定の基準線からの方位角φを用いて表される逆格子ベクトルG'↑=(g'x, g'y)=(kx±|k↑|(sinθcosφ)/neff, ky±|k↑|(sinθsinφ)/neff)と、前記各格子点の位置ベクトルr↑とを用いて、Ψ=r↑・G'↑で表されることを特徴とする2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザ。 - 各格子点において前記異屈折率領域が該格子点から同一の距離だけずれて配置されており、該ずれの方向を表す、基本2次元格子の所定の基準線との成す角度が前記変調位相Ψで変調されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザ。
- 各格子点において前記異屈折率領域が該格子点から同一方向にずれて配置されており、該ずれの距離dの絶対値がゼロと最大値dmaxの間で、変調位相Ψで変調されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザ。
- 前記異屈折率領域が各格子点に配置されており、各異屈折率領域の面積Sが最小値(S0-S')と最大値(S0+S')の間で、変調位相Ψで変調されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザ。
- 前記活性層中に電流を注入する電流注入位置を制御する電流注入位置制御手段を有し、
前記電流注入位置からの発光が増幅される領域である、前記2次元フォトニック結晶層における変調領域毎に、各格子点の変調位相Ψが異なる
ことを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザ。 - 前記電流注入位置制御手段が、
前記活性層及び前記2次元フォトニック結晶層を挟むように対をなす電極であって、該対の電極の一方又は両方が該活性層及び該2次元フォトニック結晶層に平行に2次元状に複数配置された電極と、
該複数の電極のうち該活性層に電流を注入する電極を切り換える切替手段を備える
ことを特徴とする請求項5に記載の2次元フォトニック結晶面発光レーザ。
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EP2966737B1 (en) | 2019-05-01 |
EP2966737A1 (en) | 2016-01-13 |
CN105191029B (zh) | 2018-01-09 |
JP6080941B2 (ja) | 2017-02-15 |
US20160261093A1 (en) | 2016-09-08 |
JPWO2014136607A1 (ja) | 2017-02-09 |
US9531160B2 (en) | 2016-12-27 |
EP2966737A4 (en) | 2016-04-27 |
CN105191029A (zh) | 2015-12-23 |
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