WO2013146886A1 - Ipmモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法 - Google Patents
Ipmモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a steel sheet for a rotor core of a permanent magnet embedded motor (hereinafter referred to as “IPM motor”) mainly used in an electric vehicle, a hybrid vehicle, or a machine tool.
- IPM motor permanent magnet embedded motor
- IPM motor uses an expensive permanent magnet, but the cost is high, but the efficiency is higher than that of the induction motor. For this reason, IPM motors are widely used in, for example, drive motors and power generation motors for hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles, home appliances, motors for various machine tools and industrial machines, and the like.
- the iron core of the IPM motor is divided into a stator (stator) and a rotor (rotor). Since an AC magnetic field is directly applied to the stator side iron core through a winding, to increase efficiency, the stator side iron core has high magnetic permeability and at the same time increases volume resistivity to reduce iron loss. It is required to be able to do it. For this reason, an electromagnetic steel sheet in which soft magnetic properties are improved by adding Si to an extremely low carbon steel is used for the iron core on the stator side (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- the iron core on the rotor side plays a role of increasing the magnetic flux density mainly as a yoke.
- the rotor-side iron core is slightly affected by the AC magnetic field generated from the stator side, but the effect is limited. Therefore, from the viewpoint of characteristics, it is not necessary to use an electromagnetic steel sheet advantageous for iron loss characteristics for the iron core on the rotor side.
- an electromagnetic steel sheet is used only for the stator, the product yield of the electromagnetic steel sheet is lowered and the manufacturing cost of the motor is increased. Therefore, the same electromagnetic steel sheet as that on the stator side is normally used for the iron core on the rotor side.
- the IPM motor When an IPM motor is mounted on an automobile, the IPM motor is also required to be reduced in size because of the need for reducing the size and weight of the automobile. In that case, the rotational speed of the rotor is increased in order to obtain a motor output (torque) equal to or higher than that of the conventional motor even if the motor is downsized. In general, the efficiency of the motor becomes better as the rotational speed of the rotor is increased.
- an induced electromotive force is generated in the stator winding due to the rotation of the embedded permanent magnet. This induced electromotive force increases as the rotational speed increases. When the induced electromotive force exceeds the input voltage, the motor cannot rotate.
- Patent Document 3 when operating in a high-speed rotation range, a field weakening control that suppresses the induced electromotive force by generating a magnetic flux in a direction to cancel the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet from the stator side. has been done.
- This field-weakening control enables operation in a high-speed rotation range, but uses electric power to cancel the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet, so the motor torque decreases.
- Patent Document 3 it is attempted to reduce the amount of electric power used for field weakening control by devising the shape of the magnet.
- a material having a high yield strength is suitable as a material for the rotor.
- the yield strength after magnetic annealing is about 400 N / mm 2 .
- Patent Document 4 proposes to use a steel sheet having high strength and high saturation magnetic flux density as a material for the rotor core, not a magnetic steel sheet. Yes.
- Patent Document 3 it is intended to reduce the amount of electric power used for field-weakening control by devising the shape of the magnet.
- Patent Document 4 enables high-speed rotation by increasing the strength, knowledge on the residual magnetic flux density and coercive force cannot be obtained, and the possibility of increasing the torque during field-weakening control is unknown.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and when used as an iron core for a rotor of an IPM motor, the output torque in a high-speed rotation range can be increased and the maximum rotational speed can be further increased. It aims at providing the manufacturing method of the steel plate which can be made high.
- the inventors of the present invention prototyped an IPM motor using various steel plates and evaluated the performance of the motor. As a result, the leakage flux from the permanent magnet was reduced and effective for magnet torque. It is effective to adjust the magnetic flux density and residual magnetic flux density of a material steel plate having a specific component composition in order to increase the magnetic flux and obtain a large output torque in the high-speed rotation range where field weakening control is performed. It was found that adjusting the magnetic flux density, residual magnetic flux density, and coercive force of the film was more effective.
- the present invention includes C: more than 0.0005 mass% to 0.90 mass%, Si: 0 mass% to 3.0 mass%, Mn: 0 mass% to 2.5 mass%, P: 0.05 Component composition consisting of mass% or less, S: 0.02 mass% or less, acid-soluble Al: 0.005 mass% to 3.0 mass% and Si + Al: 5.0 mass% or less, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities
- Cold-rolled hot-rolled steel sheet having a temperature of 200 ° C. or higher after being heated to 800 ° C. or higher in a continuous annealing line or continuous quenching line, and cooled to 450 ° C.
- the magnetic flux effective for the magnet torque when used as a rotor core of an IPM motor, can be increased by reducing the leakage magnetic flux from the permanent magnet, and the output torque in the high-speed rotation range can be increased. It is possible to provide a steel plate capable of increasing the maximum rotation speed.
- the residual magnetic flux density Br of the value of the magnetic flux density B 8000 is when it and its at least 1.65T when the strength of 8000 A / m magnetic field is 0
- the coercive force Hc when magnetized to 8000 A / m as necessary is 100 A / m or more.
- the value of the magnetic flux density B 8000 is set to 1.65 T or more because the inductance at the position where the permanent magnet 12 is inserted (d-axis) and the position where it is not inserted (q-axis) when rotating as a rotor at high speed. This is because the reluctance torque based on the difference in value is effectively utilized, and in particular, the torque performance equal to or higher than that of the conventional steel plate is exhibited in the high speed rotation region.
- the residual magnetic flux density Br when magnetized to 8000 A / m is set to 0.5 T or more as follows. That is, in the IPM motor, in addition to the magnet magnetic flux (d-axis magnetic flux) by the permanent magnet, a magnetic flux (q-axis magnetic flux) penetrating the rotor from the stator side is flowed in order to obtain a reluctance torque, thereby achieving high torque and high efficiency. Have achieved.
- the high permeability material with a small magnetic flux density smoothly proceeds with the weakening of the magnetic flux at the rear in the rotation direction, whereas the low permeability material with a large coercive force has a large residual magnetic flux density, which Therefore, the bias due to the deviation of the d-axis magnetic flux is reduced. As a result, it is possible to suppress a decrease in maximum torque due to dq axis mutual interference.
- the residual magnetic flux density Br when magnetized to 8000 A / m is required to be 0.5 T or more, preferably 1.0 T or more.
- the inventors made prototypes of IPM motors using various steel plates and evaluated the performance of the motors.
- the rotor cores were made of steel plates having a residual magnetic flux density of 0.5T or more, preferably 1.0T or more. It was found that the power consumption of the field-weakening control performed during high-speed rotation can be reduced and the output torque can be improved.
- the steel sheet of the present invention preferably has a coercive force of 100 A / m or more when higher torque is required in the high-speed rotation region.
- the reason is as follows. That is, due to the decrease in the magnetic permeability with the increase in coercive force, the leakage magnetic flux from the permanent magnet at the bridge portion is reduced, and as a result, the magnetic flux from the permanent magnet can be effectively utilized.
- the coercive force when magnetized to 8000 A / m is preferably 100 A / m or more, more preferably 300 A / m or more, and most preferably 1000 A / m or more.
- This effect varies depending on the structure of the rotor. For example, when the permanent magnet is divided into two parts and a center bridge is provided to withstand the centrifugal force during high-speed rotation, the leakage flux from the permanent magnet increases. If it works, it works more effectively.
- the steel sheet of the present invention does not necessarily require mechanical strength, but preferably has a yield strength of 780 N / mm 2 or more when applied to an IPM motor application that requires high-speed rotation.
- the yield strength in such a range, the rotor core can withstand the centrifugal force acting on the permanent magnet during high-speed rotation, and the rotor is not damaged even in the high-speed rotation range.
- the steel sheet of the present invention is excellent in field weakening controllability, a reduction in torque is suppressed even in a high-speed rotation region, and thus a high-performance motor capable of obtaining high-speed rotation and high torque can be provided. Thereby, it becomes possible to apply to various uses including automobiles and home appliances.
- the width of the bridge provided in each permanent magnet insertion hole of the rotor can be reduced, thereby further reducing the leakage magnetic flux. If the rotor core is not damaged even if the width of the bridge is reduced by increasing the strength of the rotor core and the leakage magnetic flux can be reduced, the degree of freedom in designing the rotor is increased. Further, since the permanent magnet may be downsized by reducing the leakage magnetic flux, the cost of the motor can be greatly reduced. It is also possible to improve the output torque without reducing the permanent magnet.
- the bridge width may be designed in consideration of both high torque due to high speed rotation and downsizing of the permanent magnet.
- the upper limit of the yield strength of the steel sheet of the present invention is 2000 N / mm 2 .
- the yield strength in this invention is measured by the tension test method based on JISZ2241 using a JIS5 tension test piece.
- the steel sheet of the present invention preferably has a flatness defined by steepness per sheet width of 0.1% or less. Since the rotor of the IPM motor is manufactured by laminating steel plates punched into the shape of the rotor, it is desirable that the space factor when laminated is good. In order to obtain a good space factor, the flatness defined by the steepness per sheet width is preferably 0.1% or less. The flatness in the present invention is expressed as a percentage of the maximum height (height excluding the plate thickness) per unit length in the width direction when a steel plate having a length of 1 m or more is placed on a surface plate. It is.
- the steel plate of the present invention has C: more than 0.0005 mass% to 0.90 mass%, Si: 0 mass% to 3.0 mass%, Mn: 0 mass% to 2.5 mass%, P: 0.05 Component composition consisting of mass% or less, S: 0.02 mass% or less, acid-soluble Al: 0.005 mass% to 3.0 mass% and Si + Al: 5.0 mass% or less, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities It is preferable to have.
- the component of the steel material may include one or more components selected from the group consisting of Ti, Nb and V in total of 0.01% by mass to 0.20% by mass, Mo: 0.1% by mass Included is one or more components selected from the group consisting of: -0.6% by mass, Cr: 0.1% by mass to 1.0% by mass, and B: 0.0005% by mass to 0.005% by mass In addition, one or more components selected from the group consisting of Cu: 0.05% by mass to 1.5% by mass and Ni: 0.05% by mass to 1.0% by mass may be included. .
- C is an element effective in increasing strength by being precipitated in steel as solid solution or cementite (Fe 3 C).
- Fe 3 C cementite
- C it is preferable to contain C exceeding 0.0005 mass%.
- the content exceeds 0.90% by mass, the magnetic flux density tends to be low.
- Si 0% by mass to 3.0% by mass>
- Si is an element effective not only for increasing the strength but also for increasing the volume resistivity and reducing the eddy current loss.
- Si may not be added in the present invention.
- the content is preferably 0.01% by mass or more. However, if the content exceeds 3.0% by mass, the toughness of the steel sheet deteriorates and the magnetic flux density may be lowered.
- Mn is an element effective for increasing the strength, but may not be added in the present invention.
- the content exceeds 2.5% by mass, the effect of improving the strength is saturated and the magnetic flux density may be lowered.
- P 0.05% by mass or less> P is an element effective for increasing the strength, but significantly reduces the toughness of the steel. Since 0.05 mass% is acceptable, the upper limit is made 0.05 mass%.
- S is an element that causes high-temperature embrittlement. If it is contained in a large amount, S causes surface defects during hot rolling and degrades the surface quality. Therefore, it is desired to reduce as much as possible. Since 0.02 mass% is acceptable, the upper limit is set to 0.02 mass%.
- Al is an element effective for increasing the volume resistivity of steel in the same manner as Si. In order to exhibit the effect, it is necessary to contain 0.005 mass% or more of acid-soluble Al. However, if the total content of Si exceeds 5.0% by mass, the magnetic flux density is greatly reduced, and the performance of the motor is deteriorated.
- Ti, Nb, and V are elements that form carbonitrides in steel and are effective in increasing strength by precipitation strengthening. In order to acquire the effect, it is preferable to add 0.01 mass% or more of 1 type or 2 types or more in total. However, even if added in excess of 0.20% by mass, the increase in strength is saturated due to the coarsening of the precipitate, and the production cost may be increased.
- Mo, Cr, and B are elements that increase the hardenability of steel and are effective in increasing strength.
- Mo, Cr, and B are elements that increase the hardenability of steel and are effective in increasing strength.
- the effect is saturated and the manufacturing cost is increased.
- the effect is recognized by addition of only one kind or addition of two or more kinds.
- Cu and Ni are elements effective for enhancing the hardenability of steel and increasing the saturation magnetic flux density as well as increasing the strength. In order to obtain the effect, it is preferable to add more than the set lower limit value. However, even if the addition exceeds the set upper limit value, the effect is saturated and the manufacturing cost is increased.
- the method for manufacturing a steel sheet for a rotor core of an IPM motor according to the present invention includes cold rolling a hot rolled steel sheet having the above-described composition, heating it to 800 ° C. or higher in a continuous quenching line, and then increasing the temperature to 10 ° C./450° C. or lower. It is cooled at a cooling rate of s or more and is kept in a temperature range of 200 to 450 ° C. for 20 seconds or more.
- the hot rolling / cold rolling conditions do not need to be specified in particular, and may be carried out in accordance with a normal method, but the hot rolling finishing temperature is preferably carried out in the ⁇ single phase region or the ⁇ single phase region. . In addition, if the coiling temperature is too high, the oxide scale becomes thick and the subsequent pickling property is hindered.
- ⁇ Cooling conditions Cool to 450 ° C. or lower at an average cooling rate of 10 ° C./s or higher and hold at 200 to 450 ° C. for 20 seconds or longer>
- the cooling rate is less than 10 ° C./s or when the cooling end temperature is higher than 450 ° C.
- the volume fraction of the hard phase becomes small and sufficient yield strength cannot be obtained.
- the holding temperature after cooling is less than 200 ° C. or the holding time is less than 20 seconds, the toughness recovery by tempering is insufficient and the effect of the press tempering treatment or the tension annealing treatment is also insufficient.
- the holding temperature after cooling exceeds 450 ° C., it becomes soft and sufficient yield strength cannot be obtained.
- press temper treatment> By applying press temper treatment to the as-quenched steel sheet in the tempering temperature range, it is possible to recover the toughness by tempering and at the same time recover the quenching strain and residual stress, and to reduce the flatness of the steel sheet to 0.1% or less. Become. When the heating temperature is less than 200 ° C., good flatness cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when it exceeds 450 ° C., it becomes soft as described above, and sufficient yield strength cannot be obtained. Note that the pressure of the press temper is not particularly required to be large as long as the shape of the steel plate is kept flat. For example, in the case of a thin steel plate having a plate thickness of 1.0 mm or less, it is less than 1 kg / cm 2 .
- the press tempering process can be carried out when holding the tempering heat after the quenching process in-line in the continuous quenching apparatus, or after performing the quenching process and reheating to 200 to 450 ° C. offline. An effect is obtained. In this case, the effect of the invention can be sufficiently obtained even if the tempering process is performed prior to the press temper, but it is preferable to perform the press temper process on the as-quenched steel sheet.
- ⁇ Tension annealing process> Similar to the press tempering treatment, by applying a tension annealing treatment to the as-quenched steel sheet in the tempering temperature range, the toughness by tempering and the quenching strain and residual stress are recovered simultaneously, and the flatness of the steel sheet is reduced to 0. It becomes possible to make it 1% or less.
- the heating temperature is less than 200 ° C., good flatness cannot be obtained.
- the heating temperature exceeds 450 ° C., softening occurs as described above, and sufficient yield strength cannot be obtained.
- the tension tension of the tension annealing need not be particularly increased as long as the shape of the steel plate is kept flat, and a sufficient effect can be obtained with a tension of 1 N / mm 2 or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 200 N / mm 2 .
- the tension annealing treatment is carried out during in-line tempering heating holding in a continuous line, or after being quenched and then reheated to 200 to 450 ° C. off-line. .
- the effect of the invention can be sufficiently obtained even if the tempering process is performed prior to the tension annealing, but it is preferable to perform the tension annealing process on the as-quenched steel sheet.
- the metal structure of the steel sheet obtained by adjusting the component composition and tempering after the transformation described above is martensite single phase, bainite single phase, or martensite.
- a composite structure having less than 10% by volume of ferrite is preferable.
- fine carbide precipitates due to tempering and structural changes accompanying dislocation recovery occur during press tempering or tension annealing, resulting in a flat steel plate shape. It becomes possible to freeze to a state. In other structural forms, even if a press tempering process or a tension annealing process is performed, it is difficult to obtain a shape correction effect.
- an insulating film made of an organic material, an insulating film made of an inorganic material, and an insulating film made of an organic / inorganic composite material are formed on at least one surface of the steel plate. It is preferable to do. There is no problem in applying the insulating film by either inline processing or offline processing.
- the insulating film made of an inorganic material include an inorganic aqueous solution that does not contain a harmful substance such as hexavalent chromium and contains aluminum dihydrogen phosphate.
- An insulating film made of an organic / inorganic composite material may be used.
- the insulating coating can be formed by applying the material exemplified above to the surface of the steel plate. Moreover, when performing a press temper process offline, it is preferable to apply
- Example 1 Steels having the composition shown in Tables 1 and 2 are melted, these continuous cast pieces are heated to 1250 ° C, finish-rolled at 850 ° C, wound up at 560 ° C, and hot-rolled steel sheet having a thickness of 1.8 mm Got. These hot-rolled steel plates were pickled and then cold-rolled to obtain cold-rolled steel plates having a thickness of 0.35 mm. The obtained cold-rolled steel sheet was heated to 900 ° C., passed through a Pb—Bi alloy bath set at 250 ° C., cooled to 250 ° C. at an average cooling rate of 100 ° C./s, and subsequently 400 ° C.
- a press temper treatment (pressure: about 1 kg / cm 2 ) was performed while maintaining the electric furnace for 60 seconds. No. 8, no. In 30 steel, a part of the steel strip was passed without press tempering. Thereafter, an insulating film having a thickness of about 1 ⁇ m and having a semi-organic composition containing Cr-based oxide and Mg-based oxide was formed on both surfaces of the steel sheet.
- a ring-shaped test piece having an inner diameter of 33 mm and an outer diameter of 45 mm was produced by punching from the obtained steel strip and subjected to direct current magnetization measurement under the condition of magnetizing up to 8000 A / m. Moreover, while measuring the steepness per sheet width of the obtained steel strip, a JIS No. 5 test piece was cut out from the obtained steel strip and subjected to a tensile test. In the bending test, the bendability was evaluated by assuming that no crack was generated and that the bendability was good ( ⁇ ) and that the crack was generated was poor bendability ( ⁇ ).
- the metal structure is obtained by etching the sheet thickness cross section in the rolling direction with 2% Nital reagent (2% nitric acid / ethyl alcohol solution) and observing with a scanning electron microscope, from the structure form, martensite, bainite, Classified into ferrite and pearlite structures.
- the area ratio of martensite was determined by image analysis with a magnification of 1000 times and 10 fields of view.
- Magnetic flux density B 8000 when the magnetic field strength of each sample is 8000 A / m
- residual magnetic flux density Br and coercive force Hc at that time flatness, yield strength, tensile strength, yield ratio (YR), bendability and
- the metal structures are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
- the rotor of the 8 pole (4 pole pair) structure shown in FIG. 1 was produced by stamping, and it used for the motor performance evaluation test which provided load torque.
- a rotor made of a commercially available electrical steel sheet (35A300) was also produced at the same time and subjected to the same evaluation. Further, only one stator was manufactured, and the manufactured rotor was rearranged for performance evaluation as a motor. In this performance evaluation, field weakening control was performed at 10,000 rpm or more.
- yield strength was 381 N / mm ⁇ 2 >.
- the tensile strength was 511 N / mm 2
- the saturation magnetic flux density B 8000 was 1.76 T
- the residual magnetic flux density Br was 0.42 T
- the coercive force Hc was 61 A / m.
- the specifications of the manufactured rotor and stator are as follows. ⁇ Specifications of rotor> Outer diameter: 80.1mm, shaft length 50mm -Number of stacked layers: 0.35 mm / 140-Center bridge and outer bridge width: 1.00 mm ⁇ Permanent magnet: Neodymium magnet (NEOMAX-38VH), 9.0mm width, 3.0mm thickness, 50mm length, embedded in 16 pieces in total ⁇ Stator specifications> ⁇ Gap length: 0.5mm ⁇ Outer diameter: 138.0 mm, yoke thickness: 10 mm, length: 50 mm -Iron core material: electromagnetic steel plate (35A300), plate thickness 0.35mm -Number of stacked layers: 140-Winding method: distributed winding
- the rotor core material is 5000 rpm.
- ⁇ The maximum torque at 0 ° is low and the efficiency is inferior, and the maximum torque at 15000 rpm subjected to field weakening control shows a low value of less than 2.0 N ⁇ m, and the efficiency also shows a low value.
- the maximum torque at 5000 rpm and ⁇ : 0 ° shows a high value and efficiency.
- the maximum torque at 15000 rpm subjected to field weakening control also showed a high value of 2.0 N ⁇ m or more, and the efficiency also showed a high value.
- the magnetic flux density B8000 is low. In Steel No. 17, the maximum torque and efficiency at 15000 rpm with field weakening control are lowered due to the low magnetic flux density.
- the value of the current advance angle ⁇ that gives the maximum torque at 15000 rpm in the material of the present invention was lower than that of the comparative material due to the small deviation due to the deviation of the d-axis magnetic flux due to the dq-axis mutual interference.
- Example 2> Among the steels having the composition shown in Table 1, No.
- the continuous cast pieces of 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, and 11 were heated to 1250 ° C. in the same manner as in Example 1, finished and rolled at 950 ° C., wound at 560 ° C., and the plate thickness was 1.8 mm.
- a hot rolled steel sheet was obtained. After pickling these hot-rolled steel plates, a cold-rolled steel strip having a thickness of 0.35 mm was obtained by one cold rolling (final rolling ratio: about 81%).
- the obtained cold-rolled steel strip was subjected to recrystallization annealing for 60 seconds through a continuous furnace set at 800 ° C.
- the metal structure was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Table 7 shows the maximum torque and efficiency at 15000 rpm of an IPM motor incorporating each rotor under the input conditions of carrier frequency: 1000 Hz, maximum voltage: 220 V, and maximum current: 24 A. In all cases, the evaluation was carried out under the optimum field-weakening control conditions for obtaining the maximum torque.
- the maximum torque at 15000 rpm is 2 for a motor incorporating a rotor made of steel sheets (No. 1 and 2 steel) having a residual magnetic flux density Br of less than 0.5T as raw material of the rotor core. A low value of less than 0.0 N ⁇ m was exhibited, and the efficiency was also low.
- a motor having a rotor core made of a steel plate having a magnetic flux density ( B8000 and Br) and a coercive force Hc defined in the present invention has a high maximum torque of 2.0 N ⁇ m or more and good efficiency. It is done.
- FIG. 2 is a graph summarizing the relationship between the maximum torque at 15000 rpm of the prototype motor evaluated in Example 1 and Example 2 and the residual magnetic flux density Br of the rotor material. From this figure, it can be seen that if the residual magnetic flux density Br of the rotor material is 0.5 T or more, a high torque of 2.0 N ⁇ m or more can be obtained in the high-speed rotation region of 15000 rpm.
- FIG. 3 is a graph summarizing the relationship between the maximum torque at 15000 rpm of the prototype motor evaluated in Example 1 and Example 2 and the coercive force Hc of the rotor material. From this figure, although a high torque may be obtained even if the coercive force Hc is less than 100 A / m and the residual magnetic flux density Br is 0.5 T or more, a higher torque can be stably obtained in a high-speed rotation region of 15000 rpm. It can be seen that it is effective to use a rotor material having a high coercive force Hc.
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Abstract
Description
即ち、本発明は、C:0.0005質量%超~0.90質量%、Si:0質量%~3.0質量%、Mn:0質量%~2.5質量%、P:0.05質量%以下、S:0.02質量%以下、酸可溶Al:0.005質量%~3.0質量%かつSi+Al:5.0質量%以下、残部がFe及び不可避的不純物からなる成分組成を有する熱間圧延鋼板を冷間圧延し、連続焼鈍ライン又は連続焼入れラインにて800℃以上に加熱後、450℃以下まで10℃/s以上の冷却速度で冷却し、200~450℃の温度域に20秒以上保持することを特徴とする磁界の強さが8000A/mの時の磁束密度B8000の値が1.65T以上でありかつその時の残留磁束密度Brが0.5T以上であり、必要に応じて保磁力Hcが100A/m以上であるIPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法である。
<磁界の強さが8000A/mの時の磁束密度B8000:1.65T以上>
磁束密度B8000の値が1.65T以上とされているのは、ロータとして高速回転する際に永久磁石12を挿入した位置(d軸)と挿入していない位置(q軸)でのインダクタンスの値の差に基づくリラクタンストルクを有効に活用し、とくに高速回転領域において従来の鋼板と同等以上のトルク性能を発揮するためである。
8000A/mまで磁化した時の残留磁束密度Brが0.5T以上とされているのは、以下の通りである。即ち、IPMモータでは、永久磁石による磁石磁束(d軸磁束)に加え、リラクタンストルクを得るためにステータ側からロータ内を貫通する磁束(q軸磁束)を流し、高トルク化及び高効率化を達成している。しかし、例えば「平成23年度電気学会産業応用部門大会講演論文集、3-24(2011)、PIII-179」のように、モータへの入力電流を増加させ、q軸磁束を増加させると、d軸磁束との相互干渉によりd軸磁束の向きが回転方向とは逆方向にずれて偏り、d軸及びq軸インダクタンスの変化を通じて最大トルクを減少させることが知られている。この現象はdq軸相互干渉と呼ばれ、本来のd軸磁束よりも回転方向前方では磁束が強め合い、後方では弱め合うことに起因しているが、電磁鋼板のように保磁力が小さくかつ残留磁束密度も小さい高透磁率材料では、回転方向の後方における磁束の弱め合いがスムーズに進行するのに対して、保磁力が大きな低透磁率材料では残留磁束密度が大きいことに起因して、磁束の弱め合いが抑制されるため、前述のd軸磁束のずれによる偏りが小さくなる。その結果として、dq軸相互干渉に伴う最大トルクの減少を抑制することが可能となる。この効果を得るためには、8000A/mまで磁化した時の残留磁束密度Brが0.5T以上、好ましくは1.0T以上が必要である。本発明者らが種々の鋼板を素材としてIPMモータを試作し、モータの性能評価を行ったところ、0.5T以上、望ましくは1.0T以上の残留磁束密度を有する鋼板を用いてロータ鉄心を形成することで、高速回転時に行う弱め界磁制御の消費電力を低減でき、出力トルクを向上できることが分かった。
本発明の鋼板は、高速回転域においてより高いトルクが必要となる場合には、100A/m以上の保磁力を有することが好ましい。その理由は以下の通りである。即ち、保磁力の増大に伴い透磁率が小さくなることに起因して、ブリッジ部での永久磁石からの漏れ磁束が小さくなり、その結果として永久磁石からの磁束を有効に活用できるようになる。この効果を得るためには、8000A/mまで磁化した時の保磁力が、好ましくは100A/m以上、さらに好ましくは300A/m以上、最も好ましくは1000A/m以上必要である。この効果は、ロータの構造によって変化するが、例えば高速回転時の遠心力に耐えるべく、永久磁石を2分割してセンターブリッジを設けるなどした場合など、永久磁石からの漏れ磁束が多くなる構造の場合、より効果的に作用する。
なお、本発明における降伏強度は、JIS5号引張試験片を用い、JIS Z2241に準拠した引張試験方法により測定されるものである。
<C:0.0005質量%超~0.90質量%>
Cは、鋼中に固溶又はセメンタイト(Fe3C)として析出し、高強度化に有効な元素である。IPMモータのロータ鉄心として用いるのに適した降伏強度とするために、0.0005質量%を超えるCを含有させることが好ましい。しかし、0.90質量%を超えて含有させると、磁束密度が低くなる傾向がある。特に、780N/mm2以上の降伏強度を得るためには、0.05質量%以上のCを含有させる必要がある。
Siは、高強度化に有効である上に、体積抵抗率を高め、渦電流損を小さくするのに有効な元素であるが、本発明では添加しなくてもよい。渦電流損の抑制及び高強度化の効果を得ようとするためには、0.01質量%以上含有させることが好ましい。しかし、3.0質量%を超えて含有させると、鋼板の靭性が劣化するとともに、かえって磁束密度の低下を招く場合がある。
Mnは、高強度化に有効な元素であるが、本発明では添加しなくてもよい。高強度化の効果を得るためには、0.05質量%以上の含有させることが好ましい。しかし、2.5質量%を超えて含有させると、強度の向上効果は飽和するとともに、かえって磁束密度の低下を招く場合がある。
Pは、高強度化に有効な元素であるが、鋼の靭性を著しく低下させる。0.05質量%までは許容できるため、上限を0.05質量%とする。
Sは、高温脆化を引き起こす元素であり、大量に含有させると、熱間圧延時に表面欠陥を生じ、表面品質を劣化させる。したがって、できるだけ低減することが望まれる。0.02質量%までは許容できるため、上限を0.02質量%とする。
Alは脱酸剤として添加されるほか、Siと同様に鋼の体積抵抗率を上昇させるのに有効な元素である。その効果を発揮するためには、0.005質量%以上の酸可溶Alを含有させる必要がある。しかし、Siとの合計で5.0質量%を越えて含有させると磁束密度の低下が大きくなり、モータの性能が劣化する。
Ti、Nb及びVは、鋼中で炭窒化物を形成し、析出強化による高強度化に有効な元素である。その効果を得るためには、1種又は2種以上を合計で、0.01質量%以上添加することが好ましい。しかし、0.20質量%を超えて添加しても、析出物の粗大化により強度上昇は飽和するとともに、製造コストの増大を招く場合がある。
Mo、Cr及びBは、鋼の焼入れ性を高め、高強度化に有効な元素である。その効果を得るためには、Mo、Cr及びBの1種以上を、それぞれ設定した下限値以上添加することが好ましい。しかし、それぞれ設定した上限値を超えて添加してもその効果は飽和するととともに製造コストの増加を招く。なお、1種だけの添加でも2種以上の添加でもその効果は認められるが、2種以上を添加する場合は、それぞれ設定した上限値の1/2を超える量を添加すると、その効果に比して製造コストの上昇が大きくなるので、1/2以下の量で添加することが好ましい。
Cu及びNiは、鋼の焼入れ性を高め、高強度化に有効な他、飽和磁束密度を上昇させるのに有効な元素である。その効果を得るためには、それぞれ設定した下限値以上添加することが好ましい。しかし、それぞれ設定した上限値を超えて添加しても、その効果は飽和するととともに製造コストの増加を招く。
熱間圧延・冷間圧延条件は、特に規定する必要は無く、通常の方法に従い実施すればよいが、熱間圧延の仕上げ温度は、α単相域又はγ単相域で実施することが好ましい。また、巻取り温度は高温になり過ぎると酸化スケールが厚くなり、その後の酸洗性を阻害するため、700℃以下とすることが好ましい。
連続熱処理により高強度化を図る場合、加熱温度が800℃未満ではオーステナイト化が不十分で、十分な降伏強度が得られない。従って、800℃以上の温度に加熱することが必要である。
冷却速度が10℃/s未満の場合あるいは冷却終了温度が450℃より高い場合、硬質相の体積率が小さくなり、十分な降伏強度が得られない。また、冷却後の保持温度が200℃未満又は保持時間が20秒未満では、焼戻しによる靭性の回復が不十分である上、プレステンパー処理又はテンションアニーリング処理の効果も不十分となる。一方、冷却後の保持温度が450℃を超えると軟質化し、十分な降伏強度が得られなくなる。
焼入れままの鋼板に、焼戻し温度域でプレステンパー処理を施すことにより、焼戻しによる靭性の回復と同時に焼入れ歪及び残留応力も回復し、鋼板の平坦度を0.1%以下にすることが可能となる。加熱温度が200℃未満では、良好な平坦度が得られず、一方、450℃を超えると、前述の通り軟質化し、十分な降伏強度が得られなくなる。なお、プレステンパーの圧力は、鋼板の形状が平坦に保たれる程度であれば、特別に大きくする必要は無く、例えば板厚が1.0mm以下の薄鋼板の場合、1kg/cm2未満の低い圧力でも十分である。プレステンパー処理は、連続焼入れ装置のインラインで焼入れ処理後の焼戻し加熱保持時に実施しても、一旦焼入れ処理を施した後、オフラインにて200~450℃まで再加熱して実施しても同様の効果が得られる。この場合、焼戻し処理をプレステンパーに先立って行っても発明の効果は十分に得られるが、焼入れままの鋼板にプレステンパー処理を行うことが好ましい。
前記のプレステンパー処理と同様に、焼入れままの鋼板に、焼戻し温度域でテンションアニーリング処理を施すことにより、焼戻しによる靭性の回復と同時に焼入れ歪及び残留応力も回復し、鋼板の平坦度を0.1%以下にすることが可能となる。加熱温度が200℃未満では、良好な平坦度が得られず、450℃を超えると、前述の通り軟質化し、十分な降伏強度が得られなくなる。また、テンションアニーリングの引張張力は、鋼板の形状が平坦に保たれる程度であれば、特別に大きくする必要は無く、1N/mm2以上の張力で十分にその効果が得られる。しかし、200N/mm2を超える張力を付与すると、炉内での板切断が生じる場合があり、上限を200N/mm2にすることが好ましい。テンションアニーリング処理は、連続ラインのインラインでの焼戻し加熱保持時に実施しても、一旦焼入れ処理を施した後、オフラインにて200~450℃まで再加熱して実施しても同様の効果が得られる。この場合、焼戻し処理をテンションアニーリングに先立って行っても発明の効果は十分に得られるが、焼入れままの鋼板にテンションアニーリング処理を行うことが好ましい。
機械的強度が必要となる場合には、上述した成分組成の調整及び変態後の焼戻しにより得られた鋼板の金属組織は、マルテンサイト単相であるか、ベイナイト単相であるか又はマルテンサイトに加えて10体積%未満のフェライトを有する複合組織であることが好ましい。マルテンサイト相又はベイナイト相のように転位密度が高い金属組織では、焼戻しによる微細な炭化物の析出及び転位の回復に伴う組織変化がプレステンパー処理又はテンションアニーリング処理中に生じ、鋼板の形状を平坦な状態に凍結することが可能となる。これら以外の組織形態では、プレステンパー処理又はテンションアニーリング処理を施しても、形状修正効果は得られにくい。
本発明では、ロータに発生する渦電流損の低減を目的として、鋼板の少なくとも片方の表面に、有機材料からなる絶縁皮膜、無機材料からなる絶縁皮膜及び有機・無機複合材料からなる絶縁皮膜を形成することが好ましい。絶縁皮膜の塗布は、インライン処理又はオフライン処理のいずれでも問題ない。無機材料からなる絶縁皮膜の例としては、六価クロムのような有害物質を含まず、リン酸二水素アルミニウムを含有する無機質系水溶液が挙げられるが、良好な絶縁が得られれば、有機材料からなる絶縁皮膜又は有機・無機複合材料からなる絶縁皮膜を用いてもよい。絶縁被膜は、上記で例示した材料を鋼板の表面に塗布することにより形成することができる。また、オフラインにてプレステンパー処理を施す場合は、プレステンパー処理に先立ち、上記で例示した材料を鋼板の表面に塗布することが好ましい。
表1及び2に示す成分組成を有する鋼を溶解し、これらの連鋳片を1250℃に加熱し、850℃で仕上げ圧延して560℃で巻取り、板厚1.8mmの熱間圧延鋼板を得た。これらの熱間圧延鋼板を酸洗した後、冷間圧延して板厚0.35mmの冷間圧延鋼板を得た。
得られた冷間圧延鋼板を、900℃まで加熱し、250℃に設定したPb-Bi合金浴中へ通板して、100℃/sの平均冷却速度で250℃まで冷却し、引き続き400℃に設定した電気炉中に60秒保持しつつ、プレステンパー処理(圧力約1kg/cm2)を施した。No.8、No.30鋼では鋼帯の一部でプレステンパーを施さずに通板した。その後、Cr系酸化物及びMg系酸化物を含有する半有機組成の約1μmの厚さの絶縁皮膜を鋼板の両面に形成した。
各サンプルの磁界の強さが8000A/mの時の磁束密度B8000、その時の残留磁束密度Br及び保磁力Hc、平坦度、降伏強さ、引張強さ、降伏比(YR)、曲げ性並びに金属組織を表3及び4に示した。
なお、市販の電磁鋼板(35A300、板厚:0.35mm)について、本発明の素材鋼板と同様の方法による機械的特性及び磁気的特性を評価したところ、降伏強さが381N/mm2であり、引張強さが511N/mm2であり、飽和磁束密度B8000が1.76Tであり、残留磁束密度Brが0.42Tであり、保磁力Hcが61A/mであった。
<ロータの仕様>
外径:80.1mm、軸長50mm
・積層枚数:0.35mm/140枚
・センターブリッジ、アウターブリッジの幅:1.00mm
・永久磁石:ネオジム磁石(NEOMAX-38VH)、9.0mm幅・3.0mm厚・50mm長さ、合計16ヶ埋め込み
<ステータの仕様>
・ギャップ長:0.5mm
・外径:138.0mm、ヨーク厚:10mm、長さ:50mm
・鉄心素材:電磁鋼板(35A300)、板厚0.35mm
・積層枚数:140枚
・巻線方式:分布巻き
一方、高保磁力を有するものの磁束密度B8000が低いNo.17鋼では、磁束密度が低いことに起因して弱め界磁制御を施した15000rpmにおける最大トルク及び効率が低くなる。
なお、dq軸相互干渉によるd軸磁束のずれによる偏りが小さいことに起因して、本発明材における15000rpmで最大トルクとなる電流進角βの値は、比較材よりも低い値であった。
表1に示す成分組成を有する鋼のうち、No.1、2、3、4、8、9及び11の連鋳片を実施例1と同様にして1250℃に加熱し、950℃で仕上げ圧延して560℃で巻取り、板厚1.8mmの熱間圧延鋼板を得た。これらの熱間圧延鋼板を酸洗した後、一回の冷間圧延にて板厚0.35mmの冷間圧延鋼帯を得た(最終圧延率:約81%)。
得られた冷間圧延鋼帯を800℃に設定した連続炉に60秒通板する再結晶焼鈍を施した。なお、冷却は8℃/sで550℃まで冷却後、450℃に設定した連続炉中に120秒以上保持する過時効処理を施した。その後、0.3%の伸び率の軽冷延を行い、さらにCr系酸化物及びMg系酸化物を含有する半有機組成の約1μmの厚さの絶縁皮膜を鋼板の両面に形成した。
Claims (9)
- C:0.0005質量%超~0.90質量%、Si:0質量%~3.0質量%、Mn:0質量%~2.5質量%、P:0.05質量%以下、S:0.02質量%以下、酸可溶Al:0.005質量%~3.0質量%かつSi+Al:5.0質量%以下、残部がFe及び不可避的不純物からなる成分組成を有する熱間圧延鋼板を冷間圧延し、連続焼鈍ライン又は連続焼入れラインにて800℃以上に加熱後、450℃以下まで10℃/s以上の冷却速度で冷却し、200~450℃の温度域に20秒以上保持することを特徴とする磁界の強さが8000A/mの時の磁束密度B8000の値が1.65T以上でありかつその時の残留磁束密度Brが0.5T以上であるIPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法。
- 前記IPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板が、8000A/mまで磁化した時に100A/m以上の保磁力Hcを有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のIPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法。
- 前記IPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の金属組織が、マルテンサイト単相、ベイナイト単相又はマルテンサイトに加えて10%未満のフェライトを有する複合組織であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のIPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法。
- 前記熱間圧延鋼板が、Ti、Nb及びVからなる群から選択される1種以上の成分を合計して0.01質量%~0.20質量%さらに含有することを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のIPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法。
- 前記熱間圧延鋼板が、Mo:0.1質量%~0.6質量%、Cr:0.1質量%~1.0質量%及びB:0.0005質量%~0.005質量%からなる群から選択される1種以上の成分をさらに含有することを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のIPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法。
- 前記熱間圧延鋼板が、Cu:0.05質量%~1.5質量%及びNi:0.05質量%~1.0質量%からなる群から選択される1種以上の成分をさらに含有することを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のIPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法。
- 前記熱間圧延鋼板が、C:0.05質量%~0.90質量%であることを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載のIPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法。
- インライン又はオフラインにて、前記200~450℃の温度域に保持した状態でプレステンパー処理又はテンションアニーリング処理を施すことにより、板幅当りの急峻度で定義される平坦度を0.1%以下にすることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のIPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法。
- インライン又はオフラインにて、前記IPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の少なくとも片方の表面に、有機材料からなる絶縁皮膜、無機材料からなる絶縁皮膜又は有機・無機複合材料からなる絶縁皮膜を形成することを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載のIPMモータのロータ鉄心用鋼板の製造方法。
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JP2022531275A (ja) * | 2019-12-09 | 2022-07-06 | ヒュンダイ スチール カンパニー | 超高強度冷延鋼板およびその製造方法 |
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