WO2014002999A1 - 酵素電極 - Google Patents
酵素電極 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014002999A1 WO2014002999A1 PCT/JP2013/067382 JP2013067382W WO2014002999A1 WO 2014002999 A1 WO2014002999 A1 WO 2014002999A1 JP 2013067382 W JP2013067382 W JP 2013067382W WO 2014002999 A1 WO2014002999 A1 WO 2014002999A1
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- enzyme
- electrode
- oxidoreductase
- enzyme electrode
- detection layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
- C12Q1/005—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
- G01N27/3271—Amperometric enzyme electrodes for analytes in body fluids, e.g. glucose in blood
- G01N27/3272—Test elements therefor, i.e. disposable laminated substrates with electrodes, reagent and channels
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
- C12Q1/005—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes
- C12Q1/006—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes for glucose
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
- G01N27/3271—Amperometric enzyme electrodes for analytes in body fluids, e.g. glucose in blood
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
- G01N27/3271—Amperometric enzyme electrodes for analytes in body fluids, e.g. glucose in blood
- G01N27/3273—Devices therefor, e.g. test element readers, circuitry
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an enzyme electrode.
- the enzyme electrode provided with an electrode and a detection layer containing an enzyme formed on the electrode.
- the enzyme electrode has a structure for taking out electrons generated by the enzyme reaction from the electrode.
- the enzyme contained in the detection layer of the enzyme electrode becomes inactive, the function as the enzyme electrode is impaired.
- One of the factors that obstruct enzymes is inactivation by heat.
- heat may be applied even during use of the enzyme electrode.
- the enzyme electrode has a suitable heat resistance in the sense of extending the life of the enzyme electrode.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an enzyme electrode with improved heat resistance.
- one aspect of the present invention employs the following configuration in order to achieve the above-described object. That is, one aspect of the present invention is an enzyme electrode, which includes an electrode, a detection layer that is in contact with the electrode and includes an oxidoreductase, a water-soluble conductive polymer, and conductive particles. Electrons are exchanged between the enzyme and the electrode by direct electron transfer in the layer.
- the water-soluble conductive polymer is, for example, polyaniline sulfonic acid.
- the oxidoreductase in one aspect of the present invention can have a subunit containing cytochrome.
- the oxidoreductase can have a domain containing cytochrome.
- an oligomer enzyme composed of at least a catalytic subunit and a subunit containing cytochrome can be applied.
- an enzyme composed of at least a catalytic domain and a domain containing cytochrome can be applied.
- Each of the catalytic subunit and the catalytic domain may include at least one of pyrroloquinoline quinone and flavin adenine dinucleotide.
- the electroconductive particle in one side surface of this invention can contain carbon.
- the concentration of the polyaniline sulfonic acid is, for example, 0.01 to 5%.
- the functional group of the polyaniline sulfonic acid is a hydroxyl group or a sulfo group.
- At least one of the electrode and the detection layer in one aspect of the present invention preferably includes conductive particles.
- the enzyme electrode according to one aspect of the present invention is characterized by improved heat resistance.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes an electrode, a detection layer in contact with the electrode, and comprising a redox enzyme, polyaniline sulfonic acid, and conductive particles, and direct electron transfer in the detection layer Is a biosensor including an enzyme electrode in which electrons are transferred between the enzyme and the electrode.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes an electrode, a detection layer that is in contact with the electrode and includes oxidoreductase, polyaniline sulfonic acid, and conductive particles.
- An electronic device including an enzyme electrode that transfers electrons between the enzyme and the electrode by electron transfer.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes an electrode, a detection layer that is in contact with the electrode and includes oxidoreductase, polyaniline sulfonic acid, and conductive particles.
- the apparatus includes an enzyme electrode in which electrons are transferred between the enzyme and the electrode by electron transfer, and a supply unit that supplies current generated by an enzyme reaction at the enzyme electrode to a load.
- the other aspect of this invention can include the electronic device containing the said biosensor and the electronic device containing the said apparatus.
- another aspect of the present invention is a detection that includes an oxidoreductase, polyaniline sulfonic acid, and conductive particles on the electrode, and performs electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode by direct electron transfer. And forming a layer.
- another aspect of the present invention is a reagent characterized in that it includes an oxidoreductase, polyaniline sulfonic acid, and conductive particles, and has improved heat resistance.
- an enzyme electrode with improved heat resistance can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a figure showing typically the structure of the enzyme electrode concerning an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing the inside of the detection layer.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the temperature during heat treatment and the response current when the heat treatment time is fixed.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between time and response current when the heat treatment temperature is fixed and the heat treatment time is varied.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between polyaniline sulfonic acid concentration and heat resistance.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between polyaniline sulfonic acid concentration and heat resistance.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of Test 4 (effect of polymer concentration added to the reagent).
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of Test 5 (effect of heat treatment time).
- FIG. 1 is a figure showing typically the side of the enzyme electrode concerning an embodiment.
- an enzyme electrode 10 includes an electrode 1 and a detection layer 2 formed on the surface of the electrode 1 (the upper surface in FIG. 1).
- the electrode 1 is formed using a metal material such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), palladium, or a carbon material such as carbon.
- the electrode 1 is formed on, for example, an insulating substrate 3 as shown in FIG.
- the insulating substrate 3 is made of thermoplastic resin such as polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), various resins (plastics) such as polyimide resin and epoxy resin, glass, ceramic, paper It is made of an insulating material such as Any known material can be applied as the electrode material forming the electrode 1 and the material of the insulating substrate 3.
- the size and thickness of the electrode 1 and the insulating substrate 3 can be set as appropriate.
- the combination of the insulating substrate 3 and the electrode 1 may be referred to as a “base material”.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a state in the detection layer 2 shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 2, the detection layer 2 is in contact with the electrode 1, and an oxidoreductase 4 (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “enzyme 4”) and a conductive polymer (polyaniline: for example, polyaniline sulfonic acid). ) 5 and no electron transfer mediator.
- enzyme 4 an oxidoreductase 4
- a conductive polymer polyaniline: for example, polyaniline sulfonic acid
- the molecule of the enzyme 4 has a structure intricately entangled with the conductive polymer 5. Electrons generated by the enzyme reaction can move to the electrode 1 directly or along the conductive polymer 5. That is, the enzyme electrode 10 according to the embodiment performs electron transfer between the enzyme 4 and the electrode 1 by direct electron transfer in the detection layer 2.
- the enzyme electrode 10 is a direct electron transfer type enzyme electrode.
- Direct electron transfer type enzyme electrode means that the electrons generated by the enzyme reaction in the detection layer are directly transferred to the electrode without involvement of redox substances such as electron transfer mediators. This is an enzyme electrode of the type in which electron exchange is performed.
- the “direct electron transfer type enzyme electrode” is such that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) generated by the enzyme reaction is oxidized on the electrode when glucose oxidase (GOD) is applied as an enzyme. It is also distinguished from the type of enzyme electrode in which electrons are transferred to the electrode through a substance generated by the enzyme reaction.
- the critical distance at which direct electron transfer occurs in a physiological reaction system is said to be 10-20 mm, and even longer in electron transfer in an electrochemical reaction system composed of an electrode and a biomolecule (enzyme). In this case, it is difficult to detect the transfer of electrons on the electrode unless mass transfer (for example, movement due to diffusion) of the enzyme or mediator is involved.
- the molecule of the enzyme 4 and the conductive polymer 5 are entangled with each other, so that the action (the structural change of the enzyme molecule) exerted on the enzyme 4 by the thermal energy from the outside acts. It is thought to do.
- electrons between the enzyme 4 and the electrode 1 are arranged by arranging a conductive site of the conductive polymer 5 in the vicinity of an electron transfer site of the enzyme 4 (a site where electrons are transferred in the enzyme reaction). It is easy to move. As an effect in one aspect of the present invention, it is considered that the enzyme 4 is surrounded by the conductive polymer 5 so that the environment is easy to maintain the higher order structure of the molecule. In addition, it is considered that the electrons generated from the enzyme 4 are in a state where a plurality of suitable electron transfer paths from the enzyme 4 to the electrode 1 are formed via the conductive portion of the conductive polymer 5.
- the enzyme electrode 10 can have suitable heat resistance.
- the influence of heat stress on the enzyme 4 is mitigated by the thermoelectric conversion characteristics due to the Seebeck effect of the conductive polymer (conductive polymer 5).
- the polyaniline sulfonic acid when polyaniline sulfonic acid is applied as the conductive polymer 5, the polyaniline sulfonic acid has a longer molecular chain showing a ⁇ -electron conjugated system and thus has a higher Seebeck effect, is not water-dispersible, and is water-soluble.
- the affinity (mixing) with the enzyme 4 is good and the enzyme 4 is structurally easily included in the detection layer 2. Therefore, it is considered that the effect of suppressing the thermal influence on the enzyme 4 at least during the production of the enzyme electrode 10 is improved.
- the oxidoreductase that can be applied as the enzyme 4 can include cytochrome.
- the oxidoreductase can also include an electron transfer subunit.
- Examples of the oxidoreductase having an electron transfer subunit include cytochrome-containing glucose dehydrogenase (CyGDH), pyrroloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase (PQQGDH complex), sorbitol dehydrogenase (Sorbitol DH), D-fructose dehydrogenase (Fructose DH), At least one of Agrobacterium tumefasience-derived glucose-3-dehydrogenase (Glucose-3-Dehydrogenase) (G3DH from Agrobacterium tumefasience) and cellobiose dehydrogenase can be selected.
- a subunit containing cytochrome is preferably used.
- the oxidoreductase having a subunit containing cytochrome for example, the above-mentioned CyGDH or a fusion protein of PQQGDH and cytochrome can be applied.
- the oxidoreductase can also contain an electron transfer domain. Examples of the oxidoreductase having an electron transfer domain include cholesterol dehydrogenase (CDH), quinoheme ethanol dehydrogenase (QHEDH (PQQ Ethanol dh), “QHGDH” (fusion enzyme; GDH with heme domain of QHGDH)) One can be selected.
- the electron transfer domain is preferably a domain containing cytochrome. For example, it is preferable to apply the cytochrome domain of QHEDH described above.
- the above-mentioned fusion protein of PQQGDH and cytochrome which is an example of a subunit containing cytochrome
- the cytochrome domain of QHGDH which is an example of a domain containing cytochrome
- the oxidoreductase includes a catalytic subunit, and the catalytic subunit can further include an electron transfer subunit.
- An example of the catalytic subunit is the ⁇ subunit of glucose dehydrogenase containing cytochrome.
- the oxidoreductase it is preferable to apply an oligomeric enzyme composed of at least a catalytic subunit and a subunit containing cytochrome.
- an enzyme composed of at least a catalytic domain and a domain containing cytochrome is preferably applied.
- the oxidoreductase further includes a catalytic domain, and the catalytic domain can further have an electron transfer domain.
- An example of the catalytic domain is a flavin domain of cholesterol dehydrogenase.
- Each of the above-mentioned catalytic subunit and catalytic domain can contain at least one of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
- Polyanilinesulfonic acid As polyaniline sulfonic acid that can be applied as the conductive polymer 5, polyaniline sulfonic acid having various attributes (for example, water solubility) can be applied.
- the concentration of polyaniline sulfonic acid 6 is, for example, 0.01 to 5%, preferably 0.01 to 2%.
- the functional group of polyaniline sulfonic acid is a hydroxyl group or a sulfo group.
- the detection layer 2 of the enzyme electrode 10 can further include conductive particles.
- the conductive particles can include, for example, carbon.
- the conductive particles may be metal particles such as gold, platinum, silver, and palladium, or higher-order structures using carbon as a material.
- the higher order structure may include carbon particles or carbon fine particles such as conductive carbon black, ketjen black, carbon nanotube (CNT), and fullerene.
- the conductive particles at least one of the metal and carbon as described above can be selected.
- the enzyme electrode 10 described above is produced, for example, as follows. That is, a metal layer that functions as the electrode 1 is formed on one surface of the insulating substrate 3. For example, by forming a metal material on one surface of a film-like insulating substrate 3 having a predetermined thickness (for example, about 100 ⁇ m) by physical vapor deposition (PVD, for example, sputtering) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a desired thickness is obtained. A metal layer having a thickness (for example, about 30 nm) is formed. Instead of the metal layer, an electrode layer made of a carbon material can be formed.
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- the detection layer 2 is formed on the electrode 1. That is, a solution (reagent) containing cytochrome-containing oxidoreductase 4 and polyaniline sulfonic acid as conductive polymer 5 is prepared. The solution (reagent) is dropped on the surface of the electrode 1. When the solution (reagent) is solidified on the electrode 1 by drying, the enzyme electrode 10 in which the detection layer 2 is formed on the electrode 1 can be obtained.
- Example 1 ⁇ Ketjen Black: 0.8% ⁇ Water-soluble polyaniline (trade name AquaPASS (hereinafter referred to as “AQP”)): 0.45% ⁇ Glucose dehydrogenase (Cy-GDH) containing cytochrome: 0.56% ⁇ Stabilizer (sucrose): 0.5% -Phosphate buffer (pH 5.8): 16 mM “%” Indicates the concentration by weight of the reagent contained in the reagent solution.
- AQP AquaPASS
- Example 1 and Comparative Example four types (total of eight types) of samples dried at each furnace temperature (drying temperature) of 30 ° C., 80 ° C., 100 ° C., and 120 ° C. were obtained.
- ⁇ Measurement of glucose concentration >> Next, the response current value for glucose 100 mg / dl of the sample after the heat treatment was measured.
- the sample was immersed in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) heated to 37 ° C., a platinum wire was used as the counter electrode, a silver / silver chloride electrode was used as the reference electrode, and the applied voltage to the working electrode was +0. 4 V (vs. Ag / AgCl).
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of Test 1, that is, the relationship between the response current value ( ⁇ A) and the drying temperature (° C.) for the eight types of samples described above.
- the result of the sample according to Example 1 is shown by a white bar graph
- the result of the sample according to the comparative example is shown by a black bar graph.
- a measurement is performed twice using two samples for every kind, and the result shown in FIG. 4 shows the average value of two measurement results.
- the sample without AQP (Comparative Example) showed a clear decrease in response sensitivity as the drying temperature increased, whereas the sample with AQP added ( In Example 1), high response sensitivity was maintained as the drying temperature increased.
- the heat resistance of the electrode response was greatly improved, and the response sensitivity was also improved.
- Example 1 and Comparative Example Eight types of reagent solutions according to Example 1 and Comparative Example were prepared by the same method as in Test 1 described above, and each reagent solution was separated on an electrode on the same substrate as that used in Test 1. Noted. Thereafter, the reagent solution was dried in a low-humidity drying furnace (drying temperature 100 ° C.) to obtain an enzyme electrode (sample). However, in Test 2, the drying time (heat treatment time) in the furnace was changed to 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes, and four types for each of Example 1 and Comparative Example (a total of eight types). An enzyme electrode (sample) was obtained. Then, the response current value with respect to glucose was measured by the same method (measurement method and measurement conditions) as in Test 1.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the result of Test 2, that is, the relationship between the response current value ( ⁇ A) and the drying time (min) for the eight types of samples described above.
- the result of the sample according to Example 1 is shown by a white bar graph
- the result of the sample according to the comparative example is shown by a black bar graph.
- a measurement is performed using two samples for every kind, and the result shown in FIG. 4 shows the average of two measurement results.
- the sample with no AQP added (Comparative Example) showed a tendency for the response sensitivity to decrease remarkably with an increase in the drying time, whereas AQP was added.
- the sample (Example 1) showed a tendency to maintain a suitable response sensitivity regardless of the change in the drying time (lengthening).
- the sample to which AQP is added can have a suitable heat resistance for a long time.
- ⁇ Test 3> four types of reagent solutions with different concentrations of AQP were prepared.
- the concentration (% by weight) of AQP was 0 (comparative example), 0.20%, 0.45% (Example 1), and 1%.
- the components in the reagent solution excluding AQP were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the reagent solution was dispensed on the electrodes in the same manner as in Test 1, and the drying temperature was 100 ° C. for 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes. 16 types of enzyme electrodes (samples) dried at each drying temperature were obtained. And the response current value with respect to glucose was measured by the same method as Test 1.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of Test 3, that is, the relationship between the drying time (heat treatment time) (minutes) and the response current value ( ⁇ A) for each sample.
- FIG. 5 four bar graphs are shown for each heat treatment time.
- the four bar graphs show response current values (response sensitivities) of AQP concentrations of 0, 0.20%, 0.45%, and 1% in order from the left.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relative response sensitivity (%) at heat treatment times of 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes when the response sensitivity at the heat treatment time of 10 minutes in Test 3 is 100%.
- four bar graphs are shown for each heat treatment time.
- the four bar graphs show relative response sensitivities of AQP concentrations of 0, 0.20%, 0.45%, and 1% in order from the left.
- Test 3 the measurement for one type of sample was performed twice using two samples of the same type.
- the results shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 show the average value of the two measurement results.
- the concentration of AQP is 1%
- the response sensitivity is more than twice as high as the response sensitivity when the heat treatment time is 10 minutes in any heat treatment time of 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 120 minutes.
- the upper limit concentration of polyaniline sulfonic acid for the enzyme electrode to obtain suitable heat resistance is 5% or less, preferably 1% or less, taking into account the ease of preparation of the enzyme electrode.
- the lower limit concentration for obtaining suitable heat resistance is 0.01% or more, preferably 0.2% or more, and more preferably 0.45% or more.
- the procedure for preparing the glucose sensor is as follows. That is, 0.1 ul of the mixed reagent was dropped on the electrode, allowed to stand at room temperature for 20 minutes, and then dried at a furnace temperature of 120 ° C. for 30 minutes using an oven.
- the glucose response current (response sensitivity) was measured by amperometry in a PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) solution. Specifically, the applied voltage is +0.4 V (vs. Ag / AgCl), and 2 M glucose aqueous solution is added so that the final concentration becomes 100 mg / dL after the background current reaches the plateau in the PBS solution. did.
- the response current value of the glucose sensor with respect to the addition of the aqueous glucose solution was recorded as the response current value after the addition, and the value obtained by subtracting the background current value was used as the response current value.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of Test 4 obtained by the above-described evaluation procedure.
- an appropriate response current value is obtained over a concentration of 0.1 to 2%.
- enzymes are inactivated at high temperatures.
- an appropriate response current value can be obtained even at a high temperature of 120 ° C., it can be seen that the enzyme is appropriately protected from heat by polyaniline sulfonic acid.
- the range that can be taken as the concentration of polyaniline sulfonic acid is 5% or less, preferably 2% or less, more preferably 1% or less, considering the ease of production of the enzyme electrode.
- the lower limit concentration for obtaining heat resistance is 0.01% or more, preferably 0.2% or more, and more preferably 0.45% or more, from the results shown in FIG. Can do.
- Test 5 the results of testing the influence of the heat treatment time of the glucose sensor will be described.
- a mixed reagent having the composition described with respect to test 4 was dropped onto a 0.1 ul electrode, allowed to stand at room temperature for 20 minutes, and then used in an oven at a predetermined furnace temperature (100 ° C.).
- a plurality of glucose sensors that had undergone heat treatment for a plurality of different drying times were used.
- the electrode configuration of the glucose sensor and the evaluation procedure in Test 5 are the same as in Test 4.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of Test 5.
- FIG. 8 shows four graphs showing the relationship between the polymer concentration and the response current value for four heat treatment times (10 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes). It can be seen that at any polymer concentration, a response current value applicable as a glucose sensor is obtained without being affected by the heat treatment time. Therefore, it can be seen that a glucose sensor using polyaniline sulfonic acid is not significantly affected by response sensitivity even when kept at a high temperature for a long time (appropriate heat resistance can be exhibited).
- the enzyme electrode 10 can be applied to, for example, a biosensor or an electronic device (for example, a measuring device) that is applied to glucose measurement as described above.
- a power supply device that supplies current generated by an enzyme reaction (current due to electrons transmitted to the electrode) as power to the load through a supply unit that connects the electrode and the load.
- the electronic device can include an electronic device including the biosensor to which the enzyme electrode according to the embodiment is applied, and an electronic device including the device (power supply device) to which the enzyme electrode according to the embodiment is applied.
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Abstract
Description
上記ポリアニリンスルホン酸の濃度は、例えば、0.01~5%である。また、上記ポリアニリンスルホン酸の官能基は、水酸基又はスルホ基である。
本発明の他の側面の一つは、電極と、前記電極と接触し、酸化還元酵素と、ポリアニリンスルホン酸と、導電性粒子とを含む検知層と、を含み、前記検知層における直接電子移動によって前記酵素と前記電極間で電子授受が行われる酵素電極を備えたバイオセンサである。
図1は、実施形態に係る酵素電極の側面を模式的に示した図である。図1において、酵素電極10は、電極1と、電極1の表面(図1では上面)に形成された検知層2とを備える。
電極1は、金(Au),白金(Pt),銀(Ag),パラジウムのような金属材料、或いはカーボンのような炭素材料を用いて形成される。電極1は、例えば、図1に示すような絶縁性基板3上に形成される。絶縁性基板3は、ポリエーテルイミド(PEI),ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET),ポリエチレン(PE)のような熱可塑性樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、エポキシ樹脂のような各種の樹脂(プラスチック),ガラス,セラミック,紙のような絶縁性材料で形成される。電極1をなす電極材料,及び絶縁性基板3の材料は、公知のあらゆる材料を適用することができる。電極1及び絶縁性基板3の大きさ、厚さは適宜設定可能である。以下、絶縁性基板3と電極1との組合せを「基材」と呼ぶこともある。
図2は、図1に示した検知層2内の状態を模式的に示す。図2に示すように、検知層2は、電極1と接触し、酸化還元酵素4(以下、単に“酵素4”と表記することもある)と、導電性ポリマー(ポリアニリン:例えば、ポリアニリンスルホン酸)5を含んでおり、電子伝達メディエータを含んでいない。
酵素4として適用し得る酸化還元酵素は、シトクロムを含むことができる。また、酸化還元酵素は、電子伝達サブユニットを含むことができる。電子伝達サブユニットを有する酸化還元酵素としては、例えば、シトクロムを含むグルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ(CyGDH)、ピロロキノリンキノングルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ(PQQGDH複合体)、ソルビトールデヒドロゲナーゼ(Sorbitol DH)、D-フルクトースデヒドロゲナーゼ(Fructose DH)、Agrobacterium tumefasience由来のグルコース-3-デヒドロゲナーゼ(Glucose-3-Dehydrogenase)(G3DH from Agrobacterium tumefasience)、セロビオースデヒドロゲナーゼのうちから少なくとも1つを選択することができる。電子伝達サブユニットとしては、シトクロムを含むサブユニットを適用するのが好ましい。シトクロムを含むサブユニットを有する酸化還元酵素としては、例えば、上述したCyGDHや、PQQGDHとシトクロムとの融合蛋白質を適用することができる。また、酸化還元酵素は、電子伝達ドメインを含むことができる。電子伝達ドメインを有する酸化還元酵素としては、例えば、コレステロールデヒドロゲナーゼ(CDH)、キノヘムエタノールデヒドロゲナーゼ(QHEDH (PQQ Ethanol dh), “QHGDH” (fusion enzyme; GDH with heme domain of QHGDH))のうちから少なくとも1つを選択することができる。電子伝達ドメインは、シトクロムを含むドメインを適用するのが好ましい。例えば、上記したQHEDHのシトクロムドメインを適用するのが好ましい。
また、酸化還元酵素は、触媒サブユニットを含み、更に、当該触媒サブユニットは、電子伝達サブユニットを有することができる。触媒サブニットの一例として、シトクロムを含むグルコースデヒドロゲナーゼのαサブユニットを挙げることができる。酸化還元酵素としては、少なくとも触媒サブユニットおよびシトクロムを含むサブユニットから構成されているオリゴマー酵素を適用するのが好ましい。また、酸化還元酵素は、少なくとも触媒ドメインおよびシトクロムを含むドメインから構成されている酵素を適用するのが好ましい。
また、酸化還元酵素は、更に、触媒ドメインを含み、更に、当該触媒ドメインは、電子伝達ドメインを有することができる。触媒ドメインの一例として、コレステロールデヒドロゲナーゼのフラビンドメインを挙げることができる。
上記した触媒サブユニット、及び触媒ドメインのそれぞれは、ピロロキノリンキノン(PQQ)、フラビンアデニンジヌクレオチド(FAD)のうち少なくとも一方を含むことができる。
導電性ポリマー5として適用し得るポリアニリンスルホン酸として、様々な属性(例えば、水溶性)を有するポリアニリンスルホン酸を適用することができる。ポリアニリンスルホン酸6の濃度は、例えば、0.01~5%であり、好ましくは0.01~2%である。また、ポリアニリンスルホン酸の官能基は、水酸基又はスルホ基である。
酵素電極10の検知層2は、図示しないが、導電性粒子をさらに含むことができる。検知層2が導電性粒子を含むことで、より好適な電極への電子伝達を期待することができる。導電性粒子は、例えば炭素を含むことができる。具体的には、導電性粒子は、金、白金、銀、パラジウムのような金属製粒子、或いは、炭素を材料とした高次構造体を適用することができる。高次構造体は、例えば、導電性カーボンブラック,ケッチェンブラック,カーボンナノチューブ(CNT),フラーレンのような、炭素粒子又は炭素微粒子を含むことができる。導電性粒子は、上記のような金属及び炭素の少なくとも一方を選択することができる。
〔酵素電極の作製方法〕
上記した酵素電極10は、例えば、以下のようにして作製される。すなわち、絶縁性基板3の片面に、電極1として機能する金属層を形成する。例えば、所定の厚さ(例えば100μm程度)のフィルム状の絶縁性基板3の片面に、金属材料を物理蒸着(PVD,例えばスパッタリング)、或いは化学蒸着(CVD)によって成膜することによって、所望の厚さ(例えば30nm程度)を有する金属層が形成される。金属層の代わりに、炭素材料で形成された電極層を形成することもできる。
以下、酵素電極の実施例について説明する。
<<試薬溶液の調製>>
最初に、以下のような実施例1、比較例に係る2種類の試薬溶液を調製した。
・ケッチェンブラック:0.8%
・水溶性ポリアニリン(商品名AquaPASS (以下“AQP”と表記)):0.45%
・シトクロムを含むグルコース脱水素酵素(Cy-GDH):0.56%
・安定化剤(スクロース):0.5%
・リン酸バッファ(pH5.8):16mM
なお、“%”は、試薬溶液中に含まれる試薬の重量%濃度を示す。
・ケッチェンブラック:0.8%
・シトクロムを含むグルコース脱水素酵素(Cy-GDH):0.56%
・安定化剤(スクロース):0.5%
・リン酸バッファ(pH5.8):16mM
なお、“%”は、試薬溶液中に含まれる試薬の重量%濃度を示す。このように、比較例の試薬溶液は、実施例1の試薬溶液からAQPが除かれたものである。
次に、片面に金蒸着によって電極(電極層)が形成された複数の絶縁性基板(基材)を用意し、各絶縁性基板に実施例1、比較例に係る試薬溶液を夫々分注し、低湿度乾燥炉で30分間放置し、乾燥させた。このようにして、試薬が電極上で固化することにより検知層が形成された実施例1に係る酵素電極(試料)と、比較例に係る酵素電極(試料)とを得た。
<<グルコース濃度の測定>>
次に、熱処理後の上記試料のグルコース100mg/dlに対する応答電流値の測定を行った。グルコース測定は、37℃に加温したリン酸バッファ(pH7.4)中に上記試料を浸漬し、対極に白金線、参照極に銀/塩化銀電極を用い、作用極への印加電圧を+0.4V(vs.Ag/AgCl)とした。
図3は、試験1の結果、すなわち上記した8種類の試料に対する応答電流値(μA)と乾燥温度(℃)との関係を示すグラフである。図3において、実施例1に係る試料の結果は白の棒グラフで示し、比較例に係る試料の結果は黒の棒グラフで示す。なお、測定は、種類毎に、2つの試料を用いて2回行い、図4に示す結果は、2回の測定結果の平均値を示す。
上記した試験1と同様の手法で、実施例1及び比較例に係る8種類の試薬溶液を調製するとともに、試験1で用いた基材と同様の基材における電極上に、各試薬溶液を分注した。その後、低湿度乾燥炉(乾燥温度100℃)で、試薬溶液を乾燥させて、酵素電極(試料)を得た。但し、試験2では、炉内での乾燥時間(熱処理時間)を、10分,30分,60分,120分と変化させて、実施例1、比較例の夫々について4種類(合計8種類)の酵素電極(試料)を得た。その後、試験1と同様の手法(測定手法及び測定条件)で、グルコースに対する応答電流値の測定を行った。
次に、AQPの濃度を変えた4種類の試薬溶液を調製した。AQPの濃度(重量%)は、0(比較例),0.20%,0.45%(実施例1),1%とした。なお、AQPを除く試薬溶液中の成分は、実施例1と同じ内容で調製した。
図5は、試験3の結果、すなわち、各試料に係る乾燥時間(熱処理時間)(分)と応答電流値(μA)との関係を示すグラフである。図5において、各熱処理時間に対し、4つの棒グラフが示されている。4つの棒グラフは、左から順に、AQPの濃度が0,0.20%,0.45%,1%の応答電流値(応答感度)を示す。
次に、試薬溶液中に添加する導電性ポリマーの濃度の影響についての試験を行った結果について説明する。
グルコースセンサの調製手順は以下の通りである。すなわち、電極上に混合試薬を0.1ul滴下し、室温で20分間静置させた後、オーブンを用い、120℃の炉内温度で30分間乾燥させた。
[混合試薬の組成(“%”は重量%濃度)]
・カーボンブラック:4%
・Tween20水溶液:1.6%(界面活性剤)
・安定化剤:0.5%
・リン酸バッファ(pH7.0):16mM
・グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ(GDH)水溶液:5.6mg/ml
・ポリアニリンスルホン酸水溶液(0,0.01%,0.05%,0.1%,0.2%,0.4%,0.75%,1%,1.5%,2%)
・水(H2O)
<<評価手順>>
上記により調製したグルコースセンサの電極として、作用極及び参照極には銀/塩化銀電極(Ag/AgCl(BAS社製))を用い、対極には白金(Pt)線を用いた。このようなグルコースセンサを用い、PBS(Phosphate Buffered Saline)溶液中でアンペロメトリーによるグルコース応答電流(応答感度)を測定した。具体的には、印加電圧を+0.4V(vs.Ag/AgCl)とし、PBS溶液中でバックグラウンドの電流がプラトーに達してから終濃度が100mg/dLとなるように、2Mグルコース水溶液を添加した。グルコース水溶液の添加に対するグルコースセンサの応答電流値は、添加後の応答電流値を記録し、バックグラウンドの電流値を差し引いた値を応答電流値とした。
図7は、上記した評価手順により得られた試験4の結果を示すグラフである。図7を見ると、120℃では、0.1~2%の濃度に亘って、適当な応答電流値が得られていることが分かる。通常、酵素は高温下で失活する。これに対し、120℃という高温を経ても適当な応答電流値が得られることから、ポリアニリンスルホン酸によって酵素が熱から適正に保護されていることが分かる。そして、ポリアニリンスルホン酸の濃度として採り得る範囲が、酵素電極の作成の容易さを考慮すると5%以下であり、好ましくは2%以下であり、さらに好ましくは1%以下であり、また、好適な熱耐性を得るための下限濃度としては、0.01%以上であり、好ましくは0.2%以上、さらに好ましくは0.45%以上であることも、図7に示した結果から把握することができる。
次に、試験5として、グルコースセンサの熱処理時間による影響について試験を行った結果について説明する。試験5では、試験4に関して説明した組成を有する混合試薬を0.1ul電極上に滴下し、20分間、室温下で静置させた後、オーブンを用い、所定の炉内温度(100℃)で、複数の異なる乾燥時間(熱処理時間10分,30分,60分,120分)の熱処理を経た複数のグルコースセンサを用いた。試験5におけるグルコースセンサの電極構成,及び評価手順は、試験4と同じである。
上述した酵素電極10によれば、電極1上に酸化還元酵素4及び導電性ポリマー5(例えばポリアニリンスルホン酸)を含む検知層2を形成することで、好適な熱耐性を得ることができる。これによって、熱による酵素ないし試薬の機能低下、或いは機能損失を抑えることができる。このように、酵素電極10がその運搬、保管、使用時の夫々において、好適な熱耐性を発揮することで、酵素電極10の寿命を延ばすことができる。
2・・・検知層
3・・・絶縁性基板
4・・・酵素
5・・・導電性ポリマー
10・・・酵素電極
Claims (18)
- 電極と、
前記電極と接触し、酸化還元酵素と、水溶性導電性ポリマーと、導電性粒子とを含む検知層と、を含み、
前記検知層における直接電子移動によって前記酵素と前記電極間で電子授受が行われることを特徴とする、酵素電極。 - 前記水溶性導電性ポリマーが、ポリアニリンスルホン酸である
請求項1に記載の酵素電極。 - 前記酸化還元酵素は、シトクロムを含むサブユニットを有することを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の酵素電極。
- 前記酸化還元酵素は、シトクロムを含むドメインを有することを特徴とする、
請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の酵素電極。 - 前記酸化還元酵素は、少なくとも触媒サブユニットおよびシトクロムを含むサブユニットから構成されているオリゴマー酵素であることを特徴とする、
請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の酵素電極。 - 前記酸化還元酵素は、少なくとも触媒ドメインおよびシトクロムを含むドメインから構成されている酵素であることを特徴とする、
請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の酵素電極。 - 前記触媒サブユニットが、ピロロキノリンキノン、フラビンアデニンジヌクレオチドの少なくとも何れかを含むことを特徴とする、
請求項5に記載の酵素電極。 - 前記触媒ドメインが、ピロロキノリンキノン、フラビンアデニンジヌクレオチドの少なくとも何れかを含むことを特徴とする、
請求項6に記載の酵素電極。 - 前記導電性粒子は、炭素を含むことを特徴とする、
請求項1から8のいずれか1項に記載の酵素電極。 - 前記ポリアニリンスルホン酸の濃度は、0.01~2%である
請求項2に記載の酵素電極。 - 前記ポリアニリンスルホン酸の官能基は、水酸基又はスルホ基である
請求項2又は10に記載の酵素電極。 - 前記酵素電極において、熱耐性が向上したことを特徴とする、
請求項1、10、11のいずれか1項に記載の酵素電極。 - 電極と、前記電極と接触し、酸化還元酵素と、水溶性導電性ポリマーと、導電性粒子とを含む検知層と、を含み、前記検知層における直接電子移動によって前記酵素と前記電極間で電子授受が行われる酵素電極を備えたバイオセンサ。
- 請求項13に記載のバイオセンサを含む電子機器。
- 電極と、前記電極と接触し、酸化還元酵素と、水溶性導電性ポリマーと、導電性粒子とを含む検知層と、を含み、前記検知層における直接電子移動によって前記酵素と前記電極間で電子授受が行われる酵素電極と、
前記酵素電極での酵素反応によって生じた電流を負荷に供給する供給部と
を含む装置。 - 請求項15に記載の装置を含む電子機器。
- 電極上に、酸化還元酵素と、水溶性導電性ポリマーと、導電性粒子とを含む、直接電子移動によって前記酵素と前記電極間で電子授受を行う検知層を形成する、
ことを含む酵素電極の製造方法。 - 酸化還元酵素と、
水溶性導電性ポリマーと、
導電性粒子と
を含み、熱耐性を向上させたことを特徴とする試薬。
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EP3037812A1 (en) * | 2014-12-24 | 2016-06-29 | ARKRAY, Inc. | Enzyme electrode |
JP2017075940A (ja) * | 2015-10-15 | 2017-04-20 | アークレイ株式会社 | バイオセンサ |
JP2017173317A (ja) * | 2016-03-16 | 2017-09-28 | アークレイ株式会社 | 電気化学式バイオセンサを用いた物質の測定方法及び測定装置 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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BR112014032201A2 (pt) | 2017-06-27 |
JP6186630B2 (ja) | 2017-08-30 |
CN104520700B (zh) | 2016-08-17 |
CN104520700A (zh) | 2015-04-15 |
JPWO2014002999A1 (ja) | 2016-06-02 |
US20150129425A1 (en) | 2015-05-14 |
EP2866024A4 (en) | 2016-03-09 |
EP2866024B1 (en) | 2020-03-18 |
EP2866024A1 (en) | 2015-04-29 |
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