WO2013120376A1 - 锂离子电池及其电解液 - Google Patents

锂离子电池及其电解液 Download PDF

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WO2013120376A1
WO2013120376A1 PCT/CN2012/086253 CN2012086253W WO2013120376A1 WO 2013120376 A1 WO2013120376 A1 WO 2013120376A1 CN 2012086253 W CN2012086253 W CN 2012086253W WO 2013120376 A1 WO2013120376 A1 WO 2013120376A1
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carbonate
electrolyte
ion battery
lithium ion
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PCT/CN2012/086253
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English (en)
French (fr)
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林木崇
石桥
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深圳新宙邦科技股份有限公司
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a lithium ion battery and a lithium ion battery electrolyte, in particular to a lithium iron phosphate battery and an electrolyte thereof.
  • Lithium-ion secondary batteries have become the power source of choice for power vehicles because of their high energy density, high capacity, good cycle performance and environmental protection. Whether the power car and the hybrid car can be widely used in daily life, the performance of the power lithium ion secondary battery becomes the key. As a power battery, it must have good high and low temperature performance, normal temperature cycle performance, long-term storage performance and safety performance.
  • LiFeP0 4 a positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries, has become a research hotspot of lithium-ion power batteries due to its high capacity, good cycle performance, stable structure, environmental friendliness, and low raw materials.
  • the power battery When the power battery is actually used, it will be heated due to the electric discharge itself, and its ambient temperature is generally high (4 (K80'C). Under this condition, the high temperature performance of the lithium iron oxide battery is higher.
  • the present invention provides a lithium ion battery having high temperature cycle performance, which comprises:
  • the active material is a cathode of LiFeP0 4 ;
  • the X group is selected from the group consisting of: S, 0, NR, wherein the R group in the NR is independently selected from the group consisting of H, an alkyl group, and an amino group;
  • Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are independently a chain substituent or are bonded to each other to form a ring;
  • R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are bonded to each other to form a ring
  • R ls and R 3 , Ri and R 2 , or R 2 and R 4 are each independently ring-forming, and the ring is a 4 to 6-membered ring.
  • the 4- to 6-membered ring is a cyclic hydrocarbon or a heterocyclic ring
  • the heterocyclic ring is a heterocyclic ring of 0, S or N
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon is a cycloalkane, a cycloalkene or a benzene
  • the chain substituent is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and a carbon number of a 2 to 10 alkyl group, a nitro group, a thio group, a sulfonyl group and a phenyl group, wherein the chain substituent is a linear substituent or a branched chain substituent;
  • the formula of the aromatic compound is calculated according to the total weight of the electrolyte is 0. 01 ⁇ 2 weight 3 ⁇ 4.
  • the content of the heterocyclic aromatic compound in the electrolyte is too small, it cannot form a conductive film on the surface of the positive electrode, so that the protective effect is not achieved; when the content of the heterocyclic aromatic compound in the electrolyte is excessive, the internal resistance of the battery As a result, the reversibility degradation performance deteriorates.
  • heterocyclic aromatic compound represented by Structural Formula 1 is preferably one or more of the following structural formulas:
  • the ionic battery is obtained by the following chemical conversion method: the highest charge cut-off voltage at the first 10 times of charging is higher than the charge cut-off voltage at the normal operation, and the highest charge cut-off voltage is lower than 4. 8V.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte further comprises one or more of the following additives: vinylene carbonate, ethylene glycol ethylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate, cyclic sulfonate, cyclic Sulfate, cyclic sulfate.
  • the solvent in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution contains one or more of the following components: a cyclic carbonate, a chain carbonate, and a carboxylate;
  • cyclic carbonate is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, one or more;
  • the chain carbonate or carboxylate is selected from the group consisting of: one or more of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and methyl propyl carbonate;
  • the carboxylic acid ester is selected from one or more of the group consisting of: Y butyrolactone, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, decyl propionate, and methyl butyrate.
  • the active material of the anode is graphite.
  • the L1PF6 in the electrolyte decomposes very easily, producing HF and PF 5 .
  • HF will corrode the positive electrode, causing the dissolution of Fe ions, thereby destroying the structure of the positive electrode material, resulting in loss of capacity; (2) Reduction of Fe ions in the negative electrode.
  • the HF content in the electrolyte increases, resulting in an increase in the amount of Fe ions eluted in the positive electrode.
  • the eluted Fe ions are reduced to Fe elemental on the surface of the SEi, so that the impedance of the negative electrode becomes larger and larger as the charge and discharge progresses, resulting in an increase in the irreversible capacity of the battery, ultimately resulting in The performance of the battery is seriously degraded.
  • the dissolution of the positive Fe ions has a destructive effect on the positive and negative electrodes under high temperature conditions. If a positive electrode film-forming additive is added to the electrolyte, the dissolution of Fe ions in the positive electrode at a high temperature can be reduced to some extent, and the high-temperature cycle performance of the lithium iron phosphate battery can be improved.
  • the inventors proposed the use of hip-hop, furan, pyrrole and its derivatives as the positive electrode film-forming additives, which form a conductive polymerization on the surface of the positive electrode active material lithium iron phosphate during the formation process.
  • the film prevents the Fe ion elution at high temperature in the lithium iron phosphate battery, and the high temperature cycle performance of the lithium iron phosphate battery is significantly improved.
  • a heterocyclic aromatic compound represented by Structural Formula 1 is added to a conventional lithium iron sulphate electrolyte battery.
  • a compound can be used as a positive electrode film in a lithium ion battery electrolyte. Since the compound is chlorinated at a certain charging voltage, electropolymerization occurs to form a conductive polymer film on the surface of the positive electrode material of the lithium battery. The polymer film covers the surface of the positive electrode to prevent the reaction between the electrolyte and the positive electrode material.
  • the free acid HF content in the electrolyte is higher; and the conductive film covering the surface of the positive electrode can reduce the corrosion effect of HF on the positive electrode, reduce the amount of Fe ion eluted at high temperature, thereby protecting the positive electrode.
  • the loss of capacity is reduced.
  • the elution of Fe ions in the positive electrode is suppressed, and the reduction of Fe ions on the surface of the negative electrode is also reduced to some extent, and the destruction of the negative electrode in the high-temperature cycle is suppressed to some extent, thereby improving the reversibility of the battery. Therefore, the heterocyclic aromatic compound represented by Structural Formula 1 can effectively improve tannic acid. High temperature cycle performance of iron-lithium batteries.
  • the lithium iron phosphate battery of the present invention adopts the electrolyte solution in the above technical solution, and adopts a specific chemical conversion method in the initial charging process of the battery: Initially, the highest charge cutoff voltage at the time of zero charge is higher than that during normal operation. The charge cut-off voltage, and the charge cut-off voltage is lower than 4,8V.
  • the purpose is to enable the heterocyclic aromatic compound represented by Structural Formula 1 to form a better and more stable surface to the electroconductive film on the surface of the positive electrode, thereby further improving the high temperature cycle performance.
  • the lithium ion power battery with lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode can overcome the shortcomings of the high temperature performance of the current brick acid and iron lithium battery by using the electrolyte of the invention, and greatly improve the practicality thereof in the power battery. the way
  • Negative electrode fabrication Press 94: 1: 2. 5: 2. 5 wide ratio of mixed anode active material modified natural graphite, conductive carbon black Super ⁇ , binder styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and carboxymethyl cellulose
  • CMC Crohn's disease
  • Positive electrode preparation The positive electrode active material lithium iron phosphate (L l FePOJ, conductive carbon black Super P and binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)) are mixed at a mass ratio of 90:3:7, and then dispersed in N In the methyl 2 pyrrolidone (L. P.), a positive electrode slurry was obtained. It is coated on both sides of the aluminum foil, dried, calendered and vacuum dried, and the aluminum lead wire is welded by an ultrasonic welder to obtain a positive electrode plate having a thickness of 120-150 ⁇ ra.
  • Li FePOJ lithium iron phosphate
  • PVDF binder polyvinylidene fluoride
  • Diaphragm production Polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene three-layer separator with a thickness of 20 ⁇ fi].
  • Cyclic performance test At 60 €, the formed battery is charged to 3.65 V with a constant current of 1 C, and then discharged to 2.0 V with a constant current of 1 C. The 100th time is calculated after charging/discharging 100 cycles. Retention rate of cycle capacity.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method were the same as those in Example 1, except that 0, 5% of thiophene in the electrolyte was replaced with 0.5% of 2-methylthiazolidine.
  • Tested 601 The data of cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage are shown in Table 1.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method were the same as those in Example 1, except that 0.5% of the thiophene in the electrolyte was replaced with 0. 5% of 2 acetylthiophene.
  • the data of the 60 ⁇ cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained by the test are shown in Table 1.
  • the method of preparing the electrolyte and the method of preparing the lithium ion battery are the same as those of the embodiment, except that 0.5% of the thiophene in the electrolyte is replaced by 0.5% of the 3-methylthiophene.
  • the test results of 6 (TC cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage data are shown in Table 1.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method were the same as those in the examples except that 0, 5% of thiophene in the electrolyte was replaced with 0, 5% of 3-ethylthiophene.
  • the data of the 60 ⁇ cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained by the test are shown in Table 1.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method were the same as those in Example 1, except that 0.5% of the thiophene in the electrolyte was replaced with 0.53 ⁇ 4 of 2-n-pentylthiophene.
  • the data of the 60 ⁇ cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained by the test are shown in Table 1.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method are the same as those in the first embodiment, except that the electrolyte is replaced (I 5% of thiophene is replaced by 0.5% of 3 octylthiophene.
  • the data of circulation and high temperature storage are shown in the table] L
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method are the same as those in the first embodiment, except that 0. 5% of the thiophene in the electrolyte is replaced by 0.5% 3-ylidethiophene.
  • the measured data of 60 °C cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage are shown in the table] L
  • the preparation method of the electrolyte and the preparation method of the lithium ion battery are the same as those of the first embodiment, except that 0.5% of the thiophene in the electrolyte is replaced with 0.34 ⁇ 4 of the 3,4-ethylenedithiophene.
  • the number of 60 cycles of the test, the normal temperature cycle and the high temperature storage are shown in Table 1.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method were the same as those in Example 1, except that 0.5% of the thiophene in the electrolyte was replaced with 0.53 ⁇ 4 of the benzophenone.
  • the data of the 60 'C cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained by the test are shown in Table 1.
  • the preparation method of the electrolyte and the preparation method of the lithium ion battery are the same as those of the embodiment i, except that 0.5% of the thiophene in the electrolyte is replaced with the furan of 0.52 ⁇ 4, the test is obtained for 60 cycles, the normal temperature cycle and the high temperature storage.
  • the data is shown in Table 1.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
  • the measured 60'C cycle normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage data are shown in Table 1.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method were the same as those in Example 1, except that 0.5% of the thiophene in the electrolyte was replaced with 0.53 ⁇ 4 of N-methylpyrrole.
  • the data of the 60 ⁇ cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained by the test are shown in Table 1.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method were the same as those in Example 1, except that no additives were added to the electrolyte.
  • the data of the 60 cycles, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained by the test are shown in Table 1.
  • Example 15 The electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method were the same as those in Example 1, except that the content of the thiophene in the electrolyte was replaced with 0, 01 3 ⁇ 4.
  • the data of the 60 cycles, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained by the test are shown in Table 2.
  • the preparation method of the electrolyte and the preparation method of the lithium ion battery are the same as those of the embodiment 1, except that the amount of the thiophene in the electrolyte is replaced by 0.11 ⁇ 4.
  • the data of the 60 cycles, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained in the test are shown in Table 2.
  • the electrolytic solution preparation method and the lithium ion battery production method were the same as those in Example 1, except that the content of the thiophene in the electrolytic solution was replaced with 1%.
  • the measured data of 60 cycles, room temperature cycle and high temperature storage are shown in Table 2.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method are the same as those of the embodiment i except that the content of the thiophene in the electrolyte is replaced with 23 ⁇ 4.
  • the data of the 60 ° cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained in the test are shown in Table 2.
  • the preparation method of the electrolyte and the preparation method of the lithium ion battery are the same as those of the first embodiment, except that the content of the thiophene in the electrolyte is replaced by 3%.
  • the data of the 60 " € cycle, the normal temperature cycle and the high temperature storage obtained by the test are shown in Table 2.
  • Table 2 Data of 60 cycles, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage of Examples 14 ⁇ 18
  • the preparation method of the electrolytic solution and the preparation method of the lithium ion battery were the same as those in Example 1, and VEC was further added to the electrolytic solution, and the rounding amount of the VEC was 1% based on the total weight of the electrolytic solution. Tested
  • the preparation method of the electrolyte and the preparation method of the lithium ion battery were the same as those in Example 1, and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was further added to the electrolyte, and the content of FEC was 1 3 ⁇ 4 based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
  • FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
  • the preparation method of the electrolyte and the preparation method of the lithium ion battery were the same as those in Example 1, and VC was further added to the electrolyte, and the content of YC was 13 ⁇ 4 based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
  • the data of the 60 ⁇ cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained in the test are shown in Table 3.
  • the preparation method of the electrolyte and the preparation method of the lithium ion battery are the same as those of the embodiment 17. The difference is that the battery is not subjected to the conventional chemical conversion method during the initial charging, and the following high voltage formation method is adopted: first 0. 05C charging 60m in, then 0. 2C is charged to 4. 2V, and finally at 2. 2V constant voltage 1 20ra in.
  • the data of the 60 ⁇ cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage obtained by the test are shown in Table 3.
  • the preparation method of the electrolyte and the preparation method of the lithium ion battery are the same as those in the first embodiment, except that the data of the 60 cycles, the normal temperature cycle and the high temperature storage obtained by replacing the thiophene in the electrolyte with the VEC test in the simple VEC test are shown in Table 3.
  • the electrolyte preparation method and the lithium ion battery preparation method are the same as those in the first embodiment, except that the thiophene in the electrolyte is replaced by 1% FEC, and the test 60 ⁇ cycle, often The data of temperature cycle and high temperature storage are shown in Table 3.
  • the preparation method of the electrolyte and the preparation method of the lithium ion battery are the same as those of the first embodiment, except that the 0, 5% thiophene in the electrolyte is replaced by the VC 0 test of the 601: cycle, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage data. See Table 3 Table 3 Example 19 22 and Comparative Example 2 4 60 cycles, normal temperature cycle and high temperature storage data

Abstract

本发明提供一种高温循环性能好的锂离子电池,其包括:活性物质为LiFePO4 的阴极;阳极;置于阴极与阳极之间的隔板;以及非水电解液,且该电解液中含有如结构式(I)所述的芳香族化合物,其中X基团选自:S,O,NR中的一种,所述NR中R基团独立选自H,烷基,氨基中的一种;R1,R2,R3,R4独立地为链状取代基或互相连接成环。

Description

锂离子电池及其电解液 技术领域
本发明涉及一种锂离子电池与锂离子电池电解液, 尤其涉及一种磷 酸铁锂电池及其电解液。 背景扶术
进入 21 世纪以来, 世界各国的汽车的保有量日益增加, 使得地球 的石油资源日益匮乏, 大气环境的污染日益严重。 在此背景下, 各国都 在积极开展关于绿色、 环保的纯电动汽车和混合动力汽车的研究, 以此 来应对日益严峻的石油资源和环境污染问题。
锂离子二次电池因其能量密度高, 容量高, 循环性能好和绿色环保 等优点, 成为目前动力汽车首选的动力电源。 而动力汽车和混合动力汽 车能否广泛的被应用在日常生活中, 动力锂离子二次电池的性能就成为 关键。 作为动力电池, 必须具有良好的高低温性能, 常温循环性能, 长 期存储性能和安全性能。
锂离子电池正极材料 LiFeP04因容量高, 循环性能好, 结构稳定, 环境友好, 原材料便宜等优点成为目前锂离子动力电池的研究热点。 动 力电池实际使用时, 由于电 放电时本身会发热, 其所处的环境温度一 般比较高 (4(K80'C ), 在此条件下, 对碑酸铁锂动力电池的高温性能有 了更高的要求。 目前市场上的磷酸铁锂电池在高温下循环, 容量衰减较 快, 高温循环性能尚达不到动力电池的要求。 发明内容
为解决上述问题, 本发明提供一种高温循环性能好的锂离子电池, 其包括:
活性物质为 LiFeP04的阴极;
阳极;
置于阴极与阳 之间的隔板; 以及
非水电解液, 且该电解液中含有如结构式 1所述的芳香族化合物:
Figure imgf000003_0001
结构式 1
其中 X基团选自: S, 0, NR中的一种, 所述 NR中 R基团独立选自 H , 烷基, 氨基中的一种;
Ri, R2, R3, R4独立地为链状取代基或互相连接成环;
i, R2, R3, R4互相连接成环时, Rls与 R3, Ri与 R2,, 或 R2,与 R4分別 独立成环, 所述环为 4 ~ 6元环, 所述 4 ~ 6元环为环烃或杂环, 所述杂 环为舍 0、 S或 N的杂环, 所述环烃为环烷烃、 环烯烃或苯;
所述链状取代基选自氢原子, 卤素, 碳原子数为 1 ~10 的烷基, 碳 原子数为 1 ~10的烷氧基, 碳原子数为 1 ~10的 基, 碳原子数为 2~1 0 的链烯基, 硝基, 硫基, 磺酰基和苯基中的一种, 所述链状取代基为直 链取代基或带支链的链状取代基;
结构式〗所述的芳香族化合物的舍量按电解液的总重量计为 0. 01 ~ 2重量 ¾。 当电解液中该杂环芳香族化合物含量过少时, 其无法在正极表 面形成导电膜, 就?! ¾不到保护作用; 当电解液中该杂环芳香族化合物含 量过多时, 电池的内阻会因此增大, 可逆性降 性能恶化。
更具体而言, 所述结构式 1所示的杂环芳香族化合物优选自下列結 构式中的一种或多种:
Figure imgf000003_0002
*吩 2-氯噻吩 2-甲基嚷吩
Figure imgf000003_0003
Figure imgf000004_0001
Figure imgf000004_0002
Figure imgf000004_0003
Figure imgf000004_0004
Figure imgf000004_0005
Figure imgf000004_0006
呋喃 2-甲基呋喃 2-乙酰基呋^
Figure imgf000005_0001
Figure imgf000005_0002
Figure imgf000005_0003
作为本发明的优选方案, 所述裡离子电池通过以下化成方法制得: 在最初 10 次充电时的最高充电截止电压要高于正常工作时的充电截止 电压, 且所述最高充电截止电压低于 4. 8V。
作为本发明的优选方案, 所述非水电解液还包含以下添加剂的一种 或多种: 碳酸亚乙烯酯, 乙婦基碳酸乙烯酯, 代碳酸乙烯酯, 环状磺 酸酯, 环状亚硫酸酯, 环状硫酸酯。
作为本发明的优选方案, 所述非水电解液中的溶剂含有以下成分中 的一种或多种: 环状碳酸酯、 链状碳酸酯与羧酸酯;
其中环状碳酸酯为选自: 碳酸乙婦酯, 碳酸丙烯酯, 碳酸丁烯酯中 的——种或多种;
链状碳酸酯或羧酸酯选自: 碳酸二甲酯,碳酸二乙酯,碳酸甲乙酯, 碳酸甲丙酯中的一种或多种; 羧酸酯选自: Y 丁内酯, 乙酸乙酯, 丙酸乙酯, 丙酸曱酯, 丁酸 甲酯中的一种或多种。
作为本发明的优选方案, 所述阳极的活性物 为石墨。
发明人发现, 在高温条件下, 磷酸铁锂电 容量衰减过快的原因主 要有: (!) 正极 Fe 离子的溶出。 在较高温度(55Ό ) 下, 电解液中的 L1PF6极容易分解, 产生 HF和 PF5。 其中 HF会腐蚀正极, 导致 Fe离 子的溶出, 从而破坏正极材料结构, 导致容量流失; (2 ) Fe离子在负极 的还原。 高温循环过程中, 电解液中的 HF含量增大, 导致正极中的 Fe 离子溶出量增大。 这样在充放电循环的过程中, 溶出的 Fe离子会在 SEi 表面被还原成 Fe单质, 使得负极的阻抗随着充放电的进行变得越来越 来大, 导致电池不可逆容量增大, 最终使得电池的性能严重劣化。 可以 说在高温条件下, 正极 Fe 离子的溶出对正负极有着破坏性的作用。 如 果在电解液中加入正极成膜添加剂 , 可以一定程度上减少高温下正极中 Fe离子的溶出, 从^改善磷酸铁锂电池的高温循环性能。
发明人经过创造性的研究,提出了采用结构式 1所示的嚷哈、呋喃、 吡咯及其衍生物作为正极成膜添加剂, 让其在化成过程中在正极活性物 质磷酸铁锂表面形成一导电性聚合物膜, 抑制了磷酸铁锂电池在高温下 的 Fe离子溶出, 使磷酸铁锂电池的高温循环性能得到明显的改善。
本发明采用上述技术方案后, 首先, 在常 的礫酸铁锂.动力电池电 解液中, 加入结构式 1所示的杂环芳香族化合物。 该类化合物在锂离子 电池电解液中可作为正极成膜添加 使用。 因为在一定的充电电压下, 该类化合物会被氯化, 发生电聚合反应, 从而在锂电池的正极材料表面 形成一层导电聚合物膜。 该聚合物膜覆盖在正极表面, 能阻止电解液和 正极材料之间的反应。 在 6CTC的高温下, 电解液中的游离酸 HF含量较 高; 而覆盖在正极表面的导电膜能降低 HF对正极的腐蚀作用 , 降低正 极在高温下的 Fe 离子溶出量, 从而保护了正极, 减少了容量的损失; 另外, 正极中的 Fe离子量溶出被抑制, 一定程度也降低 Fe离子在负极 表面的还原, 负极在高温循环中的破坏因此得到一定的抑制, 从而提高 电池的可逆性。 所以结构式 1所示的杂环芳香族化合物能有效改善璘酸 铁锂电池的高温循环性能。
再者, 本发明中的磷酸铁锂电池采用上述技术方案中的电解液后, 在电池初始充电过程中采用特定的化成方法: 最初 】0 次充电时的最高 充电截止电压要高于正常工作时的充电截止电压, 且该充电截止电压低 于 4,8V。 目的是使结构式 1所示的杂环芳香族化合物能在正极表面形成 更好, 更稳定的到电导膜, 进一步提高其高温循环性能。
综上所述, 磷酸铁锂为正极的锂离子动力电池采用本发明的电解液 后, 可以克服目前磚酸.铁锂电池高温性能的不足, 大大提高其在动力电 池的中的实用性 具体实 方式
为详细说明本发明的技术内容 > 构造特征、 所实现目的及效杲, 以 下结合实施方式详予说明。
本发明
为详细说明本发明的技术内容、 构造特征、 所实现目的及效杲, 以 下结合实施方式详予说明, 但是本发明并不限于以下的实施例。
实施例 1
1 )所述电解液姿以下方法制 将碳酸亚乙酯 (EC ), 和碳酸甲乙 酯(EMC )按体积比为 EC: EMC =1: 2 进行混合, 混合后加入六氟磷酸 锂〔L iPF6 ), 浓度为 1. Otno L/L , 进一步加入噻吩, 噻吩的含量按电解液 的总重量计为 0. 5%。
2 ) 负极制作: 按 94: 1: 2. 5: 2。 5的廣量比混合负极活性材料改性天 然石墨, 导电碳黑 Super Ρ, 粘结剂丁苯橡胶( SBR )和羧曱基纤维素
( CMC ), 然后将它们分散在去离子水中, 得到负极浆料。 将浆料涂布在 铜箔的两面上, 经过烘千、 压延和真空千燥, 并用超声波焊机焊上镍制 引出线后得到负极板, 极板的厚度在 120- 150
3 ) 正极制作: 按 90: 3: 7 的质量比混合正极活性材料磷酸铁锂 ( L l FePOJ, 导电碳黑 Super P和粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF ), 然后将 它们分散在 N 甲基 2 吡咯垸酮(丽 P ) 中, 得到正极浆料。 将浆料均匀 涂布在铝箔的两面上, 经过烘千、 压延和真空干燥, 并用超声波焊机焊 上铝制引出线后得到正极板, 极板的厚度在 120-150 μ ra。
4) 隔膜制作: 采用聚丙烯 /聚乙烯 /聚丙烯三层隔离膜, 厚度为 20 μ fi】。
5) 电芯的制备在正极板和负极板之间放置厚度为 20μπι 的聚乙烯 微孔膜作为隔膜, 然后将正极板 负极板和隔膜組成的三明治结构进行 卷绕, 再将卷绕体压扁后放入方形铝制金属壳中, 将正负极的引出线分 别焊接在盖板的相应位置上, 并用激光浮接机将盖板和金属壳焊接为一 体, 得到待注液的电芯。
6) 电芯的注液和化成在露点控制在- 40 TC以下的手套箱中, 将上述 制备的电解液通过注液孔注入电芯中, 电解液的量要保证充满电芯中的 空隙。然后按以下步骤进行首次充电的常规化成: 0.05C恒流充电 3m in, 0.2C恒流充电 5m in, 0.5C恒流充电 25min, 搁置 lhr, 整形封口 , 然后 进一步以 0.2C的电流恒流充电至 3.65V, 常温搁置 24hr后, 以 0.2C的 电流恒流放电至 2.0V。 在本专利中, 如无特别说明, 所有的磷酸铁鋰电 池均按此常规化成方法进行化成, 化成后得所需的锂离子电池。
7 )常温循环性能测试: 在 25匸下, 将化成后的电池用 1C恒流恒压 充至 3.65V, 然后用 1C恒流放电至 2.0V。 充 /放电 200次循环后计算第 200次循环容量的保持率。
第 200次循环容量保持率 (%) = (第 200次循环放电容量 /第一次循 环放电容量) 100%
8 ) 601:循环性能测试: 在 60€下, 将化成后的电池用 1C恒流恒压 充至 3.65V, 然后用 1C恒流放电至 2.0V. 充 /放电 100次循环后计算第 100次循环容量的保持率。
第 100次循环容量保持率 (%) = (第 100次循环放电容量 /第一次循 环放电容量) X 100%
9) 高温储存性能: 将化成后的电池在常温下用 1C 恒流恒压充至 3.65V, 测量电池初始厚度, 然后在 60 储存 7天, 最后等电池冷却至 常温再测电池聂终厚度, 计算电池厚度蟛胀率。 电池厚度膨胀率(%) = ( (最终厚度-初始厚度) /初始厚度) X ] oo¾ 实旅例 2
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0, 5%的噻吩替换成 0. 5%的 2-甲基噻吟。 测试得到的 601: 循环、 常温循环及高温餹存的数据见表 1。
实施例 3
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0. 5%的的噻 替换成 0。 5%的 2 乙酰基噻吩。 测试得到的 60Ό循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 1。
实旅例 4
电解液制^^方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例】的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0. 5%的噻喻替换成 0. 5%的 3 甲基噻 p分。 测试得到的 6 (TC 循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 1。
实施例 5
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例〗的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0, 5%的噻吩替换成 0, 5%的 3-乙基噻吩。 测试得到的 60Ό 循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 1。
实施例 6
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0. 5%的噻吩替换成 0. 5¾的 2 正戊基噻吩。 测试得到的 60 Ό循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 1。
实施例 7
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中(I 5%的噻 替换成 0. 5%的 3 辛基噻吩。 测试得到的 601: 循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表] L
实施例 8
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0, 5%的噻吩替换成 0. 5%的 3-葵基噻吩。 测试得到的 60°C 循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表] L 电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同 , 不同的 是将电解液中 0. 5%的噻吩替换成 0. 5¾的 3, 4 -乙烯二滅吩。 测试得到 的 60 循环, 常温循环及高温储存的数椐见表 1。
实施例 10
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0. 5%的噻吩替换成 0. 5¾的苯并瘘吩。 测试得到的 60 'C循 环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 1。
实施例 11
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 i的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0. 5%的噻吩替换成 0. 5¾的呋喃, 测试得到的 60 循环, 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 1。
实施例 12
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同 , 不同的 是将电解液中 0. 5%的噻吩替换成 0. 5%的 2 -甲基呋喃。 测试得到的 60'C 循环 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 1。
实旅倒 13
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0. 5%的噻吩替换成 0. 5¾的 N 甲基吡咯。 测试得到的 60Ό 循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 1。
比.较例 1
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是电解液中没有添加任何的添加剂。 测试得到的 60 循环、 常温循环及 高温储存的数据见表 1。 表 1 实施例 1 ~ 13和比^ I例 1的 60匸循环、 常温循环及高温储存 的数据
Figure imgf000011_0001
注: 常规化成: 首次充电中, 0, 05C恒流充电 3m in, 0, 2C恒流充电 5m i n , 0. 5C恒流充电 25ηύ η。 由表 1 的数据可以看出, 添加了噻吩、 噻吩衍生物、 呋喃 > 呋喃衍 生物和 Ν-甲基吡咯的电解液, 与不含添加剂的电解液相比, 所制得的电 池的高温循环性能和高温储存性能有明显的提高, 而常温循环性能略有 提高。 实施例 14
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同 , 不同的 是将电解液中噻吩的含量替换成 0, 01 ¾。 测试得到的 60 循环、 常温循 环及高温储存的数据见表 2。 实施例 15
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同 , 不同的 是将电解液中噻吩的舍量替换成 0. 1 ¾。 测试得到的 60 循环、 常温循 环及高温储存的数据见表 2。
实施例 16
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中噻吩的含量替换成 1%。 测试得到的 60 循环、 常温循环 及高温储存的数据.见表 2。
实施例 17
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 i的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中噻吩的含量替换成 2¾。 测试得到的 60€循环、 常温循环 及高温储存的数据见表 2。
实施例 18
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同 , 不同的 是将电解液中噻吩的含量替换成 3%. 测试得到的 60 "€循环、 常温循环 及高温储存的数据见表 2。 表 2 实施例 14 ~ 18的 60 循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据
Figure imgf000012_0001
注: 常规化成: 首次充电中, 0. 05C恒流充电 3m in, 0. 2C恒流充电 5m in 0. 5C恒流充电 25mi n。 由表 2数据可以看出, 当噻吩的含量从 0. 0 ] ¾增加到 2%时, 高温循 环性能和高温储存性能逐渐提高, 当含量从 1%增加到 2%时, 高温循环 性能和高温储存性能的提高幅度较小; 但当含量从 2 ¾增加到 5¾时, 高 温循环和高温储存性能下降非常明显。 实施例 19
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 并且电 解液中还加入 VEC, VEC的舍量按电解液的总重量计为 1%。 测试得到的
60 Ό循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 3。
实施例 20
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 并且电 解液中还加入氟代碳酸乙烯酯 ( FEC ), FEC 的含量按电解液的总重量计 为 1 ¾。 测试得到的 601 循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 3。 实旅例 21
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 并且电 解液中还加入 VC , YC的含量按电解液的总重量计为 1¾。测试得到的 60 Ό 循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 3。
实施例 22
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 17 的相同, 不同 的是电池在初始充电时不采用常规化成方法, 而采用以下高电压化成方 法:先 0. 05C充电 60m i n,再 0. 2C充电至 4. 2V ,最后在 4. 2V恒压 1 20ra in。 测试得到的 60 Ό循环、 常温循环及高温储存的数据见表 3。
比较例 2
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0. 5¾的噻吩替换成簡 VEC 测试得到的 60 循环、 常 温循环及高温储存的数据见表 3。
比库交例 3
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同 , 不同的 是将电解液中 0. 5¾的噻吩替换成 1%的 FEC , 測试得到的 60 Ό循环、 常 温循环及高温储存的数据见表 3
比较例 4
电解液制备方法与锂离子电池制备方法与实施例 1的相同, 不同的 是将电解液中 0, 5%的噻吩替换成 1¾的 VC 0 测试得到的 601:循环、 常温 循环及高温储存的数据见表 3 表 3实施例 19 22和比较例 2 4的 60€循环,常温循环及高温储 存的数据
Figure imgf000014_0001
注: 常规化成: 首次充电中, 0, 05C恒流充电 3min, 0. 2C恒流充电 5rain, 0. 5C 恒流充电 25min; 高电压化成: 首次充电中, 0, 05C 恒流充电 60m in, 再 0. 2C充电至 4. 2V, 最后在 4, 2V恒压 120mi n 由表 3的数据可以看出, 在 ·ί吏用 YC FEC或 VEC的基础上, 进一步 添加噻吩可以使电池获得更好的高温循环性能, 高温储存性能和常温循 环性能; 另外, 添加噻哈后, 采用高电压化成的方法, 可以进一步提高 高温循环性能, 高温储存性能和常温循环性能。
以上所述仅为本发明的实施例, 并非因此限制本发明的专利范围, 凡是利用本发明说明书内容所作的等效结构或等效流程变换, 或直接或 间接运用在其他相关的技术领域, 均同理包括在本发明的专利保护范围 内。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书 i、 — if ii. ¾ -r¾;&, 具 祜: 活性物质为 LiFeP04的阴极; 阳极; 置于阴极与阳极之间的隔板; 以及 非水电解液, 且该电解 所述的芳香族化合物: 结构式 1 其中 X基团选自: S, 0, NR中的一种, 所述 NR中 R基团独立选自 H , 烷基, 中的一种; Rt, R2, R3, R4独立地为链状取代基或互相连接成环; R,, R2, R?, R4互相连.接成环时, ^,与 R3, 与 1 2,, 或 R2,与 分别 独立成环, 所述环为 4 - 6元环, 所述 4〜 6元环为环烃或杂环, 所述杂 环为舍 0、 S或 N的杂环, 所述环烃为环烷烃、 环烯烃或苯; 所述链状取代基选自氢原子, 卤素, 碳原子数为 的烷基, 碳 原子数为 1-10的烷氧基, 碳原子数为 1-10的酰基, 碳原子数为 2-10 的链烯基, 硝基, 硫基, 磺酰基和苯基中的一种, 所述链状取代基为直 链馭代基或带支链的链状取代基; 结构式 1所述的芳香族化合物的含量按电解液的总重量计为 0. 01 ~ 2重量 ¾。
1、 根椐权利要求 1 所述的锂离子电池, 其特征在于, 所述裡离子 电池通过以下化成方法制得: 在最初 10 次充电时的最高充电截止电压 要高于正常工作时的充电截止电压, 且所述最高充电截止电压低于
4. 8V。
3, 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的锂离子电池, 其特征在于, 所述 水电解液还包含以下添加剂的一种或多种: 碳酸亚乙烯酯, 乙烯基碳酸 乙烯酯, 卤代碳酸乙烯酯, 环状磅酸酯, 环状亚硫酸酯, 坏状硫酸酯。
4、 根椐权利要求 1或 2所述的锂离子电池, 其特征在于, 所述非 水电解液中的溶剂含有以下成分中的—种或多种: 环状碳酸酯、 链状碳 酸酯与羧酸酯;
其中环状碳酸酯为选自: 碳酸乙烯酯, 碳酸丙婦酯, 碳酸丁烯酯中 的一种或多种;
链状碳酸酯或羧酸酯选自: 碳酸二甲酯, 碳酸二乙酯,碳酸甲乙酯, 碳酸曱丙酯中的一种或多种;
羧酸酯选自: γ -丁内酯, 乙酸乙酯, 丙酸乙酯, 丙酸曱酯, 丁酸 甲酯中的一种或多种。
5、 根据权利要求 1 或 2所述的裡离子电池, 其特征在于, 所述阳 极的活性物质为石墨。
6、 根据权利要求 1 至 5任意一项锂离子电池中所使用的非水电解 液。
PCT/CN2012/086253 2012-02-17 2012-12-10 锂离子电池及其电解液 WO2013120376A1 (zh)

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