WO2013191210A1 - C12a7エレクトライドの薄膜の製造方法、およびc12a7エレクトライドの薄膜 - Google Patents
C12a7エレクトライドの薄膜の製造方法、およびc12a7エレクトライドの薄膜 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013191210A1 WO2013191210A1 PCT/JP2013/066850 JP2013066850W WO2013191210A1 WO 2013191210 A1 WO2013191210 A1 WO 2013191210A1 JP 2013066850 W JP2013066850 W JP 2013066850W WO 2013191210 A1 WO2013191210 A1 WO 2013191210A1
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- Prior art keywords
- thin film
- electride
- amorphous
- target
- substrate
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- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 175
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 66
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 21
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 29
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 26
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 18
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 13
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 11
- -1 oxygen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 10
- TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K tri(quinolin-8-yloxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1 TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 10
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 8
- IBHBKWKFFTZAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-[4-(n-naphthalen-1-ylanilino)phenyl]phenyl]-n-phenylnaphthalen-1-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)C=C1 IBHBKWKFFTZAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004506 ultrasonic cleaning Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004453 electron probe microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004402 ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001755 magnetron sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000013081 microcrystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003223 poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000000851 scanning transmission electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aspirin Chemical compound CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910014472 Ca—O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DKNPRRRKHAEUMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iodine aqueous Chemical compound [K+].I[I-]I DKNPRRRKHAEUMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005084 Strontium aluminate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001312 dry etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003779 heat-resistant material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002496 iodine Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001659 ion-beam spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001028 reflection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002040 relaxant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005477 sputtering target Methods 0.000 description 1
- FNWBQFMGIFLWII-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium aluminate Chemical group [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Sr+2].[Sr+2] FNWBQFMGIFLWII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001947 vapour-phase growth Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/08—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances oxides
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/08—Oxides
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/08—Oxides
- C23C14/082—Oxides of alkaline earth metals
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
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- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/66—Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering
- C04B2235/661—Multi-step sintering
- C04B2235/662—Annealing after sintering
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- H10K50/805—Electrodes
- H10K50/82—Cathodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a thin film of C12A7 electride and a thin film of C12A7 electride.
- the crystalline C12A7 has a representative composition represented by 12CaO.7Al 2 O 3 (hereinafter referred to as “C12A7”), and has three-dimensionally connected voids (cages) having a diameter of about 0.4 nm. It has a typical crystal structure.
- the skeleton constituting this cage is positively charged and forms 12 cages per unit cell.
- One-sixth of this cage is occupied by oxygen ions in order to satisfy the electrical neutrality condition of the crystal.
- the oxygen ions in the cage are particularly called free oxygen ions because they have characteristics that are chemically different from other oxygen ions constituting the skeleton.
- the crystalline C12A7 is also expressed as [Ca 24 Al 28 O 64 ] 4 + ⁇ 2O 2 ⁇ (Non-patent Document 1).
- S12A7 12SrO ⁇ 7Al 2 O 3
- S12A7 12SrO ⁇ 7Al 2 O 3
- C12A7 and S12A7 having an arbitrary mixing ratio of Ca and Sr.
- the crystalline C12A7 having such conductivity is particularly called crystalline C12A7 electride. Since the crystalline C12A7 electride has a very low work function of about 2.4 eV, it is expected to be applied to cold electron emission sources and electron injection electrodes for organic EL devices, or reducing agents utilizing chemical reactions. Has been.
- a bulk body of crystalline C12A7 electride is manufactured by sintering a crystalline C12A7 electride powder in a high-temperature reducing atmosphere (Patent Document 1).
- the temperature of this sintering process is about 1200 ° C., for example.
- a glass substrate is often used as a versatile substrate in various electrical devices and / or elements.
- the heat resistance temperature of general-purpose glass substrates is at most about 700 ° C., and it is difficult to form a thin film of crystalline C12A7 electride on a glass substrate by the conventional method because of the heat resistance temperature of the glass substrate. .
- the present invention has been made in view of such a background, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method capable of producing a thin film of C12A7 electride at a relatively low process temperature.
- the present inventors have found a novel amorphous thin film, which is different from the crystalline C12A7 electride thin film, and a method for producing the same.
- a method for producing a thin film of C12A7 electride Using a crystalline C12A7 electride target having an electron density of 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 to 2.3 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 , a substrate is formed by vapor deposition under a low oxygen partial pressure atmosphere. There is provided a manufacturing method characterized in that a thin film of amorphous C12A7 electride is formed by forming a film thereon.
- the target may be subjected to surface polishing treatment.
- the vapor deposition method may be a sputtering method.
- the sputtering method is selected from the group consisting of He (helium), Ne (neon), N 2 (nitrogen), Ar (argon), NO (nitrogen monoxide), Kr (krypton), and Xe (xenon). It may be carried out using at least one selected gas species.
- the target may be subjected to pre-sputtering treatment.
- the pre-sputtering treatment is performed by using at least one gas species selected from the group consisting of He (helium), Ne (neon), N 2 (nitrogen), Ar (argon), and NO (nitrogen monoxide). May be used.
- the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film may have a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the substrate may be used in an unheated state.
- the substrate may be a glass substrate.
- the electron density is in the range of 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 to 2.3 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 ; Shows light absorption at a photon energy position of 4.6 eV, A thin film of C12A7 electride is provided that is amorphous.
- the thin film according to the present invention comprises calcium, aluminum, and oxygen,
- the molar ratio of calcium to aluminum may be in the range of 13:12 to 11:16.
- the light absorption value at the position of 4.6 eV may be 100 cm ⁇ 1 or more. It may be 200 cm ⁇ 1 or more.
- the thin film according to the present invention may have a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the thin film according to the present invention may be formed on a glass substrate.
- a crystalline C12A7 electride target having an electron density of 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 to 2.3 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 is used in an atmosphere of low oxygen partial pressure.
- the present invention provides an amorphous thin film composed of an electride of an amorphous solid substance containing calcium, aluminum, and oxygen.
- the electron density is in the range of 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more and 2.3 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and light absorption is performed at a photon energy position of 4.6 eV. May be shown.
- the concentration of F + center may be less than 5 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the ratio of the light absorption coefficient at a position of 3.3 eV to the light absorption coefficient at a photon energy position of 4.6 eV may be 0.35 or less.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a method capable of producing a C12A7 electride thin film at a relatively low process temperature.
- the present invention can provide a novel amorphous thin film.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a Tauc plot of Sample 5.
- 6 is a graph showing measurement results of internal transmittance obtained in Sample 6 together with the same results of Sample 5.
- FIG. 7 It is a graph which shows the work function measured by the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy about the sample 7.
- FIG. It is the graph which showed the light absorption coefficient of the amorphous thin film formed into a film by the vapor phase vapor deposition method in the atmosphere of low oxygen partial pressure using the target of crystalline C12A7 electride.
- the graph which showed the kinetic energy spectrum of the photoelectron in the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of the amorphous thin film formed into a film by the vapor phase vapor deposition method in the atmosphere of low oxygen partial pressure using the target of crystalline C12A7 electride is there.
- Crystal C12A7 means a crystal of 12CaO ⁇ 7Al 2 O 3 and an isomorphous compound having a crystal structure equivalent to this.
- the mineral name of this compound is “mayenite”.
- the crystalline C12A7 in the present invention is a compound in which some or all of Ca atoms and / or Al atoms in the C12A7 crystal skeleton are substituted with other atoms within a range in which the cage structure formed by the skeleton of the crystal lattice is maintained.
- the same type compound may be used in which some or all of the free oxygen ions in the cage are replaced with other anions.
- C12A7 is sometimes denoted as Ca 12 Al 14 O 33 or Ca 24 Al 28 O 66.
- Examples of the isomorphous compound include, but are not limited to, the following compounds (1) to (4).
- a compound in which some or all of Ca atoms are substituted with Sr is strontium aluminate Sr 12 Al 14 O 33 , and calcium strontium aluminum is used as a mixed crystal in which the mixing ratio of Ca and Sr is arbitrarily changed.
- Nate Ca 12-x Sr X Al 14 O 33 (x is an integer of 1 to 11; in the case of an average value, it is a number greater than 0 and less than 12).
- a part of metal atoms and / or nonmetal atoms (excluding oxygen atoms) in the 12CaO.7Al 2 O 3 crystal (including the compounds of (1) and (2) above) is Ti, One or more transition metal atoms selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, or one or more alkali metals selected from the group consisting of typical metal atoms, Li, Na, and K
- a compound in which some or all of the free oxygen ions included in the cage are replaced with other anions include, for example, anions such as H ⁇ , H 2 ⁇ , H 2 ⁇ , O ⁇ , O 2 ⁇ , OH ⁇ , F ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , and S 2 ⁇ , and nitrogen (N). There are anions.
- the “crystalline C12A7 electride” means that in the above-mentioned “crystalline C12A7”, free oxygen ions included in the cage (in the case of having other anions included in the cage, the anions) ) Means a compound in which part or all of them are substituted with electrons.
- crystalline C12A7 electride shows electroconductivity.
- crystalline C12A7 in which all free oxygen ions are replaced with electrons may be expressed as [Ca 24 Al 28 O 64 ] 4+ (4e ⁇ ).
- amorphous C12A7 electride means an amorphous solid substance having a composition equivalent to that of crystalline C12A7 electride, consisting of solvation having amorphous C12A7 as a solvent and electrons as a solute. means.
- FIG. 1 conceptually shows the structure of amorphous C12A7 electride.
- each cage shares a plane and is three-dimensionally stacked to form a crystal lattice, and electrons are included in a part of these cages.
- a characteristic partial structure called bipolaron 5 is present in a dispersed state in solvent 2 made of amorphous C12A7.
- the bipolarlon 5 is configured such that two cages 3 are adjacent to each other, and an electron (solute) 4 is included in each cage 3.
- the state of the amorphous C12A7 electride is not limited to the above, and two electrons (solutes) 4 may be included in one cage 3.
- a plurality of these cages may be aggregated, and the aggregated cage can be regarded as a microcrystal. Therefore, a state in which the microcrystal is included in the amorphous is also regarded as amorphous in the present invention.
- Amorphous C12A7 electride exhibits semiconducting electrical properties and has a low work function.
- the work function may be 2.4 to 4.5 eV, or 3 to 4 eV.
- the work function of the amorphous C12A7 electride is preferably 2.8 to 3.2 eV.
- Amorphous C12A7 electride has a high ionization potential.
- the ionization potential may be 7.0 to 9.0 eV, or 7.5 to 8.5 eV.
- Bipolarlon 5 has almost no light absorption in the visible light range where the photon energy is 1.55 eV to 3.10 eV, and shows light absorption in the vicinity of 4.6 eV. Therefore, the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film is transparent in visible light. Also, by measuring the light absorption characteristics of the sample and measuring the light absorption coefficient in the vicinity of 4.6 eV, whether or not the bipolaron 5 is present in the sample, that is, whether or not the sample has an amorphous C12A7 electride. Can be confirmed.
- the two adjacent cages 3 constituting the bipolaron 5 are Raman-active, and show a characteristic peak in the vicinity of 186 cm ⁇ 1 in the Raman spectroscopic measurement.
- C12A7 electride means a concept including both the above-mentioned “crystalline C12A7 electride” and “amorphous C12A7 electride”.
- “Crystalline C12A7 electride” includes Ca atoms, Al atoms, and O atoms, the molar ratio of Ca: Al is in the range of 13:13 to 11:15, and the molar ratio of Ca: Al is 12 It is preferably in the range of 5: 13.5 to 11.5: 14.5, and more preferably in the range of 12.2: 13.8 to 11.8: 14.2.
- the “amorphous C12A7 electride” includes Ca atoms, Al atoms, and O atoms, and the molar ratio of Ca: Al is in the range of 13:12 to 11:16.
- the molar ratio of Ca: Al is 13:13 to 11:15 is preferable, and 12.5: 13.5 to 11.5: 14.5 is more preferable.
- a thin film of “amorphous C12A7 electride” to be described later is composed of Ca, Al, and O in the above composition range with 67% or more of the whole, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 95% or more. It is preferable.
- a method for producing a thin film of C12A7 electride (A) providing a crystalline C12A7 electride target having an electron density of 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 to 2.3 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 ; (B) A thin film of amorphous C12A7 electride is formed by forming a film on the substrate by vapor phase deposition using an oxygen partial pressure of less than 0.1 Pa using the target. Steps, The manufacturing method characterized by having is provided.
- the conventional method for producing C12A7 electride is mainly intended to produce a bulk body, and has a high-temperature heat treatment process such as 1200 ° C. or higher. Therefore, this manufacturing method may not be suitable as a method for manufacturing a thin film-like C12A7 electride on a substrate.
- a crystalline C12A7 electride target is used, and an amorphous C12A7 electride thin film is formed by vapor deposition under a condition in which the oxygen partial pressure is controlled.
- a conventional heat treatment step at a high temperature of, for example, 1200 ° C. or higher is unnecessary. That is, in the manufacturing method according to an embodiment of the present invention, an amorphous C12A7 electride thin film can be manufactured at a relatively low process temperature, thereby relaxing or eliminating restrictions on heat resistance of the substrate, A thin film of C12A7 electride can be formed on various substrates.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a flow of a method for producing a thin film of C12A7 electride according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the target is composed of crystalline C12A7 electride.
- the manufacturing method of the target made of crystalline C12A7 electride is not particularly limited.
- the target may be manufactured using, for example, a conventional method for manufacturing a bulk crystalline C12A7 electride.
- a crystalline C12A7 sintered body is subjected to heat treatment at about 1150 to 1460 ° C., preferably about 1200 to 1400 ° C. in the presence of a reducing agent such as Ti, Al, Ca, or C.
- a target made of quality C12A7 electride may be manufactured.
- a green compact formed by compressing a crystalline C12A7 powder may be used as a target.
- a crystalline C12A7 sintered body is effectively heat-treated at 1230 to 1415 ° C.
- a target made of quality C12A7 electride can be produced.
- a target having an area of 3 inches (76.2 mm) or more in diameter and a thickness of 2 mm or more can be produced, and more preferably, a target having an area of 4 inches (101.6 mm) or more in diameter and a thickness of 3 mm or more.
- the electron density of the target that is, crystalline C12A7 electride is in the range of 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 to 2.3 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the electron density of the crystalline C12A7 electride is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 or more, further preferably 5 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 or more, and 1 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 or more is particularly preferable.
- the higher the electron density of the crystalline C12A7 electride constituting the target the easier it is to obtain an amorphous C12A7 electride having a lower work function.
- the electron density of the crystalline C12A7 electride is more preferably 1.4 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 or more, and 1.7 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 or more is more preferable, and 2 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 or more is particularly preferable.
- the electron density of the crystalline C12A7 electride is 2.3 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the electron density of the crystalline C12A7 electride is less than 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 , the electron density of the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film obtained by film formation becomes small.
- the electron density of C12A7 electride can be measured by the iodine titration method.
- the electron density of the crystalline C12A7 electride can be measured by a light absorption measurement method. Since the crystalline C12A7 electride has a specific light absorption around 2.8 eV, the electron density can be determined by measuring the absorption coefficient. In particular, when the sample is a sintered body, it is convenient to use the diffuse reflection method after pulverizing the sintered body into a powder.
- the obtained target is used as a raw material source when a thin film of C12A7 electride is formed in the next step.
- the surface of the target may be polished by mechanical means before use.
- a bulk body of crystalline C12A7 electride obtained by a conventional method may have a very thin film (foreign matter) on the surface.
- the composition of the obtained thin film may deviate from a desired composition ratio.
- such a problem can be significantly suppressed by carrying out the polishing treatment of the target surface.
- vapor deposition refers to vapor deposition of a target material including a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, a PLD method, a sputtering method, and a vacuum deposition method, and then depositing this material on a substrate.
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- PLD physical vapor deposition
- sputtering method a sputtering method
- vacuum deposition method a vacuum deposition method
- the sputtering method is particularly preferable.
- a thin film can be formed relatively uniformly in a large area.
- the sputtering method includes a DC (direct current) sputtering method, a high frequency sputtering method, a helicon wave sputtering method, an ion beam sputtering method, a magnetron sputtering method, and the like.
- process S120 will be described by taking as an example the case where film formation is performed by a sputtering method.
- the substrate temperature is not particularly limited, and any substrate temperature ranging from room temperature to, for example, 700 ° C. may be adopted.
- the substrate need not necessarily be “positively” heated.
- the substrate temperature may increase “accompanyingly” due to the sputtering phenomenon itself.
- the substrate temperature may be 500 ° C. or lower (for example, 200 ° C. or lower).
- the substrate is not “positively” heated, it is possible to use a material whose heat resistance is reduced on the high temperature side exceeding 700 ° C., such as glass or plastic, for example.
- a substrate having any size and shape may be used.
- the deposition target substrate may be heat-treated in a vacuum atmosphere before the electride thin film is formed.
- a vacuum atmosphere For example, when the substrate exposed to the atmosphere is held at 300 ° C. for 10 minutes at a vacuum degree of 10 ⁇ 6 Pa, moisture adsorbed on the substrate is desorbed, so that the base surface can be cleaned.
- the oxygen partial pressure during film formation is less than 0.1 Pa.
- the oxygen partial pressure is preferably 0.01 Pa or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less, further preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa or less, and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less. It is particularly preferred that When the oxygen partial pressure is 0.1 Pa or more, oxygen is taken into the deposited thin film, which may reduce the electron density.
- the hydrogen partial pressure during film formation is preferably less than 0.004 Pa. If it is 0.004 Pa or more, hydrogen or OH component is taken into the formed thin film, and the electron density of the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film may be lowered.
- the sputtering gas used is not particularly limited.
- the sputtering gas may be an inert gas or a rare gas.
- the inert gas eg, N 2 gas.
- examples of the rare gas include He (helium), Ne (neon), Ar (argon), Kr (krypton), and Xe (xenon). These may be used alone or in combination with other gases.
- the sputtering gas may be a reducing gas such as NO (nitrogen monoxide).
- the pressure of the sputtering gas is not particularly limited, and can be freely selected so that a desired thin film can be obtained.
- the sputtering gas pressure (pressure in the chamber) P (Pa) is set such that the distance between the substrate and the target is t (m) and the diameter of the gas molecule is d (m). 8.9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 22 / (td 2 ) ⁇ P ⁇ 4.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 20 / (td 2 ) (3) Formula It may be selected to satisfy.
- the mean free path of the sputtered particles becomes substantially equal to the distance between the target and the substrate, and the sputtered particles are suppressed from reacting with the remaining oxygen.
- a sputtering method apparatus it is possible to use an inexpensive and simple vacuum apparatus having a relatively high back pressure.
- an amorphous C12A7 electride thin film can be formed on the substrate.
- the thickness of the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film is not particularly limited, but the film thickness is, for example, 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the film thickness is preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 2 ⁇ m or less. It may be 1 nm or more.
- the obtained thin film has a composition of C12A7 by the composition analysis of a thin film.
- the thin film is an amorphous C12A7 electride by measuring the light absorption characteristics of the sample and determining the presence or absence of light absorption near the photon energy of 4.6 eV. Can do.
- the thin film is amorphous C12A7 electride by determining the presence or absence of a characteristic peak in the vicinity of 186 cm ⁇ 1 in Raman spectroscopic measurement. Can do.
- the manufacturing method of the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film by one Example of this invention was demonstrated easily by making sputtering method into an example.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention is not limited to this, and it is obvious that the above-described two steps (steps S110 and S120) may be appropriately changed or various steps may be added.
- a pre-sputtering process (a target dry etching process) may be performed on the target before forming a thin film of amorphous C12A7 electride on the substrate by sputtering.
- the surface of the target is cleaned, and it becomes easy to form a thin film having a desired composition in the subsequent film formation process (main film formation).
- the target when the target is used for a long time, oxygen is taken into the surface of the target, and the electron density of the crystalline C12A7 electride constituting the target may decrease.
- the composition of the target when the target is used for a long time, the composition of the target may deviate from the initial composition due to the difference in sputtering rate of each component constituting the target (ie, crystalline C12A7 electride).
- the composition may deviate from a desired value even in the formed thin film.
- the pre-sputtering process may be performed, for example, before performing a new film formation or whenever the target usage time reaches a predetermined value.
- the gas used in the pre-sputtering process may be the same as or different from the sputtering gas used in the main film formation.
- the gas used for the pre-sputtering process is preferably He (helium), Ne (neon), N 2 (nitrogen), Ar (argon), and / or NO (nitrogen monoxide).
- an amorphous C12A7 electride thin film is provided.
- An amorphous C12A7 electride thin film according to one embodiment of the present invention has an electron density of 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more and 2.3 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and a photon of 4.6 eV Light absorption is shown at the energy position.
- the electron density is more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 or more, and further preferably 1 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- Such an amorphous C12A7 electride thin film may be manufactured by the above-described manufacturing method.
- the electron density of the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film can be measured by the above-mentioned iodine titration method.
- the density of the bipolaron can be calculated by halving the measured electron density.
- the film thickness of the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film is not limited to this, but may be, for example, 10 ⁇ m or less (for example, 2 ⁇ m or less). It may be 1 nm or more.
- amorphous C12A7 electride thin film may be provided alone or may be provided in a state of being formed on the substrate.
- the material of the substrate is not particularly limited.
- the substrate may be made of a material that does not have very good heat resistance at a high temperature exceeding 700 ° C., such as glass.
- the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film according to the present invention can be applied to layer members such as electrodes and electron injection layers in organic EL elements, discharge electrodes, catalysts for chemical synthesis, and the like.
- the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film according to the present invention has conductivity due to hopping conduction of electrons in the cage.
- the DC electrical conductivity at room temperature of the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film may be 10 ⁇ 9 to 10 ⁇ 1 S ⁇ cm ⁇ 1 , and 10 ⁇ 7 to 10 ⁇ 3 S ⁇ cm ⁇ 1. It may be.
- the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film according to the present invention may have, as a partial structure, an F + center in which one electron is captured in an oxygen vacancy.
- the F + center is configured by a plurality of Ca 2+ ions surrounded by one electron and does not have a cage.
- the F + center has light absorption in the visible light range of 1.55 eV to 3.10 eV centered on 3.3 eV.
- the concentration of F + center is less than 5 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 , the transparency of the thin film is increased, which is preferable.
- the concentration of the F + center is more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and further preferably 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or less. Note that the concentration of the F + center can be measured by a signal intensity having a g value of 1.998 in ESR.
- the ratio of the light absorption coefficient at the position of 3.3 eV to the light absorption coefficient at the photon energy position of 4.6 eV may be 0.35 or less.
- the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film is superior in flatness because it does not have a crystal grain boundary as compared with the polycrystalline thin film.
- the root mean square roughness (RMS) of the surface of the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film according to the present invention may be 0.1 to 10 nm, or may be 0.2 to 5 nm.
- RMS root mean square roughness
- the RMS is 2 nm or less, the device characteristics are improved when used as a layer member of an organic EL device, which is more preferable. Further, if the RMS is 10 nm or more, the characteristics of the element may be deteriorated, so that a polishing step or the like needs to be added.
- the RMS can be measured using, for example, an atomic force microscope.
- a low oxygen partial pressure target using a crystalline C12A7 electride target having an electron density of 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 to 2.3 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 is used.
- a manufacturing method for forming an amorphous thin film by forming a film on a substrate by a vapor deposition method under an atmosphere is provided.
- the resulting amorphous thin film may be composed of an amorphous solid material containing calcium, aluminum, and oxygen. That is, the amorphous thin film may be an amorphous oxide electride containing calcium atoms and aluminum atoms. A state where microcrystals are contained in an amorphous state is also regarded as an amorphous state in the present invention.
- the molar ratio of Al / Ca is preferably 0.5 to 4.7, more preferably 0.6 to 3, and further preferably 0.8 to 2.5. .
- the composition analysis of the thin film can be performed by XPS method, EPMA method, EDX method or the like.
- the composition of the amorphous thin film may be different from the stoichiometric ratio of C12A7, or may be different from the composition ratio of the target used in the production.
- crystalline when the composition is different from the stoichiometric ratio of C12A7, a mixture of C12A7 crystal and C3A (3CaO.Al 2 O 3 ) crystal and / or CA (3CaO.Al 2 O 3 ) crystal It becomes. Since the C3A crystal and the CA crystal are insulators and have a large work function, the electrical characteristics are inhomogeneous depending on the crystalline part. In addition, these crystals have different thermal and mechanical characteristics, and it is easy to form discontinuous grain boundaries, and the surface flatness is low.
- an amorphous thin film is homogeneous and has a high surface flatness because it does not produce different phases such as C3A crystal and CA crystal even if its composition is different from the stoichiometric ratio of C12A7.
- the amorphous thin film preferably contains electrons in an electron density range of 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 to 2.3 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the electron density is more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 or more, and further preferably 1 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the amorphous thin film preferably absorbs light at a photon energy position of 4.6 eV.
- An amorphous thin film exhibits semiconducting electrical characteristics and has a low work function.
- the work function may be 2.4 to 4.5 eV, or 2.8 to 3.2 eV.
- An amorphous thin film has a high ionization potential.
- the ionization potential may be 7.0 to 9.0 eV, or 7.5 to 8.5 eV.
- the amorphous thin film of the present invention has a high transparency because it has an F + center of less than 5 ⁇ 0 18 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the concentration of the F + center is more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and further preferably 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- the ratio of the light absorption coefficient at a position of 3.3 eV to the light absorption coefficient at a photon energy position of 4.6 eV may be 0.35 or less.
- Example 1 (Preparation of target) First, CaO powder and Al 2 O 3 powder were prepared and mixed so that the molar ratio was 12: 7 to obtain a raw material powder. This raw material powder was heated in air to 1350 ° C. to produce a crystalline C12A7 bulk body.
- the powder was molded by a cold isostatic press to obtain a crystalline C12A7 molded body. Furthermore, this molded body was put into a carbon crucible together with metal aluminum, and heat treatment was performed in a vacuum furnace. In the carbon crucible, the molded body and the metal aluminum were arranged apart from each other. The heat treatment temperature was 1300 ° C., and the holding time was 6 hours. Thereby, a sintered body of crystalline C12A7 electride was obtained.
- the sintered body was cut into a disk shape having a thickness of 5 mm and a diameter of 3 inches, and then fixed to a Cu backing plate using In to obtain a sputtering target (hereinafter simply referred to as “target”).
- target a sputtering target
- a quartz substrate having a diameter of 80 mm ⁇ and a thickness of 2.3 mm was used as the substrate.
- an RF magnetron sputtering apparatus manufactured by ANELVA
- the film formation was performed by the following method.
- a target was mounted on the cathode of the apparatus.
- the inside of the apparatus was evacuated to 2.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less, and then He gas (pre-sputtering gas) was introduced.
- the He gas pressure was 2.66 Pa.
- a shutter was placed between the target and the substrate to prevent the target vapor from being conveyed toward the substrate.
- a high frequency of 13.56 MHz was applied to the cathode at a power of 100 W to generate plasma around the cathode.
- the discharge lasted for 1.5 hours. Thereby, the surface of the target was He-sputtered, and the new surface was exposed.
- Ar gas (the gas for this sputtering treatment) was introduced into the apparatus.
- the Ar gas pressure was 2.13 Pa.
- the oxygen partial pressure of the introduced gas was less than about 4.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Pa, and the hydrogen partial pressure was less than 1.1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa.
- the oxygen partial pressure in the chamber is estimated to be less than 10 ⁇ 2 Pa.
- plasma was generated under the same high frequency application conditions as in the pre-sputtering process described above, and the shutter between the target and the substrate was eliminated.
- the thin film covered the entire surface of the substrate.
- the steps from the pre-sputtering process to the main sputtering process were made one cycle, and the number of cycles was changed to produce a plurality of thin films having different film thicknesses.
- each thin film was measured using a stylus type surface roughness meter.
- the thickness of the thin film after one cycle treatment was about 180 nm. Further, the thickness of the thin film after the two-cycle treatment was about 400 nm. Similarly, the thicknesses of the thin films after 3 cycles, 4 cycles, and 5 cycles were about 690 nm, 770 nm, and 1050 nm, respectively.
- sample 1 a sample having a thickness of about 180 nm is referred to as “sample 1”
- a sample having a thickness of about 400 nm is referred to as “sample 2”
- a sample having a thickness of about 690 nm is referred to as “sample 3”.
- a sample having a thin film thickness of about 770 nm is referred to as “sample 4”
- a sample having a thin film thickness of about 1050 nm is referred to as “sample 5”.
- Sample 5 was subjected to iodine titration to evaluate the electron density of the thin film. As a result of the titration, the electron density of the thin film of Sample 5 was about (8.8 ⁇ 1.6) ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 . In other samples, the same target as that of sample 5 is used, so that the electron density of the thin films of samples 1 to 4 is estimated to be approximately the same as that of sample 5.
- FIG. 3 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern measured in Sample 5 as an example.
- FIG. 4 shows the measurement results of the internal transmittance of samples 1 to 5.
- the decrease in transmittance is not due to the influence on the substrate side such as damage of the substrate surface due to plasma, but due to the influence caused by the thin film, that is, the light absorption of the thin film.
- the internal transmittance in the visible light region from 1.55 eV to 3.10 eV is almost 1, and it is transparent in visible light.
- the amorphous C12A7 electride bipolaron exhibits light absorption in the vicinity of a photon energy of 4.6 eV.
- the results of FIG. 4 suggest that each sample has a bipolaron in the film.
- Fig. 5 shows absorption coefficient curves (solid lines) of Samples 1 to 5. This absorption coefficient curve is calculated by normalizing the measurement result of the internal transmittance described above with the film thickness. Since the absorption coefficient curves of Samples 1 to 5 are almost the same, only the result (solid line) of Sample 3 is shown in FIG. FIG. 5 also shows an absorption coefficient curve (broken line) after heat treatment of Sample 3. The heat treatment conditions for Sample 3 were 600 ° C. and 1 hour in the air.
- the thin films of Samples 1 to 5 are amorphous C12A7 electrides having bipolarons in which electrons are included in each of two adjacent cages as shown in FIG. It was done.
- Example 2 A thin film of amorphous C12A7 electride was formed on the substrate by the same method as in Example 1 to prepare Sample 6. However, in this Example 2, the pre-sputtering process by He gas was not implemented. Instead, the surface of the crystalline C12A7 electride target was polished with a diamond file before use. The time for the main sputtering treatment with Ar gas was 2 hours. Other conditions are the same as in the case of Sample 1 in Example 1.
- FIG. 7 shows the measurement result of the internal transmittance obtained in Sample 6.
- the same result in the above-described sample 2 is also shown in FIG.
- Example 3 (Work function of amorphous C12A7 electride thin film) An amorphous C12A7 electride thin film with a thickness of 10 nm is supported on ITO in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the sputtering time is 4 minutes and a glass substrate with ITO is used instead of the silica glass substrate. A prepared sample was prepared (Sample 7).
- the work function of Sample 7 was measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. In order to obtain a clean surface, the measurement was performed under an ultrahigh vacuum (10 ⁇ 7 Pa), and organic substances on the surface were removed by Ar sputtering before the measurement. Further, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed before and after Ar sputtering, and it was confirmed that the thin film sample was not damaged. Further, a DC voltage (bias voltage) was applied to the sample 7 to make it negative with respect to the measuring instrument. By applying such a bias voltage, the influence of the surface potential can be eliminated.
- bias voltage bias voltage
- FIG. 8 shows the kinetic energy distribution of electrons emitted from the sample 7 irradiated with ultraviolet rays.
- the bias voltage is changed from 5 V to 10 V, almost the same spectrum can be obtained. Therefore, Sample 7 is not charged up, and the spectrum shape reflects the work function. I understand that. Moreover, this result has shown that the sample 7 has electroconductivity. From the lowest kinetic energy of the photoelectrons in the figure, it was found that the work function of Sample 7 was about 3.1 eV.
- the root mean square roughness (RMS) of the surface of the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film of Sample 7 in the range of 20 ⁇ 20 ⁇ m using an atomic force microscope was about 1.9 nm.
- the RMS was about 4.6 nm. From the above results, it was found that the amorphous C12A7 electride thin film showed high flatness and was suitable for thin film element applications. It was also found that the surface flatness was improved by forming an amorphous C12A7 electride thin film on the polycrystalline thin film.
- Example 4 Using a crystalline C12A7 electride having an electron density of 1.5 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 1 obtained from light absorption measurement as a target, a thin film of amorphous C12A7 electride was formed on the surface of the substrate by sputtering. .
- the target diameter is 2 inches.
- An RF magnetron sputtering apparatus (manufactured by ULVAC) was used as the film forming apparatus.
- the film formation was performed by the following method.
- a target was mounted on the cathode of the apparatus.
- Ar gas was introduced into the apparatus.
- the Ar gas pressure was 0.21 Pa.
- the oxygen partial pressure of the introduced gas is less than about 4.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Pa.
- the partial pressure of each gas component was measured using a mass spectrometer (residual gas analyzer MICROPOLE System manufactured by HORIBA STEC Co., Ltd.).
- the partial pressure of H 2 O was 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa and the oxygen partial pressure was 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa.
- the partial pressure of H 2 O was below the measurement limit value, and the oxygen partial pressure was 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa.
- plasma was generated by applying a high frequency with a power of 50 W, the shutter between the target and the substrate was eliminated, and film formation was performed.
- the distance between the target and the substrate was 10 cm.
- an amorphous thin film was formed on the ITO substrate under the same sputtering conditions, and the work function of the thin film was measured using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS).
- the thickness of the amorphous thin film was 10 nm.
- the measurement was performed under an ultrahigh vacuum (10 ⁇ 7 Pa), and organic substances on the surface were removed by Ar sputtering before the measurement. Further, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed before and after Ar sputtering, and it was confirmed that the thin film sample was not damaged. Further, a DC voltage (bias voltage) was applied to the sample to make it negative with respect to the measuring instrument. By applying such a bias voltage, the influence of the surface potential can be eliminated.
- bias voltage bias voltage
- FIG. 10 shows the kinetic energy distribution of electrons emitted from the sample irradiated with ultraviolet rays. At this time, even if the bias voltage is changed from 5V to 10V, almost the same spectrum can be obtained. Therefore, it can be seen that the sample is not charged up and the spectrum shape reflects the work function. Moreover, this result has shown that the sample has electroconductivity. From the lowest kinetic energy of the photoelectrons in the figure, the work function was found to be about 2.9 eV.
- Example 5 An amorphous thin film was formed on the quartz substrate and the nickel plate under the same sputtering conditions as in Example 4 except that the electron density of the target was 1.4 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 . However, in order to facilitate the analysis, the film formation time was changed from the conditions for manufacturing the element, and the film thickness was increased for analysis. The film thickness of the obtained sample was 202 nm.
- the light absorption coefficient of the thin film was measured using the above formula (5). From FIG. 11, light absorption is recognized in the vicinity of photon energy of about 4.6 eV. As mentioned above, the amorphous C12A7 electride bipolaron exhibits light absorption in the vicinity of a photon energy of 4.6 eV. Therefore, the result of FIG. 11 suggests having a bipolaron in the thin film.
- the ratio of the light absorption coefficient at the position of 3.3 eV to the light absorption coefficient at the position of 4.6 eV was 0.35 or less.
- the composition of the sample formed on the nickel substrate was analyzed by EPMA. Carbon was deposited to a thickness of 50 nm in order to avoid charge-up. In order to avoid the influence of the underlying nickel, the acceleration voltage was set to 5 kV. From the EPMA analysis, the obtained thin film contained Ca, Al, and O, and the molar ratio of Al / Ca was 1.76.
- Example 6 An amorphous thin film was formed on the surface of the substrate by sputtering using a crystalline C12A7 electride having an electron density of 1.4 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 1 obtained from light absorption measurement as a target.
- the target diameter is 2 inches.
- An RF magnetron sputtering apparatus (manufactured by ULVAC) was used as the film forming apparatus.
- the film formation was performed by the following method.
- a Flat-ITO substrate made by Geomatek was prepared. This is a 150 nm ITO film formed on a glass substrate.
- a target was mounted on the cathode of the apparatus.
- Ar gas was introduced into the apparatus.
- the Ar gas pressure was 0.5 Pa.
- the oxygen partial pressure of the introduced gas is less than about 4.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Pa, and the oxygen partial pressure in the chamber is estimated to be less than 10 ⁇ 3 Pa.
- a high frequency was applied at a power of 50 W to generate plasma, and the shutter between the target and the substrate was eliminated to form a film.
- the distance between the target and the substrate was 10 cm, and sputter deposition was performed for 90 seconds.
- FIG. 12 shows a STEM image of the cross section. It can be seen that a layer of about 10 nm deposited by sputtering is deposited on the ITO. From this layer, Al—Ca—O was detected by TEM-EDX.
- Example 7 An organic EL element was produced by the following method and its characteristics were evaluated.
- the organic EL device has a cathode as a bottom electrode on a glass substrate, and an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer / light emitting layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer, and an anode as a top electrode in that order. The light was extracted from the cathode side.
- Organic EL elements 404 and 405 were produced by the following procedure. First, as a substrate, a Flat-ITO substrate made by Geomat Co. having a length of 30 mm and a width of 30 mm was prepared. In this substrate, ITO having a thickness of 150 nm is formed on an alkali-free glass.
- a Kapton tape cut to a width of 1 mm was pasted on the ITO and immersed in an etching solution for 2 minutes to remove the ITO where the Kapton tape was not pasted.
- an aqueous solution in which FeCl 3 .6H 2 O and ion-exchanged water were mixed at a weight of 1: 1 was prepared, and a solution obtained by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid having the same weight as the aqueous solution was used.
- the temperature of the etching solution was 45 ° C.
- the Kapton tape was removed, and ultrasonic cleaning was performed for 5 minutes with a neutral detergent, and ultrasonic cleaning was performed twice for 5 minutes with pure water. Furthermore, ultrasonic cleaning was performed in acetone for 5 minutes, and ultrasonic cleaning was performed twice in IPA for 5 minutes. Finally, it was immersed in boiling IPA and slowly removed.
- the glass substrate 410 on which ITO (cathode 420) with a width of 1 mm was wired was introduced into an apparatus in which a sputtering film forming chamber, a vacuum deposition chamber, and a glove box were connected, and evacuated to about 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa. Thereafter, an amorphous thin film was formed as the electron injection layer 430 on the cathode 420.
- the amorphous thin film was formed by a sputtering method using a crystalline C12A7 electride having an electron density of 1.4 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 as a target having a diameter of 2 inches.
- the sputtering gas was Ar, and the pressure of the introduced gas was 0.5 Pa.
- the oxygen partial pressure of the introduced gas was set to an oxygen partial pressure of less than about 4.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Pa.
- the oxygen partial pressure in the chamber is estimated to be less than 10 ⁇ 3 Pa.
- the distance between the sample and the target (TS distance) was 10 cm.
- the output of the RF power source was 50W. Note that a pre-sputtering process was performed using Ar gas before the main film formation.
- the glass substrate 410 was not actively heated.
- the thickness of the obtained amorphous thin film is about 5 nm.
- the glass substrate 410 with the electron injection layer 430 (and the cathode 420) was introduced into a vacuum vapor deposition chamber in the apparatus, and an Alq3 layer as an electron transport layer / light emitting layer 440 was formed.
- the thickness of the Alq3 layer is about 50 nm.
- an ⁇ -NPD layer was formed as the hole transport layer 450.
- the thickness of the ⁇ -NPD layer is about 50 nm.
- MoO 3 was formed as the hole injection layer 460.
- the thickness of the MoO 3 layer is about 0.8 nm.
- the Alq3 layer, the ⁇ -NPD layer, and the MoO 3 layer were formed as a 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm region using a metal mask so as to completely cover the electron injection layer 430.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was about 8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa.
- an anode 470 having a width of 1 mm was deposited so as to be orthogonal to the cathode. That is, a region of 1 mm ⁇ 1 mm where the cathode and the anode overlap is a region that is energized by voltage application.
- a silver film having a thickness of 80 nm was formed as the anode 470.
- an organic EL element 405 was similarly manufactured except that the electron injection layer 430 was not provided.
- the obtained voltage and luminance are shown in FIG.
- the organic EL element 404 having an electron injection layer made of an amorphous thin film light emission was confirmed at about 6.8 V or more, and light emission of 2000 cd / m 2 was confirmed at about 12 V.
- the organic EL element 405 having no electron injection layer light emission was confirmed at about 7.5 V or more, and it was 60 cd / m 2 at about 9.4 V. Since the difference between the two was the presence or absence of an electron injection layer, it was confirmed that the amorphous thin film increased electron injection into Alq3 and improved the light emission characteristics.
- the organic EL element was produced by the following method and its characteristics were evaluated.
- the organic EL device has a cathode as a bottom electrode on a glass substrate, and an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer / light emitting layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer, and an anode as a top electrode in that order. The light is extracted from the anode side.
- Organic EL elements 406 and 407 were produced by the following procedure.
- a non-alkali glass substrate having a length of 30 mm, a width of 30 mm, and a thickness of 0.7 mm was prepared as the substrate.
- This substrate was ultrasonically cleaned with a neutral detergent for 5 minutes, and then ultrasonically cleaned with pure water for 5 minutes twice. Furthermore, ultrasonic cleaning was performed in acetone for 5 minutes, and ultrasonic cleaning was performed twice in IPA for 5 minutes. Finally, it was immersed in boiling IPA and slowly removed.
- the cleaned glass substrate 410 was introduced into an apparatus in which a sputtering film forming chamber, a vacuum deposition chamber, and a glove box were connected, and evacuated to about 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa. Next, the glass substrate 410 was introduced into a vacuum deposition chamber.
- an aluminum film having a thickness of 1 nm was formed as a cathode 420 on the glass substrate 410 by a vacuum deposition method.
- the glass substrate 410 with the cathode 420 was introduced into the sputtering film forming chamber, and an amorphous thin film was formed on the cathode 420 as the electron injection layer 430.
- the amorphous thin film was formed by a sputtering method using a crystalline C12A7 electride having an electron density of 1.4 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 as a target having a diameter of 2 inches.
- the sputtering gas was Ar, and the pressure of the introduced gas was 0.5 Pa.
- the oxygen partial pressure of the introduced gas was an oxygen partial pressure of less than about 4.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Pa.
- the oxygen partial pressure in the chamber is estimated to be less than 10 ⁇ 3 Pa.
- the distance between the sample and the target (TS distance) was 10 cm.
- the output of the RF power source was 50W. Note that a pre-sputtering process was performed using Ar gas before the main film formation.
- the glass substrate 410 was not actively heated.
- the thickness of the obtained amorphous thin film is about 2 nm.
- the glass substrate 410 with the electron injection layer 430 (and the cathode 420) was introduced into a vacuum vapor deposition chamber in the apparatus, and an Alq3 layer as an electron transport layer / light emitting layer 440 was formed.
- the thickness of the Alq3 layer is about 50 nm.
- an ⁇ -NPD layer was formed as the hole transport layer 450.
- the thickness of the ⁇ -NPD layer is about 50 nm.
- MoO 3 was formed as the hole injection layer 460.
- the thickness of the MoO 3 layer is about 0.8 nm.
- the Alq3 layer, the ⁇ -NPD layer, and the MoO 3 layer were formed as a 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm region using a metal mask so as to completely cover the electron injection layer 430.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition was about 8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa.
- an anode 470 having a width of 1 mm was deposited so as to be orthogonal to the cathode. That is, a region of 1 mm ⁇ 1 mm where the cathode and the anode overlap is a region that is energized by voltage application.
- a gold film having a thickness of 5 nm was formed as the anode 470.
- an organic EL element 407 was similarly manufactured except that LiF was used as the electron injection layer 430. LiF was deposited to a thickness of 0.5 nm by a vacuum deposition method.
- the obtained voltage and luminance are shown in FIG.
- the organic EL element 406 having an electron injection layer made of an amorphous thin film light emission of 1600 cd / m 2 was confirmed at about 10V.
- the organic EL element 407 using LiF for the electron injection layer it was 600 cd / m 2 at about 10V. Since the difference between the two is the electron injection layer, it has been confirmed that the amorphous thin film increases the electron injection into Alq3 and improves the light emission characteristics.
- the present invention can be used for, for example, an electrode layer and an electron injection layer of an organic EL element.
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Abstract
Description
電子密度が2.0×1018cm-3~2.3×1021cm-3の結晶質C12A7エレクトライドのターゲットを用いて、低酸素分圧の雰囲気下で、気相蒸着法により、基板上に成膜を行うことにより、非晶質C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜を形成することを特徴とする製造方法が提供される。
電子密度が2.0×1018cm-3以上2.3×1021cm-3以下の範囲であり、
4.6eVの光子エネルギー位置において光吸収を示し、
非晶質であることを特徴とするC12A7エレクトライドの薄膜が提供される。
カルシウムとアルミニウムのモル比は、13:12~11:16の範囲にあっても良い。
本願において、「結晶質C12A7」とは、12CaO・7Al2O3の結晶、およびこれと同等の結晶構造を有する同型化合物を意味する。本化合物の鉱物名は、「マイエナイト」である。
(1)結晶中のCa原子の一部乃至全部が、Sr、Mg、およびBaからなる群から選択される一種以上の金属原子に置換された同型化合物。例えば、Ca原子の一部乃至全部がSrに置換された化合物としては、ストロンチウムアルミネートSr12Al14O33があり、CaとSrの混合比が任意に変化された混晶として、カルシウムストロンチウムアルミネートCa12-xSrXAl14O33(xは1~11の整数;平均値の場合は0超12未満の数)などがある。
(2)結晶中のAl原子の一部乃至全部が、Si、Ge、Ga、In、およびBからなる群から選択される一種以上の原子に置換された同型化合物。例えば、Ca12Al10Si4O35などが挙げられる。
(3)12CaO・7Al2O3の結晶(上記(1)、(2)の化合物を含む)中の金属原子および/または非金属原子(ただし、酸素原子を除く)の一部が、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、およびCuからなる群から選択される一種以上の遷移金属原子もしくは典型金属原子、Li、Na、およびKからなる群から選択される一種以上のアルカリ金属原子、またはCe、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、およびYbからなる群から選択される一種以上の希土類原子と置換された同型化合物。
(4)ケージに包接されているフリー酸素イオンの一部乃至全部が、他の陰イオンに置換された化合物。他の陰イオンとしては、例えば、H-、H2 -、H2-、O-、O2 -、OH-、F-、Cl-、およびS2-などの陰イオンや、窒素(N)の陰イオンなどがある。
(5)ケージの骨格の酸素の一部が、窒素(N)などで置換された化合物。
本願において、「結晶質C12A7エレクトライド」とは、前述の「結晶質C12A7」において、ケージに包接されたフリー酸素イオン(ケージに包接された他の陰イオンを有する場合は、当該陰イオン)の一部乃至全部が電子に置換された化合物を意味する。
本願において、「非晶質C12A7エレクトライド」とは、結晶質C12A7エレクトライドと同等の組成を有し、非晶質C12A7を溶媒とし、電子を溶質とする溶媒和からなる非晶質固体物質を意味する。
また、これらのケージが複数凝集した状態でもよく、凝集したケージは微結晶とみなすこともできるため、非晶質中に微結晶が含まれた状態も本発明において非晶質とみなす。
本願において、「C12A7エレクトライド」とは、前述の「結晶質C12A7エレクトライド」および「非晶質C12A7エレクトライド」の両方を含む概念を意味する。
本発明の一実施例では、C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜の製造方法であって、
(a)電子密度が2.0×1018cm-3~2.3×1021cm-3の結晶質C12A7エレクトライドのターゲットを準備するステップと、
(b)前記ターゲットを用いて、酸素分圧が0.1Pa未満の雰囲気下で、気相蒸着法により、基板上に成膜を行うことにより、非晶質C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜が形成されるステップと、
を有することを特徴とする製造方法が提供される。
以下、図面を参照して、本発明の一実施例による、C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜の製造方法について、詳しく説明する。
電子密度が2.0×1018cm-3~2.3×1021cm-3の結晶質C12A7エレクトライドのターゲットを準備する工程(S110)と、
前記ターゲットを用いて、酸素分圧が0.1Pa未満の雰囲気下で、気相蒸着法により、基板上に成膜を行う工程(S120)と、
を有する。
まず、以降の工程で使用される成膜用のターゲットが準備される。
I2+e-→2I- (1)式
また、チオ硫酸ナトリウムでヨウ素水溶液を滴定した場合、
2Na2S2O3+I2→2NaI+Na2S4O6 (2)式
の反応により、未反応のヨウ素がヨウ化ナトリウムに変化する。最初の溶液中に存在するヨウ素量から、(2)式で滴定検出されたヨウ素量を差し引くことにより、(1)式の反応で消費されたヨウ素量が算定される。これにより、C12A7エレクトライドのサンプル中の電子濃度を測定することができる。ヨウ素滴定法は、C12A7エレクトライドが結晶質または非晶質のいずれにおいても適用可能である。
次に、前述の工程S110において作製されたターゲットを用いて、気相蒸着法により、基板上に成膜が行われる。
8.9×10-22/(td2)<P<4.5×10-20/(td2) (3)式
を満たすように選定されても良い。この場合、スパッタ粒子の平均自由行程が、ターゲット~基板間の距離とほぼ等しくなり、スパッタ粒子が残存酸素と反応することが抑制される。また、この場合、スパッタリング法の装置として、背圧が比較的高く、安価で簡易的な真空装置を用いることが可能となる。
さらに、本発明の一実施例では、非晶質C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜が提供される。
また、本発明の他の実施形態として、電子密度が2.0×1018cm-3~2.3×1021cm-3の結晶質C12A7エレクトライドのターゲットを用いて、低酸素分圧の雰囲気下で、気相蒸着法により、基板上に成膜を行うことにより、非晶質の薄膜を形成する製造方法が提供される。
(ターゲットの作製)
まず、CaO粉末およびAl2O3粉末をモル比が12:7となるように調合、混合し、原料粉末を得た。この原料粉末を、空気中で1350℃まで加熱して、結晶質C12A7のバルク体を作製した。
(非晶質C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜の形成)
次に、前述の方法で作製したターゲットを用いてスパッタリング法により、基板の表面に非晶質C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜を成膜した。
サンプル1~5の薄膜に対して、EDX法により、Ca(カルシウム)/Al(アルミニウム)比を測定した。結果を、以下の表1に示す。
I=T/(1-R) (4)式
図4から、光子エネルギーが約4.6eVの付近で、透過率が低下していることがわかる。この透過率の低下は、サンプル1からサンプル5の順、すなわち薄膜の膜厚の増加とともに顕著となっている。従って、透過率の低下は、プラズマによる基板表面の損傷のような基板側の影響ではなく、薄膜に起因した影響、すなわち薄膜の光吸収によるものであると言える。また、可視光領域の1.55eVから3.10eVにおける内部透過率はほぼ1であり、可視光において透明である。
前述の例1と同様の方法により、基板上に非晶質C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜を形成し、サンプル6を作製した。ただし、この例2では、Heガスによるプレスパッタリング処理は、実施しなかった。その代わり、使用前に、結晶質C12A7エレクトライドのターゲットの表面を、ダイヤモンドやすりで研磨した。なお、Arガスによる本スパッタリング処理の時間は、2時間とした。その他の条件は、例1のサンプル1の場合と同様である。
(非晶質C12A7エレクトライド薄膜の仕事関数)
本スパッタの時間を4分として、シリカガラス基板に代えてITO付きのガラス基板を用いたこと以外は、例1と同様な方法で、ITO上に厚み10nmの非晶質C12A7エレクトライド薄膜が担持された試料を作製した(サンプル7)。
光吸収測定から得られる電子密度が1.5×1021cm-1の結晶質C12A7エレクトライドをターゲットに用いて、スパッタリング法により、基板の表面に非晶質C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜を成膜した。ターゲットの直径は2インチである。
A=Ln(T/(1-R))/t (5)式
図9から、光子エネルギーが約4.6eVの付近で、光吸収が認められる。前述のように、非晶質C12A7エレクトライドのバイポーラロンは、4.6eVの光子エネルギー付近で光吸収を示す。従って、図9の結果は、薄膜中にバイポーラロンを有することを示唆するものである。また、4.6eVの位置の光吸収係数に対する、3.3eVの位置の光吸収係数の比は、0.35以下であった。
ターゲットの電子密度が1.4×1021cm-3である以外は例4と同じスパッタ条件で石英基板とニッケル板上に非晶質の薄膜を成膜した。ただし、分析を容易にするため上記素子を作製した条件とは成膜時間を変え、膜厚を厚くして分析した。得られたサンプルの膜厚は202nmであった。
光吸収測定から得られる電子密度が1.4×1021cm-1の結晶質C12A7エレクトライドをターゲットに用いて、スパッタリング法により、基板の表面に非晶質の薄膜を成膜した。ターゲットの直径は2インチである。
以下の方法により、有機EL素子を作製し、その特性を評価した。有機EL素子は、ガラス基板上に、ボトム電極として陰極を配置し、その上に順に、電子注入層、電子輸送層兼発光層、ホール輸送層、ホール注入層およびトップ電極としての陽極を配置し、陰極側から光を取り出す構造とした。
以下の手順で、有機EL素子404および405を作製した。
まず、基板として、縦30mm×横30mmのジオマテック社製Flat-ITO基板を用意した。この基板は、無アルカリガラス上に厚み150nmのITOが成膜してある。
得られた非晶質の薄膜の厚さは、約5nmである。
次に、前述の有機EL素子404および405を用いて、電圧および輝度を測定した。測定は、窒素パージしたグローブボックス内において、各有機EL素子404または405の陰極420と陽極470の間に所定の値の電圧を印加した際に得られる輝度を測定することにより実施した。輝度測定には、TOPCOM社製の輝度計(BM-7A)を使用した。
以下の方法により、有機EL素子を作製し、その特性を評価した。有機EL素子は、ガラス基板上に、ボトム電極として陰極を配置し、その上に順に、電子注入層、電子輸送層兼発光層、ホール輸送層、ホール注入層および
トップ電極としての陽極を配置し、陽極側から光を取り出す構造とした。
以下の手順で、有機EL素子406および407を作製した。
基板として、縦30mm×横30mm×厚み0.7mmの無アルカリガラス基板を用意した。この基板を、中性洗剤で5分間超音波洗浄し、純水で5分間の超音波洗浄を2回実施した。さらに、アセトン中で5分間超音波洗浄し、IPA中で5分間の超音波洗浄を2回実施した。最後に、煮沸したIPA中に浸漬し、ゆっくり取り出した。
得られた非晶質の薄膜の厚さは、約2nmである。
次に、前述の有機EL素子406および407を用いて、電圧および輝度を測定した。測定は、窒素パージしたグローブボックス内において、各有機EL素子406または407の陰極420と陽極470の間に所定の値の電圧を印加した際に得られる輝度を測定することにより実施した。輝度測定には、TOPCOM社製の輝度計(BM-7A)を使用した。
3 ケージ
4 電子(溶質)
5 バイポーラロン
Claims (19)
- C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜の製造方法であって、
電子密度が2.0×1018cm-3~2.3×1021cm-3の結晶質C12A7エレクトライドのターゲットを用いて、低酸素分圧の雰囲気下で、気相蒸着法により、基板上に成膜を行うことにより、非晶質C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜を形成することを特徴とする製造方法。 - 前記ターゲットは、表面研磨処理されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 前記気相蒸着法は、スパッタリング法であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の製造方法。
- 前記スパッタリング法は、He(ヘリウム)、Ne(ネオン)、N2(窒素)、Ar(アルゴン)、NO(一酸化窒素)、Kr(クリプトン)、およびXe(キセノン)からなる群から選定された少なくとも一つのガス種を用いて実施されることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の製造方法。
- 前記ターゲットには、プレスパッタリング処理が実施されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれか一つに記載の製造方法。
- 前記プレスパッタリング処理は、He(ヘリウム)、Ne(ネオン)、N2(窒素)、Ar(アルゴン)、およびNO(一酸化窒素)からなる群から選定された少なくとも一つのガス種を用いて実施されることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の製造方法。
- 前記非晶質C12A7エレクトライドの薄膜は、10μm以下の厚さを有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれか一つに記載の製造方法。
- 前記基板は、非加熱状態で使用されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至7のいずれか一つに記載の製造方法。
- 前記基板は、ガラス基板であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至8のいずれか一つに記載の製造方法。
- 電子密度が2.0×1018cm-3以上2.3×1021cm-3以下の範囲であり、
4.6eVの光子エネルギー位置において光吸収を示し、
非晶質であることを特徴とするC12A7エレクトライドの薄膜。 - カルシウム、アルミニウム、および酸素を含み、
カルシウムとアルミニウムのモル比が、13:12~11:16の範囲にあることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の薄膜。 - 前記4.6eVの位置での光吸収値は、100cm-1以上であることを特徴とする請求項10または11に記載の薄膜。
- 10μm以下の厚さを有することを特徴とする請求項10乃至12のいずれか一つに記載の薄膜。
- 当該薄膜は、ガラス基板上に形成されていることを特徴とする請求項10乃至13のいずれか一つに記載の薄膜。
- 電子密度が2.0×1018cm-3~2.3×1021cm-3の結晶質C12A7エレクトライドのターゲットを用いて、低酸素分圧の雰囲気下で、気相蒸着法により成膜を行うことにより、非晶質の薄膜を形成することを特徴とする製造方法。
- カルシウム、アルミニウム、および酸素を含む非晶質固体物質のエレクトライドで構成される非晶質の薄膜。
- 電子密度が2.0×1018cm-3以上2.3×1021cm-3以下の範囲であり、
4.6eVの光子エネルギー位置において光吸収を示す、請求項16に記載の薄膜。 - F+センターの濃度が5×1018cm-3未満である、請求項16または17に記載の薄膜。
- 4.6eVの光子エネルギー位置における光吸収係数に対する、3.3eVの位置における光吸収係数の比が0.35以下である、請求項16乃至18のいずれか一つに記載の薄膜。
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JP6198276B2 (ja) | 2017-09-20 |
TW201404720A (zh) | 2014-02-01 |
JPWO2013191210A1 (ja) | 2016-05-26 |
EP2865782A1 (en) | 2015-04-29 |
US20190172605A1 (en) | 2019-06-06 |
TWI600618B (zh) | 2017-10-01 |
KR20150021050A (ko) | 2015-02-27 |
EP2865782B1 (en) | 2021-08-11 |
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