WO2014003027A1 - 色素増感太陽電池 - Google Patents
色素増感太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014003027A1 WO2014003027A1 PCT/JP2013/067435 JP2013067435W WO2014003027A1 WO 2014003027 A1 WO2014003027 A1 WO 2014003027A1 JP 2013067435 W JP2013067435 W JP 2013067435W WO 2014003027 A1 WO2014003027 A1 WO 2014003027A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- dye
- layer
- solar cell
- sensitized solar
- anode
- Prior art date
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Images
Classifications
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- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2022—Light-sensitive devices characterized by he counter electrode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
- H01M14/005—Photoelectrochemical storage cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/60—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
- H01M4/602—Polymers
- H01M4/606—Polymers containing aromatic main chain polymers
- H01M4/608—Polymers containing aromatic main chain polymers containing heterocyclic rings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
- H10K85/1135—Polyethylene dioxythiophene [PEDOT]; Derivatives thereof
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell that is excellent in heat resistance, shows a high fill factor, and has high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- dye-sensitized solar cells have less resource constraints, are cheaper in raw materials, and have a simple manufacturing method. It has the advantage of being able to give flexibility. Because of these advantages, dye-sensitized solar cells are highly expected as next-generation solar cells.
- an electrolyte layer containing a pair of oxidizing species and reducing species converts a cathode having a semiconductor layer containing a dye as a photosensitizer, and converts the oxidizing species in the electrolyte layer into reducing species. And having a structure sandwiched between the anode having the catalyst layer.
- ITO tin-doped indium oxide
- FTO fluorine-doped tin oxide
- An electrode in which a layer is formed is used as a cathode, and an electrode obtained by adhering Pt on a substrate such as the above-described transparent electrode or steel by a sputtering method, a vacuum evaporation method, or the like is used as an anode.
- the dye When light is irradiated onto the dye of the semiconductor layer through the transparent electrode, the dye absorbs light energy to be in an excited state and emits electrons toward the semiconductor. The emitted electrons move from the semiconductor layer to the transparent electrode, and further move from the transparent electrode to the anode via the external circuit.
- the Pt catalyst layer of the anode is excellent in catalytic ability to convert oxidized species of the electrolyte layer into reduced species, but is expensive.
- a vacuum process is necessary for the production of the Pt catalyst layer, the production equipment becomes expensive, the process is complicated, and the mass productivity is inferior.
- there is a problem that durability against I ⁇ ions in the presence of moisture is not sufficient. Therefore, there has been a demand for a conductive material that can replace the Pt catalyst layer.
- a conductive polymer layer particularly a conductive polymer layer made of polystyrene sulfonate of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) has been developed.
- PEDOT polystyrenesulfonic acid
- PES polystyrenesulfonic acid
- PEDOT: PSS polystyrene sulfonate salt of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- Non-Patent Document 1 Electrochemistry 71, No. 11 (2003) 944-946 selects an electrode having three conductive polymer layers of PEDOT: PSS, polyaniline, and polypyrrole, and I ⁇ / I 3 - cyclic voltammograms in an electrolytic solution containing a redox couple is measured, reporting the results of comparison with those of the Pt electrode.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-16442 discloses a cathode having a titanium oxide layer containing a dye, bis (5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazolyl) 2-disulfide and 5 constituting a redox pair. -Chemical polymerization using 3-methoxypropionitrile solution containing methyl-2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole salt and EDOT using tris-p-toluenesulfonate iron (III) as an oxidizing agent And a positive electrode having a PEDOT layer obtained by making a dye-sensitized solar cell.
- This solar cell has a higher value of the fill factor compared to the solar cell using the anode having the Pt layer instead of the anode having the PEDOT layer (Example 1 and Comparative Example 4 in this document). However, it is explained that this is because the PEDOT layer is superior in catalytic activity to the redox couple than the Pt layer.
- the solar cell having the anode having the PEDOT layer and the solar cell having the anode having the Pt layer are substantially equivalent curves. The values of factors and photoelectric conversion efficiency are shown (see Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 3 in this document).
- the conductive polymer layer of the anode is required to have a high catalytic ability for converting the oxidized species in the electrolyte layer into the reduced species. Furthermore, in the solar cell manufacturing process, each component of the solar cell may experience high temperatures, and it is assumed that the solar cell is used outdoors in extreme heat. Heat resistance is required. However, the PEDOT: PSS layer and the PEDOT layer containing p-toluenesulfonate anion as dopants that have been studied so far have not had satisfactory heat resistance.
- WO2012 / 133858A1 and WO2012 / 133859A1 published after the filing of the application on which the priority claim of the present application is based have thiophenes having substituents at the 3-position and 4-position (hereinafter referred to as 3).
- a conductive polymer layer comprising a compound and an anion generated from at least one compound having a molecular weight of 200 or more of the anion of the compound has excellent heat resistance, and reduces oxidized species in the electrolyte layer It has excellent catalytic ability to convert to seeds, and the density of the conductive polymer layer is 1.15 to 1. By limiting the range of 0 g / cm 3, it reported that the heat resistance is further improved.
- the “non-sulfonic acid organic compound” means an organic compound having no sulfonic acid group and / or sulfonic acid group.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a dye-sensitized solar cell that is excellent in heat resistance, has a high fill factor, and has high light conversion efficiency based on the above-described knowledge.
- the inventors have established a dye-sensitized solar cell by setting the thickness of the conductive polymer layer on the anode of the dye-sensitized solar cell to 100 nm or more. It was discovered that a dye-sensitized solar cell having a higher fill factor than the dye-sensitized solar cell used can be obtained.
- the present invention provides a cathode having a semiconductor layer containing a dye as a photosensitizer, an electrolyte layer stacked on the semiconductor layer of the cathode and containing a pair of oxidized species and reduced species, and the electrolyte.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising a conductive polymer layer that acts as a catalyst for converting the oxidized species to the reduced species, and the conductive polymer layer in the anode comprises: A polymer composed of at least one monomer selected from substituted thiophenes, and at least one compound that is a non-sulfonic acid organic compound as a dopant for the polymer and has an anion molecular weight of 200 or more.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising a generated anion and having a thickness in a range of 100 to 10,000 nmSince the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell is proportional to the value of the fill factor, a dye-sensitized solar cell having high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained by the present invention.
- the conductive polymer layer contains, as a dopant, an anion generated from a non-sulfonic acid organic compound having a molecular weight of 200 or more.
- borodisalicylic acid borodisalicylate, formula (I) or formula (II)
- m means an integer of 1 to 8, preferably an integer of 1 to 4, particularly preferably 2
- n means an integer of 1 to 8, preferably an integer of 1 to 4, particularly preferably 2.
- a compound selected from sulfonylimidic acid represented by (2) or (3) and salts thereof is particularly preferable because it provides a conductive polymer layer excellent in heat resistance.
- the monomer for constituting the conductive polymer layer is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound selected from the group consisting of substituted thiophenes, that is, thiophenes having substituents at the 3- and 4-positions.
- the substituents at the 3-position and 4-position of the thiophene ring may form a ring together with the carbons at the 3-position and 4-position.
- the monomer is EDOT, it is preferable because a conductive polymer layer having excellent catalytic stability for converting oxidized species in the electrolyte layer into reducing species can be obtained in addition to excellent environmental stability.
- a conductive polymer layer including a polymer composed of a monomer selected from substituted thiophenes and the above-described specific range of dopant
- reduction is performed to convert oxidized species in the electrolyte into reducing species as the thickness increases.
- the reduction reaction rate tends to decrease. Therefore, when it is desired to obtain a dye-sensitized solar cell that achieves fast power generation by combining the anode provided with the conductive polymer layer with a cathode having a fast photoelectron transfer reaction, the thickness of the conductive polymer layer is 1 to 2000 nm.
- the thickness of the conductive polymer was set to 100 nm or more, a battery having a higher curve factor than that of a dye-sensitized solar cell including an anode having a conventional Pt catalyst layer was obtained.
- the reason for this is considered to be due to the high reduction catalytic ability and high specific surface area of the conductive polymer layer in the present invention. Therefore, the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention is high regardless of the type of the semiconductor layer in the cathode. It is considered to indicate the fill factor.
- the thickness of the conductive polymer for obtaining a dye-sensitized solar cell exhibiting a high fill factor is in the range of 100 to 10,000 nm, preferably in the range of 100 to 4200 nm. If the thickness of the conductive polymer is 10,000 nm or more, the internal resistance becomes high, the reduction reaction rate becomes insufficient, and the electrolytic polymerization takes time, which is economically disadvantageous.
- the density of the conductive polymer layer is preferably in the range of 1.15 to 1.80 g / cm 3 , more preferably in the range of 1.20 to 1.80 g / cm 3 , and 1.60 to A range of 1.80 g / cm 3 is particularly preferred.
- the density is less than 1.15 g / cm 3 , the heat resistance is drastically lowered, and it is difficult to produce a conductive polymer layer having a density exceeding 1.80 g / cm 3 .
- the density of the conductive polymer layer is too high, the conductive polymer layer becomes hard and lacks flexibility, so the density of the conductive polymer layer is 1.75 g / cm. It is preferably 3 or less, particularly preferably 1.70 g / cm 3 or less.
- the conductive polymer layer having a density in the range of 1.15 to 1.80 g / cm 3 comprises a solvent composed of 100 to 80% by mass of water and 0 to 20% by mass of an organic solvent, a substituted thiophene as a monomer, It can be obtained by electrolytic polymerization using a polymerization solution containing the above-mentioned specific range non-sulfonic acid organic compound. Since this specific range of non-sulfonic acid-based organic compound acts as a supporting electrolyte in the polymerization solution, it is also referred to as a “non-sulfonic acid-based organic supporting electrolyte”.
- a solvent comprising 100 to 80% by mass of water and 0 to 20% by mass of an organic solvent is hereinafter referred to as “water-rich solvent”.
- water-rich solvent the total amount of water and the organic solvent is 100% by mass.
- the conductive polymer layer in which the polymer particles are densely packed becomes difficult to be formed on the substrate by electrolytic polymerization, and the content of the organic solvent is reduced to 20% by mass of the whole solvent.
- it exceeds the heat resistance of the obtained conductive polymer layer will fall remarkably (refer to WO2012 / 133858A1 and WO2012 / 133859A1).
- the semiconductor layer in the cathode may be formed using any material used for the semiconductor layer in the conventional dye-sensitized solar cell, but it is preferable to use titanium oxide having high photoelectric conversion efficiency. .
- the thickness of the semiconductor layer is not strictly limited, but is generally in the range of 1 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 3 to 50 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 3 to 20 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the semiconductor layer is less than 1 ⁇ m, light absorption may be insufficient. If the thickness of the semiconductor layer is greater than 100 ⁇ m, the distance from which the electrons reach the conductive portion of the base becomes long, and the electrons Is not preferable because of inactivation.
- the conductive polymer layer in a specific range used as the anode catalyst layer in the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention has excellent catalytic ability to convert oxidized species in the electrolyte layer to reducing species, and also has excellent heat resistance.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention provided with an anode having a conductive polymer layer in this specific range is less expensive than a conventional dye-sensitized solar cell using an anode having a Pt catalyst layer.
- anode having a PEDOT layer obtained by electrolytic polymerization using a polymerization solution containing a borodisalicylate ammonium and EDOT of I - / I 3 - is a cyclic voltammogram of an electrolytic solution containing a redox pair.
- PEDOT I for anodes with a PEDOT layer obtained from a slurry containing PSS - / I 3 - is a cyclic voltammogram of an electrolytic solution containing a redox pair.
- the dye sensitized solar cell comprising an anode having a PEDOT layer of different thicknesses, I - / I 3 - is a diagram showing a charge-transporting impedance redox reaction, and the thickness of the PEDOT layer, the relationship.
- I - / I 3 - is a diagram showing a charge-transporting impedance redox reaction, and the thickness of the PEDOT layer, the relationship.
- I - / I 3 - is a diagram showing a charge-transporting impedance redox reaction, and the thickness of the PEDOT layer, the relationship.
- the thickness of the PEDOT layer showed relationships Figure It is.
- the anode for the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention is a non-sulfonic acid organic compound as a dopant composed of at least one monomer selected from substituted thiophenes and a dopant for the polymer. And an anion generated from at least one compound having a molecular weight of 200 or more of the anion of the compound, and a conductive polymer layer having a thickness in the range of 100 to 10,000 nm.
- the conductive polymer layer is prepared by introducing a preparation step for obtaining a polymerization solution for electrolytic polymerization containing the monomer and the non-sulfonic acid organic compound, and a substrate having a conductive portion in the obtained polymerization solution.
- electrolytic polymerization it can be produced by a method including a polymerization step of forming a conductive polymer layer obtained by polymerization of the monomer on a conductive portion of the substrate.
- each step will be described.
- the polymerization solution for electrolytic polymerization prepared in this step contains a water-rich solvent, a substituted thiophene as a monomer, and the above-mentioned specific range non-sulfonic acid organic compound as essential components.
- this polymerization solution may contain an organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and methyl acetate.
- an organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and methyl acetate.
- Water is preferably 90% by mass or more of the whole solvent, more preferably 95% by mass or more of the whole solvent, and particularly preferably the solvent consists of water alone.
- the conductive polymer layer in which the polymer particles are densely packed becomes difficult to be formed on the substrate by electrolytic polymerization, and the content of the organic solvent is reduced to 20% by mass of the whole solvent. When it exceeds, the heat resistance of the obtained conductive polymer layer will fall remarkably.
- a substituted thiophene that is, a monomer selected from thiophene having substituents at the 3-position and 4-position is used.
- the substituents at the 3-position and 4-position of the thiophene ring may form a ring together with the carbons at the 3-position and 4-position.
- monomers that can be used include 3,4-dialkylthiophenes such as 3,4-dimethylthiophene and 3,4-diethylthiophene, 3,4 such as 3,4-dimethoxythiophene and 3,4-diethoxythiophene.
- a non-sulfonic acid organic compound having an anion molecular weight of 200 or more is used as the supporting electrolyte in the polymerization solution.
- the anion of these supporting electrolytes is contained in the conductive polymer film as a dopant in the process of electrolytic polymerization shown below.
- borodisalicylic acid, borodisalicylate, formula (I) or formula (II) (In the formula, m means an integer of 1 to 8, preferably an integer of 1 to 4, particularly preferably 2, and n means an integer of 1 to 8, preferably an integer of 1 to 4, particularly preferably 2. And o means 2 or 3) and salts thereof can be preferably used.
- the salt examples include alkali metal salts such as lithium salt, sodium salt and potassium salt, alkyl ammonium salts such as ammonium salt, ethyl ammonium salt and butyl ammonium salt, dialkyl ammonium salts such as diethyl ammonium salt and dibutyl ammonium salt, and triethyl ammonium salt. And trialkylammonium salts such as tributylammonium salt, and tetraalkylammonium salts such as tetraethylammonium salt and tetrabutylammonium salt.
- These supporting electrolytes provide a conductive polymer layer that is particularly excellent in heat resistance.
- salts of bis (pentafluoroethanesulfonyl) imidic acid, such as potassium salt, sodium salt, and ammonium salt give a conductive polymer layer having extremely high heat resistance.
- borodisalicylic acid and borodisalicylate are inexpensive and economically advantageous, and are particularly preferable because they provide a conductive polymer layer having excellent heat resistance.
- borodisalicylic acid and borodisalicylate are preferable. It has been found that salicylate ions hydrolyze into salicylic acid and boric acid, which have very low water solubility in water. For this reason, when borodisalicylic acid and / or borodisalicylate is used as a supporting electrolyte, precipitation gradually occurs in the polymerization solution, making it unusable.
- the supporting electrolyte is added to the solution and then subjected to electrolytic polymerization before formation of the precipitate, Used in combination with a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of nitrobenzene and nitrobenzene derivatives, which have the action of inhibiting the hydrolysis of salicylate ions.
- the stabilizer may be a single compound or two or more compounds.
- nitrobenzene derivatives include nitrophenol, nitrobenzyl alcohol, nitrobenzoic acid, dinitrobenzoic acid, dinitrobenzene, nitroanisole, and nitroacetophenone, and include o-nitrophenol, m-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenol, And mixtures thereof are preferred.
- a single compound may be used, or two or more compounds may be used, and the amount is sufficient to obtain a sufficient current for electrolytic polymerization at a concentration equal to or lower than the saturated dissolution amount in the polymerization solution. Used, preferably at a concentration of 10 mM or more, particularly preferably at a concentration of 30 mM or more.
- the polymerization solution is prepared by the following method depending on the monomer content.
- a water-rich solvent, a substituted thiophene as a monomer, and the above-mentioned specific range of supporting electrolyte are introduced into a container for producing a polymerization solution, and are manually or mechanically
- a polymerization solution is prepared by dissolving each component in a water-rich solvent using a proper stirring means.
- the monomer exceeds the saturated dissolution amount, that is, a water-rich solvent, a substituted thiophene as a monomer, and the above-mentioned specific range of supporting electrolyte are introduced into a container for producing a polymerization solution, and stirred and homogenized.
- the polymerization solution can be prepared by irradiating the solution with ultrasonic waves and dispersing the phase-separated monomer as oil droplets in the polymerization solution.
- the polymerization liquid of the present invention is obtained by irradiating a liquid obtained by adding a monomer exceeding the amount of saturated dissolution in a water-rich solvent with ultrasonic irradiation to disperse the monomer as oil droplets, and then adding a supporting electrolyte to the obtained liquid. You can also get If each component in the polymerization solution is stable, there is no limitation on the temperature during preparation.
- “ultrasound” means a sound wave having a frequency of 10 kHz or more.
- an ultrasonic oscillator conventionally known for ultrasonic cleaners, cell grinders and the like can be used without particular limitation.
- the phase-separated monomer must be oil droplets having a diameter of several ⁇ m or less.
- the output of the ultrasonic wave is preferably 4 W / cm 2 or more.
- the ultrasonic irradiation time is not strictly limited but is preferably in the range of 2 to 10 minutes.
- the longer the irradiation time the more the aggregation of monomer oil droplets is inhibited, and the time until demulsification tends to be longer.
- the ultrasonic irradiation time is 10 minutes or more, the aggregation effect of oil droplets tends to be saturated. Is recognized. It is also possible to perform multiple irradiations using ultrasonic waves having different frequencies and / or outputs.
- the monomer content exceeding the saturated dissolution amount may be an amount that can obtain a dispersion in which demulsification is suppressed by ultrasonic irradiation.
- ultrasonic irradiation conditions It also changes depending on.
- the polymerization liquid of the present invention contains a water-rich solvent, a monomer selected from substituted thiophenes, and other additives within a range that does not adversely affect the present invention in addition to the above-mentioned specific range of supporting electrolyte. Also good. Suitable additives include water-soluble nonionic surfactants. Since the monomer is concentrated in the micelles of the nonionic surfactant, electrolytic polymerization proceeds rapidly, and a polymer exhibiting high conductivity is obtained. In addition, the nonionic surfactant itself does not ionize, and does not inhibit doping of the polymer in the specific range with the anion of the supporting electrolyte.
- nonionic surfactant a known water-soluble nonionic surfactant can be used without any particular limitation.
- examples include polyalkylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether, polyoxyalkylene alkyl phenyl ether, polyoxyalkylene styryl phenyl ether, polyoxyalkylene benzyl phenyl ether, polyoxyalkylene-added alkylphenol formaldehyde condensate, polyoxyalkylene Addition styrylphenol formaldehyde condensate, polyoxyalkylene addition benzylphenol formaldehyde condensate, alkyne diol, polyoxyalkylene addition alkyne diol, polyoxyalkylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyalkylene castor oil, polyoxyalkylene hydrogenated castor oil , Polyglycerin alkyl agent Le, such as polyglyce
- alkyne diol having high dispersion effect such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol and other nonionic surfactants, preferably polyoxyethylene (9) nonyl
- alkyne diol having high dispersion effect such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol and other nonionic surfactants, preferably polyoxyethylene (9) nonyl
- a combination with a polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether such as a phenyl ether branched type in the polymerization liquid is preferable because the monomer content in the polymerization liquid can be greatly increased.
- a water-rich solvent, a monomer, the above-mentioned specific range of supporting electrolyte, and a nonionic surfactant are introduced into a container for producing a polymerization solution, and are manually or mechanically stirred.
- a polymerization solution is prepared by dissolving each component in a water-rich solvent by using or irradiating ultrasonic waves.
- a water-rich solvent, a monomer, and a nonionic surfactant are introduced into a container for producing a polymerization solution to prepare a solution in which each component is dissolved in a water-rich solvent.
- the supporting electrolyte in the specific range may be added and dissolved.
- any method for producing a polymerization liquid when borodisalicylic acid and / or borodisalicylate as a supporting electrolyte and nitrobenzene and / or a nitrobenzene derivative as a stabilizer are used in combination, the polymerization liquid is produced. Both are introduced into the container almost simultaneously, or the stabilizer is introduced first. This is because the stabilizer is used to suppress hydrolysis of borodisalicylate ions.
- the polymerization solution obtained by the above-described preparation step is substituted by introducing a working electrode (substrate of the conductive polymer layer) having at least a conductive portion on the surface and a counter electrode, and performing electrolytic polymerization.
- a conductive polymer layer obtained by polymerization of thiophene is formed on the conductive portion of the working electrode to obtain an anode for a dye-sensitized solar cell.
- the material, shape and size of the working electrode having at least a conductive portion on the surface are appropriately selected according to the application.
- the conductive portion of the substrate may be a single layer or may include a plurality of different types of layers.
- a conductive plate or foil of platinum, gold, nickel, titanium, steel, rhodium, ruthenium or the like can be used as a working electrode.
- the conductive polymer layer obtained in this polymerization step is excellent in transparency, it is transparent and insulating glass substrate such as optical glass, quartz glass, alkali-free glass, or polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, poly On the surface of transparent and insulating plastic substrates such as ether sulfone and polyacrylate, indium oxide, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), zinc-doped indium oxide (IZO), tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), fluorine-doped oxidation It is preferable to use, as a working electrode, a transparent substrate on which a transparent conductive layer such as tin (FTO), zinc oxide, or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) is provided by vapor deposition or coating.
- a substrate in which a metal film such as platinum, nickel, titanium, rhodium, ruthenium, or the like is provided on the glass substrate or plastic substrate described
- a counter electrode for electrolytic polymerization a plate of platinum, nickel, or the like can be used.
- the electrolytic polymerization is performed by any one of a constant potential method, a constant current method, and a potential sweep method using the polymerization solution obtained in the preparation step.
- a potential of 1.0 to 1.5 V is suitable for the saturated calomel electrode, and in the case of the constant current method, it depends on the type of monomer.
- a current value of 1 to 10000 ⁇ A / cm 2 preferably 5 to 500 ⁇ A / cm 2 , more preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ A / cm 2 is suitable, and depends on the type of monomer when using the potential sweep method.
- the polymerization temperature is not strictly limited, but is generally in the range of 10 to 60 ° C.
- the polymerization time varies depending on the composition of the polymerization solution and the electrolytic polymerization conditions, but is generally in the range of 0.6 second to 2 hours, preferably 1 to 10 minutes, particularly preferably 2 to 6 minutes.
- a conductive polymer layer containing the anion of the above-mentioned specific range non-sulfonic acid organic supporting electrolyte as a dopant is formed on the conductive portion of the working electrode.
- the resulting conductive polymer layer has a density in the range of 1.15 to 1.80 g / cm 3 .
- the density of the conductive polymer layer is less than 1.15 g / cm 3 , the heat resistance is drastically lowered, and it is difficult to produce a conductive polymer layer having a density exceeding 1.80 g / cm 3 .
- the density of the conductive polymer layer having excellent heat resistance is preferably in the range of 1.20 to 1.80 g / cm 3 , particularly preferably in the range of 1.60 to 1.80 g / cm 3 .
- the density of the conductive polymer layer is 1.75 g / cm. It is preferably 3 or less, particularly preferably 1.70 g / cm 3 or less.
- the thickness of the conductive polymer layer is generally in the range of 100 to 10,000 nm, preferably 100 to 4200 nm. If the thickness of the conductive polymer is 10000 nm or more, the internal resistance becomes high, the reduction reaction rate for converting the oxidized species in the electrolyte to the reduced species becomes insufficient, and it takes time for the electrolytic polymerization, which is economically disadvantageous. Further, if the thickness of the conductive polymer exceeds 4200 nm, cracks may be observed in the conductive polymer layer. Therefore, the thickness of the conductive polymer is preferably 4200 nm or less. The thickness of the conductive polymer can be measured with an atomic force microscope or the like.
- constant current electropolymerization at a predetermined current density is performed twice or more at different times, and after measuring the thickness of the conductive polymer layer obtained by each electropolymerization, the obtained thickness and the energization in the electropolymerization are measured.
- a calculation formula indicating the relationship with the charge amount may be derived, and the thickness of the conductive polymer layer may be calculated from the energization charge amount using the calculated calculation formula.
- an anode in which a conductive polymer layer having excellent heat resistance is formed on the substrate with good adhesion can be obtained.
- the obtained conductive polymer layer of the anode is stable to moisture in the air and exhibits a pH near neutral, so that other components are not corroded in the process of manufacturing or using the solar cell. .
- a dye-sensitized solar cell includes a cathode having a semiconductor layer containing a dye as a photosensitizer, and a pair of oxidized and reduced species stacked on the semiconductor layer of the cathode. And an electrolyte layer including the anode described above.
- the conductive polymer layer of the anode described above has sufficient catalytic ability to convert the oxidizing species constituting the redox couple into the reducing species in the electrolyte layer.
- the conductive substrate and the semiconductor layer constituting the cathode in the dye-sensitized solar cell the conductive substrate and the semiconductor layer in the conventional dye-sensitized solar cell can be used without any particular limitation.
- a substrate having at least a conductive portion on the surface can be used, and the conductive portion of the substrate may be a single layer or may include a plurality of different types of layers.
- a plate or foil of a conductor such as platinum, nickel, titanium, steel, chromium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, tantalum, tungsten, iridium, or hastelloy can be used as a substrate, or optical glass, quartz
- a transparent and insulating glass substrate such as glass and alkali-free glass, or transparent and insulating plastic substrate such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyethersulfone, polyacrylate, indium oxide, ITO,
- a transparent substrate provided with a transparent conductive layer such as IZO, tin oxide, ATO, FTO, zinc oxide, and AZO by vapor deposition or coating can also be used.
- a substrate in which a metal film such as platinum, nickel, titanium, rhodium, and ruthenium is provided on the above glass substrate or plastic substrate by vapor deposition or coating can be used.
- a transparent substrate is used as the cathode substrate.
- an all-transparent solar cell can be constructed by using a transparent base for the cathode.
- Semiconductor layer is titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, nickel oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, tungsten oxide, bismuth oxide, indium oxide, thallium oxide, lanthanum oxide, yttrium oxide, phosphonium oxide, cerium oxide, oxide
- An oxide semiconductor such as aluminum, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, calcium titanate, strontium titanate, or barium titanate can be used.
- the oxide semiconductor a single compound may be used, or two or more kinds may be mixed and used. It is preferable to use titanium oxide having high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- An oxide semiconductor is usually used in a porous form so that a large amount of dye can be supported on a semiconductor layer.
- an organic dye or a metal complex dye having absorption in the visible light region and / or the infrared light region can be used.
- Organic dyes include coumarin, cyanine, merocyanine, phthalocyanine, porphyrin, azo, quinone, quinoneimine, quinacridone, squarylium, triphenylmethane, xanthene, perylene, indigo, na
- a phthalocyanine dye or the like can be used, and a coumarin dye is preferably used.
- an osmium complex, a ruthenium complex, an iron complex, a zinc complex, a platinum complex, a palladium complex, or the like can be used, and in particular, a ruthenium bipyridine complex such as N3 or N719 in that it has a wide absorption band. It is preferable to use a ruthenium terpyridine complex and a ruthenium quarterpyridine complex such as N749.
- a carboxyl group in the dye molecule Those having an interlock group such as an alkoxy group, a hydroxyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, a sulfonic acid group, an ester group, a mercapto group, and a phosphonyl group are preferable, and among these, a group having a carboxyl group is particularly preferable.
- an acid functional group such as a carboxyl group is neutralized with an alkali metal hydroxide, a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, an imidazolium hydroxide, a pyridinium hydroxide, or the like, an anion is obtained.
- the repulsive force acting between them suppresses the association between the dye molecules, and can greatly reduce the electron trap between the dye molecules.
- these dyes a single compound may be used, or a mixture of two or more kinds may be used.
- the cathode of the dye-sensitized solar cell can be obtained by a known method.
- a dispersion containing the above-described oxide semiconductor particles and an organic binder such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, or carboxymethyl cellulose on a conductive portion of a substrate is wet by spin coating, bar coating, cast coating, or the like. After laminating by the method, drying by heating, and firing at a temperature of 400 to 500 ° C., a porous layer of the oxide semiconductor is provided on the substrate.
- the oxide semiconductor particles spherical, rod-like, needle-like particles having an average primary particle diameter of 1 to 200 nm are preferably used.
- the substrate after baking is immersed in a solution in which the above-described dye is dissolved in a solvent such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, etc., taken out from the immersion liquid after a predetermined time, and dried to carry the dye on the oxide semiconductor.
- a solvent such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, etc.
- a reverse electron transfer inhibitor having a functional group such as an imidazolyl group, a carboxy group, or a phosphone group that binds to the semiconductor, such as tert-butylpyridine, 1-methoxybenzimidazole, decanoic acid
- a phosphonic acid having a long-chain alkyl group having about 13 carbon atoms
- the reverse electron transfer inhibitor is adsorbed in the gap between the dyes on the semiconductor surface. It is preferable because reverse electron transfer in the liquid can be prevented and the dye is less likely to be eluted into the electrolytic solution.
- the thickness of the semiconductor layer is generally in the range of 1 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 3 to 50 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 3 to 20 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the semiconductor layer is less than 1 ⁇ m, light absorption may be insufficient. If the thickness of the semiconductor layer is greater than 100 ⁇ m, the distance from which the electrons reach the conductive portion of the base becomes long, and the electrons Is not preferable because of inactivation.
- the electrolyte solution for forming the electrolyte layer of the dye-sensitized solar cell includes an iodine-based redox in an organic solvent such as acetonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ethylene glycol.
- an organic solvent such as acetonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ethylene glycol.
- An electrolytic solution in which a complex or the like is dissolved can be used.
- metal complexes such as ferrocyanate / ferricyanate and ferrocene / ferricinium ions, sulfur compounds such as sodium polysulfide, alkylthiol / alkyl disulfide, viologen dyes, hydroquinone / quinone, etc.
- metal complexes such as ferrocyanate / ferricyanate and ferrocene / ferricinium ions
- sulfur compounds such as sodium polysulfide, alkylthiol / alkyl disulfide, viologen dyes, hydroquinone / quinone, etc.
- Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cs and the like are preferable as the cation of the metal compound
- tetraalkylammoniums, pyridiniums, imidazoliums and the like are preferable as the cation of the organic compound.
- iodide and iodine having high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and in particular, I 2 and alkali metal iodides such as LiI, NaI, and KI, and imidazolium such as dimethylpropylimidazolium iodide. It is preferred to use a combination of a compound and a quaternary ammonium iodide.
- concentration of the above-mentioned salt is preferably 0.05M to 5M, more preferably 0.2M to 2M with respect to the organic solvent.
- concentration of I 2 or Br 2 is preferably 0.0005M to 1M, and more preferably 0.001 to 0.2M.
- additives such as 4-tert-butylpyridine and carboxylic acid can also be added for the purpose of improving the open circuit voltage of the dye-sensitized solar cell.
- a supporting electrolyte such as lithium iodide or lithium tetrafluoroborate may be added to the electrolytic solution as necessary.
- the electrolyte layer can also be formed from a gel electrolyte that is pseudo-solidified by adding a gelling agent to the electrolyte solution.
- a gelling agent When used as a physical gel, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, or the like can be used as a gelling agent.
- an acrylic (methacrylic) ester oligomer or tetra (bromomethyl) benzene as a gelling agent.
- a combination of polyvinyl pyridine and polyvinyl pyridine can be used.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell can be obtained by a known method using the above-described anode. For example, by disposing a cathode semiconductor layer and an anode conductive polymer layer with a predetermined gap, injecting an electrolyte into the gap, and heating as necessary to form an electrolyte layer, dye sensitization A solar cell can be obtained.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer is generally in the range of 1 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 50 ⁇ m, excluding the thickness of the electrolyte layer that has penetrated into the semiconductor layer. If the thickness of the electrolyte layer is less than 1 ⁇ m, the semiconductor layer of the cathode may be short-circuited. If the thickness of the electrolyte layer is more than 100 ⁇ m, the internal resistance increases, which is not preferable.
- the thickness of the conductive polymer for the anode was calculated as follows. First, an experiment was conducted in which a conductive polymer layer was formed by performing constant current electrolytic polymerization for 1 minute on an ITO electrode under the condition of 0.1 mA / cm 2 , and the thickness of the polymer layer was measured with an atomic force microscope.
- the constant current electropolymerization was carried out for 10 minutes under the following conditions.
- the working electrode after polymerization was washed with methanol and then dried at 160 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode in which a PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) having a thickness of 350 nm was formed on the FTO electrode.
- the density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Anode B Distilled water (50 mL) was introduced into a glass container.
- EDOT was added at a concentration of 0.0148M and sodium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imidate at a concentration of 0.08M and stirred.
- a dissolved polymerization solution was obtained.
- An FTO electrode having an area of 1 cm 2 (FTO layer surface resistance: 10 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was introduced into the obtained polymerization solution as a working electrode, and a SUS mesh having an area of 5 cm 2 was introduced as a counter electrode, respectively, and 100 ⁇ A / cm 2.
- the constant current electropolymerization was carried out for 10 minutes under the following conditions.
- PEDOT layer diopant: bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imidoanion
- the density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Anode C Instead of 0.08M concentration of sodium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imidate, ammonium bis (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl) imidoate was used at a concentration of 0.08M and the manufacturing procedure for anode B was repeated on the FTO electrode.
- An anode having a 350 nm thick PEDOT layer (dopant: bis (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl) imidate anion) was obtained.
- the density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Anode D instead of 0.08M sodium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imidate, ammonium 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylimidate at a concentration of 0.08M
- the anode B manufacturing procedure was repeated, and a 350 nm thick PEDOT layer (dopant: 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylimide acid anion) was formed on the FTO electrode.
- a formed anode was obtained.
- the density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Anode E On an FTO electrode (FTO layer surface resistance: 10 ⁇ / ⁇ ) having an area of 1 cm 2 , 100 ⁇ L of a commercially available PEDOT: PSS aqueous dispersion (trade name: Vitron P: manufactured by Starck Co., Ltd.) was cast at a rotational speed of 5000 rpm. Spin coating was performed for 30 seconds. Subsequently, it dried at 160 degreeC for 30 minute (s), and the anode which has the same PEDOT: PSS layer as the nonpatent literature 1 was obtained.
- PEDOT PSS aqueous dispersion
- Anode F A mass of 1: 8: 1 of EDOT (0.48M), tris-P-toluenesulfonic acid iron (III), and dimethyl sulfoxide on an FTO electrode (FTO layer surface resistance: 10 ⁇ / ⁇ ) having an area of 1 cm 2 100 ⁇ L of the reaction solution dissolved in n-butanol in a ratio was cast and spin-coated at a rotation speed of 2000 rpm for 30 seconds. The FTO electrode holding the reaction solution was heated at 110 ° C. for 5 minutes to allow chemical polymerization to proceed, then washed with methanol, and dried at 160 ° C. for 30 minutes. An anode having a PEDOT chemical polymerization layer containing a toluenesulfonate anion as a dopant was obtained.
- An electrolytic solution in which 10 mM lithium iodide, 1 mM iodine, and 1 M lithium tetrafluoroborate are dissolved in acetonitrile has an area of 4 cm 2 as an anode of any of anodes A to F as a working electrode and a counter electrode.
- a platinum mesh and a silver-silver chloride electrode as a reference electrode were introduced, and the scanning potential range was ⁇ 0.8 to +0.8 V, and the scanning speed was 10 mV / s.
- the anodes A to F were taken out from the electrolytic solution, washed, and then subjected to thermal aging that was allowed to stand in a high-temperature atmosphere at 160 ° C. in air for 500 hours, to obtain a cyclic voltammogram again.
- Figures 1 to 6 show cyclic voltammograms before and after thermal aging.
- 1 to 6 show, in order, an anode A (dopant: borodisalicylate anion), an anode B (dopant: bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imidate anion), and an anode C (dopant: bis (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl) imidic acid.
- anode D (dopant: 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylimide acid anion), anode E (dopant: PSS anion), and anode F (dopant: p
- the cyclic voltammogram of -toluenesulfonate anion) is shown.
- the negative potential side redox wave is a redox wave corresponding to I 3 ⁇ / I ⁇
- the positive potential side redox wave is a redox wave corresponding to I 2 / I 3 ⁇ .
- a reduction wave from I 3 ⁇ to I ⁇ observed around ⁇ 0.2 V with respect to a silver-silver chloride electrode is particularly important. This is because sufficient regeneration of I ⁇ is necessary.
- the cyclic voltammogram of the anode E no reduction wave from I 3 ⁇ to I ⁇ was observed, as reported in Non-Patent Document 1.
- the shape of the cyclic voltammogram of the anode F having the PEDOT layer containing p-toluenesulfonate anion as a dopant is greatly changed, the current response is remarkably reduced, and the peak potential of the oxidation wave is a high potential. The peak potential of the reduction wave shifted to the low potential side. This indicates a marked deterioration of the redox catalytic ability.
- the cyclic voltammograms of anodes A to D two pairs of redox waves were clearly recognized even after thermal aging.
- the anode A and the anode C exhibited almost the same cyclic voltammogram before and after thermal aging under extremely severe conditions of 160 ° C. and 500 hours, and had excellent heat resistance.
- the conductive polymer layer in the anode used in the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention is excellent in reduction catalytic ability to convert the oxidized species (I 3 ⁇ ) to the reduced species (I ⁇ ), and in addition, the sulfonic acid group Or it turns out that it is excellent in heat resistance than the conductive polymer layer which contains the anion which has a sulfonate group as a dopant.
- a Ti electrode having an area of 2.25 cm 2 composed of a Ti foil having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m was introduced as a working electrode, and a SUS mesh having an area of 5 cm 2 was introduced as a counter electrode. Constant current electrolytic polymerization was performed for 3 minutes under the conditions of cm 2 .
- the working electrode after polymerization was washed with methanol and then dried at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode having a PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) having a thickness of 105 nm formed on a Ti electrode.
- the density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- a titanium oxide paste (manufactured by JGC Catalysts & Chemicals Co., Ltd.) was applied to the surface of the FTO electrode having a surface area of 0.25 cm 2 by screen printing so that the film thickness was about 10 ⁇ m, and pre-dried at 60 ° C. for 30 minutes, Furthermore, the titanium oxide porous layer was formed on the FTO electrode by baking at 450 degreeC for 15 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide after firing was 8 ⁇ m. Further, the titanium oxide porous layer was immersed in a butanol / acetonitrile 1: 1 solution containing dye N719 at a concentration of 0.5 mM for 24 hours, and then dried at room temperature to attach the dye N719 to the titanium oxide porous layer. To obtain a cathode of a dye-sensitized solar cell.
- the electrolytes include 0.1M lithium iodide, 0.05M iodine, 0.6M 1,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylimidazolium iodide, and 0.5M 4-t-butylpyridine. Was used in which acetonitrile was dissolved.
- Example 2 Into the polymerization liquid used in Example 1, a Ti electrode having an area of 2.25 cm 2 composed of a Ti foil having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m was used as a working electrode, and a SUS mesh having an area of 5 cm 2 was introduced as a counter electrode. The constant current electrolytic polymerization was performed for 10 minutes under the condition of 100 ⁇ A / cm 2 . The working electrode after polymerization was washed with methanol and then dried at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode having a PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) having a thickness of 350 nm formed on a Ti electrode. The density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Example 2 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- Example 3 Into the polymerization solution obtained in Example 1, a Ti electrode having an area of 2.25 cm 2 composed of a Ti foil having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m was used as a working electrode, and a SUS mesh having an area of 5 cm 2 was introduced as a counter electrode, respectively. Then, constant current electropolymerization was performed for 6 minutes under the condition of 500 ⁇ A / cm 2 . The working electrode after polymerization was washed with methanol and then dried at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode in which a 1050 nm thick PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) was formed on the Ti electrode. The density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Example 2 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- Example 4 Into the polymerization solution obtained in Example 1, a Ti electrode having an area of 2.25 cm 2 composed of a Ti foil having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m was used as a working electrode, and a SUS mesh having an area of 5 cm 2 was introduced as a counter electrode, respectively. Then, constant current electropolymerization was conducted for 9 minutes under the condition of 500 ⁇ A / cm 2 . The working electrode after polymerization was washed with methanol and then dried at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode in which a PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) having a thickness of 1575 nm was formed on the Ti electrode. The density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Example 2 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- Example 5 Into the polymerization solution obtained in Example 1, a Ti electrode having an area of 2.25 cm 2 composed of a Ti foil having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m was used as a working electrode, and a SUS mesh having an area of 5 cm 2 was introduced as a counter electrode, respectively. Then, constant current electropolymerization was carried out for 12 minutes under the condition of 500 ⁇ A / cm 2 . The working electrode after polymerization was washed with methanol and then dried at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode in which a PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) having a thickness of 2100 nm was formed on the Ti electrode. The density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Example 2 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- Example 6 Into the polymerization solution obtained in Example 1, a Ti electrode having an area of 2.25 cm 2 composed of a Ti foil having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m was used as a working electrode, and a SUS mesh having an area of 5 cm 2 was introduced as a counter electrode, respectively. Then, constant current electropolymerization was performed for 24 minutes under the condition of 500 ⁇ A / cm 2 . The working electrode after polymerization was washed with methanol and then dried at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode in which a PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) having a thickness of 4200 nm was formed on the Ti electrode. The density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Example 2 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- Titanium oxide paste (manufactured by JGC Catalysts & Chemicals Co., Ltd.) is applied to the surface of an FTO electrode having a surface area of 0.25 cm 2 by different screen printing methods, pre-dried at 60 ° C. for 30 minutes, and further at 450 ° C. By baking for 3 minutes, a titanium oxide porous layer having a thickness of 3 to 25 ⁇ m was formed on the FTO electrode. Further, the titanium oxide porous layer was immersed in a butanol / acetonitrile 1: 1 solution containing dye N719 at a concentration of 0.5 mM for 24 hours, and then dried at room temperature to attach the dye N719 to the titanium oxide porous layer. To obtain a cathode of a dye-sensitized solar cell.
- Example 3 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with the anode having a 1050 nm thick PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) obtained in Example 3.
- Example 8 An FTO electrode having an area of 1 cm 2 (FTO layer surface resistance: 10 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was introduced into the polymerization solution used in Example 1 as a working electrode, and a SUS mesh having an area of 5 cm 2 was introduced as a counter electrode. Constant current electrolytic polymerization was performed for 10 minutes under the conditions of / cm 2 . The working electrode after polymerization was washed with methanol and then dried at 160 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode in which a PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) having a thickness of 350 nm was formed on the FTO electrode. The density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Example 2 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- Example 9 The polymerization solution used in Example 1, as a working electrode an electrode having an area of 2.25 cm 2, which is composed of a polyethylene naphthalate / ITO sputtering film having a thickness of 200 [mu] m, the SUS mesh having an area of 5 cm 2 as a counter electrode Each was introduced, and constant current electrolytic polymerization was performed for 10 minutes under the condition of 100 ⁇ A / cm 2 .
- the working electrode after polymerization was washed with methanol and then dried at 160 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode in which a PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) having a thickness of 350 nm was formed on a polyethylene naphthalate / ITO electrode. .
- the density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Example 2 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- Example 10 Into the polymerization liquid used in Example 1, an FTO electrode having an area of 2.25 cm 2 (FTO layer surface resistance: 10 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was used as a working electrode, and a SUS mesh having an area of 5 cm 2 was introduced as a counter electrode. The constant current electrolytic polymerization was performed for 10 minutes under the condition of 100 ⁇ A / cm 2 . The working electrode after polymerization was washed with methanol and then dried at 160 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode in which a PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) having a thickness of 350 nm was formed on the FTO electrode. The density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- Example 2 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- Comparative Example 1 An anode having a Pt layer formed on a Ti electrode by depositing Pt to a thickness of about 100 nm by a sputtering method on a Ti electrode having an area of 2.25 cm 2 composed of a Ti foil having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m. Got.
- Example 7 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer with a thickness of 3 to 25 ⁇ m to which the dye obtained in Example 7 was attached.
- Comparative Example 2 225 ⁇ L of a commercially available PEDOT: PSS aqueous dispersion (trade name Vitron P: manufactured by Starck) was cast on a Ti electrode composed of 100 ⁇ m-thick Ti foil and having an area of 2.25 cm 2. And spin coated for 30 seconds. Subsequently, it dried at 150 degreeC for 30 minute (s), and the anode by which the PEDOT: PSS layer was formed on the Ti electrode was obtained.
- a commercially available PEDOT: PSS aqueous dispersion trade name Vitron P: manufactured by Starck
- Example 2 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- Example 2 a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- Comparative Example 4 A commercial product (trade name: Conductive film with platinum film: Vexel Technologies, Inc.) having a Pt coating layer formed on an electrode having an area of 2.25 cm 2 made of a polyethylene naphthalate / ITO sputtered film having a thickness of 200 ⁇ m was used as the anode.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1.
- Comparative Example 5 An anode having a Pt layer formed on an FTO electrode by depositing Pt to a thickness of about 350 nm by sputtering on an FTO electrode (FTO layer surface resistance: 10 ⁇ / ⁇ ) having an area of 2.25 cm 2. Got. Subsequently, a dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1 in combination with a cathode having a titanium oxide porous layer to which the dye obtained in Example 1 was attached.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the obtained short-circuit current density value and the thickness of the anode PEDOT layer for the dye-sensitized solar cells of Examples 1 to 6. It can be seen that as the thickness of the PEDOT layer increases, the value of the short-circuit current density gradually decreases, and the value of the short-circuit current density is almost constant when the thickness is 2100 nm or more.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the obtained open-circuit voltage value and the thickness of the anode PEDOT layer for the dye-sensitized solar cells of Examples 1 to 6.
- the thickness of the PEDOT layer is up to 1050 nm, the value of the open-circuit voltage gradually increases as the thickness increases, and when the thickness is 1050 nm or more, a substantially constant open-circuit voltage can be obtained.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the value of the obtained curve factor and the thickness of the anode PEDOT layer for the dye-sensitized solar cells of Examples 1 to 6. It can be seen that when the thickness of the PEDOT layer is up to 2100 nm, the value of the curve factor gradually increases as the thickness increases, and when the thickness is 2100 nm or more, the value of the curve factor is almost constant.
- FIG. 10 shows photoelectric conversion efficiency values calculated using the values of the short-circuit current density, the open-circuit voltage, and the fill factor shown in FIGS. It can be seen that when the thickness of the PEDOT layer is up to 1575 nm, the value of the photoelectric conversion efficiency gradually decreases as the thickness increases, and when the thickness is 1575 nm or more, a substantially constant photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtained.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the relationship between the value of the obtained curve factor and the thickness of the porous titanium oxide porous layer for the dye-sensitized solar cells of Example 7 and Comparative Example 1.
- the value of the curve factor was almost constant regardless of the thickness of the titanium oxide porous layer.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell of Example 7 exhibits a higher fill factor than the dye-sensitized solar cell of Comparative Example 1 over the entire range of the titanium oxide porous layer thickness of 3 to 20 ⁇ m. I understand.
- the value of the curve factor of the dye-sensitized solar cell including the anode having the PEDOT: PSS layer of Comparative Example 2 is 0.22, which is compared with the values of the curve factor of the cells of Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Example 1. It was extremely small.
- the straight lines in FIGS. 7 to 10 represent the values of the short-circuit current density, the open-circuit voltage, the fill factor, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency in the dye-sensitized solar cell of Comparative Example 1 that has a porous titanium oxide layer of 8 ⁇ m. Show.
- the dye-sensitized solar cells of Examples 1 to 6 of the present invention have a particularly increased curve factor as compared to the dye-sensitized solar cell having the anode having the Pt layer of Comparative Example 1, and this curve factor This leads to high photoelectric conversion efficiency in the battery.
- I - / I 3 - were determined charge transporting impedance in the oxidation-reduction reaction.
- I - / I 3 - the charge-transporting impedance in the oxidation-reduction reaction, the majority of the dominant factors of the curve factor of the dye-sensitized solar cells.
- the results are shown in FIG.
- the charge transport impedance decreased as the thickness of the PEDOT layer increased. From this, it was considered that even if the thickness of the PEDOT layer was thick, I 3 ⁇ reached the deep part of the layer (near the Ti electrode) and was reduced to I ⁇ .
- I - / I 3 - speed scanning electrochemical response in the electrolytic solution was evaluated by a slow cyclic voltammogram.
- An electrolyte used in the dye-sensitized solar cell of any one of Examples 1 to 6 was used as an counter electrode in an electrolytic solution in which 10 mM lithium iodide, 1 mM iodine, and 1 M lithium tetrafluoroborate were dissolved in acetonitrile.
- a platinum mesh having an area of 4 cm 2 and a silver-silver chloride electrode as a reference electrode were introduced, the scanning potential range was ⁇ 0.8 to +0.8 V, and the scanning speed was 1 mV / s.
- the area in the obtained cyclic voltammogram where the current density was 0 mA ⁇ cm ⁇ 2 or less and the potential was in the range of ⁇ 0.05 to ⁇ 0.20 V was calculated as the reduced charge.
- the value of the reduced charge is proportional to the number of active sites of the reduction reaction from I 3 ⁇ to I ⁇ , and therefore also proportional to the specific surface area of the PEDOT layer involved in the reaction.
- the electrode reaction rate of the conductive polymer layer in the anode of the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention and the Pt layer in the anode of the conventional dye-sensitized solar cell was compared by the following method.
- An anode used for the battery, a platinum mesh having an area of 4 cm 2 as a counter electrode, and a silver-silver chloride electrode as a reference electrode were introduced, and the scanning potential range was ⁇ 0.55 to +0.25 V, and scanning was performed. Cyclic voltammograms were measured at varying speeds. In the range of -0.55 ⁇ + 0.25V I - / I 3 - oxidation-reduction reaction occurs. Next, the rate constant of the electrode reaction was determined based on the Nicholson theory from the potential difference between the peak potential of the oxidation wave and the peak potential of the reduction wave and the scanning speed.
- the anode used in the dye-sensitized solar cell of Example 10 was 2.83 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 cms ⁇ 1
- the anode used in the dye-sensitized solar cell of Comparative Example 5 was 2.61 ⁇ 10 ⁇
- a rate constant of 3 cms ⁇ 1 was shown. That is, it was found that the conductive polymer layer in the anode of the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention has higher reactivity with iodine than the Pt layer in the anode of the conventional dye-sensitized solar cell. This is also considered to be a factor that the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention exhibits a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency as compared with a conventional dye-sensitized solar cell including an anode having a Pt layer.
- the dye-sensitized solar cells of Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Example 1 were allowed to stand at 85 ° C. for 1000 hours in the absence of light, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after being left was evaluated again. As a result, all the batteries showed an initial photoelectric conversion efficiency of about 97%. From this, it can be seen that the conductive polymer layer in the anode used in the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention was stable without being affected by moisture in the air even when left.
- the dye-sensitized solar cells of Example 8 and Comparative Example 3 were left at 60 ° C. for 500 hours under irradiation conditions of 100 mW / cm 2 and AM1.5G using a solar simulator, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency before and after being left was evaluated.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell of Example 8 showed a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 6.7% in the initial stage (before standing) and 6.6% after standing, and the influence of the standing was slight.
- Comparative Example 3 Although the dye-sensitized solar cell of Example 1 showed a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 3% in the initial stage, the photoelectric conversion efficiency after standing was greatly reduced to 0.3%.
- the conductive polymer layer in the anode used in the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention is stable without being affected by moisture in the air even under light irradiation, and is a conventional PEDOT: PSS layer. It can be seen that the durability is greatly increased in comparison.
- the dye-sensitized solar cells of Example 9 and Comparative Example 4 were allowed to stand for 320 hours under non-irradiation conditions of 85 ° C. and 85% relative humidity, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency before and after being left was evaluated.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell of Example 9 showed a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 86% of the initial value after being left, whereas the dye-sensitized solar cell of Comparative Example 4 showed only a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 68% of the initial value after being left. It was. From this, it can be seen that the conductive polymer layer in the anode used in the dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention has superior high-temperature and high-humidity durability as compared with the conventional Pt layer.
- the working electrode after polymerization was washed with water / methanol and then dried at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an anode having a PEDOT layer (dopant: borodisalicylate anion) having a thickness of 105 nm and 350 nm on the FTO electrode. .
- the density of the PEDOT layer was about 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- a titanium oxide paste (manufactured by JGC Catalysts and Chemicals) was applied to the surface of an FTO electrode having a surface area of 0.25 cm 2 by screen printing, and then pre-dried at 120 ° C. for 20 minutes.
- the titanium oxide paste having the thickness of 14 ⁇ 1 ⁇ m in total is formed by repeating the application of the titanium oxide paste by the screen printing method and the preliminary drying for 20 minutes at 120 ° C. twice. Formed. Subsequently, it baked at 450 degreeC for 15 minute (s), and the titanium oxide porous layer was formed on the FTO electrode.
- the titanium oxide porous layer was immersed in a 1: 1 solution of t-butanol / acetonitrile containing dye N719 at a concentration of 0.5 mM for 24 hours and then dried at room temperature, whereby the dye N719 was added to the titanium oxide porous layer.
- the electrolytes include 0.1M lithium iodide, 0.05M iodine, 0.6M 1,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylimidazolium iodide, and 0.5M 4-t-butylpyridine. Was used in which acetonitrile was dissolved.
- FIG. 14, FIG. 15, FIG. 16 and FIG. 17 show the relationship between the thickness of the PEDOT layer and the short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, fill factor, or photoelectric conversion efficiency for the dye-sensitized solar cell of Example 11. It is.
- the battery of Example 11 shows a significantly increased short-circuit current density value as compared with the batteries of Examples 1 to 6, and the comparison between FIG. 17 and FIG.
- the battery of Example 11 showed a photoelectric conversion efficiency improved by about 2% over the batteries of Examples 1 to 6.
- the titanium oxide porous layer was formed uniformly and thickly by performing the steps of applying the titanium oxide paste and pre-drying a plurality of times. It is considered that the current density was improved, and as a result, the photoelectric conversion efficiency was greatly improved.
- a dye-sensitized solar cell having excellent heat resistance and high conversion efficiency can be obtained.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の色素増感太陽電池のための陽極は、置換チオフェンから選択された少なくとも一種のモノマーから構成されたポリマーと、該ポリマーに対するドーパントとしての、非スルホン酸系有機化合物であって該化合物のアニオンの分子量が200以上である少なくとも一種の化合物から発生したアニオンと、を含み、且つ、100~10000nmの範囲の厚みを有する導電性ポリマー層を備えている。そして、この導電性ポリマー層は、上記モノマーと上記非スルホン酸系有機化合物とを含む電解重合用の重合液を得る調製工程、及び、得られた重合液に導電性部分を有する基体を導入し、電解重合を行うことにより、上記モノマーの重合により得られた導電性ポリマー層を上記基体の導電性部分の上に形成する重合工程、を含む方法により製造することができる。以下、各工程について説明する。
この工程で調製する電解重合用の重合液は、水リッチ溶媒と、モノマーとしての置換チオフェンと、上述した特定範囲の非スルホン酸系有機化合物と、を必須成分として含む。
上述の調製工程により得られた重合液に、少なくとも表面に導電性部分を有する作用極(導電性ポリマー層の基体)と対極とを導入し、電解重合を行うことにより、置換チオフェンの重合により得られた導電性ポリマー層を作用極の導電性部分の上に形成し、色素増感太陽電池のための陽極を得る。
色素増感太陽電池は、光増感剤としての色素を含む半導体層を有する陰極と、該陰極の半導体層上に積層された対を成す酸化種と還元種とを含む電解質層と、上述した陽極と、を備えている。上述した陽極の導電性ポリマー層は、電解質層中で酸化還元対を構成する酸化種を還元種に変換させるのに十分な触媒能を有している。
(a)陽極の製造
陽極A
ガラス容器に蒸留水50mLを導入し、この液にp-ニトロフェノールを0.10Mの濃度で、EDOTを0.0148Mの濃度で、ボロジサリチル酸アンモニウムを0.08Mの濃度で、この順番に添加して攪拌し、全てのEDOTが溶解した重合液を得た。得られた重合液に、1cm2の面積を有するFTO電極(FTO層表面抵抗:10Ω/□)を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、100μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を10分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、160℃で30分間乾燥し、FTO電極上に350nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
ガラス容器に蒸留水50mLを導入し、この液に、EDOTを0.0148Mの濃度で、ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド酸ナトリウムを0.08Mの濃度で、添加して攪拌し、全てのEDOTが溶解した重合液を得た。得られた重合液に、1cm2の面積を有するFTO電極(FTO層表面抵抗:10Ω/□)を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、100μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を10分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、160℃で30分間乾燥し、FTO電極上に350nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
0.08Mの濃度のビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド酸ナトリウムの代わりに、ビス(ノナフルオロブタンスルホニル)イミド酸アンモニウムを0.08Mの濃度で用いて、陽極Bの製造手順を繰り返し、FTO電極上に350nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ビス(ノナフルオロブタンスルホニル)イミド酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
0.08Mの濃度のビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド酸ナトリウムの代わりに、1,1,2,2,3,3-ヘキサフルオロ-1,3-ジスルホニルイミド酸アンモニウムを0.08Mの濃度で用いて、陽極Bの製造手順を繰り返し、FTO電極上に350nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:1,1,2,2,3,3-ヘキサフルオロ-1,3-ジスルホニルイミド酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
1cm2の面積を有するFTO電極(FTO層表面抵抗:10Ω/□)上に、市販のPEDOT:PSS水性分散液(商品名バイトロンP:スタルク社製)の100μLをキャストし、5000rpmの回転数で30秒間スピンコートを行った。次いで、160℃で30分間乾燥し、非特許文献1と同様の、PEDOT:PSS層を有する陽極を得た。
1cm2の面積を有するFTO電極(FTO層表面抵抗:10Ω/□)上に、EDOT(0.48M)、トリス-P-トルエンスルホン酸鉄(III)、ジメチルスルホキシドを1:8:1の質量比でn-ブタノールに溶解させた反応液の100μLをキャストし、2000rpmの回転数で30秒間スピンコートを行った。この反応液を保持したFTO電極を110℃にて5分間加熱して化学重合を進行させた後、メタノールで洗浄し、160℃で30分間乾燥することにより、特許文献1と同様の、p-トルエンスルホン酸アニオンをドーパントとして含むPEDOTの化学重合層を有する陽極を得た。
陽極A~Fについて、I-/I3 -電解液における電気化学的応答をサイクリックボルタモグラムにより評価した。
(i)PEDOT層の厚みの影響
(a)色素増感太陽電池の製造
実施例1
ガラス容器に蒸留水50mLを導入し、この液にp-ニトロフェノール0.70g(0.10M)、EDOT0.105g(濃度0.0148M)、及びボロジサリチル酸アンモニウム1.4g(濃度0.08M)をこの順番で添加して攪拌し、全てのEDOTが溶解した重合液を得た。得られた重合液に、厚さ100μmのTi箔で構成された2.25cm2の面積を有するTi電極を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、100μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を3分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、150℃で30分間乾燥し、Ti電極上に105nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
実施例1で用いた重合液に、厚さ100μmのTi箔で構成された2.25cm2の面積を有するTi電極を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、100μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を10分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、150℃で30分間乾燥し、Ti電極上に350nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
実施例1で得られた重合液に、厚さ100μmのTi箔で構成された2.25cm2の面積を有するTi電極を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、500μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を6分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、150℃で30分間乾燥し、Ti電極上に1050nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
実施例1で得られた重合液に、厚さ100μmのTi箔で構成された2.25cm2の面積を有するTi電極を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、500μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を9分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、150℃で30分間乾燥し、Ti電極上に1575nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
実施例1で得られた重合液に、厚さ100μmのTi箔で構成された2.25cm2の面積を有するTi電極を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、500μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を12分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、150℃で30分間乾燥し、Ti電極上に2100nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
実施例1で得られた重合液に、厚さ100μmのTi箔で構成された2.25cm2の面積を有するTi電極を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、500μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を24分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、150℃で30分間乾燥し、Ti電極上に4200nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
0.25cm2の表面積を有するFTO電極の表面に酸化チタンペースト(日揮触媒化成株式会社製)をスクリーン印刷法によりに異なる厚みで塗布し、60℃で30分間予備乾燥し、さらに450℃で15分間焼成することにより、3~25μmの厚みの酸化チタン多孔質層をFTO電極上に形成した。さらに、色素N719を0.5mMの濃度で含むブタノール/アセトニトリル1:1溶液に酸化チタン多孔質層を24時間浸漬した後、室温にて乾燥することにより、酸化チタン多孔質層に色素N719を添着させ、色素増感太陽電池の陰極を得た。
実施例1で用いた重合液に、1cm2の面積を有するFTO電極(FTO層表面抵抗:10Ω/□)を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、100μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を10分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、160℃で30分間乾燥し、FTO電極上に350nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
実施例1で用いた重合液に、厚さ200μmのポリエチレンナフタレート/ITOスパッタ膜で構成された2.25cm2の面積を有する電極を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、100μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を10分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、160℃で30分間乾燥し、ポリエチレンナフタレート/ITO電極上に350nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
実施例1で用いた重合液に、2.25cm2の面積を有するFTO電極(FTO層表面抵抗:10Ω/□)を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、100μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を10分間行った。重合後の作用極をメタノールで洗浄した後、160℃で30分間乾燥し、FTO電極上に350nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
厚さ100μmのTi箔で構成された2.25cm2の面積を有するTi電極上に、スパッタ法によりPtを約100nmの厚みになるように蒸着し、Ti電極上にPt層が形成された陽極を得た。
厚さ100μmのTi箔で構成された2.25cm2の面積を有するTi電極に、市販のPEDOT:PSS水性分散液(商品名バイトロンP:スタルク社製)の225μLをキャストし、5000rpmの回転数で30秒間スピンコートを行った。次いで、150℃で30分間乾燥し、Ti電極上にPEDOT:PSS層が形成された陽極を得た。
1cm2の面積を有するFTO電極(FTO層表面抵抗:10Ω/□)上に、市販のPEDOT:PSS水性分散液(商品名バイトロンP:スタルク社製)の100μLをキャストし、3000rpmの回転数で30秒間スピンコートを行った。次いで、160℃で30分間乾燥し、非特許文献1と同様の、PEDOT:PSS層を有する陽極を得た。
厚さ200μmのポリエチレンナフタレート/ITOスパッタ膜で構成された2.25cm2の面積を有する電極上にPt塗布層が形成されている市販品(商品名白金膜付き導電性フィルム:ベクセルテクノロジーズ社製)を陽極として用いた。この陽極と実施例1で得られた色素を添着させた酸化チタン多孔質層を有する陰極と組み合わせ、実施例1と同じ手順で色素増感太陽電池を得た。
2.25cm2の面積を有するFTO電極(FTO層表面抵抗:10Ω/□)上に、スパッタ法によりPtを約350nmの厚みになるように蒸着し、FTO電極上にPt層が形成された陽極を得た。次いで、実施例1で得られた色素を添着させた酸化チタン多孔質層を有する陰極と組み合わせ、実施例1と同じ手順で色素増感太陽電池を得た。
実施例1~7及び比較例1,2の色素増感太陽電池について、ソーラシュミレータによる100mW/cm2、AM1.5Gの照射条件下での電流-電圧特性を評価した。測定は、20℃で、電圧を10mV/sの速度で変化させながら行った。
(a)色素増感太陽電池の製造
実施例11
ガラス容器に蒸留水50mLを導入し、この液にp-ニトロフェノール0.70g(0.10M)、EDOT0.105g(濃度0.0148M)、及びボロジサリチル酸アンモニウム1.4g(濃度0.08M)をこの順番で添加して攪拌し、全てのEDOTが溶解した重合液を得た。得られた重合液に、2.25cm2の面積を有するFTO電極を作用極として、5cm2の面積を有するSUSメッシュを対極として、それぞれ導入し、100μA/cm2の条件で定電流電解重合を3分間又は10分間行った。重合後の作用極を水・メタノールで洗浄した後、150℃で30分間乾燥し、FTO電極上に105nm及び350nmの厚みのPEDOT層(ドーパント:ボロジサリチル酸アニオン)が形成された陽極を得た。PEDOT層の密度は、約1.6g/cm3であった。
実施例11の色素増感太陽電池について、ソーラシュミレータによる100mW/cm2、AM1.5Gの照射条件下での電流-電圧特性を評価した。測定は、20℃で、電圧を10mV/sの速度で変化させながら行った。
Claims (7)
- 光増感剤としての色素を含む半導体層を有する陰極と、
該陰極の半導体層上に積層された、対を成す酸化種と還元種とを含む電解質層と、
該電解質層上に積層された、前記酸化種を前記還元種に変換する触媒として作用する導電性ポリマー層を有する陽極と、
を備えた色素増感太陽電池であって、
前記陽極における導電性ポリマー層が、
3位と4位に置換基を有するチオフェンから成る群から選択された少なくとも一種のモノマーから構成されたポリマーと、
該ポリマーに対するドーパントとしての、非スルホン酸系有機化合物であって該化合物のアニオンの分子量が200以上である少なくとも一種の化合物から発生したアニオンと、
を含み、且つ、100~10000nmの範囲の厚みを有している
ことを特徴とする色素増感太陽電池。 - 前記導電性ポリマー層の密度が1.15~1.80g/cm3の範囲である、請求項1に記載の色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記陰極における半導体層が酸化チタンにより形成されている、請求項1又は2に記載の色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記半導体層の厚みが3~20μmの範囲である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記非スルホン酸系有機化合物が、ボロジサリチル酸及びボロジサリチル酸塩から成る群から選択された少なくとも一種の化合物である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記モノマーが3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェンである、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の色素増感太陽電池。
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CN201380033541.8A CN104412346A (zh) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-26 | 色素敏化太阳能电池 |
JP2014522650A JP6218046B2 (ja) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-26 | 色素増感太陽電池 |
US14/410,819 US20150332858A2 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-26 | Dye-sensitized solar cell |
EP13809151.7A EP2866297B1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-26 | Dye-sensitized solar cell |
KR1020147035317A KR102032808B1 (ko) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-26 | 색소 증감 태양 전지 |
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